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Tsubota K, Usui Y, Kezuka T, Sakai J, Goto H. Changes in Density of Peripapillary and Intrapapillary Capillaries on OCT Angiography in Acute Retinal Necrosis Treated by Pharmacotherapy Alone without Surgery. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2024; 32:1250-1256. [PMID: 37348115 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2023.2221741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze radial peripapillary capillaris (RPC) and intra-papillary capillaris (IPC) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in acute retinal necrosis (ARN) with good outcome. METHODS RPC and IPC were analyzed by OCTA in patients diagnosed with ARN and treated with pharmacotherapy alone without surgery at the Tokyo Medical University Hospital. RESULTS A total of 13 patients were studied. Ophthalmoscopic examination showed no abnormality in the optic disc in 12 of the 13 patients. However, OCTA findings of the affected eye compared with the unaffected fellow eye revealed morphological abnormalities in RPC in nine cases (69%) and decrease in capillary network in RPC or IPC in eight cases (62%). CONCLUSION In ARN, RPC and IPC were impaired even in eyes that were healed with medical treatment only without requiring surgical intervention and had no abnormal findings on ophthalmoscopic examination. This result suggests the presence of some degrees of optic neuropathy even in mild cases with good visual prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinya Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Usui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kezuka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Sakai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Goto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Dempsey MP, Conrady CD. The Host-Pathogen Interplay: A Tale of Two Stories within the Cornea and Posterior Segment. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2074. [PMID: 37630634 PMCID: PMC10460047 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular infectious diseases are an important cause of potentially preventable vision loss and blindness. In the following manuscript, we will review ocular immunology and the pathogenesis of herpesviruses and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections of the cornea and posterior segment. We will highlight areas of future research and what is currently known to promote bench-to-bedside discoveries to improve clinical outcomes of these debilitating ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Dempsey
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Christopher D. Conrady
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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3
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Fan S, Yoo JH, Park G, Yeh S, Conrady CD. Type I Interferon Signaling Is Critical During the Innate Immune Response to HSV-1 Retinal Infection. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:28. [PMID: 36583876 PMCID: PMC9807183 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.13.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) is a herpesvirus infection of the retina with blinding complications. In this study, we sought to create a reproducible mouse model of ARN that mimics human disease to better understand innate immunity within the retina during virus infection. Methods C57Bl/6J wild type (WT) and type I interferon receptor-deficient (IFNAR-/-) mice were infected with varying amounts of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) via subretinal injection. Viral titers, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fundus photography, the development of encephalitis, and ocular histopathology were scored and compared between groups of WT and IFNAR-/- mice. Results The retina of WT mice could be readily infected with HSV-1 via subretinal injection resulting in retinal whitening and full-thickness necrosis as determined by in vivo imaging and histopathology. In IFNAR-/- mice, HSV-1-induced retinal pathology was significantly worse when compared with WT mice, and viral titers were significantly elevated within two days after infection and persisted to day 5 after infection within the retina. These results were also observed in the brain where there were significantly higher viral titers and frequency of encephalitis in IFNAR-/- when compared to WT mice. Conclusions Collectively, these findings show that our new mouse model of ARN mimics human disease and can be used to study innate immunity within the retina. We conclude that type I interferons are critical in containing HSV-1 locally within retinal tissues and prohibiting spread into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
| | - Jae Hyuk Yoo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
| | - Garam Park
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
| | - Steven Yeh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
| | - Christopher D. Conrady
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
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4
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Zhang P, Liu S, Wang Z, Zhou M, Jiang R, Xu G, Chang Q. Immune Cell Status and Cytokines Profiles in Patients with Acute Retinal Necrosis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2020; 29:1452-1458. [PMID: 32160075 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2020.1734214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To assess the immune status of acute retinal necrosis (ARN) patients and to investigate the immune cell types involved in the immunopathogenesis.Methods: Peripheral blood and intraocular fluid were collected from 17 ARN patients and 9 control subjects. The Percentage of immune cells was measured using flow cytometry, levels of complement and antibodies were determined by rate nephelometry, and cytokine levels in the serum and aqueous humor (AH) were detected using cytokine quantitative chips. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23.0. p < .05 was considered statistically significant.Results: Proportion of T-helper 17 cells (p = .034) in serum and concentrations of multiple cytokines associated with Th17 cells (IL-6, IL-17, IL-17 F, IL-21, IL-22) in AH and serum were elevated of ARN patients.Conclusion: Th17 cells appeared to participate in the development of ARN. We found inflammatory cytokines and cells were elevated in the serum and AH of ARN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shixue Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhujian Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gezhi Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Zhang J, Liu H, Wei B. Immune response of T cells during herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2017; 18:277-288. [PMID: 28378566 PMCID: PMC5394093 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1600460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), a neurotropic member of the alphaherpes virus family, is among the most prevalent and successful human pathogens. HSV-1 can cause serious diseases at every stage of life including fatal disseminated disease in newborns, cold sores, eye disease, and fatal encephalitis in adults. HSV-1 infection can trigger rapid immune responses, and efficient inhibition and clearance of HSV-1 infection rely on both the innate and adaptive immune responses of the host. Multiple strategies have been used to restrict host innate immune responses by HSV-1 to facilitate its infection in host cells. The adaptive immunity of the host plays an important role in inhibiting HSV-1 infections. The activation and regulation of T cells are the important aspects of the adaptive immunity. They play a crucial role in host-mediated immunity and are important for clearing HSV-1. In this review, we examine the findings on T cell immune responses during HSV-1 infection, which hold promise in the design of new vaccine candidates for HSV-1.
