1
|
Jiang T, Hu W, Zhang S, Ren C, Lin S, Zhou Z, Wu H, Yin J, Tan L. Fibroblast growth factor 10 attenuates chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by protecting against glycocalyx impairment and endothelial apoptosis. Respir Res 2022; 23:269. [PMID: 36183124 PMCID: PMC9526324 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-02193-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The defects and imbalance in lung repair and structural maintenance contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), yet the molecular mechanisms that regulate lung repair process are so far incompletely understood. We hypothesized that cigarette smoking causes glycocalyx impairment and endothelial apoptosis in COPD, which could be repaired by the stimulation of fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10)/FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) signaling. Methods We used immunostaining (immunohistochemical [IHC] and immunofluorescence [IF]) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect the levels of glycocalyx components and endothelial apoptosis in animal models and in patients with COPD. We used the murine emphysema model and in vitro studies to determine the protective and reparative role of FGF10/FGFR1. Results Exposure to cigarette smoke caused endothelial glycocalyx impairment and emphysematous changes in murine models and human specimens. Pretreatment of FGF10 attenuated the development of emphysema and the shedding of glycocalyx components induced by CSE in vivo. However, FGF10 did not attenuate the emphysema induced by endothelial-specific killing peptide CGSPGWVRC-GG-D(KLAKLAK)2. Mechanistically, FGF10 alleviated smoke-induced endothelial apoptosis and glycocalyx repair through FGFR1/ERK/SOX9/HS6ST1 signaling in vitro. FGF10 was shown to repair pulmonary glycocalyx injury and endothelial apoptosis, and attenuate smoke-induced COPD through FGFR1 signaling. Conclusions Our results suggest that FGF10 may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy against COPD via endothelial repair and glycocalyx reconstitution. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12931-022-02193-5. It is the first time to prove the confirm the endothelial glycocalyx impairment in COPD. FGF10 attenuates the development of emphysema and the shedding of glycocalyx induced by CSE in vivo. FGF10 alleviates smoke-induced endothelial apoptosis and glycocalyx repair through FGFR1/ERK/SOX9/HS6ST1 signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No.180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Weiping Hu
- Department of Critical Care and Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shaoyuan Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No.180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Changhao Ren
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No.180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Siyun Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No.180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhou
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No.180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Lijie Tan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No.180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chew S, Colville D, Hutchinson A, Canty P, Hodgson L, Savige J. Obstructive sleep apnea, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and hypertensive microvascular disease: a cross-sectional observational cohort study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13350. [PMID: 35922660 PMCID: PMC9349200 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertensive microvascular disease is associated with an increased risk of diastolic heart failure, vascular dementia and progressive renal impairment. This study examined whether individuals with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) had more retinal hypertensive microvascular disease than those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and hospital controls. This was a single-centre, cross-sectional, observational study of participants recruited consecutively from a general respiratory clinic and a general medical clinic. OSA was diagnosed on overnight polysomnography study (apnoea:hypopnoea index ≥ 5), and controls with COPD had a forced expiratory volume/forced vital capacity (forced expiratory ratio) < 70%. Individuals with both OSA and COPD were excluded. Hospital controls had no COPD on respiratory function testing and no OSA on specialist physician questioning. Study participants completed a medical questionnaire, and underwent resting BP measurement, and retinal photography with a non-mydriatic camera. Images were deidentified and graded for microvascular retinopathy (Wong and Mitchell classification), and arteriole and venular calibre using a semiautomated method at a grading centre. Individuals with OSA (n = 79) demonstrated a trend to a higher mean arterial pressure than other hospital patients (n = 143) (89.2 ± 8.9 mmHg, p = 0.02), and more microvascular retinopathy (p < 0.001), and narrower retinal arterioles (134.2 ± 15.9 μm and 148.0 ± 16.2 μm respectively, p < 0.01). Microvascular retinopathy and arteriolar narrowing were still more common in OSA than hospital controls, after adjusting for age, BMI, mean arterial pressure, smoking history and dyslipidaemia (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, respectively). Individuals with OSA demonstrated a trend to a higher mean arterial pressure than those with COPD (n = 132, 93.2 ± 12.2 mmHg and 89.7 ± 12.8 mmHg respectively, p = 0.07), and more microvascular retinopathy (p = 0.0001) and narrower arterioles (134.2 ± 15.9 and 152.3 ± 16.8, p < 0.01). Individuals with OSA alone had more systemic microvascular disease than those with COPD alone or other hospital patients without OSA and COPD, despite being younger in age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sky Chew
- The University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, Northern Health and Melbourne Health, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia
| | - Deb Colville
- The University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, Northern Health and Melbourne Health, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia
| | | | | | - Lauren Hodgson
- The University of Melbourne Department of Ophthalmology Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Judy Savige
- The University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, Northern Health and Melbourne Health, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lu YY, Cheng CC, Huang SY, Chen YC, Kao YH, Lin YK, Higa S, Chen SA, Chen YJ. Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 Reduces Pulmonary Vein and Atrium Arrhythmogenesis via Modification of Oxidative Stress and Sodium/Calcium Homeostasis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:813589. [PMID: 35118146 PMCID: PMC8804298 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.813589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Atrial fibrillation is a critical health burden. Targeting calcium (Ca2+) dysregulation and oxidative stress are potential upstream therapeutic strategies. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 1 can modulate Ca2+ homeostasis and has antioxidant activity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether FGF1 has anti-arrhythmic potential through modulating Ca2+ homeostasis and antioxidant activity of pulmonary vein (PV) and left atrium (LA) myocytes. Methods Patch clamp, western blotting, confocal microscopy, cellular and mitochondrial oxidative stress studies were performed in isolated rabbit PV and LA myocytes treated with or without FGF1 (1 and 10 ng/mL). Conventional microelectrodes were used to record electrical activity in isolated rabbit PV and LA tissue preparations with and without FGF1 (3 μg/kg, i.v.). Results FGF1-treated rabbits had a slower heart rate than that observed in controls. PV and LA tissues in FGF1-treated rabbits had slower beating rates and longer action potential duration than those observed in controls. Isoproterenol (1 μM)-treated PV and LA tissues in the FGF1-treated rabbits showed less changes in the increased beating rate and a lower incidence of tachypacing (20 Hz)-induced burst firing than those observed in controls. FGF1 (10 ng/mL)-treated PV and LA myocytes had less oxidative stress and Ca2+ transient than those observed in controls. Compared to controls, FGF1 (10 ng/mL) decreased INa−L in PV myocytes and lowered Ito, IKr−tail in LA myocytes. Protein kinase C (PKC)ε inhibition abolished the effects of FGF1 on the ionic currents of LA and PV myocytes. Conclusion FGF1 changes PV and LA electrophysiological characteristics possibly via modulating oxidative stress, Na+/Ca2+ homeostasis, and the PKCε pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Yu Lu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chuan Cheng
- Division of Cardiology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yu Huang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Cardiovascular Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chang Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsun Kao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Kuo Lin
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Satoshi Higa
- Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Makiminato Central Hospital, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Shih-Ann Chen
- Heart Rhythm Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Yi-Jen Chen
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cui H, Yu W, Yu M, Luo Y, Yang M, Cong R, Chu X, Gao G, Zhong M. GPR126 regulates colorectal cancer cell proliferation by mediating HDAC2 and GLI2 expression. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:1798-1810. [PMID: 33629464 PMCID: PMC8088945 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The G‐protein‐coupled receptor 126 (GPR126) may play an important role in tumor development, although its role remains poorly understood. We found that GPR126 had higher expression in most colorectal cancer cell lines than in normal colon epithelial cell lines, and higher expression levels in colorectal cancer tissues than in normal adjacent colon tissues. GPR126 knockdown induced by shRNA inhibited cell viability and colony formation in HT‐29, HCT116, and LoVo cells, decreased BrdU incorporation into newly synthesized proliferating HT‐29 cells, led to an arrest of cell cycle progression at the G1 phase in HCT‐116 and HT‐29 cells, and suppressed tumorigenesis of HT‐29, HCT116, and LoVo cells in nude mouse xenograft models. GPR126 knockdown engendered decreased transcription and translation of histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2), previously implicated in the activation of GLI1 and GLI2 in the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Ectopic expression of HDAC2 in GPR126‐silenced cells restored cell viability and proliferation, GLI2 luciferase reporter activity, partially recovered GLI2 expression, and reduced the cell cycle arrest. HDAC2 regulated GLI2 expression and, along with GLI2, it bound to the PTCH1 promoter, as evidenced by a chip assay with HT‐29 cells. Purmorphamine, a hedgehog agonist, largely restored the cell viability and expression of GLI2 proteins in GPR126‐silenced HT‐29 cells, whereas GANT61, a hedgehog inhibitor, further enhanced the GPR126 knockdown‐induced inhibitory effects. Our findings demonstrate that GPR126 regulates colorectal cancer cell proliferation by mediating the expression of HDAC2 and GLI2, therefore it may represent a suitable therapeutic target for colorectal cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hengxiang Cui
- Medical Research Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjie Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Minhao Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingming Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ruochen Cong
- Medical Research Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xin Chu
- Medical Research Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ganglong Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Zhong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tan Y, Qiao Y, Chen Z, Liu J, Guo Y, Tran T, Tan KS, Wang DY, Yan Y. FGF2, an Immunomodulatory Factor in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:223. [PMID: 32300593 PMCID: PMC7142218 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is a potent mitogenic factor belonging to the FGF family. It plays a role in airway remodeling associated with chronic inflammatory airway diseases, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Recently, research interest has been raised in the immunomodulatory function of FGF2 in asthma and COPD, through its involvement in not only the regulation of inflammatory cells but also its participation as a mediator between immune cells and airway structural cells. Herein, this review provides the current knowledge on the biology of FGF2, its expression pattern in asthma and COPD patients, and its role as an immunomodulatory factor. The potential that FGF2 is involved in regulating inflammation indicates that FGF2 could be a therapeutic target for chronic inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyang Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | | | - Zhuanggui Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yanrong Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Thai Tran
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kai Sen Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - De-Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yan Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Center for Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Lung Cancer: Underlying Pathophysiology and New Therapeutic Modalities. Drugs 2019; 78:1717-1740. [PMID: 30392114 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-018-1001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer are major lung diseases affecting millions worldwide. Both diseases have links to cigarette smoking and exert a considerable societal burden. People suffering from COPD are at higher risk of developing lung cancer than those without, and are more susceptible to poor outcomes after diagnosis and treatment. Lung cancer and COPD are closely associated, possibly sharing common traits such as an underlying genetic predisposition, epithelial and endothelial cell plasticity, dysfunctional inflammatory mechanisms including the deposition of excessive extracellular matrix, angiogenesis, susceptibility to DNA damage and cellular mutagenesis. In fact, COPD could be the driving factor for lung cancer, providing a conducive environment that propagates its evolution. In the early stages of smoking, body defences provide a combative immune/oxidative response and DNA repair mechanisms are likely to subdue these changes to a certain extent; however, in patients with COPD with lung cancer the consequences could be devastating, potentially contributing to slower postoperative recovery after lung resection and increased resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Vital to the development of new-targeted therapies is an in-depth understanding of various molecular mechanisms that are associated with both pathologies. In this comprehensive review, we provide a detailed overview of possible underlying factors that link COPD and lung cancer, and current therapeutic advances from both human and preclinical animal models that can effectively mitigate this unholy relationship.
