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Yang M, Yao J, Jia L, Kocab AJ, Zacks DN. Preservation of retinal structure and function in two mouse models of inherited retinal degeneration by ONL1204, an inhibitor of the Fas receptor. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:576. [PMID: 39117629 PMCID: PMC11310419 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06970-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Due to the large number of genes and mutations that result in inherited retinal degenerations (IRD), there has been a paucity of therapeutic options for these patients. There is a large unmet need for therapeutic approaches targeting shared pathophysiologic pathways in a mutation-independent manner. The Fas receptor is a major activator and regulator of retinal cell death and inflammation in a variety of ocular diseases. We previously reported the activation of Fas-mediated photoreceptor (PR) cell death in two different IRD mouse models, rd10 and P23H, and demonstrated the protective effect of genetic Fas inhibition. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of pharmacologic inhibition of Fas in these two models by intravitreal injection with a small peptide inhibitor of the Fas receptor, ONL1204. A single intravitreal injection of ONL1204 was given to one eye of rd10 mice at P14. Two intravitreal injections of ONL1204 were given to the P23H mice, once at P14 and again at 2-months of age. The fellow eyes were injected with vehicle alone. Fas activation, rate of PR cell death, retinal function, and the activation of immune cells in the retina were evaluated. In both rd10 and P23H mice, ONL1204 treatment resulted in decreased number of TUNEL (+) PRs, decreased caspase 8 activity, enhanced photoreceptor cell counts, and improved visual function compared with vehicle treated fellow eyes. Treatment with ONL1204 also reduced immune cell activation in the retinas of both rd10 and P23H mice. The protective effect of pharmacologic inhibition of Fas by ONL1204 in two distinct mouse models of retinal degeneration suggests that targeting this common pathophysiologic mechanism of cell death and inflammation represents a potential therapeutic approach to preserve the retina in patients with IRD, regardless of the genetic underpinning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengling Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Xiangya School of medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jingyu Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lin Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - David N Zacks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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2
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Xu L, Xu Y, Jiang Y, Jiang J, Chen S, Sun D, Li S, Wei F, Zhu H. IP3R2 regulates apoptosis by Ca2+ transfer through mitochondria-ER contacts in hypoxic photoreceptor injury. Exp Eye Res 2024; 245:109965. [PMID: 38851477 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAMs) are contact sites that enable bidirectional communication between the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) and mitochondria, including the transfer of Ca2+ signals. MAMs are essential for mitochondrial function and cellular energy metabolism. However, unrestrained Ca2+ transfer to the mitochondria can lead to mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. IP3R2 (Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor 2) is an important intracellular Ca2+ channel. This study investigated the contribution of IP3R2-MAMs to hypoxia-induced apoptosis in photoreceptor cells. A photoreceptor hypoxia model was established by subretinal injection of hyaluronic acid (1%) in C57BL/6 mice and 1% O2 treatment in 661W cells. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ER-mitochondria colocalization, and the MAM reporter were utilized to evaluate MAM alterations. Cell apoptosis and mitochondrial homeostasis were evaluated using immunofluorescence (IF), flow cytometry, western blotting (WB), and ATP assays. SiRNA transfection was employed to silence IP3R2 in 661W cells. Upon hypoxia induction, MAMs were significantly increased in photoreceptors both in vivo and in vitro. This was accompanied by the activation of mitochondrial apoptosis and disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis. Elevated MAM-enriched IP3R2 protein levels induced by hypoxic injury led to mitochondrial calcium overload and subsequent photoreceptor apoptosis. Notably, IP3R2 knockdown not only improved mitochondrial morphology but also restored mitochondrial function in photoreceptors by limiting MAM formation and thereby attenuating mitochondrial calcium overload under hypoxia. Our results suggest that IP3R2-MAM-mediated mitochondrial calcium overload plays a critical role in mitochondrial dyshomeostasis, ultimately contributing to photoreceptor cell death. Targeting MAM constitutive proteins might provide an option for a therapeutic approach to mitigate photoreceptor death in retinal detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihua Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaoxu Jiang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shimei Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenping Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Disease, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Disease, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.
