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Hus J, Frausto RF, Grunhut J, Hus N. Nanocrystalline Silver Layer of Knitted Polyester Outperforms Other Silver-Containing Wound Dressings in an In Vitro Wound Model. Cureus 2023; 15:e42401. [PMID: 37621826 PMCID: PMC10446887 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Silver possesses cytotoxic properties against many microorganisms and is regularly used in wound care. Current evidence supporting the use of one type of silver-containing wound dressing (SCWD) is insufficient. Materials and methods To examine the ability of selected SCWDs to inhibit the growth of two strains of bacteria (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) commonly found in wounds, an in vitro wound model was used. Bacteria were applied to the surface of nutrient agar, and a piece of each SCWD was applied to the bacteria. The plates were incubated at 37°C overnight. The zone of inhibition (ZI) around each SCWD was measured in cm2. Results The mean ZI for Acticoat Flex-3 on E. coli was 1.59 ± 0.15 cm2, which was significantly greater than that observed for Aquacel Ag (p<0.001), Mepilex Ag (p<0.0001), Mepitel Ag (p<0.001), Optifoam (p<0.0001), and Tegaderm Alginate Ag (p<0.01), but statistically indistinguishable from Maxorb II Ag. The mean ZI on S. aureus was 1.21 ± 0.16 cm2, which was greater than Aquacel Ag (p<0.05), Mepilex (p<0.0001), Optifoam (p<0.0001), and Tegaderm Alginate Ag (p<0.05), but statistically indistinguishable from Maxorb II Ag or Mepitel Ag. Conclusion Of the SCWDs tested, Acticoat Flex-3 demonstrated the most robust antimicrobial effect. Herein, we show that Acticoat Flex-3 may provide the most wound protection against bacterial infection. In conclusion, these data provide clinicians with additional independent evidence to inform their clinical practice on the use of specific wound dressings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Hus
- Surgery, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, USA
| | - Ricardo F Frausto
- Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles), Los Angeles, USA
| | - Joel Grunhut
- Surgery, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, USA
| | - Nir Hus
- Surgery, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, USA
- Surgery, Delray Medical Center, Delray Beach, USA
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2
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Yung M, Chen AC, Chung DD, Barrington A, Zhang J, Frausto RF, Magalhaes OA, Aldave AJ. Corneal ectasia associated with posterior lamellar opacification. Ophthalmic Genet 2021; 42:486-492. [PMID: 34003075 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2021.1923034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concomitant corneal ectasia and posterior lamellar corneal opacification is rare, and the genetic relationship between these two conditions is unclear. We report the genetic and clinical characterization of this phenotype in three unrelated individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS One previously reported affected individual and two unreported, unrelated, affected individuals were recruited for the study. Subjects and unaffected relatives underwent slit lamp examination, refraction, and multi-modal imaging. Saliva samples were obtained from two of the three affected individuals, from which DNA was extracted. Sanger sequencing was performed to identify mutations in genes associated with posterior amorphous corneal dystrophy (PACD), brittle cornea syndrome (BCS), and posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy (PPCD), while copy number variation (CNV) analysis was used to identify CNV in the PACD locus. RESULTS Affected individuals demonstrated bilateral corneal steepening, stromal thinning and lamellar posterior corneal opacification. Corneal topography and tomography revealed conical or globular corneal steepening and decreased thickness. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography demonstrated hyperreflectivity of the posterior stroma in each of the affected individuals. Genetic testing did not detect a heterozygous deletion involving the PACD locus on chromosome 12 or a pathogenic mutation in the genes associated with BCS or PPCD. CONCLUSIONS Corneal ectasia may be associated with posterior lamellar stromal opacification that appears consistent with PACD. However, genetic testing for PACD as well as BCS and PPCD in affected individuals fails to reveal pathogenic deletions or mutations, indicating that other genetic factors are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Yung
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calfornia, USA
| | - Angela C Chen
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calfornia, USA
| | - Doug D Chung
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calfornia, USA
| | - Alice Barrington
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calfornia, USA
| | - Junwei Zhang
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calfornia, USA
| | - Ricardo F Frausto
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calfornia, USA
| | | | - Anthony J Aldave
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calfornia, USA
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3
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Jones J, Frausto RF, Langley S, Keefe KS, Aldave AJ, Affeldt J. Patología del epitelio corneal humano en el pénfigo vulgar mediada por anti-desmogleína 3. RMO 2019. [DOI: 10.24875/rmo.m19000081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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4
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Cervantes AE, Gee KM, Whiting MF, Frausto RF, Aldave AJ. Confirmation and refinement of the heterozygous deletion of the small leucine-rich proteoglycans associated with posterior amorphous corneal dystrophy. Ophthalmic Genet 2018; 39:419-424. [PMID: 29671669 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2018.1459736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To present the clinical and cytogenetic features of a previously unreported family with posterior amorphous corneal dystrophy (PACD) associated with a heterozygous deletion of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SRLP) genes on chromosome 12. METHODS Clinical characterization was performed using slit lamp biomicroscopic and optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. Genomic DNA was collected from affected and unaffected family members, and a cytogenomic array was used to identify copy number variations (CNV) present in the PACD locus. RESULTS Three members of a Guatemalan family presented with clinical characteristics consistent with PACD: bilateral posterior stromal lamellar opacification, decreased corneal curvature, and iridocorneal adhesions. OCT imaging demonstrated decreased corneal thickness and hyperreflectivity of the posterior third of the corneal stroma. CNV analysis confirmed the presumed clinical diagnosis of PACD by revealing a 0.304 Mb heterozygous deletion in the PACD locus on chromosome 12 that included the four SLRP genes (KERA, LUM, DCN, and EPYC) deleted in each of the PACD families in which CNV analysis has been reported. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of the OCT appearance of PACD and the second confirmation of a heterozygous deletion of chromosome 12q21.33 as the cause of PACD, highlighting the utility of array-based cytogenomics to confirm the suspected clinical diagnosis of PACD. As the smallest previously reported pathogenic deletion was 0.701 Mb, the 0.304-Mb deletion we report is the smallest identified to date and reduces the size of the PACD locus to 0.275 Mb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleck E Cervantes
- a Stein Eye Institute , David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Katherine M Gee
- a Stein Eye Institute , David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Martha F Whiting
- a Stein Eye Institute , David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Ricardo F Frausto
- a Stein Eye Institute , David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Anthony J Aldave
- a Stein Eye Institute , David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles , CA , USA
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5
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Zakharevich M, Kattan JM, Chen JL, Lin BR, Cervantes AE, Chung DD, Frausto RF, Aldave AJ. Elucidating the molecular basis of PPCD: Effects of decreased ZEB1 expression on corneal endothelial cell function. Mol Vis 2017; 23:740-752. [PMID: 29046608 PMCID: PMC5644665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the functional role that the zinc e-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) gene, which underlies the genetic basis of posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy 3 (PPCD3), plays in corneal endothelial cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and barrier function. METHODS A human corneal endothelial cell line (HCEnC-21T) was transfected with siRNA targeting ZEB1 mRNA. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and barrier assays were performed: Cell proliferation was assessed with cell counting using a hemocytometer; cell apoptosis, induced by either ultraviolet C (UVC) radiation or doxorubicin treatment, was quantified by measuring cleaved caspase 3 (cCASP3) protein levels; and cell migration and barrier function were monitored with electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS). RESULTS ZEB1 knockdown in HCEnC-21T cells transfected with siRNA targeting ZEB1 did not result in a significant difference in cell proliferation when compared with control. Although knockdown of ZEB1 in HCEnC-21T cells sensitized the cells to UV-induced apoptosis, ZEB1 knockdown did not alter the cells' susceptibility to doxorubicin-induced apoptosis, as measured with cCASP3 protein levels, compared with controls. Similarly, no difference was observed in cell migration following ZEB1 knockdown. However, cell barrier function increased significantly following ZEB1 knockdown. CONCLUSIONS The corneal endothelium in PPCD3 is characterized by morphologic, anatomic, and molecular features that are more consistent with an epithelial-like rather than an endothelial-like phenotype. Although these characteristics have been well documented, we demonstrate for the first time that susceptibility to UV-induced apoptosis and cell barrier function are significantly altered in the setting of reduced ZEB1. The significance of an altered cellular response to apoptotic stimuli and increased cell barrier function in the pathobiology of PPCD remains to be fully elucidated.