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Infiltration Pattern of Blood Monocytes into the Central Nervous System during Experimental Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145773. [PMID: 26700486 PMCID: PMC4689369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetics and distribution of infiltrating blood monocytes into the central nervous system and their involvement in the cerebral immune response together with resident macrophages, namely microglia, were evaluated in experimental herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis (HSE). To distinguish microglia from blood monocyte-derived macrophages, chimeras were generated by conditioning C57BL/6 recipient mice with chemotherapy regimen followed by transplantation of bone morrow-derived cells that expressed the green fluorescent protein. Mice were infected intranasally with a sub-lethal dose of HSV-1 (1.2x106 plaque forming units). Brains were harvested prior to and on days 4, 6, 8 and 10 post-infection for flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry analysis. The amounts of neutrophils (P<0.05) and «Ly6Chi» inflammatory monocytes (P<0.001) significantly increased in the CNS compared to non-infected controls on day 6 post-infection, which corresponded to more severe clinical signs of HSE. Levels decreased on day 8 for both leukocytes subpopulations (P<0.05 for inflammatory monocytes compared to non-infected controls) to reach baseline levels on day 10 following infection. The percentage of «Ly6Clow» patrolling monocytes significantly increased (P<0.01) at a later time point (day 8), which correlated with the resolution phase of HSE. Histological analysis demonstrated that blood leukocytes colonized mostly the olfactory bulb and the brainstem, which corresponded to regions where HSV-1 particles were detected. Furthermore, infiltrating cells from the monocytic lineage could differentiate into activated local tissue macrophages that express the microglia marker, ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1. The lack of albumin detection in the brain parenchyma of infected mice showed that the infiltration of blood leukocytes was not necessarily related to a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier but could be the result of a functional recruitment. Thus, our findings suggest that blood monocyte-derived macrophages infiltrate the central nervous system and may contribute, with resident microglia, to the innate immune response seen during experimental HSE.
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Virus spread and immune response following anterior chamber inoculation of HSV-1 lacking the Beclin-binding domain (BBD). J Neuroimmunol 2013; 260:82-91. [PMID: 23611643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The autophagy response induced by HSV-1 infection is antagonized by the Beclin-binding domain (BBD). The purpose of this study was to determine if lack of the BBD affects viral spread and immune response in the eyes and brain. Our results showed that lack of the BBD increases autophagy response and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, which in turn induces a more rapid innate immune response mediated by macrophage/microglia and NK cells in the injected eye, limiting virus replication and retinal damage. We conclude that autophagy plays a role in controlling HSV-1 infection by more rapid induction of the innate immune response.