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Bou Ghanem GO, Wareham LK, Calkins DJ. Addressing neurodegeneration in glaucoma: Mechanisms, challenges, and treatments. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 100:101261. [PMID: 38527623 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness globally. The disease causes vision loss due to neurodegeneration of the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) projection to the brain through the optic nerve. Glaucoma is associated with sensitivity to intraocular pressure (IOP). Thus, mainstay treatments seek to manage IOP, though many patients continue to lose vision. To address neurodegeneration directly, numerous preclinical studies seek to develop protective or reparative therapies that act independently of IOP. These include growth factors, compounds targeting metabolism, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents, and neuromodulators. Despite success in experimental models, many of these approaches fail to translate into clinical benefits. Several factors contribute to this challenge. Firstly, the anatomic structure of the optic nerve head differs between rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans. Additionally, animal models do not replicate the complex glaucoma pathophysiology in humans. Therefore, to enhance the success of translating these findings, we propose two approaches. First, thorough evaluation of experimental targets in multiple animal models, including nonhuman primates, should precede clinical trials. Second, we advocate for combination therapy, which involves using multiple agents simultaneously, especially in the early and potentially reversible stages of the disease. These strategies aim to increase the chances of successful neuroprotective treatment for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazi O Bou Ghanem
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Lauren K Wareham
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - David J Calkins
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Yi Y, Pyun SH, Kim CY, Yun G, Kang E, Heo S, Ullah I, Lee SK. Eye Drop with Fas-Blocking Peptide Attenuates Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Cells 2024; 13:548. [PMID: 38534392 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), characterized by macular retinal degeneration, poses a significant health concern due to the lack of effective treatments for prevalent dry AMD. The progression of AMD is closely linked to reactive oxygen species and Fas signaling, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions. In this study, we utilized a NaIO3-induced retinal degeneration mouse model to assess the efficacy of Fas-blocking peptide (FBP). Intravitreal administration of FBP successfully suppressed Fas-mediated inflammation and apoptosis, effectively arresting AMD progression in mice. We developed a 6R-conjugated FBP (6R-FBP) for eye drop administration. 6R-FBP, administered as an eye drop, reached the retinal region, attenuating degeneration by modulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines and blocking Fas-mediated apoptosis in rodent and rabbit NaIO3-induced retinal degeneration models to address practical concerns. Intravitreal FBP and 6R-FBP eye drops effectively reduced retinal degeneration and improved retinal thickness in rodent and rabbit models. This study highlights the therapeutic potential of FBP, particularly 6R-FBP as an eye drop, in inhibiting Fas-mediated cell signaling and protecting against retinal cell death and inflammation in dry AMD. Future investigations should explore the translational prospects of this approach in primates with eye structures comparable to those of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujong Yi
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Hong Pyun
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Yeon Kim
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeongju Yun
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhwa Kang
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyoun Heo
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sang-Kyung Lee
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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Huvard MJ, Patnaik JL, Kleinman DM, Preston M, Zacks DN, Kocab AJ, van de Goor J, Wagner BD, Cho S, Lynch AM, Mandava N. An Evaluation of the Repeatability of Visual Function Following Surgical Repair of Macula-Off Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2023; 12:35. [PMID: 38019499 PMCID: PMC10691393 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.12.11.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the reliability and reproducibility of visual function assessments for patients with macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). Methods This prospective study included patients with unilateral macula-off RRD of <10-day duration successfully treated with a single, uncomplicated surgery at least 1 year following repair. Visual function assessments were performed at time of enrollment and 1 month later. Testing included Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), low-luminance visual acuity (LLVA), low-contrast visual acuity (VA) 2.5% and 5%, contrast sensitivity assessment with Mars and Gabor patches, reading speed (acuity, speed, and critical print size), color vision testing (protan, deutan, and tritan), and microperimetry. Spectral-domain ocular coherence tomography (SD-OCT) was performed. Paired t-statistics were used to compare values between visits and between the study and fellow eyes. Results Fourteen patients (9 male, 5 female) with a mean age of 69 years at time of surgery were evaluated. Correlation coefficients across the two visits were highest for ETDRS BCVA (0.97), tritan color vision testing (0.96), and low-contrast VA 5% (0.96), while the average t-statistic was largest for low-luminance deficit (4.2), ETDRS BCVA (4.1), and reading speed critical print size (3.7). ETDRS BCVA did not correlate with SD-OCT findings. Conclusions ETDRS BCVA can be considered a highly reliable and reproducible outcome measure. LLVA, protan color discrimination, contrast sensitivity, and reading speed may be useful secondary outcome measures. Translational Relevance This study provides guidance on the selection of visual function outcome measures for clinical trials of patients with macula-off RRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Huvard
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Patnaik
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - David M. Kleinman
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Mary Preston
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - David N. Zacks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | - Steve Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Anne M. Lynch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Naresh Mandava
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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Zhang Y, Park YS, Kim IB. A Distinct Microglial Cell Population Expressing Both CD86 and CD206 Constitutes a Dominant Type and Executes Phagocytosis in Two Mouse Models of Retinal Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14236. [PMID: 37762541 PMCID: PMC10532260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells are the key regulators of inflammation during retinal degeneration (RD) and are conventionally classified as M1 or M2. However, whether the M1/M2 classification exactly reflects the functional classification of microglial cells in the retina remains debatable. We examined the spatiotemporal changes of microglial cells in the blue-LED and NaIO3-induced RD mice models using M1/M2 markers and functional genes. TUNEL assay was performed to detect photoreceptor cell death, and microglial cells were labeled with anti-IBA1, P2RY12, CD86, and CD206 antibodies. FACS was used to isolate microglial cells with anti-CD206 and CD86 antibodies, and qRT-PCR was performed to evaluate Il-10, Il-6, Trem-2, Apoe, and Lyz2 expression. TUNEL-positive cells were detected in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) from 24 h to 72 h post-RD induction. At 24 h, P2RY12 was decreased and CD86 was increased, and CD86/CD206 double-labeled cells occupied the dominant population at 72 h. And CD86/CD206 double-labeled cells showed a significant increase in Apoe, Trem2, and Lyz2 levels but not in those of Il-6 and Il-10. Our results demonstrate that microglial cells in active RD cannot be classified as M1 or M2, and the majority of microglia express both CD86 and CD206, which are involved in phagocytosis rather than inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (Y.Z.); (Y.S.P.)
- Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Soo Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (Y.Z.); (Y.S.P.)
- Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Beom Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (Y.Z.); (Y.S.P.)
- Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
- Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
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7
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Subramanya S, Fernando R, Goswami M, Besirli CG, Weh E, Wubben TJ. Flow cytometric method for the detection and quantification of retinal cell death and oxidative stress. Exp Eye Res 2023; 233:109563. [PMID: 37393050 PMCID: PMC10794879 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Retinal cell death is the major cause of vision loss in many forms of blinding retinal disease. A plethora of research is focused on understanding the mechanisms of retinal cell death to identify potential neuroprotective strategies that prevent vision loss in these diseases. Traditionally, histological techniques have been used to determine the type and extent of cell death in the retina. These techniques, such as TUNEL labeling and immunohistochemistry, are laborious and time consuming, resulting in low throughput and variable results depending on the experimenter. To increase throughput and reduce variability, we developed several flow cytometry-based assays to detect and quantify retinal cell death. The methods and accompanying data presented demonstrate that flow cytometry can readily detect both retinal cell death and oxidative stress and importantly, the efficacy of neuroprotective agents. These methods will be of interest to investigators looking to increase throughput and efficiency without compromising sensitivity as the methods herein reduce analysis time from several months to less than a week. As such, the flow cytometry methods presented have the potential to expedite research efforts focused on developing novel strategies for retinal cell neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubha Subramanya
- University of Michigan, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Roshini Fernando
- University of Michigan, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Moloy Goswami
- University of Michigan, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Cagri G Besirli
- University of Michigan, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Eric Weh
- University of Michigan, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
| | - Thomas J Wubben
- University of Michigan, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
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Wubben TJ, Chaudhury S, Watch BT, Stuckey JA, Weh E, Fernando R, Goswami M, Pawar M, Rech JC, Besirli CG. Development of Novel Small-Molecule Activators of Pyruvate Kinase Muscle Isozyme 2, PKM2, to Reduce Photoreceptor Apoptosis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16050705. [PMID: 37242488 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment options are lacking to prevent photoreceptor death and subsequent vision loss. Previously, we demonstrated that reprogramming metabolism via the pharmacologic activation of PKM2 is a novel photoreceptor neuroprotective strategy. However, the features of the tool compound used in those studies, ML-265, preclude its advancement as an intraocular, clinical candidate. This study sought to develop the next generation of small-molecule PKM2 activators, aimed specifically for delivery into the eye. Compounds were developed that replaced the thienopyrrolopyridazinone core of ML-265 and modified the aniline and methyl sulfoxide functional groups. Compound 2 demonstrated that structural changes to the ML-265 scaffold are tolerated from a potency and efficacy standpoint, allow for a similar binding mode to the target, and circumvent apoptosis in models of outer retinal stress. To overcome the low solubility and problematic functional groups of ML-265, compound 2's efficacious and versatile core structure for the incorporation of diverse functional groups was then utilized to develop novel PKM2 activators with improved solubility, lack of structural alerts, and retained potency. No other molecules are in the pharmaceutical pipeline for the metabolic reprogramming of photoreceptors. Thus, this study is the first to cultivate the next generation of novel, structurally diverse, small-molecule PKM2 activators for delivery into the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Wubben
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Sraboni Chaudhury
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Brennan T Watch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Michigan Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jeanne A Stuckey
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Eric Weh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Roshini Fernando
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Moloy Goswami
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Mercy Pawar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Jason C Rech
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Michigan Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Cagri G Besirli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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Huang P, Thomas CC, Ambati K, Dholkawala R, Nagasaka A, Yerramothu P, Narendran S, Pereira F, Nagasaka Y, Apicella I, Cai X, Makin RD, Magagnoli J, Stains CI, Yin R, Wang SB, Gelfand BD, Ambati J. Kamuvudine-9 Protects Retinal Structure and Function in a Novel Model of Experimental Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:3. [PMID: 37129905 PMCID: PMC10158986 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.5.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is a vision-threatening event that benefits from surgical intervention. While awaiting surgical reattachment, irreversible hypoxic and inflammatory damage to the retina often occurs. An interim therapy protecting photoreceptors could improve functional outcomes. We sought to determine whether Kamuvudine-9 (K-9), a derivative of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) that inhibits inflammasome activation, and the NRTIs lamivudine (3TC) and azidothymidine (AZT) could protect the retina following RRD. Methods RRD was induced in mice via subretinal injection (SRI) of 1% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). To simulate outcomes following the clinical management of RRD, we determined the optimal conditions by which SRI of CMC induced spontaneous retinal reattachment (SRR) occurs over 10 days (RRD/SRR). K-9, 3TC, or AZT was administered via intraperitoneal injection. Inflammasome activation pathways were monitored by abundance of cleaved caspase-1, IL-18, and cleaved caspase-8, and photoreceptor death was assessed by TUNEL staining. Retinal function was assessed by full-field scotopic electroretinography. Results RRD induced retinal inflammasome activation and photoreceptor death in mice. Systemic administration of K-9, 3TC, or AZT inhibited retinal inflammasome activation and photoreceptor death. In the RRD/SRR model, K-9 protected retinal electrical function during the time of RRD and induced an improvement following retinal reattachment. Conclusions K-9 and NRTIs exhibit anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities in experimental RRD. Given its capacity to protect photoreceptor function during the period of RRD and enhance retinal function following reattachment, K-9 shows promise as a retinal neuroprotectant and warrants study in RRD. Further, this novel RRD/SRR model may facilitate experimental evaluation of functional outcomes relevant to RRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peirong Huang