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Chung DD, Frausto RF, Lin BR, Hanser EM, Cohen Z, Aldave AJ. Transcriptomic Profiling of Posterior Polymorphous Corneal Dystrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:3202-3214. [PMID: 28654985 PMCID: PMC5488878 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-21423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the molecular basis of posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy (PPCD) by examining the PPCD transcriptome and the effect of decreased ZEB1 expression on corneal endothelial cell (CEnC) gene expression. Methods Next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analyses of corneal endothelium from two PPCD-affected individuals (one with PPCD3 and one of unknown genetic cause) compared with two age-matched controls, and primary human CEnC (pHCEnC) transfected with siRNA-mediated ZEB1 knockdown. The expression of selected differentially expressed genes was validated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and/or assessed by in situ hybridization in the corneal endothelium of four independent cases of PPCD (one with PPCD3 and three of unknown genetic cause). Results Expression of 16% and 46% of the 104 protein-coding genes specific to ex vivo corneal endothelium was lost in the endothelium of two individuals with PPCD. Thirty-two genes associated with ZEB1 and 3 genes (BMP4, CCND1, ZEB1) associated with OVOL2 were differentially expressed in the same direction in both individuals with PPCD. Immunohistochemistry staining and RNA-seq analyses demonstrated variable expression of type IV collagens in PPCD corneas. Decreasing ZEB1 expression in pHCEnC altered expression of 711 protein-coding genes, many of which are associated with canonical pathways regulating various cellular processes. Conclusions Identification of the altered transcriptome in PPCD and in a cell-based model of PPCD provided insight into the molecular alterations characterizing PPCD. Further study of the differentially expressed genes associated with ZEB1 and OVOL2 is expected to identify candidate genes for individuals with PPCD and without a ZEB1 or OVOL2 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doug D Chung
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Ricardo F Frausto
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Benjamin R Lin
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Evelyn M Hanser
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Zack Cohen
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Anthony J Aldave
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
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7
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Chung DD, Frausto RF, Cervantes AE, Gee KM, Zakharevich M, Hanser EM, Stone EM, Heon E, Aldave AJ. Confirmation of the OVOL2 Promoter Mutation c.-307T>C in Posterior Polymorphous Corneal Dystrophy 1. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169215. [PMID: 28046031 PMCID: PMC5207508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To identify the genetic basis of posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy (PPCD) in families mapped to the PPCD1 locus and in affected individuals without ZEB1 coding region mutations. Methods The promoter, 5’ UTR, and coding regions of OVOL2 was screened in the PPCD family in which linkage analysis established the PPCD1 locus and in 26 PPCD probands who did not harbor a ZEB1 mutation. Copy number variation (CNV) analysis in the PPCD1 and PPCD3 intervals was performed on DNA samples from eight probands using aCGH. Luciferase reporter assays were performed in human corneal endothelial cells to determine the impact of the identified potentially pathogenic variants on OVOL2 promoter activity. Results OVOL2 mutation analysis in the first PPCD1-linked family demonstrated segregation of the c.-307T>C variant with the affected phenotype. In the other 26 probands screened, one heterozygous coding region variant and five promoter region heterozygous variants were identified, though none are likely pathogenic based on allele frequency. Array CGH in the PPCD1 and PPCD3 loci excluded the presence of CNV involving either OVOL2 or ZEB1, respectively. The c.-307T>C variant demonstrated increased promoter activity in corneal endothelial cells when compared to the wild-type sequence as has been demonstrated previously in another cell type. Conclusions Previously identified as the cause of PPCD1, the OVOL2 promoter variant c.-307T>C was herein identified in the original family that established the PPCD1 locus. However, the failure to identify presumed pathogenic coding or non-coding OVOL2 or ZEB1 variants, or CNV involving the PPCD1 and PPCD3 loci in 26 other PPCD probands suggests that other genetic loci may be involved in the pathogenesis of PPCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doug D. Chung
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ricardo F. Frausto
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Aleck E. Cervantes
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Katherine M. Gee
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Marina Zakharevich
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Evelyn M. Hanser
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Edwin M. Stone
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Elise Heon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony J. Aldave
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Kao L, Azimov R, Shao XM, Frausto RF, Abuladze N, Newman D, Aldave AJ, Kurtz I. Multifunctional ion transport properties of human SLC4A11: comparison of the SLC4A11-B and SLC4A11-C variants. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 311:C820-C830. [PMID: 27581649 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00233.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED), Harboyan syndrome (CHED with progressive sensorineural deafness), and potentially a subset of individuals with late-onset Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy are caused by mutations in the SLC4A11 gene that results in corneal endothelial cell abnormalities. Originally classified as a borate transporter, the function of SLC4A11 as a transport protein remains poorly understood. Elucidating the transport function(s) of SLC4A11 is needed to better understand how its loss results in the aforementioned posterior corneal dystrophic disease processes. Quantitative PCR experiments demonstrated that, of the three known human NH2-terminal variants, SLC4A11-C is the major transcript expressed in human corneal endothelium. We studied the expression pattern of the three variants in mammalian HEK-293 cells and demonstrated that the SLC4A11-B and SLC4A11-C variants are plasma membrane proteins, whereas SLC4A11-A is localized intracellularly. SLC4A11-B and SLC4A11-C were shown to be multifunctional ion transporters capable of transporting H+ equivalents in both a Na+-independent and Na+-coupled mode. In both transport modes, SLC4A11-C H+ flux was significantly greater than SLC4A11-B. In the presence of ammonia, SLC4A11-B and SLC4A11-C generated inward currents that were comparable in magnitude. Chimera SLC4A11-C-NH2-terminus-SLC4A11-B experiments demonstrated that the SLC4A11-C NH2-terminus functions as an autoactivating domain, enhancing Na+-independent and Na+-coupled H+ flux without significantly affecting the electrogenic NH3-H(n)+ cotransport mode. All three modes of transport were significantly impaired in the presence of the CHED causing p.R109H (SLC4A11-C numbering) mutation. These complex ion transport properties need to be addressed in the context of corneal endothelial disease processes caused by mutations in SLC4A11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyo Kao
- Division of Nephrology.,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Rustam Azimov
- Division of Nephrology.,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xuesi M Shao
- Department of Neurobiology.,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ricardo F Frausto
- Stein Eye Institute, and.,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Natalia Abuladze
- Division of Nephrology.,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Debra Newman
- Division of Nephrology.,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anthony J Aldave
- Stein Eye Institute, and.,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ira Kurtz
- Division of Nephrology, .,Brain Research Institute.,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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9
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Chung DWD, Frausto RF, Chiu S, Lin BR, Aldave AJ. Investigating the Molecular Basis of PPCD3: Characterization of ZEB1 Regulation of COL4A3 Expression. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57:4136-43. [PMID: 27537263 PMCID: PMC4991021 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-19533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the role of the zinc finger e-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) transcription factor in posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy 3 by demonstrating its ability to regulate type IV collagen gene transcription via binding to putative E2 box motifs. METHODS Putative E2 box motifs were identified by in silico analysis within the promoter region of collagen, type IV, alpha3 (COL4A3) and collagen, type IV, alpha4 (COL4A4). To test the ability of ZEB1 to bind to each identified E2 box, electrophoretic mobility shift assays were performed by incubating ZEB1-enriched nuclear extracts with DIG-labeled probes containing one of each of the identified E2 box motifs. Dual-luciferase reporter assays were performed to test the effects of ZEB1 on the luciferase activity of COL4A3 and cadherin 1 (CDH1) promoter constructs, and to determine the effect of a ZEB1 truncating mutation on CDH1 promoter activity. RESULTS ZEB1 exhibited binding to six of the nine COL4A3 E2 box probes, whereas no binding was observed for either of the two COL4A4 E2 box probes. ZEB1 overexpression resulted in reduced activity of the COL4A3 promoter construct containing all identified E2 box motifs, whereas a truncating ZEB1 mutation led to the loss of ZEB1-dependent repression of the CDH1 promoter. CONCLUSIONS COL4A3 gene expression is negatively regulated by ZEB1 binding to E2 box motifs in the COL4A3 promoter region. Therefore, the altered expression of type IV collagens, particularly COL4A3, in the corneal endothelium in individuals with PPCD3 is likely due to reduced transcriptional repression in the setting of a single functional ZEB1 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duk-Won D. Chung
- Stein Eye Institute David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Ricardo F. Frausto
- Stein Eye Institute David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Stephan Chiu
- Stein Eye Institute David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Benjamin R. Lin
- Stein Eye Institute David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Anthony J. Aldave
- Stein Eye Institute David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
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10
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Ann LBT, Abbouda A, Frausto RF, Huseynli S, Gupta K, Alió JL, Aldave AJ. Variant lattice corneal dystrophy associated with compound heterozygous mutations in theTGFBIgene. Br J Ophthalmol 2016; 101:509-513. [DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-307602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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11