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8
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Hung SL, Chiang HH, Wu CY, Hsu MJ, Chen YT. Effects of herpes simplex virus type 1 infection on immune functions of human neutrophils. J Periodontal Res 2012; 47:635-44. [PMID: 22471246 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2012.01476.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Herpesviruses may play roles in the development of periodontal diseases. This study analyzed the effects of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection on neutrophil function. The effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis, during HSV-1 infection were also determined. MATERIAL AND METHODS Purified HSV-1 was pretreated with buffer containing no serum, with HSV-1 immunoglobulin G (IgG)-positive serum (HSV-1 antiserum) or with control serum. Neutrophils were mock-infected or infected with the pretreated HSV-1. Viral binding and phagosome formation were detected using immunostaining. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate and fluorometry. Leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were detected using enzyme immunoassays. Release of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) was examined using gelatin zymography. Phosphorylation of Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) was determined using western blotting. RESULTS HSV-1 bound directly to neutrophils and enhanced the release of MMP-9. HSV-1 immune complexes, formed in the HSV-1 antiserum, bound neutrophils and induced the formation of early phagosome more effectively than did HSV-1 alone. The relative levels of ROS and phosphorylation of Akt/GSK-3 were increased significantly in neutrophils after infection with HSV-1 immune complexes. Infection with HSV-1 and HSV-1 immune complexes also stimulated the production of inflammatory mediators, LTB(4) and IL-8. Moreover, LPS enhanced the HSV-1-stimulatory production of IL-8. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated differences in neutrophils infected with HSV-1 alone or with HSV-1 immune complexes, suggesting that opsonization of HSV-1 might enhance its effects on neutrophils. The in vitro findings suggest that HSV-1 infection may induce the inflammatory response and affect periodontal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-L Hung
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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9
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Cathcart HM, Zheng M, Covar JJ, Liu Y, Podolsky R, Atherton SS. Interferon-gamma, macrophages, and virus spread after HSV-1 injection. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:3984-93. [PMID: 21345992 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE After uniocular anterior chamber (AC) injection of HSV-1, the anterior segment of BALB/c mice becomes inflamed and infected; however, virus does not spread from the anterior segment to cause retinitis in the injected eye. The purpose of these studies was to determine whether interferon (IFN-)-γ and Mac-1(+) cells play a role in preventing direct anterior-to-posterior spread of HSV-1 in the injected eye. METHODS One AC of adult female BALB/c mice was injected with HSV-1 (KOS). The location of IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-γ in the injected eye was determined by immunofluorescence, and mRNA expression was quantified by qPCR. Injected eyes of IFN-γ knockout or clodronate-treated macrophage-depleted mice were examined to determine whether the absence of IFN-γ or Mac-1(+) macrophages affected the sites or timing of virus spread. RESULTS IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-γ were observed in the anterior segment of injected eyes through 72 hours and mRNA levels of IFN-β and IFN-γ were increased in virus-infected eyes 48 to 120 hours after infection. However, the absence of IFN-γ or macrophages did not affect either the sites or the timing of HSV-1 infection in injected eyes. CONCLUSIONS Protection of the retina of the injected eye does not depend on a single cell type or cytokine. In addition, in the eye, as in other sites of the body, there are redundancies in the innate response to virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Cathcart
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
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Atherton SS, Cathcart HM. Anterior segment mechanisms of protection during herpes simplex virus 1 infection. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2010; 54:182-6. [PMID: 20577848 PMCID: PMC4021309 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-010-0798-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sally S Atherton
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Wojtasiak M, Pickett DL, Tate MD, Londrigan SL, Bedoui S, Brooks AG, Reading PC. Depletion of Gr-1+, but not Ly6G+, immune cells exacerbates virus replication and disease in an intranasal model of herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:2158-66. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.021915-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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12
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Armien AG, Hu S, Little MR, Robinson N, Lokensgard JR, Low WC, Cheeran MCJ. Chronic cortical and subcortical pathology with associated neurological deficits ensuing experimental herpes encephalitis. Brain Pathol 2009; 20:738-50. [PMID: 20002440 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2009.00354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term neurological sequela is common among herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) survivors. Animal models for HSE are used to investigate mechanisms of acute disease, but little has been done to model chronic manifestations of HSE. The current study presents a detailed, systematic analysis of chronic neuropathology, including characterization of topography and sequential progression of degenerative lesions and inflammation. Subsequent to intranasal HSV-1 infection, inflammatory responses that were temporally and spatially distinct persisted in infected cortical and brain stem regions. Neutrophils were present exclusively within the olfactory bulb and brain stem regions during the acute phase of infection, while the chronic inflammation was marked by plasma cells, lymphocytes and activated microglia. The chronic lymphocytic infiltrate, cytokine production, and activated microglia were associated with the loss of cortical neuropile in the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus. Animals surviving the acute infection showed a spectrum of chronic lesions from decreased brain volume, neuronal loss, activated astrocytes, and glial scar formation to severe atrophy and cavitations of the cortex. These lesions were also associated with severe spatial memory deficits in surviving animals. Taken together, this model can be utilized to further investigate the mechanisms of neurological defects that follow in the wake of HSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anibal G Armien