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu L, Huang C, Li L, Liang N, Li S. [Relationship between FGFR1 Gene Regulation of Circulating Tumor Cells and Clinical Features of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2018; 21:365-374. [PMID: 29764586 PMCID: PMC5999920 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2018.05.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
背景与目的 目前检测非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)术后患者复发转移的方法均具有一定的滞后性及片面性。本研究总结分析了30例NSCLC患者外周血循环肿瘤细胞(circulating tumor cell, CTC)及成纤维细胞生长因子受体1(fibroblast growth factor receptor 1, FGFR1)表达情况与临床病理之间的关系,以期能够为肿瘤复发转移的检测提供新思路。 方法 分析北京协和医院胸外科2016年11月-2017年6月30例NSCLC患者临床资料及CTC检测数据并进行相关性分析。 结果 相关性数据分析可得,外周血CTC细胞阳性率与吸烟史相关(P=0.016),病理类型与CTC阳性率及FGFR1表达情况之间无明显关联(P=0.202, P=0.806),不同类型CTC细胞FGFR1表达情况并无明显差异(P=0.094)。 结论 CTC阳性率与NSCLC患者吸烟史相关,不同病理类型NSCLC中CTC分类及FGFR1表达情况无明显差异,不同类型CTC之间FGFR1表达情况无明显差异。我们期待着更大样本量及纳入随访数据后可得出与CTC及FGFR1基因表达相关的更多具有临床应用意义的结论。
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Naixin Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shanqing Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Westergren-Thorsson G, Bagher M, Andersson-Sjöland A, Thiman L, Löfdahl CG, Hallgren O, Bjermer L, Larsson-Callerfelt AK. VEGF synthesis is induced by prostacyclin and TGF-β in distal lung fibroblasts from COPD patients and control subjects: Implications for pulmonary vascular remodelling. Respirology 2017; 23:68-75. [PMID: 28834088 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Involvement of pulmonary vascular remodelling is a characteristic sign in COPD. Vascular mediators such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and prostacyclin may regulate fibroblast activity. The objective was to study the synthesis of VEGF and interactions with prostacyclin and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in lung fibroblasts from patients with COPD and healthy control subjects. To further explore the autocrine role of synthesized VEGF on fibroblast activity, studies were performed in human lung fibroblasts (HFL-1). METHODS Primary distal lung fibroblast cultures were established from healthy individuals and from COPD patients (GOLD stage IV). Lung fibroblasts were stimulated with the prostacyclin analogue iloprost and the profibrotic stimuli TGF-β1 . VEGF synthesis was measured in the cell culture medium. Changes in proliferation rate, migration and synthesis of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins proteoglycans were analysed after stimulations with VEGF-A isoform 165 (VEGF165 ; 1-10 000 pg/mL) in HFL-1. RESULTS Iloprost and TGF-β1 significantly increased VEGF synthesis in both fibroblasts from COPD patients and control subjects. TGF-β1 -induced VEGF synthesis was significantly reduced by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin in fibroblasts from COPD patients. VEGF significantly increased proliferation rate and migration capacity in HFL-1. VEGF also significantly increased synthesis of the ECM proteins biglycan and perlecan. The VEGF receptors (VEGFR), VEGFR1, VEGFR2 and VEGFR3, were all expressed in primary lung fibroblasts and HFL-1. CONCLUSION VEGF is synthesized in high amounts by distal lung fibroblasts and may have a crucial role in ongoing vascular remodelling processes in the distal lung compartments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariam Bagher
- Department of Respiratory, Medicine and Allergology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Annika Andersson-Sjöland
- Unit of Lung Biology, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lena Thiman
- Unit of Lung Biology, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Claes-Göran Löfdahl
- Department of Respiratory, Medicine and Allergology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oskar Hallgren
- Department of Respiratory, Medicine and Allergology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Leif Bjermer
- Department of Respiratory, Medicine and Allergology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hough KP, Chanda D, Duncan SR, Thannickal VJ, Deshane JS. Exosomes in immunoregulation of chronic lung diseases. Allergy 2017; 72:534-544. [PMID: 27859351 DOI: 10.1111/all.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized, membrane-bound vesicles released from cells that transport cargo including DNA, RNA, and proteins, between cells as a form of intercellular communication. In addition to their role in intercellular communication, exosomes are beginning to be appreciated as agents of immunoregulation that can modulate antigen presentation, immune activation, suppression, and surveillance. This article summarizes how these multifaceted functions of exosomes may promote development and/or progression of chronic inflammatory lung diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary fibrosis. The potential of exosomes as a novel therapeutic is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K. P. Hough
- Department of Medicine; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - D. Chanda
- Department of Medicine; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - S. R. Duncan
- Department of Medicine; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - V. J. Thannickal
- Department of Medicine; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - J. S. Deshane
- Department of Medicine; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kovacs L, Su Y. Redox-Dependent Calpain Signaling in Airway and Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling in COPD. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 967:139-160. [PMID: 29047085 PMCID: PMC7036267 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63245-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The calcium-dependent cytosolic, neutral, thiol endopeptidases, calpains, perform limited cleavage of their substrates thereby irreversibly changing their functions. Calpains have been shown to be involved in several physiological processes such as cell motility, proliferation, cell cycle, signal transduction, and apoptosis. Overactivation of calpain or mutations in the calpain genes contribute to a number of pathological conditions including neurodegenerative disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, and lung diseases. High concentrations of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) originated from cigarette smoke or released by numerous cell types such as activated inflammatory cells and other respiratory cells cause oxidative and nitrosative stress contributing to the pathogenesis of COPD. RONS and calpain play important roles in the development of airway and pulmonary vascular remodeling in COPD. Published data show that increased RONS production is associated with increased calpain activation and/or elevated calpain protein level, leading to epithelial or endothelial barrier dysfunction, neovascularization, lung inflammation, increased smooth muscle cell proliferation, and deposition of extracellular matrix protein. Further investigation of the redox-dependent calpain signaling may provide future targets for the prevention and treatment of COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Kovacs
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Yunchao Su
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Research Service, Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
El Agha E, Seeger W, Bellusci S. Therapeutic and pathological roles of fibroblast growth factors in pulmonary diseases. Dev Dyn 2016; 246:235-244. [PMID: 27783451 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) constitute a large family of polypeptides that are involved in many biological processes, ranging from prenatal cell-fate specification and organogenesis to hormonal and metabolic regulation in postnatal life. During embryonic development, these growth factors are important mediators of the crosstalk among ectoderm-, mesoderm-, and endoderm-derived cells, and they instruct the spatial and temporal growth of organs and tissues such as the brain, bone, lung, gut, and others. The involvement of FGFs in postnatal lung homeostasis is a growing field, and there is emerging literature about their roles in lung pathophysiology. In this review, the involvement of FGF signaling in a wide array of lung diseases will be summarized. Developmental Dynamics 246:235-244, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elie El Agha
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ota C, Baarsma HA, Wagner DE, Hilgendorff A, Königshoff M. Linking bronchopulmonary dysplasia to adult chronic lung diseases: role of WNT signaling. Mol Cell Pediatr 2016; 3:34. [PMID: 27718180 PMCID: PMC5055515 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-016-0062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is one of the most common chronic lung diseases in infants caused by pre- and/or postnatal lung injury. BPD is characterized by arrested alveolarization and vascularization due to extracellular matrix remodeling, inflammation, and impaired growth factor signaling. WNT signaling is a critical pathway for normal lung development, and its altered signaling has been shown to be involved in the onset and progression of incurable chronic lung diseases in adulthood, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). In this review, we summarize the impact of WNT signaling on different stages of lung development and its potential contribution to developmental lung diseases, especially BPD, and chronic lung diseases in adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Ota
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, University Hospital Grosshadern, German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.