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Le DJ, Chung DWD, Frausto RF, Kim MJ, Aldave AJ. Identification of Potentially Pathogenic Variants in the Posterior Polymorphous Corneal Dystrophy 1 Locus. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158467. [PMID: 27355326 PMCID: PMC4927100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy 1 (PPCD1) is a genetic disorder that affects corneal endothelial cell function and leads to loss of visual acuity. PPCD1 has been linked to a locus on chromosome 20 in multiple families; however, Sanger sequencing of protein-coding genes in the consensus region failed to identify any causative missense mutations. In this study, custom capture probes were utilized for targeted next-generation sequencing of the linked region in a previously reported family with PPCD1. Variants were detected through two bioinformatics pipelines and filtered according to multiple criteria. Additionally, a high-resolution microarray was used to detect copy number variations. No non-synonymous variants in the protein-coding region of annotated genes were identified. However, 12 single nucleotide variants in 10 genes, and 9 indels in 7 genes met the filtering criteria and were considered candidate variants for PPCD1. Eleven single nucleotide variants were confirmed by Sanger sequencing, including 2 synonymous variants and 9 non-coding variants, in 9 genes. One microdeletion was detected in an intron of OVOL2 by microarray but was subsequently not identified by PCR. Using a comprehensive next-generation sequencing approach, a total of 16 genes containing single nucleotide variants or indels that segregated with the affected phenotype in an affected family previously mapped to the PPCD1 locus were identified. Screening of these candidate genes in other families previously mapped to the PPCD1 locus will likely result in the identification of the genetic basis of PPCD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J. Le
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Duk-Won D. Chung
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ricardo F. Frausto
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michelle J. Kim
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Anthony J. Aldave
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Lin BR, Le DJ, Chen Y, Wang Q, Chung DD, Frausto RF, Croasdale C, Yee RW, Hejtmancik FJ, Aldave AJ. Whole Exome Sequencing and Segregation Analysis Confirms That a Mutation in COL17A1 Is the Cause of Epithelial Recurrent Erosion Dystrophy in a Large Dominant Pedigree Previously Mapped to Chromosome 10q23-q24. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157418. [PMID: 27309958 PMCID: PMC4911149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To report identification of a COL17A1 mutation in a family with a corneal dystrophy previously mapped to chromosome 10q23-q24. METHODS Whole-exome sequencing was performed on DNA samples from five affected family members and two unrelated, unaffected individuals. Identified variants were filtered for those that were: located in the linked interval on chromosome 10q23-q24; novel or rare (minor allele frequency ≤0.01); heterozygous; present in all affected individuals and not in controls; and present in genes that encode proteins expressed in human corneal epithelial cells (reads per kilobase per million ≥1). Sanger sequencing of identified variants (SNVs) was performed in additional family members. In silico analysis was used to predict the functional impact of non-synonymous variants. RESULTS Three SNVs located in two genes were identified that met the filtering criteria: one rare synonymous c.3156C>T variant in the collagen, type XVII, alpha I (COL17A1) gene; and two rare variants, one synonymous and one missense, in the dynamin binding protein (DNMBP) gene. Sanger sequencing of additional family members determined that only the COL17A1 variant segregates with the affected phenotype. In silico analysis predicts that the missense variant in DNMBP would be tolerated. CONCLUSIONS The corneal dystrophy mapped to chromosome 10q23-q24 is associated with the c.3156C>T variant in COL17A1. As this variant has recently been identified in five other families with early onset recurrent corneal erosions, and has been shown in vitro to introduce a cryptic splice donor site, this dystrophy is likely caused by aberrant splicing of COL17A1 and should be classified as epithelial recurrent erosion dystrophy.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Alleles
- Alternative Splicing
- Autoantigens/genetics
- Autoantigens/metabolism
- Case-Control Studies
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10/chemistry
- Corneal Dystrophies, Hereditary/diagnosis
- Corneal Dystrophies, Hereditary/genetics
- Corneal Dystrophies, Hereditary/metabolism
- Corneal Dystrophies, Hereditary/pathology
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Epithelium, Corneal/metabolism
- Epithelium, Corneal/pathology
- Exome
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Gene Frequency
- Genes, Dominant
- Genome-Wide Association Study
- Heterozygote
- Humans
- Male
- Mutation
- Non-Fibrillar Collagens/genetics
- Non-Fibrillar Collagens/metabolism
- Pedigree
- Phenotype
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Collagen Type XVII
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R. Lin
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Derek J. Le
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yabin Chen
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Qiwei Wang
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - D. Doug Chung
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ricardo F. Frausto
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | | | - Richard W. Yee
- Cross Ophthalmology Associates, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Fielding J. Hejtmancik
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anthony J. Aldave
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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13
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Lin BR, Frausto RF, Vo RC, Chiu SY, Chen JL, Aldave AJ. Identification of the First De Novo UBIAD1 Gene Mutation Associated with Schnyder Corneal Dystrophy. J Ophthalmol 2016; 2016:1968493. [PMID: 27382485 PMCID: PMC4921136 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1968493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. To report the identification of the first de novo UBIAD1 missense mutation in an individual with Schnyder corneal dystrophy (SCD). Methods. A slit lamp examination was performed on a 47-year-old woman without a family history of corneal disorders. The proband's parents, two sisters, and son were also examined and genomic DNA from all six individuals was collected. The exons and exon-intron boundaries of UBIAD1 were screened using Sanger sequencing. Identified mutations were screened for in 200 control chromosomes. In silico analysis predicted the impact of identified mutations on protein function and structure. Results. Slit lamp examination of the proband revealed findings consistent with SCD. Corneas of the family members appeared unaffected. Screening of UBIAD1 in the proband identified a novel heterozygous c.308C>T mutation, predicted to encode the missense amino acid substitution p.(Thr103Ile). This mutation was not identified in any of the family members or in 200 control chromosomes and was predicted to be damaging to normal protein function and structure. Conclusions. We present a novel heterozygous de novo missense mutation in UBIAD1, p.(Thr103Ile), identified in a patient with classic clinical features of SCD. This highlights the value of genetic testing in clinical diagnostic settings, even in the absence of a positive family history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R. Lin
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 100 Stein Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7003, USA
| | - Ricardo F. Frausto
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 100 Stein Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7003, USA
| | - Rosalind C. Vo
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 100 Stein Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7003, USA
| | - Stephan Y. Chiu
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 100 Stein Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7003, USA
| | - Judy L. Chen
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 100 Stein Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7003, USA
| | - Anthony J. Aldave
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 100 Stein Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7003, USA
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14
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Chen JL, Lin BR, Gee KM, Gee JA, Chung DWD, Frausto RF, Deng SX, Aldave AJ. Identification of presumed pathogenic KRT3 and KRT12 gene mutations associated with Meesmann corneal dystrophy. Mol Vis 2015; 21:1378-86. [PMID: 26788030 PMCID: PMC4704769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To report potentially pathogenic mutations in the keratin 3 (KRT3) and keratin 12 (KRT12) genes in two individuals with clinically diagnosed Meesmann corneal dystrophy (MECD). METHODS Slit-lamp examination was performed on the probands and available family members to identify characteristic features of MECD. After informed consent was obtained, saliva samples were obtained as a source of genomic DNA, and screening of KRT3 and KRT12 was performed. Potentially pathogenic variants were screened for in 200 control chromosomes. PolyPhen-2, SIFT, and PANTHER were used to predict the functional impact of identified variants. Short tandem repeat genotyping was performed to confirm paternity. RESULTS Slit-lamp examination of the first proband demonstrated bilateral, diffusely distributed, clear epithelial microcysts, consistent with MECD. Screening of KRT3 revealed a heterozygous missense variant in exon 1, c.250C>T (p.(Arg84Trp)), which has a minor allele frequency of 0.0076 and was not identified in 200 control chromosomes. In silico analysis with PolyPhen-2 and PANTHER predicted the variant to be damaging to protein function; however, SIFT analysis predicted tolerance of the variant. The second proband demonstrated bilateral, diffusely distributed epithelial opacities that appeared gray-white on direct illumination and translucent on retroillumination. Neither parent demonstrated corneal opacities. Screening of KRT12 revealed a novel heterozygous insertion/deletion variant in exon 6, c.1288_1293delinsAGCCCT (p.(Arg430_Arg431delinsSerPro)). This variant was not present in either of the proband's parents or in 200 control chromosomes and was predicted to be damaging by PolyPhen-2, PANTHER, and SIFT. Haplotype analysis confirmed paternity of the second proband, indicating that the variant arose de novo. CONCLUSIONS We present a novel KRT12 mutation, representing the first de novo mutation and the first indel in KRT12 associated with MECD. In addition, we report a variant of uncertain significance in KRT3 in an individual with MECD. Although the potential pathogenicity of this variant is unknown, it is the first variant affecting the head domain of K3 to be reported in an individual with MECD and suggests that disease-causing variants associated with MECD may not be restricted to primary sequence alterations of either the helix-initiation or helix-termination motifs of K3 and K12.
