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Borselli M, Rossi C, Carnevali A, Scorcia V, Giannaccare G. Petal-shaped corneal pattern in a patient with posterior amorphous corneal dystrophy. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2024; 35:102081. [PMID: 38827996 PMCID: PMC11143890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2024.102081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To describe the petal-shaped corneal pattern in a patient with posterior amorphous corneal dystrophy. Observation A 19-year-old male affected by Graves' disease presented corneal grey sheet-like opacities and high hyperopia. Corneal topography showed reduced k-values compatible with cornea plana and reduced corneal pachymetry. The anterior segment optical coherence tomography showed a hyperreflective band at the posterior stroma-Descemet-Endothelium layers in both eyes. Slit lamp examination with cobalt blue filter showed a corneal pattern resembling a petal in right eye; the pattern was similar but incomplete in left eye. Conclusion & importance After an exhaustive literature review conducted from October 1st to 30th, 2023, utilizing online databases like PubMed and Google Scholar, and employing keywords such as "Corneal Dystrophy," "Slit Lamp," "Cornea," and "Posterior Amorphous Corneal Dystrophy," we found no previous reports detailing the whole corneal pattern using a blue cobalt filter on the slit lamp in cases of posterior amorphous corneal dystrophy. Cobalt blue filter was an effective method for capturing the full photographic corneal pattern of the patient posterior amorphous corneal dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Costanza Rossi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Adriano Carnevali
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Scorcia
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giannaccare
- Eye Clinic, Department of Surgical Science, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Tsui MC, Liu HY, Chu HS, Chen WL, Hu FR, Kao WWY, Wang IJ. The versatile roles of lumican in eye diseases: A review. Ocul Surf 2023; 29:388-397. [PMID: 37327869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Lumican is a keratan sulfate proteoglycan that belongs to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan family. Research has lifted the veil on the versatile roles of lumican in the pathogenesis of eye diseases. Lumican has pivotal roles in the maintenance of physiological tissue homogenesis and is often upregulated in pathological conditions, e.g., fibrosis, scar tissue formation in injured tissues, persistent inflammatory responses and immune anomaly, etc. Herein, we will review literature regarding the role of lumican in pathogenesis of inherited congenital and acquired eye diseases, e.g., cornea dystrophy, cataract, glaucoma and chorioretinal diseases, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chi Tsui
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Advanced Ocular Surface and Corneal Nerve Regeneration Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Sang Chu
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Advanced Ocular Surface and Corneal Nerve Regeneration Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Li Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Advanced Ocular Surface and Corneal Nerve Regeneration Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fung-Rong Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Winston W-Y Kao
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - I-Jong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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3
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Blum KL, Krumbiegel M, Kraus C, Reis A, Hüffmeier U. Expanding the phenotype of 12q21 deletions: A role of BTG1 in speech development? Eur J Med Genet 2023; 66:104717. [PMID: 36746366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2023.104717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We report on a female individual with feeding difficulties, constipation, poor overall growth, periventricular lesions resembling gliosis in brain MRI, recurrent otitis media with palsy of facial nerve, distinct facial features, and pronounced delay in speech development. The latter was the most prominent feature. Molecular karyotyping revealed a heterozygous de novo deletion of 4.353 Mb at chromosome 12q21.33q22. This report expands the number of described individuals with heterozygous deletions at 12q21.33, their clinical spectrum and highlights the clinical variability, even in individuals with deletion of the same genes. Furthermore, our findings indicate a role of BTG1 (OMIM *109580) in speech development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Lml Blum
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mandy Krumbiegel
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Kraus
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - André Reis
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Hüffmeier
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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4
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Posterior Amorphous Corneal Dystrophy. Cornea 2022; 41:491-495. [DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000002961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Yung M, Chen AC, Chung DD, Barrington A, Zhang J, Frausto RF, Magalhaes OA, Aldave AJ. Corneal ectasia associated with posterior lamellar opacification. Ophthalmic Genet 2021; 42:486-492. [PMID: 34003075 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2021.1923034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concomitant corneal ectasia and posterior lamellar corneal opacification is rare, and the genetic relationship between these two conditions is unclear. We report the genetic and clinical characterization of this phenotype in three unrelated individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS One previously reported affected individual and two unreported, unrelated, affected individuals were recruited for the study. Subjects and unaffected relatives underwent slit lamp examination, refraction, and multi-modal imaging. Saliva samples were obtained from two of the three affected individuals, from which DNA was extracted. Sanger sequencing was performed to identify mutations in genes associated with posterior amorphous corneal dystrophy (PACD), brittle cornea syndrome (BCS), and posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy (PPCD), while copy number variation (CNV) analysis was used to identify CNV in the PACD locus. RESULTS Affected individuals demonstrated bilateral corneal steepening, stromal thinning and lamellar posterior corneal opacification. Corneal topography and tomography revealed conical or globular corneal steepening and decreased thickness. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography demonstrated hyperreflectivity of the posterior stroma in each of the affected individuals. Genetic testing did not detect a heterozygous deletion involving the PACD locus on chromosome 12 or a pathogenic mutation in the genes associated with BCS or PPCD. CONCLUSIONS Corneal ectasia may be associated with posterior lamellar stromal opacification that appears consistent with PACD. However, genetic testing for PACD as well as BCS and PPCD in affected individuals fails to reveal pathogenic deletions or mutations, indicating that other genetic factors are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Yung
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calfornia, USA
| | - Angela C Chen
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calfornia, USA
| | - Doug D Chung
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calfornia, USA
| | - Alice Barrington
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calfornia, USA
| | - Junwei Zhang
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calfornia, USA
| | - Ricardo F Frausto
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calfornia, USA
| | | | - Anthony J Aldave
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calfornia, USA
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6
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Soh YQ, Kocaba V, Weiss JS, Jurkunas UV, Kinoshita S, Aldave AJ, Mehta JS. Corneal dystrophies. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2020; 6:46. [PMID: 32528047 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-020-0178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Corneal dystrophies are broadly defined as inherited disorders that affect any layer of the cornea and are usually progressive, bilateral conditions that do not have systemic effects. The 2015 International Classification of Corneal Dystrophies classifies corneal dystrophies into four classes: epithelial and subepithelial dystrophies, epithelial-stromal TGFBI dystrophies, stromal dystrophies and endothelial dystrophies. Whereas some corneal dystrophies may result in few or mild symptoms and morbidity throughout a patient's lifetime, others may progress and eventually result in substantial visual and ocular disturbances that require medical or surgical intervention. Corneal transplantation, either with full-thickness or partial-thickness donor tissue, may be indicated for patients with advanced corneal dystrophies. Although corneal transplantation techniques have improved considerably over the past two decades, these surgeries are still associated with postoperative risks of disease recurrence, graft failure and other complications that may result in blindness. In addition, a global shortage of cadaveric corneal graft tissue critically limits accessibility to corneal transplantation in some parts of the world. Ongoing advances in gene therapy, regenerative therapy and cell augmentation therapy may eventually result in the development of alternative, novel treatments for corneal dystrophies, which may substantially improve the quality of life of patients with these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qiang Soh
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Ophthalmology Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Viridiana Kocaba
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Netherlands Institute for Innovative Ocular Surgery, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jayne S Weiss
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Pharmacology, Louisiana State University, School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA
| | - Ula V Jurkunas
- Cornea and Refractive Surgery Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shigeru Kinoshita
- Department of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Anthony J Aldave
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jodhbir S Mehta
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore. .,Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore. .,Ophthalmology Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Clinical Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
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7
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Clinical and genetic update of corneal dystrophies. Exp Eye Res 2019; 186:107715. [PMID: 31301286 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The International Committee for Classification of Corneal Dystrophies (IC3D) distinguishes between 22 distinct forms of corneal dystrophy which are predominantly autosomal dominant, although autosomal recessive and X-chromosomal dominant patterns do exist. Before any genetic examination, there should be documentation of a detailed corneal exam of as many affected and unaffected family members as possible, because detailed phenotypic description is essential for accurate diagnosis. Corneal documentation should be performed in direct and indirect illumination at the slit lamp with the pharmacologically dilated pupil. For the majority of the corneal dystrophies, a phenotype-genotype correlation has not been demonstrated. However, for the dystrophies associated with mutations in the transforming growth factor, ß-induced gene (TGFBI) a general phenotype-genotype correlation is evident. The discovery of collagen, type XVII, alpha 1 mutation (COL17A1), causative in the called epithelial recurrent erosion dystrophy (ERED) was a very important step in the accurate diagnosis of corneal dystrophies. This led to the subsequent discovery that the entity previously called 10q Thiel-Behnke corneal dystrophy, was in reality actually COL17A1 ERED, and not Thiel-Behnke corneal dystrophy. In addition to the phenotypic landmarks, we describe the current genotype of the individual corneal dystrophies. Differential diagnosis can be aided by information on histopathology, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and confocal microscopy.