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Claire C. Thomas
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Kameshwari Ambati
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Roshni Dholkawala
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Ayami Nagasaka
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Praveen Yerramothu
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Siddharth Narendran
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Aravind Eye Care System, Madurai, India
| | - Felipe Pereira
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Departamento de Oftalmologia e Ciências Visuais, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yosuke Nagasaka
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Ivana Apicella
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Cai
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Ryan D. Makin
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Joseph Magagnoli
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Cliff I. Stains
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- University of Virginia Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Virginia Drug Discovery Consortium, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States
| | - Ruwen Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Shao-bin Wang
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Bradley D. Gelfand
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Jayakrishna Ambati
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
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10
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Yao J, Wang T, Jia L, Qiu Y, Zacks DN. Loss of Fas Receptor Function Preserves Photoreceptor Structure and Function in Two Mouse Models of Inherited Retinal Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:5. [PMID: 36083588 PMCID: PMC9469031 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.10.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The genetic heterogeneity of inherited retinal degeneration (IRD) has limited the development of mutation-specific therapies, necessitating the development of therapeutic approaches targeting broadly shared pathophysiologic pathways. The Fas receptor has been reported as a contributor to retinal cell death and inflammation in a wide variety of ocular diseases. The purpose of this study was to assess targeting the Fas pathway as a novel mutation-independent approach to improve photoreceptor survival in IRD. Methods We examined the effects of genetic inactivation of the Fas receptor on retinal degeneration in two distinct IRD mouse models, P23H and rd10. The Fas-lpr mouse, which contains a functionally inactive Fas receptor, was crossed with the P23H and rd10 mice to generate P23H/Fas-lpr and rd10/Fas-lpr mice. Fas activation, photoreceptor survival and retinal function were assessed. Results We detected elevated levels of Fas receptor and microglial activation in the retinas of both P23H and rd10 mice. Inactivation of Fas in these two IRD models (P23H/Fas-lpr and rd10/Fas-lpr mice) resulted in reduced cell death, increased photoreceptor survival, improved retinal function, and reduced microglial activation and inflammatory cytokine production. Conclusions The protective effect of a nonfunctional Fas receptor in two different mouse models of retinal degeneration suggests that whereas the individual IRD mutation may be specific, the retina's response to the different stressors appears to be shared and driven by Fas. Reducing Fas activity might represent a potential mutation-independent therapeutic approach to preserve retinal structure and function in patients with IRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Yaoyan Qiu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - David N Zacks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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11
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Immune recognition of syngeneic, allogeneic and xenogeneic stromal cell transplants in healthy retinas. STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY 2022; 13:430. [PMID: 35987845 PMCID: PMC9392272 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03129-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Advanced therapies using adult mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for neurodegenerative diseases are not effectively translated into the clinic. The cross talk between the transplanted cells and the host tissue is something that, despite its importance, is not being systematically investigated. Methods We have compared the response of the mouse healthy retina to the intravitreal transplantation of MSCs derived from the bone marrow in four modalities: syngeneic, allogeneic, xenogeneic and allogeneic with immunosuppression using functional analysis in vivo and histology, cytometry and protein measurement post-mortem. Data were considered significant (p < 0.05) after nonparametric suitable statistical tests. Results Transplanted cells remain in the vitreous and are cleared by microglial cells a process that is quicker in allotransplants regardless of immunosuppression. All transplants cause anatomical remodelling which is more severe after xenotransplants. Xeno- and allotransplants with or without immunosuppression cause macro- and microglial activation and retinal functional impairment, being xenotransplants the most detrimental and the only ones that recruit CD45+Iba1−cells. The profile of proinflammatory cytokines changes in all transplantation settings. However, none of these changes affect the retinal ganglion cell population. Conclusions We show here a specific functional and anatomical retinal response depending on the MSC transplantation modality, an aspect that should be taken into consideration when conducting preclinical studies if we intend a more realistic translation into clinical practice. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-03129-y.