| | - Hoeke A Baarsma
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, University Hospital Grosshadern, German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Darcy E Wagner
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, University Hospital Grosshadern, German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Hilgendorff
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, University Hospital Grosshadern, German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.,The Perinatal Center, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Königshoff
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, University Hospital Grosshadern, German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shimbori C, Bellaye PS, Xia J, Gauldie J, Ask K, Ramos C, Becerril C, Pardo A, Selman M, Kolb M. Fibroblast growth factor-1 attenuates TGF-β1-induced lung fibrosis. J Pathol 2016; 240:197-210. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiko Shimbori
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Departments of Medicine; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Pierre-Simon Bellaye
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Departments of Medicine; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Jiaji Xia
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Departments of Medicine; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Jack Gauldie
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Kjetil Ask
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Departments of Medicine; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Carlos Ramos
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias; México DF México Mexico
| | - Carina Becerril
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias; México DF México Mexico
| | - Annie Pardo
- Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - Moises Selman
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias; México DF México Mexico
| | - Martin Kolb
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Departments of Medicine; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
White ES. Commentary: A Breath of Fresh Air on the Mesenchyme: Impact of Impaired Mesenchymal Development on the Pathogenesis of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Front Med (Lausanne) 2016; 3:13. [PMID: 27066487 PMCID: PMC4815635 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2016.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eric S White
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
D'Alessio FR, Zhong Q, Jenkins J, Moldobaeva A, Wagner EM. Lung Angiogenesis Requires CD4(+) Forkhead Homeobox Protein-3(+) Regulatory T Cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 52:603-10. [PMID: 25275926 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0278oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis in ischemic organs is modulated by immune cells. Systemic neovascularization of the ischemic lung requires macrophages, with chemokines playing a central role in new vessel growth. Because regulatory T (Treg) cells modulate tumor-induced neovascularization, we questioned whether this CD4(+) lymphocyte subset impacts blood vessel growth during ischemia. In a model of left lung ischemia, an increase in CD4(+) CD25(+) forkhead homeobox protein-3 (Foxp3)(+) cells was observed 3-5 days after the onset of ischemia in wild-type C57Bl/6 mice. Using transgenic mice where Foxp3(+) Treg cells can be depleted with diphtheria toxin (DT; Foxp3(DTR)), we unexpectedly found that Foxp3(+) Treg depletion led to markedly reduced lung angiogenesis (90% reduction from Foxp3(gfp) controls). Adoptive transfer studies using CD4(+) CD25(+) splenocytes from congenic CD45.1 mice into Foxp3(+) Treg-depleted mice showed an almost complete recovery of the angiogenic phenotype (80% of Foxp3(gfp) controls). A survey of lung gene expression of angiogenic (lipopolysaccharide-induced CXC chemokine [LIX], IL-6, IL-17) and angiostatic (IFN-γ, transforming growth factor-β, IL-10) cytokines showed Treg-dependent differences only in LIX (CXCL5) and IL-6. Protein confirmation demonstrated a significant reduction in LIX in Treg-deficient mice compared with controls 5 days after the onset of ischemia. Phenotyping other inflammatory cells in the lung by multicolor flow cytometry demonstrated a significantly reduced number of macrophages (major histocombatibility complex class II [MHCII](int), CD11C(+)) in Treg-deficient lungs compared with Treg-sufficient lungs. Treg cells are essential for maximal systemic angiogenesis after pulmonary ischemia. One likely mechanism responsible for the decrease in angiogenesis in Treg-depleted mice was the decline in the essential CXC chemokine, LIX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franco R D'Alessio
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ding BS, Gomi K, Rafii S, Crystal RG, Walters MS. Endothelial MMP14 is required for endothelial-dependent growth support of human airway basal cells. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2983-8. [PMID: 26116571 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.168179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human airway basal cells are the stem (or progenitor) population of the airway epithelium, and play a central role in anchoring the epithelium to the basement membrane. The anatomic position of basal cells allows for potential paracrine signaling between them and the underlying non-epithelial stromal cells. In support of this, we have previously demonstrated that endothelial cells support growth of basal cells during co-culture through vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA)-mediated signaling. Building on these findings, we found, by RNA sequencing analysis, that basal cells expressed multiple fibroblast growth factor (FGF) ligands (FGF2, FGF5, FGF11 and FGF13) and that only FGF2 and FGF5 were capable of functioning in a paracrine manner to activate classical FGF receptor (FGFR) signaling. Antibody-mediated blocking of FGFR1 during basal-cell-endothelial-cell co-culture significantly reduced the endothelial-cell-dependent basal cell growth. Stimulation of endothelial cells with basal-cell-derived growth factors induced endothelial cell expression of matrix metallopeptidase 14 (MMP14), and short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown of endothelial cell MMP14 significantly reduced the endothelial-cell-dependent growth of basal cells. Overall, these data characterize a new growth-factor-mediated reciprocal 'crosstalk' between human airway basal cells and endothelial cells that regulates proliferation of basal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Sen Ding
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kazunori Gomi
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shahin Rafii
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ronald G Crystal
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Matthew S Walters
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bardita C, Predescu DN, Sha F, Patel M, Balaji G, Predescu SA. Endocytic deficiency induced by ITSN-1s knockdown alters the Smad2/3-Erk1/2 signaling balance downstream of Alk5. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:1528-41. [PMID: 25720380 PMCID: PMC4406123 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.163030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated in cultured endothelial cells and in vivo that deficiency of an isoform of intersectin-1, ITSN-1s, impairs caveolae and clathrin-mediated endocytosis and functionally upregulates compensatory pathways and their morphological carriers (i.e. enlarged endocytic structures, membranous rings or tubules) that are normally underrepresented. We now show that these endocytic structures internalize the broadly expressed transforming growth factor β receptor I (TGFβ-RI or TGFBR1), also known as Alk5, leading to its ubiquitylation and degradation. Moreover, the apoptotic or activated vascular cells of the ITSN-1s-knockdown mice release Alk5-bearing microparticles to the systemic circulation. These interact with and transfer Alk5 to endocytosis-deficient endothelial cells, resulting in lung endothelial cell survival and phenotypic alteration towards proliferation through activation of Erk1 and Erk2 (also known as MAPK3 and MAPK1, respectively). We also show that non-productive assembly of the Alk5–Smad–SARA (Smad anchor for receptor activation, also known as ZFYVE9) signaling complex and preferential formation of the Alk5–mSos–Grb2 complex account for Erk1/2 activation downstream of Alk5 and proliferation of pulmonary endothelial cells. Taken together, our studies demonstrate a functional relationship between the intercellular transfer of Alk5 by microparticles and endothelial cell survival and proliferation, and define a novel molecular mechanism for TGFβ and Alk5-dependent Erk1/2MAPK signaling that is significant for proliferative signaling and abnormal growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bardita
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Dan N Predescu
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612, USA Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Fei Sha
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Monal Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ganesh Balaji
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sanda A Predescu
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612, USA Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pulmonary vascular changes in asthma and COPD. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2014; 29:144-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
19
|
Kumar M, Seeger W, Voswinckel R. Senescence-associated secretory phenotype and its possible role in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 51:323-33. [PMID: 25171460 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0382ps] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major disease of the lungs. It primarily occurs after a prolonged period of cigarette smoking. Chronic inflammation of airways and the alveolar space as well as lung tissue destruction are the hallmarks of COPD. Recently it has been shown that cellular senescence might play a role in the pathogenesis of COPD. Cellular senescence comprises signal transduction program, leading to irreversible cell cycle arrest. The growth arrest in senescence can be triggered by many different mechanisms, including DNA damage and its recognition by cellular sensors, leading to the activation of cell cycle checkpoint responses and activation of DNA repair machinery. Senescence can be induced by several genotoxic factors apart from telomere attrition. When senescence induction is based on DNA damage, senescent cells display a unique phenotype, which has been termed "senescence-associated secretory phenotype" (SASP). SASP may be an important driver of chronic inflammation and therefore may be part of a vicious cycle of inflammation, DNA damage, and senescence. This research perspective aims to showcase cellular senescence with relevance to COPD and the striking similarities between the mediators and secretory phenotype in COPD and SASP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- 1 Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Alagappan VKT, de Boer WI, Misra VK, Mooi WJ, Sharma HS. Angiogenesis and vascular remodeling in chronic airway diseases. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 67:219-34. [PMID: 23975597 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9713-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease remain a global health problem, with increasing morbidity and mortality. Despite differences in the causal agents, both diseases exhibit various degrees of inflammatory changes, structural alterations of the airways leading to airflow limitation. The existence of transient disease phenotypes which overlap both diseases and which progressively decline the lung function has complicated the search for an effective therapy. Important characteristics of chronic airway diseases include airway and vascular remodeling, of which the molecular mechanisms are complex and poorly understood. Recently, we and others have shown that airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells are not only structural and contractile components of airways, rather they bear capabilities of producing large number of pro-inflammatory and mitogenic factors. Increase in size and number of blood vessels both inside and outside the smooth muscle layer as well as hyperemia of bronchial vasculature are contributing factors in airway wall remodeling in patients with chronic airway diseases, proposing for the ongoing mechanisms like angiogenesis and vascular dilatation. We believe that vascular changes directly add to the airway narrowing and hyper-responsiveness by exudation and transudation of proinflammatory mediators, cytokines and growth factors; facilitating trafficking of inflammatory cells; causing oedema of the airway wall and promoting ASM accumulation. One of the key regulators of angiogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor in concerted action with other endothelial mitogens play pivotal role in regulating bronchial angiogenesis. In this review article we address recent advances in pulmonary angiogenesis and remodelling that contribute in the pathogenesis of chronic airway diseases.