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15
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Gee JA, Frausto RF, Chung DWD, Tangmonkongvoragul C, Le DJ, Wang C, Han J, Aldave AJ. Identification of novel PIKFYVE gene mutations associated with Fleck corneal dystrophy. Mol Vis 2015; 21:1093-100. [PMID: 26396486 PMCID: PMC4575904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To report the identification of a novel frameshift mutation and copy number variation (CNV) in PIKFYVE in two probands with fleck corneal dystrophy (FCD). METHODS Slit-lamp examination was performed to identify characteristic features of FCD. After genomic DNA was collected, PCR amplification and automated sequencing of all 41 exons of PIKFYVE was performed. Using genomic DNA, quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed to detect CNVs within PIKFYVE. RESULTS In the first FCD proband, numerous panstromal punctate opacities were observed in each of the proband's corneas, consistent with the diagnosis of FCD. Screening of PIKFYVE demonstrated a novel heterozygous frameshift mutation in exon 19, c.3151dupA, which is predicted to encode for a truncated PIKFYVE protein, p.(Asp1052Argfs*18). This variant was identified in an affected sister but not in the proband's unaffected mother or brother or 200 control chromosomes. The second FCD proband presented with bilateral, discrete, punctate, grayish-white stromal opacities. Exonic screening of PIKFYVE revealed no causative variant. However, CNV analysis demonstrated the hemizygous deletion of exons 15 and 16. CONCLUSIONS We report a novel heterozygous frameshift mutation (c.3151dupA) and a CNV in PIKFYVE, representing the first CNV and the fifth frameshift mutation associated with FCD.
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16
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Frausto RF, Le DJ, Aldave AJ. Transcriptomic Analysis of Cultured Corneal Endothelial Cells as a Validation for Their Use in Cell Replacement Therapy. Cell Transplant 2015; 25:1159-76. [PMID: 26337789 DOI: 10.3727/096368915x688948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The corneal endothelium plays a primary role in maintaining corneal homeostasis and clarity and must be surgically replaced with allogenic donor corneal endothelium in the event of visually significant dysfunction. However, a worldwide shortage of donor corneal tissue has led to a search for alternative sources of transplantable tissue. Cultured human corneal endothelial cells (HCEnC) have been shown to restore corneal clarity in experimental models of corneal endothelial dysfunction in animal models, but characterization of cultured HCEnC remains incomplete. To this end, we utilized next-generation RNA sequencing technology to compare the transcriptomic profile of ex vivo human corneal endothelial cells (evHCEnC) with that of primary HCEnC (pHCEnC) and HCEnC lines and to determine the utility of cultured and immortalized corneal endothelial cells as models of in vivo corneal endothelium. Multidimensional analyses of the transcriptome data sets demonstrated that primary HCEnC have a closer relationship to evHCEnC than do immortalized HCEnC. Subsequent analyses showed that the majority of the genes specifically expressed in HCEnC (not expressed in ex vivo corneal epithelium or fibroblasts) demonstrated a marked variability of expression in cultured cells compared with evHCEnC. In addition, genes associated with either corneal endothelial cell function or corneal endothelial dystrophies were investigated. Significant differences in gene expression and protein levels were observed in the cultured cells compared with evHCEnC for each of the genes tested except for AGBL1 and LOXHD1, which were not detected by RNA-seq or qPCR. Our transcriptomic analysis suggests that at a molecular level pHCEnC most closely resemble evHCEnC and thus represent the most viable cell culture-based therapeutic option for managing corneal endothelial cell dysfunction. Our findings also suggest that investigators should perform an assessment of the entire transcriptome of cultured HCEnC prior to determination of their potential clinical utility for the management of corneal endothelial cell failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo F Frausto
- The Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
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17
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Abstract
PURPOSE To comprehensively characterize human corneal endothelial cell (HCEnC) gene expression and age-dependent differential gene expression and to identify expressed genes mapped to chromosomal loci associated with the corneal endothelial dystrophies posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy (PPCD)1, Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD)4, and X-linked endothelial dystrophy (XECD). METHODS Total RNA was isolated from ex vivo corneal endothelium obtained from six pediatric and five adult donor corneas. Complementary DNA was hybridized to the Affymetrix GeneChip 1.1ST array. Data analysis was performed using Partek Genomics Suite software, and differentially expressed genes were validated by digital molecular barcoding technology. RESULTS Transcripts corresponding to 12,596 genes were identified in HCEnC. Nine genes displayed the most significant differential expression between pediatric and adult HCEnC: CAPN6, HIST1H3A, HIST1H4E, and HSPA2 were expressed at higher levels in pediatric HCEnC, while ITGBL1, NALCN, PREX2, TAC1, and TMOD1 were expressed at higher levels in adult HCEnC. Analysis of the PPCD1, FECD4 and XECD loci demonstrated transcription of 53/95 protein-coding genes in the PPCD1 locus, 27/40 in the FECD4 locus, and 35/68 in the XECD locus. CONCLUSIONS An analysis of the HCEnC transcriptome reveals the expression of almost 13,000 genes, with less than 1% mapped to chromosomal loci associated with PPCD1, FECD4, and XECD. At least nine genes demonstrated significant differential expression between pediatric and adult HCEnC, defining specific functional properties distinct to each age group. These data will serve as a resource for vision scientists investigating HCEnC gene expression and can be used to focus the search for the genetic basis of the corneal endothelial dystrophies for which the genetic basis remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo F Frausto
- The Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Cynthia Wang
- The Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Anthony J Aldave
- The Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
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18
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Chung DWD, Frausto RF, Ann LB, Jang MS, Aldave AJ. Functional impact of ZEB1 mutations associated with posterior polymorphous and Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophies. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:6159-66. [PMID: 25190660 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the impact of zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) gene mutations associated with posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy 3 (PPCD3) and Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD). METHODS Thirteen of the 27 previously reported ZEB1 truncating mutations associated with PPCD3 and the six previously reported ZEB1 missense mutations associated with FECD were generated and transiently transfected into a corneal endothelial cell line. Protein abundance was determined by immunoblotting, while intracellular localization was determined by fluorescence confocal microscopy. RESULTS Three of the 13 ZEB1 truncated mutants, and none of the missense mutants, showed significant decrease in mutant ZEB1 protein levels. Predominant nuclear localization was observed for truncated ZEB1 mutant proteins with a predicted molecular weight of less than 92 kilodaltons. The two largest mutant proteins that lacked a putative nuclear localization signal (NLS), p.(Ser638Cysfs*5) and p.(Gln884Argfs*37), primarily localized to the cytoplasm, while the NLS-containing mutant proteins, p.(Glu997Alafs*7) and p.(Glu1039Glyfs*6), primarily localized to the nucleus. All the missense ZEB1 mutant proteins were exclusively present in the nucleus. CONCLUSIONS ZEB1 truncating mutations result in a significant decrease and/or impaired nuclear localization of the encoded protein, indicating that ZEB1 haploinsufficiency in PPCD3 may result from decreased protein production and/or impaired cellular localization. Conversely, as the reported ZEB1 missense mutations do not significantly impact protein abundance or nuclear localization, the effect of these mutations on ZEB1 function and their relationship to FECD, if any, remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duk-Won D Chung
- The Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Ricardo F Frausto
- The Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Lydia B Ann
- The Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Michelle S Jang
- The Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Anthony J Aldave
- The Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
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19
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Jang MS, Roldan AN, Frausto RF, Aldave AJ. Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy 3 is associated with agenesis and hypoplasia of the corpus callosum. Vision Res 2014; 100:88-92. [PMID: 24780443 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy (PPCD) is a dominantly inherited disorder of the corneal endothelium that has been associated with mutations in the zinc-finger E-box binding homeobox 1 gene (ZEB1) gene in approximately one-third of affected families. While the corneal dystrophies have traditionally been considered isolated disorders of the corneal endothelium, we have recently identified two cases of maldevelopment of the corpus callosum in unrelated individuals with PPCD. The proband of the first family was diagnosed shortly after birth with agenesis of the corpus callosum and several other developmental abnormalities. Karyotype, FISH and whole genome copy number variant analyses were normal. She was subsequently diagnosed with PPCD, prompting screening of the ZEB1 gene, which identified a novel deletion (c.449delG; p.(Gly150Alafs*36)) present in the heterozygous state that was not identified in either unaffected parent. The proband of the second family was diagnosed several months after birth with thinning of the corpus callosum and PPCD. Whole genome copy number variant analysis revealed a 1.79 Mb duplication of 17q12 in the proband and her father and brother, neither of whom had PPCD. ZEB1 sequencing identified a novel deletion (c.1913-1914delCA; p.(Ser638Cysfs*5)) present in the heterozygous state, which was also identified in the proband's affected mother. Thus, we report the first two cases of the association of PPCD with a developmental abnormality of the brain, in this case maldevelopment of the corpus callosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S Jang