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12
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Neuroprotection for Age-Related Macular Degeneration. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2022; 2:100192. [PMID: 36570623 PMCID: PMC9767822 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2022.100192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Early to intermediate AMD is characterized by the accumulation of lipid- and protein-rich drusen. Late stages of the disease are characterized by the development of choroidal neovascularization, termed "exudative" or "neovascular AMD," or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell and photoreceptor death, termed "geographic atrophy" (GA) in advanced nonexudative AMD. Although we have effective treatments for exudative AMD in the form of anti-VEGF agents, they have no role for patients with GA. Neuroprotection strategies have emerged as a possible way to slow photoreceptor degeneration and vision loss in patients with GA. These approaches include reduction of oxidative stress, modulation of the visual cycle, reduction of toxic molecules, inhibition of pathologic protein activity, prevention of cellular apoptosis or programmed necrosis (necroptosis), inhibition of inflammation, direct activation of neurotrophic factors, delivery of umbilical tissue-derived cells, and RPE replacement. Despite active investigation in this area and significant promise based on preclinical studies, many clinical studies have not yielded successful results. We discuss selected past and current neuroprotection trials for AMD, highlight the lessons learned from these past studies, and discuss our perspective regarding remaining questions that must be answered before neuroprotection can be successfully applied in the field of AMD research.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer disease
- ALA, alpha lipoic acid
- AMD, age-related macular degeneration
- AREDS, Age-Related Eye Disease Study
- AREDS2, Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2
- Age-related macular degeneration
- CFH, complement factor H
- CNTF, ciliary neurotrophic factor
- GA, geographic atrophy
- HTRA1, high-temperature requirement A1
- IOP, intraocular pressure
- Neuroprotection
- RBP, retinol-binding protein
- RGC, retinal ganglion cell
- RIPK3, receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RPE, retinal pigment epithelium
- Retinal degeneration
- VA, visual acuity
- iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cell
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13
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Kulbay M, Paimboeuf A, Ozdemir D, Bernier J. Review of cancer cell resistance mechanisms to apoptosis and actual targeted therapies. J Cell Biochem 2021; 123:1736-1761. [PMID: 34791699 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The apoptosis pathway is a programmed cell death mechanism that is crucial for cellular and tissue homeostasis and organ development. There are three major caspase-dependent pathways of apoptosis that ultimately lead to DNA fragmentation. Cancerous cells are known to highly regulate the apoptotic pathway and its role in cancer hallmark acquisition has been discussed over the past decades. Numerous mutations in cancer cell types have been reported to be implicated in chemoresistance and treatment outcome. In this review, we summarize the mutations of the caspase-dependant apoptotic pathways that are the source of cancer development and the targeted therapies currently available or in trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Kulbay
- INRS - Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adeline Paimboeuf
- INRS - Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Derman Ozdemir
- Department of Medicine, One Brooklyn Health-Brookdale Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Jacques Bernier
- INRS - Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Quebec, Canada
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14
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Autophagy activation and photoreceptor survival in retinal detachment. Exp Eye Res 2021; 205:108492. [PMID: 33609513 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We assess the effect of autophagy inhibition on photoreceptor (PR) survival during experimental retinal detachment (RD) and examine the and examine the relationship between autophagy and the expression of glycolytic enzymes HK2 and PKM2 in the retina. We find that inhibiting autophagy by genetic knock out of the autophagy activator Atg5 in rod PRs resulted in increased apoptotic and necroptotic cell death during RD, demonstrated by elevated terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells, caspase 8 activity, transcript levels of Fas receptor and RIPK3 as compared to controls. The absence of autophagy in rods resulted in downregulation of hexokinase 2 and pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme 2 levels. More than 460 proteins were identified by mass spectroscopy in autophagosomes isolated from detached retinas compared with less than 150 proteins identified in autophagosomes from attached retinas. Among various cellular compartments, proteins from cytoskeleton, cytoplasm and intracellular organelles constituted a large portion of increased autophagosome contents. These proteins represent numerous biological processes, including phototransduction, cell-cell signaling, metabolism and inflammation. Our findings suggest that competent autophagy machinery is necessary for PR homeostasis and improving PR survival during periods of nutrient deprivation.
