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Zhang H, Liu D, Xu QF, Wei J, Zhao Y, Xu DF, Wang Y, Liu YJ, Zhu XY, Jiang L. Endothelial RSPO3 mediates pulmonary endothelial regeneration by LGR4-dependent activation of β-catenin and ILK signaling pathways after inflammatory vascular injury. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:131805. [PMID: 38677673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Endothelial repair is essential for restoring tissue fluid homeostasis following lung injury. R-spondin3 (RSPO3), a secreted protein mainly produced by endothelial cells (ECs), has shown its protective effect on endothelium. However, the specific mechanisms remain unknown. To explore whether and how RSPO3 regulates endothelial regeneration after inflammatory vascular injury, the role of RSPO3 in sepsis-induced pulmonary endothelial injury was investigated in EC-specific RSPO3 knockdown, inducible EC-specific RSPO3 deletion mice, EC-specific RSPO3 overexpression mice, systemic RSPO3-administration mice, in isolated mouse lung vascular endothelial cells (MLVECs), and in plasma from septic patients. Here we show that plasma RSPO3 levels are decreased in septic patients and correlated with endothelial injury markers and PaO2/FiO2 index. Both pulmonary EC-specific knockdown of RSPO3 and inducible EC-specific RSPO3 deletion inhibit pulmonary ECs proliferation and exacerbate ECs injury, whereas intra-pulmonary EC-specific RSPO3 overexpression promotes endothelial recovery and attenuates ECs injury during endotoxemia. We show that RSPO3 mediates pulmonary endothelial regeneration by a LGR4-dependent manner. Except for β-catenin, integrin-linked kinase (ILK)/Akt is also identified as a novel downstream effector of RSPO3/LGR4 signaling. These results conclude that EC-derived RSPO3 mediates pulmonary endothelial regeneration by LGR4-dependent activation of β-catenin and ILK signaling pathways after inflammatory vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Di Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Qing-Feng Xu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, The Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, PR China
| | - Juan Wei
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, The Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, PR China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 310022, PR China
| | - Dun-Feng Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yu-Jian Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, The Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
| | - Lai Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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Zhang J, Liu G, Liu Y, Yang P, Xie J, Wei X. The biological functions and related signaling pathways of SPON2. Front Oncol 2024; 13:1323744. [PMID: 38264743 PMCID: PMC10803442 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1323744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Spondin-2 (SPON2), also referred to as M-spondin or DIL-1, is a member of the extracellular matrix protein family known as Mindin-F-spondin (FS). SPON2 can be used as a broad-spectrum tumor marker for more than a dozen tumors, mainly prostate cancer. Meanwhile, SPON2 is also a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of certain non-tumor diseases. Additionally, SPON2 plays a pivotal role in regulating tumor metastasis and progression. In normal tissues, SPON2 has a variety of biological functions represented by promoting growth and development and cell proliferation. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the regulatory mechanisms, diagnostic potential as a broad-spectrum biomarker, diverse biological functions, involvement in various signaling pathways, and clinical applications of SPON2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrun Zhang
- Zhongshan Clinical College, Dalian University, Dalian, China
- Laboratory of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Ge Liu
- Laboratory of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- Zhongshan Clinical College, Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Pei Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Junyuan Xie
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Wei
- Laboratory of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
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3
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Koudstaal T, Funke-Chambour M, Kreuter M, Molyneaux PL, Wijsenbeek MS. Pulmonary fibrosis: from pathogenesis to clinical decision-making. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:1076-1087. [PMID: 37716906 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) encompasses a spectrum of chronic lung diseases that progressively impact the interstitium, resulting in compromised gas exchange, breathlessness, diminished quality of life (QoL), and ultimately respiratory failure and mortality. Various diseases can cause PF, with their underlying causes primarily affecting the lung interstitium, leading to their referral as interstitial lung diseases (ILDs). The current understanding is that PF arises from abnormal wound healing processes triggered by various factors specific to each disease, leading to excessive inflammation and fibrosis. While significant progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms of PF, its pathogenesis remains elusive. This review provides an in-depth exploration of the latest insights into PF pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Koudstaal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Manuela Funke-Chambour