Collapse
|
21
|
Ge XN, Ha SG, Rao A, Greenberg YG, Rushdi MN, Esko JD, Rao SP, Sriramarao P. Endothelial and leukocyte heparan sulfates regulate the development of allergen-induced airway remodeling in a mouse model. Glycobiology 2014; 24:715-27. [PMID: 24794009 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans (HSPGs) participate in several aspects of inflammation because of their ability to bind to growth factors, chemokines, interleukins and extracellular matrix proteins as well as promote inflammatory cell trafficking and migration. We investigated whether HSPGs play a role in the development of airway remodeling during chronic allergic asthma using mice deficient in endothelial- and leukocyte-expressed N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase-1 (Ndst1), an enzyme involved in modification reactions during HS biosynthesis. Ndst1-deficient and wild-type (WT) mice exposed to repetitive allergen (ovalbumin [OVA]) challenge were evaluated for the development of airway remodeling. Chronic OVA-challenged WT mice exhibited increased HS expression in the lungs along with airway eosinophilia, mucus hypersecretion, peribronchial fibrosis, increased airway epithelial thickness and smooth muscle mass. In OVA-challenged Ndst1-deficient mice, lung eosinophil and macrophage infiltration as well as airway mucus accumulation, peribronchial fibrosis and airway epithelial thickness were significantly lower than in allergen-challenged WT mice along with a trend toward decreased airway smooth muscle mass. Leukocyte and endothelial Ndst 1 deficiency also resulted in significantly decreased expression of IL-13 as well as remodeling-associated mediators such as VEGF, FGF-2 and TGF-β1 in the lung tissue. At a cellular level, exposure to eotaxin-1 failed to induce TGF-β1 expression by Ndst1-deficient eosinophils relative to WT eosinophils. These studies suggest that leukocyte and endothelial Ndst1-modified HS contribute to the development of allergen-induced airway remodeling by promoting recruitment of inflammatory cells as well as regulating expression of pro-remodeling factors such as IL-13, VEGF, TGF-β1 and FGF-2 in the lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Na Ge
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Sung Gil Ha
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Amrita Rao
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Yana G Greenberg
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Muaz Nik Rushdi
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Savita P Rao
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - P Sriramarao
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Caramori G, Adcock IM, Di Stefano A, Chung KF. Cytokine inhibition in the treatment of COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2014; 9:397-412. [PMID: 24812504 PMCID: PMC4010626 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s42544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines play an important part in many pathobiological processes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including the chronic inflammatory process, emphysema, and altered innate immune response. Proinflammatory cytokines of potential importance include tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-17, IL-18, IL-32, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and growth factors such as transforming growth factor-β. The current objectives of COPD treatment are to reduce symptoms, and to prevent and reduce the number of exacerbations. While current treatments achieve these goals to a certain extent, preventing the decline in lung function is not currently achievable. In addition, reversal of corticosteroid insensitivity and control of the fibrotic process while reducing the emphysematous process could also be controlled by specific cytokines. The abnormal pathobiological process of COPD may contribute to these fundamental characteristics of COPD, and therefore targeting cytokines involved may be a fruitful endeavor. Although there has been much work that has implicated various cytokines as potentially playing an important role in COPD, there have been very few studies that have examined the effect of specific cytokine blockade in COPD. The two largest studies that have been reported in the literature involve the use of blocking antibody to TNFα and CXCL8 (IL-8), and neither has provided benefit. Blocking the actions of CXCL8 through its CXCR2 receptor blockade was not successful either. Studies of antibodies against IL-17, IL-18, IL-1β, and TSLP are currently either being undertaken or planned. There is a need to carefully phenotype COPD and discover good biomarkers of drug efficacy for each specific target. Specific groups of COPD patients should be targeted with specific anticytokine therapy if there is evidence of high expression of that cytokine and there are features of the clinical expression of COPD that will respond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Caramori
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Centro Interdipartimentale per lo Studio delle Malattie Infiammatorie delle Vie Aeree e Patologie Fumo-correlate (CEMICEF; formerly Centro di Ricerca su Asma e BPCO), Sezione di Medicina Interna e Cardiorespiratoria, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Airway Diseases Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
- Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Antonino Di Stefano
- Divisione di Pneumologia e Laboratorio di Citoimmunopatologia dell’Apparato Cardio-Respiratorio, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, IRCCS, Veruno, Italy
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- Airway Diseases Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
- Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lee SH, Lee SH, Kim CH, Yang KS, Lee EJ, Min KH, Hur GY, Lee SH, Lee SY, Kim JH, Shin C, Shim JJ, In KH, Kang KH, Lee SY. Increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and hypoxia inducible factor-1α in lung tissue of patients with chronic bronchitis. Clin Biochem 2014; 47:552-9. [PMID: 24463065 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) seems to be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but its site-specific expression in lung tissue and the relationship with hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) expression in chronic bronchitis (CB) type COPD have not been studied. DESIGN AND METHODS We evaluated the expression of VEGF and its receptors in various compartments of lung tissue in three groups: non-smokers with normal lung function (non-smokers, n=10), smokers without COPD (healthy smokers, n=10) and smokers with CB (CB, n=10), using immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting. The expression of HIF-1α was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Compared with healthy smokers, VEGF expression in CB was significantly increased in bronchiolar epithelium, vascular endothelium and vascular smooth muscle (p<0.05). VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-2 expression in CB was also increased in bronchiolar smooth muscle, vascular endothelium and vascular smooth muscle compared with healthy smokers (p<0.05). The level of HIF-1α was increased in CB compared with healthy smokers and positively correlated with those of VEGF (r=0.64, p<0.05). CONCLUSION VEGF and VEGFR-2 expressions were up-regulated in CB and increased expression of VEGF was related with HIF-1α. HIF-1α-regulated VEGF overexpression may be a characteristic of chronic bronchitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hyeun Lee
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, KEPCO Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Hwan Kim
- Department of Pathology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Suk Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Joo Lee
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hoon Min
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Young Hur
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Heon Lee
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yong Lee
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Hyeong Kim
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chol Shin
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Jeong Shim
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Ho In
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Ho Kang
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yeub Lee
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bardita C, Predescu D, Justice MJ, Petrache I, Predescu S. In vivo knockdown of intersectin-1s alters endothelial cell phenotype and causes microvascular remodeling in the mouse lungs. Apoptosis 2013; 18:57-76. [PMID: 23054079 PMCID: PMC3543613 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-012-0762-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intersectin-1s (ITSN-1s) is a general endocytic protein involved in regulating lung vascular permeability and endothelial cells (ECs) survival, via MEK/Erk1/2MAPK signaling. To investigate the in vivo effects of ITSN-1s deficiency and the resulting ECs apoptosis on pulmonary vasculature and lung homeostasis, we used an ITSN-1s knocked-down (KDITSN) mouse generated by repeated delivery of a specific siRNA targeting ITSN-1 gene (siRNAITSN). Biochemical and histological analyses as well as electron microscopy (EM) revealed that acute KDITSN [3-days (3d) post-siRNAITSN treatment] inhibited Erk1/2MAPK pro-survival signaling, causing significant ECs apoptosis and lung injury; at 10d of KDITSN, caspase-3 activation was at peak, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive ECs showed 3.4-fold increase, the mean linear intercept (MLI) showed 48 % augment and pulmonary microvessel density as revealed by aquaporin-1 staining (AQP-1) decreased by 30 %, all compared to controls; pulmonary function was altered. Concomitantly, expression of several growth factors known to activate Erk1/2MAPK and suppress Bad pro-apoptotic activity increased. KDITSN altered Smads activity, downstream of the transforming growth factor beta-receptor-1 (TβR1), as shown by subcellular fractionation and immunoblot analyses. Moreover, 24d post-siRNAITSN, surviving ECs became hyper-proliferative and apoptotic-resistant against ITSN-1s deficiency, as demonstrated by EM imaging, 5-bromo-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and Bad-Ser112/155 phosphorylation, respectively, leading to increased microvessel density and repair of the injured lungs, as well as matrix deposition. In sum, ECs endocytic dysfunction and apoptotic death caused by KDITSN contribute to the initial lung injury and microvascular loss, followed by endothelial phenotypic changes and microvascular remodeling in the remaining murine pulmonary microvascular bed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bardita
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University, 1735 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Nitric Oxide Donors Augment Interleukin-1β-Induced Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Airway Smooth Muscle Cells. Cell Biochem Biophys 2013; 67:247-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9773-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
26
|