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15
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Gregory-Ksander M, Marshak-Rothstein A. The FasLane to ocular pathology-metalloproteinase cleavage of membrane-bound FasL determines FasL function. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:965-977. [PMID: 33565149 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ri1220-834r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fas ligand (FasL) is best known for its ability to induce cell death in a wide range of Fas-expressing targets and to limit inflammation in immunoprivileged sites such as the eye. In addition, the ability of FasL to induce a much more extensive list of outcomes is being increasingly explored and accepted. These outcomes include the induction of proinflammatory cytokine production, T cell activation, and cell motility. However, the distinct and opposing functions of membrane-associated FasL (mFasL) and the C-terminal soluble FasL fragment (sFasL) released by metalloproteinase cleavage is less well documented and understood. Both mFasL and sFasL can form trimers that engage the trimeric Fas receptor, but only mFasL can form a multimeric complex in lipid rafts to trigger apoptosis and inflammation. By contrast, a number of reports have now documented the anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory activity of sFasL, pointing to a critical regulatory function of the soluble molecule. The immunomodulatory activity of FasL is particularly evident in ocular pathology where elimination of the metalloproteinase cleavage site and the ensuing increased expression of mFasL can severely exacerbate the extent of inflammation and cell death. By contrast, both homeostatic and increased expression of sFasL can limit inflammation and cell death. The mechanism(s) responsible for the protective activity of sFasL are discussed but remain controversial. Nevertheless, it will be important to consider therapeutic applications of sFasL for the treatment of ocular diseases such as glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Gregory-Ksander
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ann Marshak-Rothstein
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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16
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Zhang ZY, Sun YJ, Song JY, Fan B, Li GY. Experimental models and examination methods of retinal detachment. Brain Res Bull 2021; 169:51-62. [PMID: 33434623 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Retinal detachment refers to the separation of the retinal neuroepithelium and pigment epithelium, usually involving the death of photoreceptor cells. Severe detachment may lead to permanent visual impairment if not treated properly and promptly. According to the underlying causes, retinal detachment falls into one of three categories: exudative retinal detachment, traction detachment, and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Like many other diseases, it is difficult to study the pathophysiology of retinal detachment directly in humans, because the human retinal tissues are precious, scarce and non-regenerative; thus, establishing experimental models that better mimic the disease is necessary. In this review, we summarize the existing models of the three categories of retinal detachment both in vivo and in vitro, along with an overview of their examination methods and the major strengths and weaknesses of each model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yuan Zhang
- Second Hosp Jilin Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, 218 Zi Qiang St, Changchun, 130041, PR China.
| | - Ying-Jian Sun
- Second Hosp Jilin Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, 218 Zi Qiang St, Changchun, 130041, PR China.
| | - Jing-Yao Song
- Second Hosp Shandong Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, 247 Bei Yuan St, Jinan, 250031, PR China.
| | - Bin Fan
- Second Hosp Jilin Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, 218 Zi Qiang St, Changchun, 130041, PR China.
| | - Guang-Yu Li
- Second Hosp Jilin Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, 218 Zi Qiang St, Changchun, 130041, PR China.