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Lenk J, Porrmann J, Smitka M, Eger I, Schröck E, Hackmann K, Herber R, Raiskup F, Tzschach A. Posterior amorphous corneal dystrophy in a patient with 12q21.33 deletion. Ophthalmic Genet 2018; 39:645-647. [DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2018.1502792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janine Lenk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Joseph Porrmann
- Institut für Klinische Genetik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Smitka
- Children’s hospital, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ines Eger
- Children’s hospital, Städtisches Klinikum Görlitz, Görlitz, Germany
| | - Evelin Schröck
- Institut für Klinische Genetik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Karl Hackmann
- Institut für Klinische Genetik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Herber
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frederik Raiskup
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Tzschach
- Institut für Klinische Genetik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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9
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Siebelmann S, Scholz P, Sonnenschein S, Bachmann B, Matthaei M, Cursiefen C, Heindl LM. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography for the diagnosis of corneal dystrophies according to the IC3D classification. Surv Ophthalmol 2018; 63:365-380. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Cervantes AE, Gee KM, Whiting MF, Frausto RF, Aldave AJ. Confirmation and refinement of the heterozygous deletion of the small leucine-rich proteoglycans associated with posterior amorphous corneal dystrophy. Ophthalmic Genet 2018; 39:419-424. [PMID: 29671669 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2018.1459736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To present the clinical and cytogenetic features of a previously unreported family with posterior amorphous corneal dystrophy (PACD) associated with a heterozygous deletion of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SRLP) genes on chromosome 12. METHODS Clinical characterization was performed using slit lamp biomicroscopic and optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. Genomic DNA was collected from affected and unaffected family members, and a cytogenomic array was used to identify copy number variations (CNV) present in the PACD locus. RESULTS Three members of a Guatemalan family presented with clinical characteristics consistent with PACD: bilateral posterior stromal lamellar opacification, decreased corneal curvature, and iridocorneal adhesions. OCT imaging demonstrated decreased corneal thickness and hyperreflectivity of the posterior third of the corneal stroma. CNV analysis confirmed the presumed clinical diagnosis of PACD by revealing a 0.304 Mb heterozygous deletion in the PACD locus on chromosome 12 that included the four SLRP genes (KERA, LUM, DCN, and EPYC) deleted in each of the PACD families in which CNV analysis has been reported. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of the OCT appearance of PACD and the second confirmation of a heterozygous deletion of chromosome 12q21.33 as the cause of PACD, highlighting the utility of array-based cytogenomics to confirm the suspected clinical diagnosis of PACD. As the smallest previously reported pathogenic deletion was 0.701 Mb, the 0.304-Mb deletion we report is the smallest identified to date and reduces the size of the PACD locus to 0.275 Mb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleck E Cervantes
- a Stein Eye Institute , David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Katherine M Gee
- a Stein Eye Institute , David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Martha F Whiting
- a Stein Eye Institute , David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Ricardo F Frausto
- a Stein Eye Institute , David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Anthony J Aldave
- a Stein Eye Institute , David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles , CA , USA
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12
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13
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Odent S, Casteels I, Cassiman C, Dieltiëns M, Hua MT, Devriendt K. Posterior amorphous corneal dystrophy caused by a de novo deletion. Ophthalmic Genet 2016; 38:167-170. [PMID: 27096414 DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2016.1164194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We present a newborn diagnosed with posterior amorphous corneal dystrophy (PACD). PACD is a rare disorder with partial or complete posterior lamellar corneal opacification. Genetic screening showed a deletion of chromosome 12q21.33-q22 containing the identified four small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRP's) associated with this particular dystrophy. Neither parents were carrier of the deletion. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a de novo mutation causing PACD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Odent
- a Department of Ophthalmology , KU Leuven - University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - I Casteels
- a Department of Ophthalmology , KU Leuven - University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - C Cassiman
- a Department of Ophthalmology , KU Leuven - University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - M Dieltiëns
- a Department of Ophthalmology , KU Leuven - University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - M-T Hua
- a Department of Ophthalmology , KU Leuven - University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - K Devriendt
- b Department of Genetics , KU Leuven - University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
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Sacchetti M, Macchi I, Tiezzi A, La Cava M, Massaro-Giordano G, Lambiase A. Pathophysiology of Corneal Dystrophies: From Cellular Genetic Alteration to Clinical Findings. J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:261-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sacchetti
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Unit; Ospedale San Raffaele, IRCCS-Milan; Milano Italy
| | - Ilaria Macchi
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Rome “Campus Bio-Medico”; Rome Italy
| | - Alessandro Tiezzi
- Section of Ophthalmology, Department of Sense Organs; University of Rome “Sapienza”; Rome Italy
| | - Maurizio La Cava
- Section of Ophthalmology, Department of Sense Organs; University of Rome “Sapienza”; Rome Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Lambiase
- Section of Ophthalmology, Department of Sense Organs; University of Rome “Sapienza”; Rome Italy
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Posterior amorphous corneal dystrophy is associated with a deletion of small leucine-rich proteoglycans on chromosome 12. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95037. [PMID: 24759697 PMCID: PMC3997350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Posterior amorphous corneal dystrophy (PACD) is a rare, autosomal dominant disorder affecting the cornea and iris. Next-generation sequencing of the previously identified PACD linkage interval on chromosome 12q21.33 failed to yield a pathogenic mutation. However, array-based copy number analysis and qPCR were used to detect a hemizygous deletion in the PACD linkage interval containing 4 genes encoding small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs): KERA, LUM, DCN, and EPYC. Two other unrelated families with PACD also demonstrated deletion of these SLRPs, which play important roles in collagen fibrillogenesis and matrix assembly. Given that these genes are essential to the maintenance of corneal clarity and the observation that knockout murine models display corneal phenotypic similarities to PACD, we provide convincing evidence that PACD is associated with haploinsufficiency of these SLRPs.