- The Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ashley N Roldan
- The Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ricardo F Frausto
- The Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anthony J Aldave
- The Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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20
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Bui T, Young JW, Frausto RF, Markello TC, Glasgow BJ, Aldave AJ. Hereditary Benign Intraepithelial Dyskeratosis: Report of a Case and Re-examination of the Evidence for Locus Heterogeneity. Ophthalmic Genet 2014; 37:76-80. [PMID: 24555743 DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2014.889169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis (HBID) is a rare autosomal-dominant disorder of the conjunctiva and oral mucosa first described in and predominantly affecting descendents of Haliwa-Saponi Native Americans. We report a spontaneous case of histopathologically-confirmed HBID affecting an individual not of Native American ancestry. MATERIALS AND METHODS Report of a case with histopathologic examination of an excised conjunctival specimen as well as molecular and cytogenetic analysis. RESULTS A Caucasian boy with a history of oral lesions and conjunctival injection from birth developed bilateral corneal opacities at age 5 and underwent penetrating keratoplasty, with recurrence of the corneal opacification shortly after surgery. Examination of a conjunctival biopsy specimen revealed features consistent with HBID. Copy number variant (CNV) analysis revealed a de novo 4q35 duplication that overlapped the duplication previously associated with HBID, although no genes were identified in the common interval. NLRP1 gene sequencing failed to reveal a presumed pathogenic variant. CONCLUSIONS HBID may develop de novo in individuals who are not of Native American ancestry. The absence of coding regions in a duplicated region of 4q35 common to both the individual that we report and previously associated with HBID raises questions regarding the significance of this CNV in the pathogenesis of HBID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Bui
- a The Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles , CA , USA and
| | - Jonathan W Young
- a The Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles , CA , USA and
| | - Ricardo F Frausto
- a The Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles , CA , USA and
| | - Thomas C Markello
- b Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Office of Rare Diseases, NIH , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Ben J Glasgow
- a The Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles , CA , USA and
| | - Anthony J Aldave
- a The Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles , CA , USA and
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21
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Aldave AJ, Ann LB, Frausto RF, Nguyen CK, Yu F, Raber IM. Classification of posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy as a corneal ectatic disorder following confirmation of associated significant corneal steepening. JAMA Ophthalmol 2014; 131:1583-90. [PMID: 24113819 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.5036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The identification of steep corneal curvatures in a significant percentage of patients with posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy (PPCD) confirms this previously reported association and suggests a role for the ZEB1 protein in keratocyte function. OBJECTIVE To determine whether PPCD is characterized by significant corneal steepening. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Cross-sectional study at university-based and private ophthalmology practices of 38 individuals (27 affected and 11 unaffected) from 23 families with PPCD. EXPOSURE Slitlamp examination and corneal topographic imaging were performed for individuals with PPCD and unaffected family members. Saliva or blood samples were obtained from each individual for DNA isolation and ZEB1 sequencing. Corneal ZEB1 expression was measured using immunohistochemistry. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Percentage of individuals affected with PPCD and controls with an average keratometric value greater than 48.0 diopters (D) in each eye; the mean keratometric value averaged for both eyes of individuals with PPCD and controls; and the correlation of ZEB1 mutation with keratometric value. RESULTS ZEB1 coding region mutations were identified in 7 of the 27 affected individuals. Ten of the 38 individuals (26.3%) had average keratometric values greater than 48.0 D OU: 10 of 27 individuals with PPCD (37.0%; 6 of 7 individuals with ZEB1 mutations [85.7%] and 4 of 20 individuals without ZEB1 mutations [20.0%]) and 0 of 11 unaffected individuals (P = .04 for unaffected vs affected individuals; P = .004 for individuals with PPCD with vs without ZEB1 mutation). The mean keratometric value of each eye of affected individuals (48.2 D) was significantly greater than that of each eye of unaffected family members (44.1 D) (P = .03). Affected individuals with ZEB1 mutations demonstrated a mean keratometric value of 53.3 D, which was significantly greater than that of affected individuals without ZEB1 mutations (46.5 D; P = .004). Fluorescence immunohistochemistry demonstrated ZEB1 expression in keratocyte nuclei. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Abnormally steep corneal curvatures are identified in 37% of all individuals with PPCD and 86% of affected individuals with PPCD secondary to ZEB1 mutations. ZEB1 is present in keratocyte nuclei, suggesting a role for ZEB1 in keratocyte function. Therefore, ZEB1 may play a role in both corneal stromal and endothelial development and function, and PPCD should be considered both an endothelial dystrophy and an ectatic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Aldave
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Lydia B Ann
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Ricardo F Frausto
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Catherine K Nguyen
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Fei Yu
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles
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22
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic basis of X-linked megalocornea (MGC1) was reported in 2012 to be caused by mutations in the CHRDL1 gene. We sought to confirm that mutations in CHRDL1 are associated with MGC1 in a previously unreported pedigree. MATERIALS AND METHODS Slit lamp examination, corneal pachymetry, corneal topography and DNA collection for screening of the CHRDL1 gene were performed for members of an affected family. RESULTS Examination of a woman and her four sons, ranging in age between 3 and 15 years, demonstrated horizontal corneal diameters of 14 mm in three of the four sons and a normal corneal diameter of 12 mm in the mother and other son. Central corneal thickness in the individuals with enlarged corneal diameters averaged 474 microns, compared to 604 microns in their unaffected brother. Corneal topographic imaging demonstrated an average K value of 44.4 D in the affected individuals compared with 41.6 D in their unaffected sibling. Screening of the CHRDL1 gene demonstrated the novel hemizygous frameshift mutation c.167delC (p.(Pro56Leu*8)) in exon 3 in the affected individuals and in the heterozygous state in their mother. This mutation was not present in the unaffected brother or in unrelated controls. CONCLUSION We provide the initial confirmation that X-linked megalocornea is associated with mutations in the CHRDL1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Han
- The Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles , California
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23
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Abstract
The aim of this review was to provide an evidenced-based review of the genetic basis of the corneal endothelial dystrophies. A review of the English language peer-reviewed literature describing the molecular genetic basis of posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy (PPCD), congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED), Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) and X-linked endothelial corneal dystrophy (XECD) was performed. Mutations in several genes have been implicated as playing a pathogenic role in the corneal endothelial dystrophies: VSX1 mutations in PPCD1; COL8A2 mutations in PPCD2 and FECD; ZEB1 mutations in PPCD3 and FECD; and SLC4A11 mutations in CHED2 and FECD. However, linkage, association and familial segregation analyses support a role of only one gene in each corneal endothelial dystrophy: ZEB1 in PPCD3, SLC4A11 in CHED2 and COL8A2 in FECD (early onset). In addition, insufficient evidence exists to consider the autosomal dominant form of CHED (CHED1) as distinct from PPCD. An accurate classification of the corneal endothelial dystrophies requires a critical review of the evidence to support the role of each suggested chromosomal locus, gene and genetic mutation associated with a corneal endothelial dystrophy. Only after the separation of evidence from opinion is performed can a critical examination of the molecular pathways that lead to endothelial dysfunction in each of these disorders be accurately performed.