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17
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Weh E, Lutrzykowska Z, Smith A, Hager H, Pawar M, Wubben TJ, Besirli CG. Hexokinase 2 is dispensable for photoreceptor development but is required for survival during aging and outer retinal stress. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:422. [PMID: 32499533 PMCID: PMC7272456 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2638-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Photoreceptor death is the ultimate cause of vision loss in many retinal degenerative conditions. Identifying novel therapeutic avenues for prolonging photoreceptor health and function has the potential to improve vision and quality of life for patients suffering from degenerative retinal disorders. Photoreceptors are metabolically unique among other neurons in that they process the majority of their glucose via aerobic glycolysis. One of the main regulators of aerobic glycolysis is hexokinase 2 (HK2). Beyond its enzymatic function of phosphorylating glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, HK2 has additional non-enzymatic roles, including the regulation of apoptotic signaling via AKT signaling. Determining the role of HK2 in photoreceptor homeostasis may identify novel signaling pathways that can be targeted with neuroprotective agents to boost photoreceptor survival during metabolic stress. Here we show that following experimental retinal detachment, p-AKT is upregulated and HK2 translocates to mitochondria. Inhibition of AKT phosphorylation in 661W photoreceptor-like cells results in translocation of mitochondrial HK2 to the cytoplasm, increased caspase activity, and decreased cell viability. Rod-photoreceptors lacking HK2 upregulate HK1 and appear to develop normally. Interestingly, we found that HK2-deficient photoreceptors are more susceptible to acute nutrient deprivation in the experimental retinal detachment model. Additionally, HK2 appears to be important for preserving photoreceptors during aging. We show that retinal glucose metabolism is largely unchanged after HK2 deletion, suggesting that the non-enzymatic role of HK2 is important for maintaining photoreceptor health. These results suggest that HK2 expression is critical for preserving photoreceptors during acute nutrient stress and aging. More specifically, p-AKT mediated translocation of HK2 to the mitochondrial surface may be critical for protecting photoreceptors from acute and chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Weh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, US
| | | | - Andrew Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, US
| | - Heather Hager
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, US
| | - Mercy Pawar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, US
| | - Thomas J Wubben
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, US
| | - Cagri G Besirli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, US.
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18
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Ross BX, Choi J, Yao J, Hager HM, Abcouwer SF, Zacks DN. Loss of High-Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) Protein in Rods Accelerates Rod Photoreceptor Degeneration After Retinal Detachment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:50. [PMID: 32460314 PMCID: PMC7405795 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.5.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Retinal detachment (RD) disrupts the nutritional support and oxygen delivery to photoreceptors (PRs), ultimately causing cell death. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) can serve as an extracellular alarmin when released from stressed cells. PRs release HMGB1 after RD. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between HMGB1 and PR survival after RD. Methods Acute RD was created by injection of hyaluronic acid (1%) into the subretinal space in C57BL/6 mice and mice with a rhodopsin-Cre-mediated conditional knockout (cKO) of HMGB1 in rods (HMGB1ΔRod). Immunofluorescence (IF) in retinal sections was used to localize HMGB1, rhodopsin, and Iba-1 proteins. Optical coherence tomography and electroretinography were used to quantify retinal thickness and function, respectively. The morphology of the retina was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin. Results HMGB1 protein was localized to the nuclei of all retinal neurons, including PRs, with cones staining more intensely than rods. HMGB1 protein was also found in the inner and outer segments of cones but not rods. Creation of RD caused a dramatic increase of HMGB1 protein IF in rods. cKO of HMGB1 in rods did not affect retinal structure or function. However, after RD, loss of rods and reduction in the thickness of the outer nuclear layer were significantly increased in the HMGB1ΔRod retinas as compared to the control. Interestingly, depletion of HMGB1 in rods did not affect the activation and mobilization of microglia/macrophages normally seen after RD. Conclusions Increased HMGB1 expression in stressed rods may represent an intrinsic mechanism regulating their survival after RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing X. Ross
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Joanne Choi
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Jingyu Yao
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Heather M. Hager
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Steven F. Abcouwer
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - David N. Zacks
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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19
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Chaudhary R, Scott RAH, Wallace G, Berry M, Logan A, Blanch RJ. Inflammatory and Fibrogenic Factors in Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy Development. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:23. [PMID: 32742753 PMCID: PMC7357815 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.3.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) occurs in 5%-10% of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment cases and is the principle cause for failure of retinal reattachment surgery. Although there are a number of surgical adjunctive agents available for preventing the development of PVR, all have limited efficacy. Discovering predictive molecular biomarkers to determine the probability of PVR development after retinal reattachment surgery will allow better patient stratification for more targeted drug evaluations. Methods Narrative literature review. Results We provide a summary of the inflammatory and fibrogenic factors found in ocular fluid samples during the development of retinal detachment and PVR and discuss their possible use as molecular PVR predictive biomarkers. Conclusions Studies monitoring the levels of the above factors have found that few if any have predictive biomarker value, suggesting that widening the phenotype of potential factors and a combinatorial approach are required to determine predictive biomarkers for PVR. Translational Relevance The identification of relevant biomarkers relies on an understanding of disease signaling pathways derived from basic science research. We discuss the extent to which those molecules identified as biomarkers and predictors of PVR relate to disease pathogenesis and could function as useful disease predictors. (http://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/ number, UMIN000005604).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishika Chaudhary