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kreuter
- Mainz Center for Pulmonary Medicine, Departments of Pneumology, Mainz University Medical Center and of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Marienhaus Clinic Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Philip L Molyneaux
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Marlies S Wijsenbeek
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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He Z, Zhang J, Ma J, Zhao L, Jin X, Li H. R-spondin family biology and emerging linkages to cancer. Ann Med 2023; 55:428-446. [PMID: 36645115 PMCID: PMC9848353 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2166981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The R-spondin protein family comprises four members (RSPO1-4), which are agonists of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Emerging evidence revealed that RSPOs should not only be viewed as agonists of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway but also as regulators for tumor development and progression. Aberrant expression of RSPOs is related to tumorigenesis and tumor development in multiple cancers and their expression of RSPOs has also been correlated with anticancer immune cell signatures. More importantly, the role of RSPOs as potential target therapies and their implication in cancer progressions has been studied in the preclinical and clinical settings. These findings highlight the possible therapeutic value of RSPOs in cancer medicine. However, the expression pattern, effects, and mechanisms of RSPO proteins in cancer remain elusive. Investigating the many roles of RSPOs is likely to expand and improve our understanding of the oncogenic mechanisms mediated by RSPOs. Here, we reviewed the recent advances in the functions and underlying molecular mechanisms of RSPOs in tumor development, cancer microenvironment regulation, and immunity, and discussed the therapeutic potential of targeting RSPOs for cancer treatment. In addition, we also explored the biological feature and clinical relevance of RSPOs in cancer mutagenesis, transcriptional regulation, and immune correlation by bioinformatics analysis.KEY MESSAGESAberrant expressions of RSPOs are detected in various human malignancies and are always correlated with oncogenesis.Although extensive studies of RSPOs have been conducted, their precise molecular mechanism remains poorly understood.Bioinformatic analysis revealed that RSPOs may play a part in the development of the immune composition of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin He
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jialin Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianzhong Ma
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Jin
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongbin Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
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5
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Giriyappagoudar M, Vastrad B, Horakeri R, Vastrad C. Study on Potential Differentially Expressed Genes in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis by Bioinformatics and Next-Generation Sequencing Data Analysis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3109. [PMID: 38137330 PMCID: PMC10740779 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive lung disease with reduced quality of life and earlier mortality, but its pathogenesis and key genes are still unclear. In this investigation, bioinformatics was used to deeply analyze the pathogenesis of IPF and related key genes, so as to investigate the potential molecular pathogenesis of IPF and provide guidance for clinical treatment. Next-generation sequencing dataset GSE213001 was obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between IPF and normal control group. The DEGs between IPF and normal control group were screened with the DESeq2 package of R language. The Gene Ontology (GO) and REACTOME pathway enrichment analyses of the DEGs were performed. Using the g:Profiler, the function and pathway enrichment analyses of DEGs were performed. Then, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed via the Integrated Interactions Database (IID) database. Cytoscape with Network Analyzer was used to identify the hub genes. miRNet and NetworkAnalyst databaseswereused to construct the targeted microRNAs (miRNAs), transcription factors (TFs), and small drug molecules. Finally, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to validate the hub genes. A total of 958 DEGs were screened out in this study, including 479 up regulated genes and 479 down regulated genes. Most of the DEGs were significantly enriched in response to stimulus, GPCR ligand binding, microtubule-based process, and defective GALNT3 causes HFTC. In combination with the results of the PPI network, miRNA-hub gene regulatory network and TF-hub gene regulatory network, hub genes including LRRK2, BMI1, EBP, MNDA, KBTBD7, KRT15, OTX1, TEKT4, SPAG8, and EFHC2 were selected. Cyclothiazide and rotigotinethe are predicted small drug molecules for IPF treatment. Our findings will contribute to identification of potential biomarkers and novel strategies for the treatment of IPF, and provide a novel strategy for clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muttanagouda Giriyappagoudar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Hubballi 580022, Karnataka, India;