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Key Words
- corneal dystrophy, Fuchs endothelial, 1
- corneal dystrophy, Fuchs endothelial, 2
- corneal dystrophy, Fuchs endothelial, early onset
- corneal dystrophy, Fuchs endothelial, late onset
- corneal dystrophy, posterior polymorphous, 1
- corneal dystrophy, posterior polymorphous, 2
- corneal dystrophy, posterior polymorphous, 3
- corneal endothelial dystrophy 1
- corneal endothelial dystrophy 2
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Aldave
- The Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095–7003, USA.
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Aldave AJ, Han J, Frausto RF. Genetics of the corneal endothelial dystrophies: an evidence-based review. Clin Genet 2013; 84:109-19. [PMID: 23662738 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to provide an evidenced-based review of the genetic basis of the corneal endothelial dystrophies. A review of the English language peer-reviewed literature describing the molecular genetic basis of posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy (PPCD), congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED), Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) and X-linked endothelial corneal dystrophy (XECD) was performed. Mutations in several genes have been implicated as playing a pathogenic role in the corneal endothelial dystrophies: VSX1 mutations in PPCD1; COL8A2 mutations in PPCD2 and FECD; ZEB1 mutations in PPCD3 and FECD; and SLC4A11 mutations in CHED2 and FECD. However, linkage, association and familial segregation analyses support a role of only one gene in each corneal endothelial dystrophy: ZEB1 in PPCD3, SLC4A11 in CHED2 and COL8A2 in FECD (early onset). In addition, insufficient evidence exists to consider the autosomal dominant form of CHED (CHED1) as distinct from PPCD. An accurate classification of the corneal endothelial dystrophies requires a critical review of the evidence to support the role of each suggested chromosomal locus, gene and genetic mutation associated with a corneal endothelial dystrophy. Only after the separation of evidence from opinion is performed can a critical examination of the molecular pathways that lead to endothelial dysfunction in each of these disorders be accurately performed.
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Key Words
- corneal dystrophy, Fuchs endothelial, 1
- corneal dystrophy, Fuchs endothelial, 2
- corneal dystrophy, Fuchs endothelial, early onset
- corneal dystrophy, Fuchs endothelial, late onset
- corneal dystrophy, posterior polymorphous, 1
- corneal dystrophy, posterior polymorphous, 2
- corneal dystrophy, posterior polymorphous, 3
- corneal endothelial dystrophy 1
- corneal endothelial dystrophy 2
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Aldave
- The Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095–7003, USA.
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Bakhtiari P, Frausto RF, Roldan AN, Wang C, Yu F, Aldave AJ. Exclusion of pathogenic promoter region variants and identification of novel nonsense mutations in the zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 gene in posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy. Mol Vis 2013; 19:575-80. [PMID: 23559851 DOI: pmid/23559851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To report the identification of five novel nonsense mutations in the zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) gene and exclusion of promoter region mutations in individuals without ZEB1 coding region mutations in posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy (PPCD). METHODS Slit-lamp examination and DNA collection were performed for individuals diagnosed with PPCD and, when available, affected and unaffected family members. Genomic DNA prepared from peripheral blood leukocytes and buccal epithelial cells underwent PCR amplification and automated sequencing of the ZEB1 gene and 1 kb 5' of ZEB1, presumably containing the ZEB1 promoter region. RESULTS Thirteen unrelated individuals with PPCD were identified, and genomic DNA was collected from each individual. ZEB1 mutations were identified in six of the 13 probands, five of which were novel: p.(Gly150Alafs*36; spontaneous), p.(His230Argfs*7), p.(Ser638Cysfs*5), p.(Glu1039Glyfs*6), and p.(Gln884Argfs*37). Screening of the ZEB1 promoter region in 31 probands with PPCD without a ZEB1 coding region mutation identified only two known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) whose frequency in the affected probands did not differ significantly from that in the general population. CONCLUSIONS We report five novel frame-shift mutations, one confirmed as spontaneous, in the ZEB1 gene associated with PPCD, bringing the total number of reported pathogenic mutations to 24, and the percentage of PPCD associated with ZEB1 mutations to 32%. The absence of ZEB1 promoter region mutations in probands without a ZEB1 coding region mutation indicates that other genetic loci, such as the PPCD1 locus, are involved in the pathogenesis of PPCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pejman Bakhtiari
- The Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7003, USA
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Crocker SJ, Bajpai R, Moore CS, Frausto RF, Brown GD, Pagarigan RR, Whitton JL, Terskikh AV. Intravenous administration of human embryonic stem cell-derived neural precursor cells attenuates cuprizone-induced central nervous system (CNS) demyelination. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2012; 37:643-53. [PMID: 21276029 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2011.01165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Previous studies have demonstrated the therapeutic potential for human embryonic stem cell-derived neural precursor cells (hES-NPCs) in autoimmune and genetic animal models of demyelinating diseases. Herein, we tested whether intravenous (i.v.) administration of hES-NPCs would impact central nervous system (CNS) demyelination in a cuprizone model of demyelination. METHODS C57Bl/6 mice were fed cuprizone (0.2%) for 2 weeks and then separated into two groups that either received an i.v. injection of hES-NPCs or i.v. administration of media without these cells. After an additional 2 weeks of dietary cuprizone treatment, CNS tissues were analysed for detection of transplanted cells and differences in myelination in the region of the corpus callosum (CC). RESULTS Cuprizone-induced demyelination in the CC was significantly reduced in mice treated with hES-NPCs compared with cuprizone-treated controls that did not receive stem cells. hES-NPCs were identified within the brain tissues of treated mice and revealed migration of transplanted cells into the CNS. A limited number of human cells were found to express the mature oligodendrocyte marker, O1, or the astrocyte marker, glial fibrillary acidic protein. Reduced apoptosis and attenuated microglial and astrocytic responses were also observed in the CC of hES-NPC-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicated that systemically administered hES-NPCs migrated from circulation into a demyelinated lesion within the CNS and effectively reduced demyelination. Observed reductions in astrocyte and microglial responses, and the benefit of hES-NPC treatment in this model of myelin injury was not obviously accountable to tissue replacement by exogenously administered cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Crocker
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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Tsueng G, Tabor-Godwin JM, Gopal A, Ruller CM, Deline S, An N, Frausto RF, Milner R, Crocker SJ, Whitton JL, Feuer R. Coxsackievirus preferentially replicates and induces cytopathic effects in undifferentiated neural progenitor cells. J Virol 2011; 85:5718-32. [PMID: 21471247 PMCID: PMC3126326 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02261-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses, including coxsackieviruses, exhibit significant tropism for the central nervous system, and these viruses are commonly associated with viral meningitis and encephalitis. Previously, we described the ability of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) to infect proliferating neuronal progenitor cells located in the neonatal subventricular zone and persist in the adult murine central nervous system (CNS). Here, we demonstrate that cultured murine neurospheres, which comprise neural stem cells and their progeny at different stages of development, were highly susceptible to CVB3 infection. Neurospheres, or neural progenitor and stem cells (NPSCs), isolated from neonatal C57BL/6 mice, supported high levels of infectious virus production and high viral protein expression levels following infection with a recombinant CVB3 expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) protein. Similarly, NPSCs isolated from neonatal actin-promoter-GFP transgenic mice (actin-GFP NPSCs) were highly susceptible to infection with a recombinant CVB3 expressing DsRed (Discosoma sp. red fluorescent protein). Both nestin-positive and NG2(+) progenitor cells within neurospheres were shown to preferentially express high levels of viral protein as soon as 24 h postinfection (p.i.). By day 3 p.i., viral protein expression and viral titers increased dramatically in NPSCs with resultant cytopathic effects (CPE) and eventual cell death. In contrast, reduced viral replication, lower levels of CPE, and diminished viral protein expression levels were observed in NPSCs differentiated for 5 or 16 days in the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS). Despite the presence of CPE and high levels of cell death following early CVB3 infection, surviving neurospheres were readily observed and continued to express detectable levels of viral protein as long as 37 days after initial infection. Also, CVB3 infection of actin-GFP NPSCs increased the percentage of cells expressing neuronal class III β-tubulin following their differentiation in the presence of FBS. These results suggest that neural stem cells may be preferentially targeted by CVB3 and that neurogenic regions of the CNS may support persistent viral replication in the surviving host. In addition, normal progenitor cell differentiation may be altered in the host following infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginger Tsueng