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
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13
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Zaidi TS, Zaidi T, Pier GB. Role of neutrophils, MyD88-mediated neutrophil recruitment, and complement in antibody-mediated defense against Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 51:2085-93. [PMID: 19892865 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-4139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. Ulcerative keratitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a sight-threatening disease leading to loss of vision due to corneal inflammation. A human IgG1 monoclonal antibody (MAb F429) to the alginate capsule significantly reduces pathology and bacterial burdens in the cornea when applied topically starting 8 hours post-infection. The purpose of this study was to determine whether local polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) recruitment and complement were important lipopolysaccharide co-factors in MAb F429-mediated reductions in P. aeruginosa tissue levels and corneal pathology. Methods. MyD88 knock-out mice unable to recruit PMN to tissues, mice depleted of PMNs, or mice depleted of complement component C3 were topically treated with MAb F429 starting 8 hours post-infection and evaluated for bacterial levels and corneal pathology 48 hours after infection with two P. aeruginosa isolates. Results. An inability to recruit PMN or systemic PMN depletion plus topical application of MAb F429 resulted in less pathology in the eye, but bacterial burdens were markedly increased in the cornea, brains, and spleens of these mice, indicative of systemic spread. Intraperitoneal injection of cobra venom factor (CVF) reduced C3 levels in the cornea approximately 40%, which did not change the beneficial effects of MAb F429. Both systemic injection and topical application of CVF reduced local C3 levels >60%, which eliminated MAb-mediated reductions in corneal pathology and bacterial levels. Conclusions. PMN recruitment and complement are both needed for maximal in vivo efficacy of MAb F429 in therapeutically treating P. aeruginosa keratitis, and attempts to reduce pathology by limiting PMN influx could have consequences leading to more extensive local and systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanweer S Zaidi
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Cathcart HM, Fields MA, Zheng M, Marshall B, Atherton SS. Infiltrating cells and IFNgamma production in the injected eye after uniocular anterior chamber inoculation of HSV-1. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 50:2269-75. [PMID: 19387084 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-2874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE After uniocular anterior chamber (AC) inoculation with HSV-1, the anterior segment of the injected eye becomes inflamed and infected; however, virus does not spread from the anterior segment and infect the retina of the injected eye. The purpose of this study was to identify early infiltrating cells and to determine whether infiltrating cells produce interferon (IFN)gamma. METHODS Euthymic, female, BALB/c mice were injected in one AC with 3 x 10(4) PFU of HSV-1 (KOS) in a volume of 2 microL. Mice from each group were killed at 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 hours post injection (pi), the eyes were enucleated, and frozen sections were stained with antibodies specific for IFNgamma, Mac-1 (CD11b), CD49b, F4/80, CD4, CD8, and CD11c. The same antibodies were also used to stain single-cell suspensions of ocular cells for flow cytometry. RESULTS In the anterior segment of the injected eye, the ciliary body, and iris were virus infected and inflamed, and infiltrating cells increased throughout the period of observation. Mac-1(+), CD49b(+), and F4/80(+) cells colocalized with IFNgamma in the anterior segment as early as 12 hours pi, and the percentage of Mac-1(+) cells increased in the injected eye beginning at 24 hours pi and continued to 72 hours pi. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results demonstrate that Mac-1(+) cells are important IFNgamma-producing cells in the injected eye before day 3 and suggest that the IFNgamma produced by these cells is involved in inhibition of anterior to posterior spread of virus in the injected eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Cathcart
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
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15
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Shukla SY, Singh YK, Shukla D. Role of nectin-1, HVEM, and PILR-alpha in HSV-2 entry into human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 50:2878-87. [PMID: 19234349 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-2981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Herpes simplex virus-type 2 (HSV-2) can cause acute retinal necrosis (ARN), which can lead to exudative and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, yet little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms of HSV-2 entry into retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. The goal of this study was to establish the identity of the critical receptors used by the virus for infection. METHODS A reporter HSV-2 virus, which expresses beta-galactosidase, was used to quantify entry into RPE cells, and viral replication was ascertained using a plaque assay. Flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry were used to determine cellular expression of entry receptors. Localization of these receptors to the apical or basal surface of RPE cells was determined with immunocytochemistry. The necessity of these receptors, individually and in combination, for viral entry was established using receptor-specific antibodies and siRNAs. RESULTS RPE cells are highly susceptible to HSV-2 entry and replication. Several assays demonstrated the expression of the entry receptors nectin-1, HVEM, and PILR-alpha and their localization primarily to the apical surfaces of RPE cells. Receptor-specific antibodies and siRNA knockdown of receptors significantly reduced viral entry and implicated nectin-1 as an important receptor, with HVEM and PILR-alpha potentially also contributing to entry. CONCLUSIONS HSV-2 is capable of developing a productive infection in RPE cells by using nectin-1 as an important entry receptor. To lesser degrees, HVEM and PILR-alpha may also contribute to HSV-2 entry into RPE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shripaad Y Shukla
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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