| | - Basavaraj Vastrad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, K.L.E. Socitey’s College of Pharmacy, Gadag 582101, Karnataka, India;
| | - Rajeshwari Horakeri
- Department of Computer Science, Govt First Grade College, Hubballi 580032, Karnataka, India;
| | - Chanabasayya Vastrad
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Chanabasava Nilaya, Bharthinagar, Dharwad 580001, Karnataka, India
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6
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Koudstaal T, Wijsenbeek MS. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Presse Med 2023; 52:104166. [PMID: 37156412 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2023.104166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive devastating lung disease with substantial morbidity. It is associated with cough, dyspnea and impaired quality of life. If left untreated, IPF has a median survival of 3 years. IPF affects ∼3 million people worldwide, with increasing incidence in older patients. The current concept of pathogenesis is that pulmonary fibrosis results from repetitive injury to the lung epithelium, with fibroblast accumulation, myofibroblast activation, and deposition of matrix. These injuries, in combination with innate and adaptive immune responses, dysregulated wound repair and fibroblast dysfunction, lead to recurring tissue remodeling and self-perpetuating fibrosis as seen in IPF. The diagnostic approach includes the exclusion of other interstitial lung diseases or underlying conditions and depends on a multidisciplinary team-based discussion combining radiological and clinical features and well as in some cases histology. In the last decade, considerable progress has been made in the understanding of IPF clinical management, with the availability of two drugs, pirfenidone and nintedanib, that decrease pulmonary lung function decline. However, current IPF therapies only slow disease progression and prognosis remains poor. Fortunately, there are multiple clinical trials ongoing with potential new therapies targeting different disease pathways. This review provides an overview of IPF epidemiology, current insights in pathophysiology, diagnostic and therapeutic management approaches. Finally, a detailed description of current and evolving therapeutic approaches is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Koudstaal
- Center for Interstitial Lung Diseases and Sarcoidosis, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Marlies S Wijsenbeek
- Center for Interstitial Lung Diseases and Sarcoidosis, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Jeong JS, Yoon Y, Kim W, Kim HJ, Park HJ, Park KH, Lee KB, Kim SR, Kim SH, Park YS, Hong SB, Hong SJ, Kim DI, Lee GH, Chae HJ, Lee YC. NecroX Improves Polyhexamethylene Guanidine-induced Lung Injury by Regulating Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2023; 69:57-72. [PMID: 36930952 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0459oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Various environmental compounds are inducers of lung injury. Mitochondria are crucial organelles that can be affected by many lung diseases. NecroX is an indole-derived antioxidant that specifically targets mitochondria. We aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential and related molecular mechanisms of NecroX in preclinical models of fatal lung injury. We investigated the therapeutic effects of NecroX on two different experimental models of lung injury induced by polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) and bleomycin, respectively. We also performed transcriptome analysis of lung tissues from PHMG-exposed mice and compared the expression profiles with those from dozens of bleomycin-induced fibrosis public data sets. Respiratory exposure to PHMG and bleomycin led to fatal lung injury manifesting extensive inflammation followed by fibrosis. These specifically affected mitochondria regarding biogenesis, mitochondrial DNA integrity, and the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in various cell types. NecroX significantly improved the pathobiologic features of the PHMG- and bleomycin-induced lung injuries through regulation of mitochondrial oxidative stress. Endoplasmic reticulum stress was also implicated in PHMG-associated lung injuries of mice and humans, and NecroX alleviated PHMG-induced lung injury and the subsequent fibrosis, in part, via regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress in mice. Gene expression profiles of PHMG-exposed mice were highly consistent with public data sets of bleomycin-induced lung injury models. Pathways related to mitochondrial activities, including oxidative stress, oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial translation, were upregulated, and these patterns were significantly reversed by NecroX. These findings demonstrate that NecroX possesses therapeutic potential for fatal lung injury in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Seok Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Center for Pulmonary Disorders, Medical School
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, and
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Yeogha Yoon