- Cell and Molecular Biology Joint Doctoral Program, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182-4614
| | - Jenna M. Tabor-Godwin
- Cell and Molecular Biology Joint Doctoral Program, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182-4614
| | - Aparajita Gopal
- Cell and Molecular Biology Joint Doctoral Program, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182-4614
| | - Chelsea M. Ruller
- Cell and Molecular Biology Joint Doctoral Program, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182-4614
| | - Steven Deline
- Cell and Molecular Biology Joint Doctoral Program, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182-4614
| | - Naili An
- Cell and Molecular Biology Joint Doctoral Program, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182-4614
| | - Ricardo F. Frausto
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, SP30-2110, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Richard Milner
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla California 92037
| | - Stephen J. Crocker
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, SP30-2110, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - J. Lindsay Whitton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, SP30-2110, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Ralph Feuer
- Cell and Molecular Biology Joint Doctoral Program, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182-4614
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Frausto RF, Scheller J, Rose-John S, Jenkins BJ, Ernst M, Denyer G, Campbell IL. PS1-77 Interleukin-6 signal transduction and gene regulation in astroglia versus microglia: The impact of defective gp130 signaling. Cytokine 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.07.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Quintana A, Müller M, Frausto RF, Ramos R, Getts DR, Sanz E, Hofer MJ, Krauthausen M, King NJC, Hidalgo J, Campbell IL. Site-specific production of IL-6 in the central nervous system retargets and enhances the inflammatory response in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 2009; 183:2079-88. [PMID: 19597000 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-6 is crucial for the induction of many murine models of autoimmunity including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for multiple sclerosis. To establish the role of site-specific production of IL-6 in autoimmunity, we examined myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunization-induced EAE in transgenic mice (GFAP-IL6) with IL-6 production restricted to the cerebellum. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-immunized (Mi-) GFAP-IL6 mice developed severe ataxia but no physical signs of spinal cord involvement, which was in sharp contrast to Mi-wild type (WT) animals that developed classical EAE with ascending paralysis. Immune pathology and demyelination were nearly absent from the spinal cord, but significantly increased in the cerebellum of Mi-GFAP-IL6 mice. Tissue damage in the cerebellum in the Mi-GFAP-IL6 mice was accompanied by increased total numbers of infiltrating leukocytes and increased proportions of both neutrophils and B-cells. With the exception of IL-17 mRNA, which was elevated in both control immunized and Mi-GFAP-IL6 cerebellum, the level of other cytokine and chemokine mRNAs were comparable with Mi-WT cerebellum whereas significantly higher levels of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha mRNA were found in Mi-WT spinal cord. Thus, site-specific production of IL-6 in the cerebellum redirects trafficking away from the normally preferred antigenic site the spinal cord and acts as a leukocyte "sink" that markedly enhances the inflammatory cell accumulation and disease. The mechanisms underlying this process likely include the induction of specific chemokines, activation of microglia, and activation and loss of integrity of the blood-brain barrier present in the cerebellum of the GFAP-IL6 mice before the induction of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Quintana
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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30
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Frausto RF, Denyer G, Scheller J, Rose-John S, Jenkins BJ, Ernst M, Campbell IL. The impact of defective gp130/SOCS3 signaling on the astrocyte response to hyper-IL6 (38.17). The Journal of Immunology 2009. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.38.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Astrocytes derived from Y757F mutant mice defective in gp130-SHP2/SOCS3 signaling were investigated into their ability to respond to IL-6. Compared with WT astrocytes, Y757F astrocytes treated with hyper-IL6, had higher and more sustained activation of STAT3, while the levels of pY-SHP2 and pERK remained unchanged. Gene expression was investigated by Affymetrix gene chip analysis. At 2 hr, 306 genes were upregulated in WT astrocytes and of these, 28 did not increase in Y757F astrocytes. Of 238 genes upregulated in Y757F astrocytes, 9 were not upregulated in WT astrocytes. Some 99 genes were downregulated in WT astrocytes and of those 55 were not decreased in Y757F astrocytes. In WT astrocytes after 12 hrs the level of expression of many genes was reduced back to or near levels seen in the untreated cells, however, in Y757F astrocytes 109 genes either maintained their 2hr upregulated levels or were further increased. A number of candidate genes upregulated by hyper-IL6 in WT and Y757F astrocytes were not upregulated in astrocytes lacking STAT1. In conclusion, hyper-IL6 stimulated gp-130 SHP2/SOCS3 signaling in astrocytes not only moderates the gp-130-STAT pathway but also directly regulates the transcriptional activity of a number of genes many of which are STAT1-dependent. Support: NSW Spinal Cord Injury and Other Neurological Conditions Project Grant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo F Frausto
- 1Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gareth Denyer
- 1Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jurgen Scheller
- 2Department of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- 2Department of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Ernst
- 4Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Iain L Campbell
- 1Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Alirezaei M, Fox HS, Flynn CT, Moore CS, Hebb ALO, Frausto RF, Bhan V, Kiosses WB, Whitton JL, Robertson GS, Crocker SJ. Elevated ATG5 expression in autoimmune demyelination and multiple sclerosis. Autophagy 2009; 5:152-8. [PMID: 19066443 DOI: 10.4161/auto.5.2.7348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) disorder characterized by T cell-mediated demyelination. In MS, prolonged T cell survival and increased T cell proliferation have been linked to disease relapse and progression. Recently, the autophagy-related gene 5 (Atg5) has been shown to modulate T cell survival. In this study, we examined the expression of Atg5 using both a mouse model of autoimmune demyelination as well as blood and brain tissues from MS cases. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of RNA isolated from blood samples of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice revealed a strong correlation between Atg5 expression and clinical disability.Analysis of protein extracted from these cells confirmed both upregulation and post-translational modification of Atg5, the latter of which was positively correlated with EAE severity. Analysis of RNA extracted from T cells isolated by negative selection indicated that Atg5 expression was significantly elevated in individuals with active relapsing-remitting MS compared to non-diseased controls. Brain tissue sections from relapsing-remitting MS cases examined by immunofluorescent histochemistry suggested that encephalitogenic T cells are a source of Atg5 expression in MS brain samples. Together these data suggest that increased T cell expression of Atg5 may contribute to inflammatory demyelination in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Alirezaei