Predescu DN, Bardita C, Tandon R, Predescu SA. Intersectin-1s: an important regulator of cellular and molecular pathways in lung injury. Pulm Circ 2013; 3:478-98. [PMID: 24618535 PMCID: PMC4070809 DOI: 10.1086/674439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are severe syndromes resulting from the diffuse damage of the pulmonary parenchyma. ALI and ARDS are induced by a plethora of local or systemic insults, leading to the activation of multiple pathways responsible for injury, resolution, and repair or scarring of the lungs. Despite the large efforts aimed at exploring the roles of different pathways in humans and animal models and the great strides made in understanding the pathogenesis of ALI/ARDS, the only viable treatment options are still dependent on ventilator and cardiovascular support. Investigation of the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for initiation and resolution or advancement toward lung scarring in ALI/ARDS animal models led to a better understanding of the disease's complexity and helped in elucidating the links between ALI and systemic multiorgan failure. Although animal models of ALI/ARDS have pointed out a variety of new ideas for study, there are still limited data regarding the initiating factors, the critical steps in the progression of the disease, and the central mechanisms dictating its resolution or progression to lung scarring. Recent studies link deficiency of intersectin-1s (ITSN-1s), a prosurvival protein of lung endothelial cells, to endothelial barrier dysfunction and pulmonary edema as well as to the repair/recovery from ALI. This review discusses the effects of ITSN-1s deficiency on pulmonary endothelium and its significance in the pathology of ALI/ARDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan N Predescu
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Peters THF, Sharma V, Yilmaz E, Mooi WJ, Bogers AJJC, Sharma HS. DNA Microarray and Quantitative Analysis Reveal Enhanced Myocardial VEGF Expression with Stunted Angiogenesis in Human Tetralogy of Fallot. Cell Biochem Biophys 2013; 67:305-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9710-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
28
|
Kim SY, Lee JH, Kim HJ, Park MK, Huh JW, Ro JY, Oh YM, Lee SD, Lee YS. Mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned media recovers lung fibroblasts from cigarette smoke-induced damage. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 302:L891-908. [PMID: 22307909 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00288.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking causes apoptotic death, senescence, and impairment of repair functions in lung fibroblasts, which maintain the integrity of alveolar structure by producing extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Therefore, recovery of lung fibroblasts from cigarette smoke-induced damage may be crucial in regeneration of emphysematous lung resulting from degradation of ECM proteins and subsequent loss of alveolar cells. Recently, we reported that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned media (MSC-CM) led to angiogenesis and regeneration of lung damaged by cigarette smoke. In this study, to further investigate reparative mechanisms for MSC-CM-mediated lung repair, we attempted to determine whether MSC-CM can recover lung fibroblasts from cigarette smoke-induced damage. In lung fibroblasts exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE), MSC-CM, not only inhibited apoptotic death, but also induced cell proliferation and reversed CSE-induced changes in the levels of caspase-3, p53, p21, p27, Akt, and p-Akt. MSC-CM also restored expression of ECM proteins and collagen gel contraction while suppressing CSE-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and microsomal PGE(2) synthase-2. The CSE-opposing effects of MSC-CM on cell fate, expression of ECM proteins, and collagen gel contraction were partially inhibited by LY294002, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor. In rats, MSC-CM administration also resulted in elevation of p-Akt and restored proliferation of lung fibroblasts, which was suppressed by exposure to cigarette smoke. Taken together, these data suggest that MSC-CM may recover lung fibroblasts from cigarette smoke-induced damage, possibly through inhibition of apoptosis, induction of proliferation, and restoration of lung fibroblast repair function, which are mediated in part by the PI3K/Akt pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Yong Kim
- Division of Pharmacology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Suwon
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Xu YP, Zhu JJ, Cheng F, Jiang KW, Gu WZ, Shen Z, Wu YD, Liang L, Du LZ. Ghrelin ameliorates hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension via phospho-GSK3 β/β-catenin signaling in neonatal rats. J Mol Endocrinol 2011; 47:33-43. [PMID: 21504941 DOI: 10.1530/jme-10-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Effective treatment and/or prevention strategies for neonatal persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) have been an important topic in neonatal medicine. However, mechanisms of impaired pulmonary vascular structure in hypoxia-induced PPHN are poorly understood and consequently limit the development of effective treatment. In this study, we aimed to explore the molecular signaling cascades in the lungs of a PPHN animal model and used primary cultured rat pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells to analyze the physiological benefits of ghrelin during the pathogenesis of PPHN. Randomly selected newborn rats were exposed to hypoxia (10-12%) or room air and received daily s.c. injections of ghrelin (150 μg/kg) or saline. After 2 weeks, pulmonary hemodynamics and morphometry were assessed in the rats. Compared with the control, hypoxia increased pulmonary arterial pressure, right ventricle (RV) hypertrophy, and arteriolar wall thickness. Ghrelin treatment reduced both the magnitude of PH and the RV/(left ventricle+septum (Sep)) weight ratio. Ghrelin protected neonatal rats from hypoxia-induced PH via the upregulation of phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (p-GSK3β)/β-catenin signaling and associated with β-catenin translocation to the nucleus in the presence of growth hormone secretagogue receptor-1a. Our findings suggest that s.c. administration of ghrelin improved PH and attenuated pulmonary vascular remodeling after PPHN. These beneficial effects may be mediated by the regulation of p-GSK3β/β-catenin expression. We propose ghrelin as a novel potential therapeutic agent for PPHN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ping Xu
- Department of Neonatology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Therapy of Neonatal Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bossé Y, Stankova J, Rola-Pleszczynski M. Transforming growth factor-beta1 in asthmatic airway smooth muscle enlargement: is fibroblast growth factor-2 required? Clin Exp Allergy 2010; 40:710-24. [PMID: 20447083 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Enlargement of airway smooth muscle (ASM) tissue around the bronchi/bronchioles is a histopathological signature of asthmatic airway remodelling and has been suggested to play a critical role in the increased lung resistance and airway hyperresponsiveness seen in asthmatic patients. The pleiotropic cytokine, TGF-beta1, is believed to contribute to several aspects of asthmatic airway remodelling and is known to influence the growth of many cell types. Increased TGF-beta1 expression/signalling and ASM growth have been shown to occur concurrently in animal models of asthma. Abundant studies further substantiate this association by showing that therapeutic strategies that reduce or prevent TGF-beta1 overexpression/signalling lead to a parallel decrease or prevention of ASM enlargement. Finally, recent findings have supported a direct link of causality between TGF-beta1 overexpression/signalling and the overgrowth of ASM tissue. To follow-up on these in vivo studies, many investigators have pursued detailed investigation of ASM in cell culture conditions, assessing the direct role of TGF-beta1 on cellular proliferation and/or hypertrophy. Inconsistencies among the in vitro studies suggest that the effect of TGF-beta1 on ASM cell proliferation/hypertrophy is contextual. A hypothesis focusing on fibroblast growth factor-2 is presented at the end of this review, which could potentially reconcile the apparent discrepancy between the conflicting in vitro findings with the consistent in vivo finding that TGF-beta1 is required for ASM enlargement in asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Bossé
- The James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, Department of Medicine, Respiratory Division, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ammit AJ, Burgess JK, Hirst SJ, Hughes JM, Kaur M, Lau JY, Zuyderduyn S. The effect of asthma therapeutics on signalling and transcriptional regulation of airway smooth muscle function. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2008; 22:446-54. [PMID: 19022391 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE OF THE REVIEW Our knowledge of the multifunctional nature of airway smooth muscle (ASM) has expanded rapidly in the last decade, but the underlying molecular mechanisms and how current therapies for obstructive airway diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), affect these are still being elucidated. Our current knowledge has built on the pharmacology of human ASM contraction and relaxation established prior to that and which is reviewed in detail elsewhere in this issue. The advent of methods to isolate and culture ASM cells, especially human ASM cells, has made it possible to study how they may contribute to airway remodelling through their synthetic, proliferative, and migratory capacities. Now the underlying molecular mechanisms of ASM growth factor secretion, extracellular matrix (ECM) production, proliferation and migration, as well as contraction and relaxation, are being determined. A complex network of signalling pathways leading to gene transcription in ASM cells permits this functional plasticity in healthy and diseased airways. This review is an overview of the effects of current therapies, and some of those in development, on key signalling pathways and transcription factors involved in these ASM functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alaina J Ammit
- Respiratory Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Marek L, Ware KE, Fritzsche A, Hercule P, Helton WR, Smith JE, McDermott LA, Coldren CD, Nemenoff RA, Merrick DT, Helfrich BA, Bunn PA, Heasley LE. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and FGF receptor-mediated autocrine signaling in non-small-cell lung cancer cells. Mol Pharmacol 2008; 75:196-207. [PMID: 18849352 DOI: 10.1124/mol.108.049544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite widespread expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors (EGFRs) and EGF family ligands in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), EGFR-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as gefitinib exhibit limited activity in this cancer. We propose that autocrine growth signaling pathways distinct from EGFR are active in NSCLC cells. To this end, gene expression profiling revealed frequent coexpression of specific fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and FGF receptors (FGFRs) in NSCLC cell lines. It is noteworthy that FGF2 and FGF9 as well as FGFR1 IIIc and/or FGFR2 IIIc mRNA and protein are frequently coexpressed in NSCLC cell lines, especially those that are insensitive to gefitinib. Specific silencing of FGF2 reduced anchorage-independent growth of two independent NSCLC cell lines that secrete FGF2 and coexpress FGFR1 IIIc and/or FGFR2 IIIc. Moreover, a TKI [(+/-)-1-(anti-3-hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-3-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-7-phenylamino-3,4-dihydro-1H-pyrimido-[4,5-d]pyrimidin-2-one (RO4383596)] that targets FGFRs inhibited basal FRS2 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation, two measures of FGFR activity, as well as proliferation and anchorage-independent growth of NSCLC cell lines that coexpress FGF2 or FGF9 and FGFRs. By contrast, RO4383596 influenced neither signal transduction nor growth of NSCLC cell lines lacking FGF2, FGF9, FGFR1, or FGFR2 expression. Thus, FGF2, FGF9 and their respective high-affinity FGFRs comprise a growth factor autocrine loop that is active in a subset of gefitinib-insensitive NSCLC cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Marek