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wankyu Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee Jung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Center for Pulmonary Disorders, Medical School
- Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Hae Jin Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Center for Pulmonary Disorders, Medical School
| | - Kyung Hwa Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Center for Pulmonary Disorders, Medical School
| | - Kyung Bae Lee
- Functional Food Evaluation Center, National Food Cluster, Iksan, South Korea
| | - So Ri Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Center for Pulmonary Disorders, Medical School
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, and
- Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Soon Ha Kim
- MitoImmnune Therapeutics, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Sang-Bum Hong
- Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - Soo-Jong Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Asthma and Atopy Center, Environmental Health Center, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, South Korea; and
| | - Dong Im Kim
- Inhalation Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, South Korea
| | | | - Han-Jung Chae
- School of Pharmacy, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
- Non-Clinical Evaluation Center, and
| | - Yong Chul Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Center for Pulmonary Disorders, Medical School
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, and
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
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8
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Zhao M, Li C, Zhang J, Yin Z, Zheng Z, Wan J, Wang M. Maresin-1 and Its Receptors RORα/LGR6 as Potential Therapeutic Target for Respiratory Diseases. Pharmacol Res 2022; 182:106337. [PMID: 35781060 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Maresin-1 is one of the representative specialized pro-resolving mediators that has shown beneficial effects in inflammatory disease models. Recently, two distinct types of receptor molecules were discovered as the targets of maresin-1, further revealing the pro-resolution mechanism of maresin-1. One is retinoic acid-related orphan receptor α (RORα) and the another one is leucine-rich repeat domain-containing G protein-coupled receptor 6 (LGR6). In this review, we summarized the detailed role of maresin-1 and its two different receptors in respiratory diseases. RORα and LGR6 are potential targets for the treatment of respiratory diseases. Future basic research and clinical trials on MaR1 and its receptors should provide useful information for the treatment of respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Chenfei Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Jishou Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Zheng Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Zihui Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, PR China.
| | - Menglong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, PR China.
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9
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Raslan AA, Oh YJ, Jin YR, Yoon JK. R-Spondin2, a Positive Canonical WNT Signaling Regulator, Controls the Expansion and Differentiation of Distal Lung Epithelial Stem/Progenitor Cells in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063089. [PMID: 35328508 PMCID: PMC8954098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The lungs have a remarkable ability to regenerate damaged tissues caused by acute injury. Many lung diseases, especially chronic lung diseases, are associated with a reduced or disrupted regeneration potential of the lungs. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanisms of the regenerative capacity of the lungs offers the potential to identify novel therapeutic targets for these diseases. R-spondin2, a co-activator of WNT/β-catenin signaling, plays an important role in embryonic murine lung development. However, the role of Rspo2 in adult lung homeostasis and regeneration remains unknown. The aim of this study is to determine Rspo2 function in distal lung stem/progenitor cells and adult lung regeneration. In this study, we found that robust Rspo2 expression was detected in different epithelial cells, including airway club cells and alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells in the adult lungs. However, Rspo2 expression significantly decreased during the first week after naphthalene-induced airway injury and was restored by day 14 post-injury. In ex vivo 3D organoid culture, recombinant RSPO2 promoted the colony formation and differentiation of both club and AT2 cells through the activation of canonical WNT signaling. In contrast, Rspo2 ablation in club and AT2 cells significantly disrupted their expansion capacity in the ex vivo 3D organoid culture. Furthermore, mice lacking Rspo2 showed significant defects in airway regeneration after naphthalene-induced injury. Our results strongly suggest that RSPO2 plays a key role in the adult lung epithelial stem/progenitor cells during homeostasis and regeneration, and therefore, it may be a potential therapeutic target for chronic lung diseases with reduced regenerative capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Raslan
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, 25 Bongjeong-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan 31151, Korea;