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Vincent AL. Corneal dystrophies and genetics in the International Committee for Classification of Corneal Dystrophies era: a review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2013; 42:4-12. [PMID: 24433354 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Many of the corneal dystrophies have now been genetically characterized, and a system was established in 2008 by The International Committee for Classification of Corneal Dystrophies (IC3D) in an attempt to standardize the nomenclature. IC3D provided a classification system whereby all dystrophies can be categorized on the basis of the underlying genetic knowledge. Since that time, further work has established even more phenotypic and allelic heterogeneity than anticipated, particular for Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy and posterior polymorphous dystrophy. Using genome-wide association studies, a number of genes are now implicated both in normal corneal quantitative traits, such as central corneal thickness, as well as in disease. There is also a trend towards functional characterization of the genetic variants involved to elucidate the pathophysiology of these entities. This review article will provide an overview of the knowledge to date, with an emphasis on findings since the IC3D classification was published in 2008.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Vincent
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Physical confirmation and mapping of overlapping rat mammary carcinoma susceptibility QTLs, Mcs2 and Mcs6. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19891. [PMID: 21625632 PMCID: PMC3097214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Only a portion of the estimated heritability of breast cancer susceptibility has been explained by individual loci. Comparative genetic approaches that first use an experimental organism to map susceptibility QTLs are unbiased methods to identify human orthologs to target in human population-based genetic association studies. Here, overlapping rat mammary carcinoma susceptibility (Mcs) predicted QTLs, Mcs6 and Mcs2, were physically confirmed and mapped to identify the human orthologous region. To physically confirm Mcs6 and Mcs2, congenic lines were established using the Wistar-Furth (WF) rat strain, which is susceptible to developing mammary carcinomas, as the recipient (genetic background) and either Wistar-Kyoto (WKy, Mcs6) or Copenhagen (COP, Mcs2), which are resistant, as donor strains. By comparing Mcs phenotypes of WF.WKy congenic lines with distinct segments of WKy chromosome 7 we physically confirmed and mapped Mcs6 to ∼33 Mb between markers D7Rat171 and gUwm64-3. The predicted Mcs2 QTL was also physically confirmed using segments of COP chromosome 7 introgressed into a susceptible WF background. The Mcs6 and Mcs2 overlapping genomic regions contain multiple annotated genes, but none have a clear or well established link to breast cancer susceptibility. Igf1 and Socs2 are two of multiple potential candidate genes in Mcs6. The human genomic region orthologous to rat Mcs6 is on chromosome 12 from base positions 71,270,266 to 105,502,699. This region has not shown a genome-wide significant association to breast cancer risk in pun studies of breast cancer susceptibility.
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Abstract
Primary congenital glaucoma (isolated goniodysgenesis) has classic phenotypic features such as increased measured intraocular pressure, globe enlargement (buphthalmos) with associated myopia, Descemet membrane tears, corneal haze/scarring with associated astigmatism, iris atrophy, and optic nerve cupping. These signs also occur in developmental glaucoma (anterior segment dysgeneses) with infantile onset. However, similar findings can occur in other pediatric conditions which are sometimes are mistaken as early childhood glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif O Khan
- Pediatric Ophthalmology, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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