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado at Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
de Boer WI, Alagappan VKT, Sharma HS. Molecular mechanisms in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: potential targets for therapy. Cell Biochem Biophys 2008; 47:131-48. [PMID: 17406066 DOI: 10.1385/cbb:47:1:131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease associated with progressive airflow obstruction. Tobacco smoking is the main risk factor worldwide. In contrast to asthma, antiinflammatory therapies are rather ineffective in improving chronic symptoms and reducing inflammation, lung function decline, and airway remodeling. Specific drugs that are directed against the remodeling and chronic inflammation, thereby preventing lung tissue damage and progressive lung function decline, must be developed. Experimental models and expression studies suggest that anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor strategies may be of use in patients with emphysema, whereas anti-HER1-directed strategies may be more useful in patients with pulmonary mucus hypersecretion, as seen in chronic bronchitis and asthma. Growth factors and cytokines including VEGF, fibroblast growth factors, transforming growth factor-beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, CXCL1, CXCL8, and CCL2, and signal transduction proteins such as mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 and nuclear factor-kappaB, seem to be important pathogenetic molecules in COPD. Specific antagonists for these proteins may be effective for different inflammatory diseases. However, their efficacy for COPD therapy has not yet been demonstrated. Finally, other drugs such as retinoic acids may provide restoration of lung tissue structure. Such approaches, however, must await the first results of growth factor or cytokine antagonist therapy in chronic lung diseases.
Collapse
|
34
|
Alagappan VKT, Willems-Widyastuti A, Seynhaeve ALB, Garrelds IM, ten Hagen TLM, Saxena PR, Sharma HS. Vasoactive peptides upregulate mRNA expression and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor in human airway smooth muscle cells. Cell Biochem Biophys 2008; 47:109-18. [PMID: 17406064 DOI: 10.1385/cbb:47:1:109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Airway remodeling and associated angiogenesis are documented features of asthma, of which the molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Angiotensin (ANG)II and endothelin (ET)-1 are potent vasoconstricting circulatory hormones implicated in asthma. We investigated the effects of ANG II and ET-1 on human airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells proliferation and growth and examined the mRNA expression and release of the angiogenic peptide, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Serum deprived (48 h) human ASM cells were incubated with ANG II (100 nM) or ET-1 (10 nM) for 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 h and the endogenous synthesis of VEGF was examined in relation to control cells receiving serum free culture medium. ET-1 induced time dependent DNA biosynthesis as determined by [3H]-thymidine incorporation assay. Using northern blot hybridization, we detected two mRNA species of 3.9 and 1.7 kb encoding VEGF in the cultured smooth muscle cells. Both ANG II and ET-1 induced the mRNA expression (two- to threefold) and secretion (1.8- to 2.8-fold) of VEGF reaching maximal levels between 4-8 h of incubation. Induced expression and release of VEGF declined after 8 h of ANG II incubation while levels remained elevated in the case of ET-1. The conditioned medium derived from ET-1-treated ASM cells induced [3H]-thymidine incorporation and cell number in porcine pulmonary artery endothelial as well as human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Moreover, the VEGF tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor blocked the conditioned medium induced mitogenesis in endothelial cells. Our results suggest a potential role for ANG II and ET-1 in ASM cell growth and upregulation of VEGF that may participate in endothelial cell proliferation via paracrine mechanisms and thus causing pathological angiogenesis and vascular remodelling seen during asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K T Alagappan
- Department of Pharmacology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
The pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) encompasses a number of injurious processes, including an abnormal inflammatory response in the lungs to inhaled particles and gases. Other processes, such as failure to resolve inflammation, abnormal cell repair, apoptosis, abnormal cellular maintenance programs, extracellular matrix destruction (protease/antiprotease imbalance), and oxidative stress (oxidant/antioxidant imbalance) also have a role. The inflammatory responses to the inhalation of active and passive tobacco smoke and urban and rural air pollution are modified by genetic and epigenetic factors. The subsequent chronic inflammatory responses lead to mucus hypersecretion, airway remodeling, and alveolar destruction. This article provides an update on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of these processes in the pathogenesis of COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Macnee
- ELEGI Colt Research Laboratories, MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Avenue, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bossé Y, Rola-Pleszczynski M. FGF2 in asthmatic airway-smooth-muscle-cell hyperplasia. Trends Mol Med 2007; 14:3-11. [PMID: 18055262 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Revised: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Airway smooth muscle (ASM)-cell hyperplasia is a cardinal feature of the remodeled airways in asthma and contributes to airway hyper-responsiveness. Several upregulated mediators are potentially involved in this architectural change. Recently, many investigators have turned their interest toward fibroblast growth factor (FGF)2. This opinion article describes the current knowledge on the biology of this growth factor, reviews the papers that have measured its baseline or allergen-induced expression in human asthmatics and summarizes observations supporting its role as an ASM cell mitogen. The possibility that FGF2 is involved in ASM-cell hyperplasia is raised, not only because it induces ASM-cell proliferation by itself but because of recent findings showing that FGF2 confers to ASM cells the ability to proliferate in response to different asthma mediators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ynuk Bossé
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wang IM, Stepaniants S, Boie Y, Mortimer JR, Kennedy B, Elliott M, Hayashi S, Loy L, Coulter S, Cervino S, Harris J, Thornton M, Raubertas R, Roberts C, Hogg JC, Crackower M, O'Neill G, Paré PD. Gene expression profiling in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 177:402-11. [PMID: 17975202 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200703-390oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) is a common and disabling lung disease for which there are few therapeutic options. OBJECTIVES We reasoned that gene expression profiling of COPD lungs could reveal previously unidentified disease pathways. METHODS Forty-eight human lung samples were obtained from tissue resected from five nonsmokers, 21 GOLD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease) stage 0, 9 GOLD stage 1, 10 GOLD stage 2, and 3 GOLD stage 3 patients. mRNA from the specimens was profiled using Agilent's Functional ID v2.0 array (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA) containing 23,720 sequences. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The gene expression pattern was influenced by the percentage of the sample made up of parenchyma. Gene expression was related to forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of forced expiratory volume (FEF(25-75%) % predicted) revealing a signature gene set of 203 transcripts. Genes involved in extracellular matrix synthesis/degradation and apoptosis were among the up-regulated genes, whereas genes that participate in antiinflammatory responses were down-regulated. Immunohistochemistry confirmed expression of urokinase plasminogen activator (PLAU), urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (PLAUR), and thrombospondin (THBS1) by alveolar macrophages and airway epithelial cells. Genes in this pathway have been shown to be involved in the activation of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 and matrix metalloproteinases and are subject to inhibition by SERPINE2. Interestingly, both TGF-beta1 and SERPINE2 have been identified as candidate genes in COPD genetic linkage and association studies. CONCLUSIONS The results provide evidence that genes involved in tissue remodeling and repair are differentially regulated in the lungs of obstructed smokers and suggest that they are potential therapeutic targets. Data deposited in GEO at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE8500.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I-Ming Wang
- McDonald Research Wing, Room 166, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lee JS, Rosengart MR, Kondragunta V, Zhang Y, McMurray J, Branch RA, Choi AMK, Sciurba FC. Inverse association of plasma IL-13 and inflammatory chemokines with lung function impairment in stable COPD: a cross-sectional cohort study. Respir Res 2007; 8:64. [PMID: 17868461 PMCID: PMC2064925 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-8-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous syndrome characterized by varying degrees of airflow limitation and diffusion impairment. There is increasing evidence to suggest that COPD is also characterized by systemic inflammation. The primary goal of this study was to identify soluble proteins in plasma that associate with the severity of airflow limitation in a COPD cohort with stable disease. A secondary goal was to assess whether unique markers associate with diffusion impairment, based on diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO), independent of the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). Methods A cross sectional study of 73 COPD subjects was performed in order to examine the association of 25 different plasma proteins with the severity of lung function impairment, as defined by the baseline measurements of the % predicted FEV1 and the % predicted DLCO. Plasma protein concentrations were assayed using multiplexed immunobead-based cytokine profiling. Associations between lung function and protein concentrations were adjusted for age, gender, pack years smoking history, current smoking, inhaled corticosteroid use, systemic corticosteroid use and statin use. Results Plasma concentrations of CCL2/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2/MCP-1), CCL4/macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (CCL4/MIP -1β), CCL11/eotaxin, and interleukin-13 (IL-13) were inversely associated with the % FEV1. Plasma concentrations of soluble Fas were associated with the % DLCO, whereas CXCL9/monokine induced by interferon-γ (CXCL9/Mig), granulocyte- colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and IL-13 showed inverse relationships with the % DLCO. Conclusion Systemic inflammation in a COPD cohort is characterized by cytokines implicated in inflammatory cell recruitment and airway remodeling. Plasma concentrations of IL-13 and chemoattractants for monocytes, T lymphocytes, and eosinophils show associations with increasing severity of disease. Soluble Fas, G-CSF and CXCL9/Mig may be unique markers that associate with disease characterized by disproportionate abnormalities in DLCO independent of the FEV1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet S Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Matthew R Rosengart