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, 25 Bongjeong-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan 31151, Korea;
| | - Youn Jeong Oh
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, 25 Bongjeong-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan 31151, Korea;
| | - Yong Ri Jin
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA;
| | - Jeong Kyo Yoon
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, 25 Bongjeong-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan 31151, Korea;
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, 25 Bongjeong-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan 31151, Korea;
- Correspondence:
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10
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Increased LGR6 Expression Sustains Long-Term Wnt Activation and Acquisition of Senescence in Epithelial Progenitors in Chronic Lung Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123437. [PMID: 34943945 PMCID: PMC8700573 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lung diseases (CLDs) represent a set of disorders characterized by the progressive loss of proper lung function. Among severe CLDs, the incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) has grown over the last decades, mainly in the elderly population. Several studies have highlighted an increased expression of senescence-related markers in the resident progenitor cells in COPD and IPF, possibly undermining epithelial integrity and contributing to the progression and the aggravation of both diseases. Recently, the chronic activation of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway was shown to induce cellular senescence. Here, we investigated the localization and the expression of leucin-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 6 (LGR6), a protein that activates and potentiates the canonical Wnt signalling. Through immunohistochemical analyses, we identified a lesion-associated rise in LGR6 levels in abnormal lung epithelial progenitors in COPD and IPF when compared to histologically normal tissues. Moreover, in areas of aberrant regeneration, chronic damage and fibrosis, LGR6-expressing epithelial progenitors displayed a major increase in the expression of senescence-associated markers. Our study suggests the involvement of LGR6 in the chronic activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, mediating the impairment and exhaustion of epithelial progenitors in COPD and IPF.
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11
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Singla B, Lin HP, Chen A, Ahn W, Ghoshal P, Cherian-Shaw M, White J, Stansfield BK, Csányi G. Role of R-spondin 2 in arterial lymphangiogenesis and atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:1489-1509. [PMID: 32750106 PMCID: PMC8152716 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Impaired lymphatic drainage of the arterial wall results in intimal lipid accumulation and atherosclerosis. However, the mechanisms regulating lymphangiogenesis in atherosclerotic arteries are not well understood. Our studies identified elevated levels of matrix protein R-spondin 2 (RSPO2) in atherosclerotic arteries. In this study, we investigated the role of RSPO2 in lymphangiogenesis, arterial cholesterol efflux into lesion-draining lymph nodes (LNs) and development of atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS The effect of RSPO2 on lymphangiogenesis was investigated using human lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) in vitro and implanted Matrigel plugs in vivo. Cellular and molecular approaches, pharmacological agents, and siRNA silencing of RSPO2 receptor LGR4 were used to investigate RSPO2-mediated signalling in LEC. In vivo low-density lipoprotein (LDL) tracking and perivascular blockade of RSPO2-LGR4 signalling using LGR4-extracellular domain (ECD) pluronic gel in hypercholesterolemic mice were utilized to investigate the role of RSPO2 in arterial reverse cholesterol transport and atherosclerosis. Immunoblotting and imaging experiments demonstrated increased RSPO2 expression in human and mouse atherosclerotic arteries compared to non-atherosclerotic controls. RSPO2 treatment inhibited lymphangiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. LGR4 silencing and inhibition of RSPO2-LGR4 signalling abrogated RSPO2-induced inhibition of lymphangiogenesis. Mechanistically, we found that RSPO2 suppresses PI3K-AKT-endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) signalling via LGR4 and inhibits activation of the canonical Wnt-β-catenin pathway. ApoE-/- mice treated with LGR4-ECD developed significantly less atherosclerosis compared with control treatment. Finally, increased arterial lymphatic vessel density and improved lymphatic drainage of fluorescently labelled LDL to deep cervical LNs were observed in LGR4-ECD-treated mice. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that RSPO2 inhibits lymphangiogenesis via LGR4 and downstream impairment of AKT-eNOS-nitric oxide signalling. These results may also inform new therapeutic strategies to promote lymphangiogenesis and improve cholesterol efflux from atherosclerotic arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupesh Singla
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Hui-Ping Lin
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Alex Chen
- Medical Scholars Program, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - WonMo Ahn