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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Crocker SJ, Frausto RF, Whitton JL, Milner R. A novel method to establish microglia-free astrocyte cultures: comparison of matrix metalloproteinase expression profiles in pure cultures of astrocytes and microglia. Glia 2008; 56:1187-98. [PMID: 18449943 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) proteolytic activity contributes to the pathogenesis of many neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative conditions in the CNS. To fully understand this process, it is important to define the MMP expression profile of specific cell types, including the CNS-resident cells astrocytes and microglia. While previous studies have characterized astrocyte MMP expression by using mixed glial cultures, these results are likely complicated by the presence of contaminating microglia within these cultures. In the current study, we sought to clarify this complexity, by taking a novel approach to prepare pure astrocyte cultures entirely devoid of microglia, by promoting neural stem cell (NSC) differentiation into astrocytes. The MMP expression profile of mixed glial cultures, neurosphere-derived astrocytes, and pure microglia was characterized by RNase protection assay. This revealed that MMP gene expression is largely cell-type specific. Astrocytes constitutively expressed MMP-11, MMP-14, and MMP-2 and showed induction of MMP-3 in response to IL-1beta but did not respond to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In contrast, microglia constitutively expressed high levels of MMP-12 and showed strong induction of MMP-9 and MMP-14 in response to LPS. Gelatin zymography confirmed that LPS and TNF-alpha induced strong expression of MMP-9 in microglia but not astrocytes. In summary, these studies demonstrate that neurosphere-derived astrocytes represent an attractive alternative system in which to study astrocyte behavior in vitro. Using this system, we have shown that astrocytes and microglia express distinct sets of MMP genes and that microglia, not astrocytes, are the major source of MMP-9 in response to LPS or TNF-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Crocker
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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Frausto RF, Crocker SJ, Eam B, Whitmire JK, Whitton JL. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide-induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and T cell responses are unaffected by immunoproteasome deficiency. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 192:124-33. [PMID: 17964666 PMCID: PMC2175388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Revised: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The inoculation of MOG peptides into C57BL/6 mice induces CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, and recent work has shown that adoptive transfer of the latter population, after extensive in vitro stimulation, can cause EAE in naïve recipient mice. Herein, we have evaluated the incidence and severity of EAE, and the induction of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, following MOG peptide inoculation of wt mice and of LMP-2KO mice that lack an intact immunoproteasome, a cytoplasmic organelle that is induced by chronic inflammation and that may be important for the presentation of MHC class I epitopes to CD8(+) T cells. We report that EAE, evaluated by both clinical and histological criteria, is similar in LMP-2KO mice and wildtype C57B/6 mice (wt) in response to immunization with MOG peptides MOG(35-55) and MOG(40-54), suggesting that the immunoproteasome does not play a key role in the development of demyelinating disease. Furthermore, and consistent with previous reports, peptide-specific CD8(+) T cells were barely detectable in the CNS of peptide-immunized mice, although peptide-specific CD4(+) T cells were abundant. Therefore, we used a new technique to look for autoreactive CD8(+) T cells in MOG peptide-immunized mice, and we report the identification of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells that, as late as 19 days after peptide injection, are actively producing IFNgamma in vivo, in response to in vivo antigen contact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - J L. Whitton
- *Corresponding author Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Dept., SP30-2110, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, Tel: 858-784-7090, FAX: 858-784-7380,
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Crocker SJ, Frausto RF, Whitmire JK, Benning N, Milner R, Whitton JL. Amelioration of coxsackievirus B3-mediated myocarditis by inhibition of tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase-1. Am J Pathol 2007; 171:1762-73. [PMID: 18055551 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.070179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a major cause of acute myocarditis, a serious condition that is refractory to treatment. Myocardial damage results in tissue remodeling that, if too extensive, may contribute to disease. Remodeling is achieved by extracellular proteolysis mediated by the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and MMP activity is counterbalanced by tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs). We show herein that TIMP-1 expression is induced in the myocardium by CVB3 infection. Surprisingly, TIMP-1 knockout mice exhibited a profound attenuation of myocarditis, with increased survival. The amelioration of disease in TIMP-1 knockout mice was not attributable to either an altered T-cell response to the virus or to reduced viral replication. These data led us to propose a novel function for TIMP-1: its highly localized up-regulation might arrest the MMP-dependent migration of inflammatory cells at sites of infection, thereby anatomically focusing the adaptive immune response. The benefits of TIMP-1 blockade in treating viral myocarditis were confirmed by administering, to wild-type animals, TIMP-1-specific siRNA or polyclonal antisera, both of which diminished CVB3-induced myocarditis. These unexpected findings indicate that increased TIMP-1 expression exacerbates, rather than ameliorates, CVB3-induced myocarditis and, thus, that TIMP-1 may represent a target for the treatment of virus-induced heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Crocker
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Dept., SP30-2110, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Milner R, Crocker SJ, Hung S, Wang X, Frausto RF, del Zoppo GJ. Fibronectin- and vitronectin-induced microglial activation and matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression is mediated by integrins alpha5beta1 and alphavbeta5. J Immunol 2007; 178:8158-67. [PMID: 17548654 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.12.8158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Early in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, the blood-brain barrier is compromised, which leads to deposition of the plasma proteins fibronectin and vitronectin in cerebral parenchyma. In light of our previous finding that microglial activation in vitro is strongly promoted by fibronectin and vitronectin, we set out to examine the possibility that modulation of microglial activation by fibronectin or vitronectin is an important regulatory mechanism in vivo. In an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model of demyelination, total brain levels of fibronectin and vitronectin were strongly increased and there was a close relationship between fibronectin and vitronectin deposition, microglial activation, and microglial expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9. In murine cell culture, flow cytometry for MHC class I and gelatin zymography revealed that microglial activation and expression of pro-matrix metalloproteinase-9 were significantly increased by fibronectin and vitronectin. Function-blocking studies showed that the influence of fibronectin and vitronectin was mediated by the alpha(5)beta(1) and alpha(v)beta(5) integrins, respectively. Taken together, this work suggests that fibronectin and vitronectin deposition during demyelinating disease is an important influence on microglial activation state. Furthermore, it provides the first evidence that the alpha(5)beta(1) and alpha(v)beta(5) integrins are important mediators of microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Milner
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 20550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Crocker SJ, Whitmire JK, Frausto RF, Chertboonmuang P, Soloway PD, Whitton JL, Campbell IL. Persistent macrophage/microglial activation and myelin disruption after experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1-deficient mice. Am J Pathol 2007; 169:2104-16. [PMID: 17148673 PMCID: PMC1762490 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.060626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Increased leukocyte trafficking into the parenchyma during inflammatory responses in the central nervous system (CNS) is facilitated by the extracellular proteolytic activities of matrix metalloproteinases that are regulated, in part, by the endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), TIMP-1 gene expression is induced in astrocytes surrounding inflammatory lesions in the CNS. The physiological importance of this temporal and spatial relationship is not clear. Herein, we have addressed the functional role of TIMP-1 in a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35-55)-induced model of EAE using TIMP-1-deficient (TIMP-1-/-) C57BL/6 mice. Although CD4+ T-cell immune responses to myelin in wild-type (WT) and TIMP-1-/- mice were similar, analysis of CNS tissues from TIMP-1-/- mice after EAE revealed more severe myelin pathology than that of WT mice. This disruption of myelin was associated with both increased lymphocyte infiltration and microglial/macrophage accumulation in the brain parenchyma. These findings suggest that induction of TIMP-1 by astrocytes during EAE in WT mice represents an inherent cytoprotective response that mitigates CNS myelin injury through the regulation of both immune cell infiltration and microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Crocker
- The Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, SP30-2110, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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