- Division of Trauma/General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Venkateswarlu Kondragunta
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Yingze Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jessica McMurray
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Robert A Branch
- Division of Trauma/General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Augustine MK Choi
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Frank C Sciurba
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Yoshida T, Tuder RM. Pathobiology of cigarette smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Physiol Rev 2007; 87:1047-82. [PMID: 17615396 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00048.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), comprised of pulmonary emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and structural and inflammatory changes of small airways, is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. A better understanding of the pathobiology of COPD is critical for the developing of novel therapies, as the majority of patients with the disease have little therapeutic options at the present time. The pathobiology of COPD encompasses multiple injurious processes including inflammation (excessive or inappropriate innate and adaptive immunity), cellular apoptosis, altered cellular and molecular alveolar maintenance program, abnormal cell repair, extracellular matrix destruction (protease and anti-protease imbalance), and oxidative stress (oxidant and antioxidant imbalance). These processes are triggered by urban and rural air pollutants and active and/or passive cigarette smoke and modified by cellular senescence and infection. A series of receptor-mediated signal transduction pathways are activated by reactive oxygen species and tobacco components, resulting in impairment of a variety of cell signaling and cytokine networks, subsequently leading to chronic airway responses with mucus production, airway remodeling, and alveolar destruction. The authors provide an updated insight into the molecular and cellular pathobiology of COPD based on human and/or animal data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Yoshida
- Division of Cardiopulmonary Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kranenburg AR, Willems-Widyastuti A, Moori WJ, Sterk PJ, Alagappan VKT, de Boer WI, Sharma HS. Enhanced bronchial expression of extracellular matrix proteins in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Clin Pathol 2006; 126:725-35. [PMID: 17111536 DOI: 10.1309/jc477fael1ykv54w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Remodeling of airways and blood vessels is an important feature in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). By using immunohistochemical analysis, we examined bronchial expression patterns of various extracellular matrix (ECM) components such as collagens (subtypes I, III, and IV), fibronectin, and laminin beta2 in patients with COPD (forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1] <or=75%; n = 15) and without COPD (FEV1 >or=85%; n = 16) and correlated expression data with lung function. Quantitative analysis revealed enhanced levels (P < .01) of total collagens I, III, and IV in surface epithelial basement membrane (SEBM) and collagens I and III in bronchial lamina propria (P < .02) and adventitia (P < .05) in COPD. Distinct and increased (P < .05) vascular expression of fibronectin accounts for intimal vascular fibrosis, whereas laminin beta2 (P < .05) was elevated in airway smooth muscle (ASM). FEV1 values inversely correlated with collagens in the SEBM, fibronectin in bronchial vessels, and laminin in the ASM. Our data suggest that COPD exhibits increased bronchial deposition of ECM proteins that contribute to deteriorated lung function and airway remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andor R Kranenburg
- Department of Pharmacology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Gosens R, Zaagsma J, Meurs H, Halayko AJ. Muscarinic receptor signaling in the pathophysiology of asthma and COPD. Respir Res 2006; 7:73. [PMID: 16684353 PMCID: PMC1479816 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-7-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticholinergics are widely used for the treatment of COPD, and to a lesser extent for asthma. Primarily used as bronchodilators, they reverse the action of vagally derived acetylcholine on airway smooth muscle contraction. Recent novel studies suggest that the effects of anticholinergics likely extend far beyond inducing bronchodilation, as the novel anticholinergic drug tiotropium bromide can effectively inhibit accelerated decline of lung function in COPD patients. Vagal tone is increased in airway inflammation associated with asthma and COPD; this results from exaggerated acetylcholine release and enhanced expression of downstream signaling components in airway smooth muscle. Vagally derived acetylcholine also regulates mucus production in the airways. A number of recent research papers also indicate that acetylcholine, acting through muscarinic receptors, may in part regulate pathological changes associated with airway remodeling. Muscarinic receptor signalling regulates airway smooth muscle thickening and differentiation, both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, acetylcholine and its synthesizing enzyme, choline acetyl transferase (ChAT), are ubiquitously expressed throughout the airways. Most notably epithelial cells and inflammatory cells generate acetylcholine, and express functional muscarinic receptors. Interestingly, recent work indicates the expression and function of muscarinic receptors on neutrophils is increased in COPD. Considering the potential broad role for endogenous acetylcholine in airway biology, this review summarizes established and novel aspects of muscarinic receptor signaling in relation to the pathophysiology and treatment of asthma and COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reinoud Gosens
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Departments of Physiology & Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Johan Zaagsma
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Herman Meurs
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew J Halayko
- Departments of Physiology & Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Bonay M, Boutten A, Leçon-Malas V, Marchal J, Soler P, Fournier M, Leseche G, Dehoux M, Crestani B. Hepatocyte and keratinocyte growth factors and their receptors in human lung emphysema. BMC Pulm Med 2005; 5:13. [PMID: 16216128 PMCID: PMC1283976 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-5-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2005] [Accepted: 10/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocyte and keratinocyte growth factors are key growth factors in the process of alveolar repair. We hypothesized that excessive alveolar destruction observed in lung emphysema involves impaired expression of hepatocyte and keratinocyte growth factors or their respective receptors, c-met and keratinocyte growth factor receptor. The aim of our study was to compare the expression of hepatocyte and keratinocyte growth factors and their receptors in lung samples from 3 groups of patients: emphysema; smokers without emphysema and non-smokers without emphysema. Methods Hepatocyte and keratinocyte growth factor proteins were analysed by immunoassay and western blot; mRNA expression was measured by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results Hepatocyte and keratinocyte growth factors, c-met and keratinocyte growth factor receptor mRNA levels were similar in emphysema and non-emphysema patients. Hepatocyte growth factor mRNA correlated negatively with FEV1 and the FEV1/FVC ratio both in emphysema patients and in smokers with or without emphysema. Hepatocyte and keratinocyte growth factor protein concentrations were similar in all patients' groups. Conclusion The expression of hepatocyte and keratinocyte growth factors and their receptors is preserved in patients with lung emphysema as compared to patients without emphysema. Hepatocyte growth factor mRNA correlates with the severity of airflow obstruction in smokers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Bonay
- INSERM U 700, Faculté Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Service de Physiologie-Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Anne Boutten
- INSERM U 700, Faculté Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Service de Biochimie A, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Leçon-Malas
- Service de Biochimie A, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
| | | | - Paul Soler
- INSERM U 700, Faculté Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Michel Fournier
- Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Beaujon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Guy Leseche
- Service de Chirurgie Thoracique, Hôpital Beaujon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Monique Dehoux
- INSERM U 700, Faculté Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Service de Biochimie A, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Crestani