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Pushpankur Ghoshal
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Mary Cherian-Shaw
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Joseph White
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, BF 104, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Brian K Stansfield
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, BI6031, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Gábor Csányi
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
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12
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Kato K, Logsdon NJ, Shin YJ, Palumbo S, Knox A, Irish JD, Rounseville SP, Rummel SR, Mohamed M, Ahmad K, Trinh JM, Kurundkar D, Knox KS, Thannickal VJ, Hecker L. Impaired Myofibroblast Dedifferentiation Contributes to Nonresolving Fibrosis in Aging. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 62:633-644. [PMID: 31962055 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0092oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal age-associated disease with no cure. Although IPF is widely regarded as a disease of aging, the cellular mechanisms that contribute to this age-associated predilection remain elusive. In this study, we sought to evaluate the consequences of senescence on myofibroblast cell fate and fibrotic responses to lung injury in the context of aging. We demonstrated that nonsenescent lung myofibroblasts maintained the capacity for dedifferentiation, whereas senescent/IPF myofibroblasts exhibited an impaired capacity for dedifferentiation. We previously demonstrated that the transcription factor MyoD acts as a critical switch in the differentiation and dedifferentiation of myofibroblasts. Here, we demonstrate that decreased levels of MyoD preceded myofibroblast dedifferentiation and apoptosis susceptibility in nonsenescent cells, whereas MyoD expression remained elevated in senescent/IPF myofibroblasts, which failed to undergo dedifferentiation and demonstrated resistance to apoptosis. Genetic strategies to silence MyoD restored the susceptibility of IPF myofibroblasts to undergo apoptosis and led to a partial reversal of age-associated persistent fibrosis in vivo. The capacity for myofibroblast dedifferentiation and subsequent apoptosis may be critical for normal physiologic responses to tissue injury, whereas restricted dedifferentiation and apoptosis resistance in senescent cells may underlie the progressive nature of age-associated human fibrotic disorders. These studies support the concept that senescence may promote profibrotic effects via impaired myofibroblast dedifferentiation and apoptosis resistance, which contributes to myofibroblast accumulation and ultimately persistent fibrosis in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Kato
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Naomi J Logsdon
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Yoon-Joo Shin
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Sunny Palumbo
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Adam Knox
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Joseph D Irish
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Skye P Rounseville
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Sydney R Rummel
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Mohamed Mohamed
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Kareem Ahmad
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Johnny M Trinh
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Deepali Kurundkar
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Kenneth S Knox
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Louise Hecker
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Southern Arizona VA Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona
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13
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Intrinsic Abnormalities of Cystic Fibrosis Airway Connective Tissue Revealed by an In Vitro 3D Stromal Model. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061371. [PMID: 32492951 PMCID: PMC7348935 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis is characterized by lung dysfunction involving mucus hypersecretion, bacterial infections, and inflammatory response. Inflammation triggers pro-fibrotic signals that compromise lung structure and function. At present, several in vitro cystic fibrosis models have been developed to study epithelial dysfunction but none of these focuses on stromal alterations. Here we show a new cystic fibrosis 3D stromal lung model made up of primary fibroblasts embedded in their own extracellular matrix and investigate its morphological and transcriptomic features. Cystic fibrosis fibroblasts showed a high proliferation rate and produced an abundant and chaotic matrix with increased protein content and elastic modulus. More interesting, they had enhanced pro-fibrotic markers and genes involved in epithelial function and inflammatory response. In conclusion, our study reveals that cystic fibrosis fibroblasts maintain in vitro an activated pro-fibrotic state. This abnormality may play in vivo a role in the modulation of epithelial and inflammatory cell behavior and lung remodeling. We argue that the proposed bioengineered model may provide new insights on epithelial/stromal/inflammatory cells crosstalk in cystic fibrosis, paving the way for novel therapeutic strategies.