- INSERM U 700, Faculté Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Service de Pneumologie Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major and increasing global health problem that is now a leading cause of death. COPD is associated with a chronic inflammatory response, predominantly in small airways and lung parenchyma, which is characterized by increased numbers of macrophages, neutrophils, and T lymphocytes. The inflammatory mediators involved in COPD have not been clearly defined, in contrast to asthma, but it is now apparent that many lipid mediators, inflammatory peptides, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors are involved in orchestrating the complex inflammatory process that results in small airway fibrosis and alveolar destruction. Many proteases are also involved in the inflammatory process and are responsible for the destruction of elastin fibers in the lung parenchyma, which is the hallmark of emphysema. The identification of inflammatory mediators and understanding their interactions is important for the development of anti-inflammatory treatments for this important disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Barnes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, Dovehouse St, London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kranenburg AR, Willems-Widyastuti A, Mooi WJ, Saxena PR, Sterk PJ, de Boer WI, Sharma HS. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is associated with enhanced bronchial expression of FGF-1, FGF-2, and FGFR-1. J Pathol 2005; 206:28-38. [PMID: 15772985 DOI: 10.1002/path.1748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An important feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is airway remodelling, the molecular mechanisms of which are poorly understood. In this study, the role of fibroblast growth factors (FGF-1 and FGF-2) and their receptor, FGFR-1, was assessed in bronchial airway wall remodelling in patients with COPD (FEV1 < 75%; n = 15) and without COPD (FEV1 > 85%; n = 16). FGF-1 and FGFR-1 were immunolocalized in bronchial epithelium, airway smooth muscle (ASM), submucosal glandular epithelium, and vascular smooth muscle. Quantitative digital image analysis revealed increased cytoplasmic expression of FGF-2 in bronchial epithelium (0.35 +/- 0.03 vs 0.20 +/- 0.04, p < 0.008) and nuclear localization in ASM (p < 0.0001) in COPD patients compared with controls. Elevated levels of FGFR-1 in ASM (p < 0.005) and of FGF-1 (p < 0.04) and FGFR-1 (p < 0.001) in bronchial epithelium were observed. In cultured human ASM cells, FGF-1 and/or FGF-2 (10 ng/ml) induced cellular proliferation, as shown by [3H]thymidine incorporation and by cell number counts. Steady-state mRNA levels of FGFR-1 were elevated in human ASM cells treated with either FGF-1 or FGF-2. The increased bronchial expression of fibroblast growth factors and their receptor in patients with COPD, and the mitogenic response of human ASM cells to FGFs in vitro suggest a potential role for the FGF/FGFR-1 system in the remodelling of bronchial airways in COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andor R Kranenburg
- Department of Pharmacology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kranenburg AR, de Boer WI, Alagappan VKT, Sterk PJ, Sharma HS. Enhanced bronchial expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and receptors (Flk-1 and Flt-1) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2005; 60:106-13. [PMID: 15681497 PMCID: PMC1747292 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2004.023986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ongoing inflammatory processes resulting in airway and vascular remodelling characterise chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors VEGFR-1 (Flt-1) and VEGFR-2 (KDR/Flk-1) could play a role in tissue remodelling and angiogenesis in COPD. METHODS The cellular expression pattern of VEGF, Flt-1, and KDR/Flk-1 was examined by immunohistochemistry in central and peripheral lung tissues obtained from ex-smokers with COPD (forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)) <75% predicted; n = 14) or without COPD (FEV(1) >85% predicted; n = 14). The immunohistochemical staining of each molecule was quantified using a visual scoring method with grades ranging from 0 (no) to 3 (intense). RESULTS VEGF, Flt-1, and KDR/Flk-1 immunostaining was localised in vascular and airway smooth muscle (VSM and ASM) cells, bronchial, bronchiolar and alveolar epithelium, and macrophages. Pulmonary endothelial cells expressed Flt-1 and KDR/Flk-1 abundantly but not VEGF. Bronchial VEGF expression was higher in microvascular VSM cells and ASM cells of patients with COPD than in patients without COPD (1.7 and 1.6-fold, p<0.01, respectively). VEGF expression in intimal and medial VSM (1.7 and 1.3-fold, p<0.05) of peripheral pulmonary arteries associated with the bronchiolar airways was more intense in COPD, as was VEGF expression in the small pulmonary vessels in the alveolar region (1.5 and 1.7-fold, p<0.02). In patients with COPD, KDR/Flk-1 expression was enhanced in endothelial cells and in intimal and medial VSM (1.3, 1.9 and 1.5-fold, p<0.02) while endothelial Flt-1 expression was 1.7 times higher (p<0.03). VEGF expression was significantly increased in bronchiolar and alveolar epithelium as well as in bronchiolar macrophages (1.5-fold, p<0.001). The expression of VEGF in bronchial VSM and mucosal microvessels as well as bronchiolar epithelium was inversely correlated with FEV(1) (r<-0.45; p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS VEGF and its receptors Flt-1 and KDR/Flk-1 may be involved in peripheral vascular and airway remodelling processes in an autocrine and/or paracrine manner. This system may also be associated with epithelial cell viability during airway wall remodelling in COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Kranenburg
- Department of Pharmacology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Dr Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
No currently available treatments have been shown to slow the progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or suppress the inflammation in small airways and lung parenchyma. However, several new treatments are in clinical development; some target the inflammatory process and others are directed against structural cells. A group of specific therapies are directed against the influx of inflammatory cells into the airways and lung parenchyma that occurs in COPD; these include agents directed against adhesion molecules and chemokines, as well as therapies to oppose tumour necrosis factor alpha and increase interleukin 10. Broad-range anti-inflammatory drugs are now in phase III development for COPD; they include inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 4. Other drugs that inhibit cell signalling include inhibitors of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor kappaB, and phosphoinositide-3-kinase gamma. More specific approaches are to give antioxidants, inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide synthase, and antagonists of leukotriene B4 receptor. Inhibitors of epidermal-growth-factor-receptor kinase and calcium-activated chloride channels have the potential to prevent overproduction of mucus. Therapy to inhibit fibrosis is being developed against transforming growth factor beta1 and protease-activated receptor 2. There is also a search for inhibitors of serine proteinases and matrix metalloproteinases to prevent lung destruction and the development of emphysema, as well as drugs such as retinoids that might even reverse this process. Effective delivery of drugs to the sites of disease in the peripheral lung is an important consideration, and there is a need for validated biomarkers and monitoring techniques in early clinical studies with new therapies for COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Barnes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, London SW3 6LY, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Evans MJ, Fanucchi MV, Baker GL, Van Winkle LS, Pantle LM, Nishio SJ, Schelegle ES, Gershwin LJ, Miller LA, Hyde DM, Plopper CG. The remodelled tracheal basement membrane zone of infant rhesus monkeys after 6 months of recovery. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34:1131-6. [PMID: 15248862 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.02004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In previous studies, we showed that repeated exposure to (1) house dust mite allergen (HDMA) (Dermatophagoides farinae) caused thickening of the basement membrane zone (BMZ) and (2) HDMA+ozone (O3) caused depletion of BMZ perlecan and atypical development of BMZ collagen (irregular thin areas<2.0 microm in width). OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine if these remodelling changes were reversible after 6 months of recovery. METHODS Rhesus monkeys were exposed to a regimen of HDMA and or O3 or filtered air (FA) for 6 months. After the exposure protocol was completed FA and O3 groups were allowed to recover in FA for 6 months. The HDMA and HDMA+O3 exposure groups recovered in a modified environment. They were re-exposed to HDMA aerosol for 2 h at monthly intervals during recovery in order to maintain sensitization for pulmonary function testing. To detect structural changes in the BMZ, collagen I and perlecan immunoreactivity were measured and compared to data from the previous papers. RESULTS The remodelled HDMA group had a significantly thicker BMZ and after 6 months of recovery the width had not regressed. In the remodelled BMZ of the HDMA+O3 group, perlecan had returned to the BMZ after 6 months of the recovery protocol, and the thin, irregular, collagen BMZ had been resolved. CONCLUSION In summary, this study has shown that: (1) The width of the remodelled HDMA BMZ did not regress during a recovery protocol that included a sensitizing dose of HDMA. (2) The atypical collagen BMZ in the HDMA+O3 BMZ was resolved in the absence of O3. (3) Depletion of perlecan from the BMZ by O3 was reversed by recovery in the absence of O3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Evans
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology; Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Evans MJ, Fanucchi MV, Baker GL, Van Winkle LS, Pantle LM, Nishio SJ, Schelegle ES, Gershwin LJ, Miller LA, Hyde DM, Sannes PL, Plopper CG. Atypical development of the tracheal basement membrane zone of infant rhesus monkeys exposed to ozone and allergen. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 285:L931-9. [PMID: 12832283 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00175.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of the basement membrane zone (BMZ) occurs postnatally in the rhesus monkey. The purpose of this study was to determine whether house dust mite allergen (HDMA) plus ozone altered this process. Rhesus monkeys were exposed to a regimen of HDMA and/or ozone or filtered air for 6 mo. To detect structural changes in the BMZ, we measured immunoreactivity of collagen I. To detect functional changes in the BMZ, we measured perlecan and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). We also measured components of the FGF-2 ternary signaling complex [fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR-1) and syndecan-4]. The width of the BMZ was irregular in the ozone groups, suggesting atypical development of the BMZ. Perlecan was also absent from the BMZ. In the absence of perlecan, FGF-2 was not bound to the BMZ. However, FGF-2 immunoreactivity was present in basal cells, the lateral intercellular space (LIS), and attenuated fibroblasts. FGFR-1 immunoreactivity was downregulated, and syndecan-4 immunoreactivity was upregulated in the basal cells. This suggests that FGF-2 in basal cells and LIS may be bound to the syndecan-4. We conclude that ozone and HDMA plus ozone effected incorporation of perlecan into the BMZ, resulting in atypical development of the BMZ. These changes are associated with specific alterations in the regulation of FGF-2, FGFR-1, and syndecan-4 in the airway epithelial-mesenchymal trophic unit, which may be associated with the developmental problems of lungs associated with exposure to ozone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Evans
- Dept. of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Univ. of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|