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14
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Wang D, Hao C, Zhang L, Zhang J, Liu S, Li Y, Qu Y, Zhao Y, Huang R, Wei J, Yao W. Exosomal miR-125a-5p derived from silica-exposed macrophages induces fibroblast transdifferentiation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 192:110253. [PMID: 32059163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Silica particles can cause a systemic disease in workers termed lung silicosis, characterized by diffuse fibrosis. The development of lung silicosis involves various signaling pathway networks comprising numerous cell types and cytokines. As an important medium for communication between cells, exosomes have emerged as a hot research topic; however, the role of exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) in silicosis remains unclear. In this study, we conducted high-throughput sequencing to generate exosomal miRNAs profiles from macrophages that were either exposed to silica or not. A total of 298 miRNAs were differentially expressed, with 155 up-regulated and 143 down-regulated. Highly conserved differentially expressed miRNAs were functionally annotated and analyzed to predict target genes. Among target interactions associated with the TGF-β signaling pathway, miR-125a-5p and its putative target gene, Smurf1, were subjected to further research. As expected, levels of miR-125a-5p were upregulated in human serous exosomes and vitro, and inhibit the exosomal miR-125a-5p suppressed the expression of the fibrosis hallmarks. Besides, high levels of the miRNA led to upregulation of smooth muscle actin alpha and repression of Smurf1 in NIH-3T3 and MRC-5 cells. ID1 and SMAD1, downstream of TGF-β signaling, were upregulated, indicating potential activation of this signaling pathway. These results contribute to understanding of the intercellular communication mediated by exosomal miRNAs and its critical role in fibroblast to myofibroblast transition and silicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Changfu Hao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Shandong Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Jianhui Zhang
- Department of Disease Prevention and Control, People's Hospital of Zhongmu, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Suna Liu
- Department of Henan Newborn Screening Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yiping Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaqian Qu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Youliang Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruoxuan Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wu Yao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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15
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Sgalla G, Kulkarni T, Antin-Ozerkis D, Thannickal VJ, Richeldi L. Update in Pulmonary Fibrosis 2018. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 200:292-300. [PMID: 31022351 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201903-0542up] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Sgalla
- 1Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Tejaswini Kulkarni
- 2Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Danielle Antin-Ozerkis
- 3Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- 2Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Luca Richeldi
- 1Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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16
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Jackson SR, Costa MFDM, Pastore CF, Zhao G, Weiner AI, Adams S, Palashikar G, Quansah K, Hankenson K, Herbert DR, Vaughan AE. R-spondin 2 mediates neutrophil egress into the alveolar space through increased lung permeability. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:54. [PMID: 32019591 PMCID: PMC7001225 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-4930-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective R-spondin 2 (RSPO2) is required for lung morphogenesis, activates Wnt signaling, and is upregulated in idiopathic lung fibrosis. Our objective was to investigate whether RSPO2 is similarly important in homeostasis of the adult lung. While investigating the characteristics of bronchoalveolar lavage in RSPO2-deficient (RSPO2−/−) mice, we observed unexpected changes in neutrophil homeostasis and vascular permeability when compared to control (RSPO2+/+) mice at baseline. Here we quantify these observations to explore how tonic RSPO2 expression impacts lung homeostasis. Results Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis demonstrated significantly elevated myeloperoxidase (MPO) expression in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cells from RSPO2−/− mice. Likewise, immunocytochemical (ICC) analysis demonstrated significantly more MPO+ cells in BALF from RSPO2−/− mice compared to controls, confirming the increase of infiltrated neutrophils. We then assessed lung permeability/barrier disruption via Fluorescein Isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran instillation and found a significantly higher dextran concentration in the plasma of RSPO2−/− mice compared to identically treated RSPO2+/+ mice. These data demonstrate that RSPO2 may be crucial for blood-gas barrier integrity and can limit neutrophil migration from circulation into alveolar spaces associated with increased lung permeability and/or barrier disruption. This study indicates that additional research is needed to evaluate RSPO2 in scenarios characterized by pulmonary edema or neutrophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Jackson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce St., Old Vet 372E, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - M F D M Costa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce St., Old Vet 372E, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - C F Pastore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce St., Old Vet 372E, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - G Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce St., Old Vet 372E, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - A I Weiner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce St., Old Vet 372E, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - S Adams
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce St., Old Vet 372E, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - G Palashikar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce St., Old Vet 372E, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - K Quansah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce St., Old Vet 372E, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - K Hankenson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - D R Herbert
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce St., Old Vet 372E, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - A E Vaughan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce St., Old Vet 372E, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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