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, UK.,Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Graham Wallace
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Martin Berry
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ann Logan
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Richard J Blanch
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,Academic Unit of Military Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
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20
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Wubben TJ, Pawar M, Weh E, Smith A, Sajjakulnukit P, Zhang L, Dai L, Hager H, Pai MP, Lyssiotis CA, Besirli CG. Small molecule activation of metabolic enzyme pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme 2, PKM2, circumvents photoreceptor apoptosis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2990. [PMID: 32076076 PMCID: PMC7031539 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59999-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptor cell death is the ultimate cause of vision loss in many retinal disorders, and there is an unmet need for neuroprotective modalities to improve photoreceptor survival. Similar to cancer cells, photoreceptors maintain pyruvate kinase muscle isoform 2 (PKM2) expression, which is a critical regulator in aerobic glycolysis. Unlike PKM1, which has constitutively high catalytic activity, PKM2 is under complex regulation. Recently, we demonstrated that genetically reprogramming photoreceptor metabolism via PKM2-to-PKM1 substitution is a promising neuroprotective strategy. Here, we explored the neuroprotective effects of pharmacologically activating PKM2 via ML-265, a small molecule activator of PKM2, during acute outer retinal stress. We found that ML-265 increased PKM2 activity in 661 W cells and in vivo in rat eyes without affecting the expression of genes involved in glucose metabolism. ML-265 treatment did, however, alter metabolic intermediates of glucose metabolism and those necessary for biosynthesis in cultured cells. Long-term exposure to ML-265 did not result in decreased photoreceptor function or survival under baseline conditions. Notably, though, ML-265-treatment did reduce entrance into the apoptotic cascade in in vitro and in vivo models of outer retinal stress. These data suggest that reprogramming metabolism via activation of PKM2 is a novel, and promising, therapeutic strategy for photoreceptor neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Wubben
- University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Mercy Pawar
- University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Eric Weh
- University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Andrew Smith
- University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Peter Sajjakulnukit
- University of Michigan, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- University of Michigan Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Metabolomics Core, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Lipeng Dai
- University of Michigan, College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Heather Hager
- University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Ann Arbor, USA
| | | | - Costas A Lyssiotis
- University of Michigan, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Cagri G Besirli
- University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Ann Arbor, USA.
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21
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Liu X, Xie J, Yang L, Li Y, He Y, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Su G. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells enhance autophagy and help protect cells under hypoxic and retinal detachment conditions. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:3346-3358. [PMID: 32003125 PMCID: PMC7131940 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study aimed to evaluate the protective role and mechanisms of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in hypoxic photoreceptors and experimental retinal detachment. The cellular morphology, viability, apoptosis and autophagy of hypoxic 661w cells and cells cocultured with BMSCs were analysed. In retinal detachment model, BMSCs were intraocularly transplanted, and then, the retinal morphology, outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness and rhodopsin expression were studied as well as apoptosis and autophagy of the retinal cells. The hypoxia‐induced apoptosis of 661w cells obviously increased together with autophagy levels increasing and peaking at 8 hours after hypoxia. Upon coculturing with BMSCs, hypoxic 661w cells had a better morphology and fewer apoptosis. After autophagy was inhibited, the apoptotic 661w cells under the hypoxia increased, and the cell viability was reduced, even in the presence of transplanted BMSCs. In retina‐detached eyes transplanted with BMSCs, the retinal ONL thickness was closer to that of the normal retina. After transplantation, apoptosis decreased significantly and retinal autophagy was activated in the BMSC‐treated retinas. Increased autophagy in the early stage could facilitate the survival of 661w cells under hypoxic stress. Coculturing with BMSCs protects 661w cells from hypoxic damage, possibly due to autophagy activation. In retinal detachment models, BMSC transplantation can significantly reduce photoreceptor cell death and preserve retinal structure. The capacity of BMSCs to reduce retinal cell apoptosis and to initiate autophagy shortly after transplantation may facilitate the survival of retinal cells in the low‐oxygen and nutrition‐restricted milieu after retinal detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jia'nan Xie
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Longfei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Li
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuxi He
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zaoxia Liu
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guanfang Su
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Ma M, Li B, Zhang M, Zhou L, Yang F, Ma F, Shao H, Li Q, Li X, Zhang X. Therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes on retinal detachment. Exp Eye Res 2019; 191:107899. [PMID: 31866431 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Retinal detachment (RD) induces ischemia and oxygen deficiency in the retina and results in multiple pathological events; photoreceptor cell degeneration and death is the eventual cause of vision decline. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) in a rat retinal detachment (RD) model. The model was developed using a subretinal injection of 1% hyaluronic acid in male Sprague-Dawley rats. MSC-Exos were sub-retinally injected at the time of retinal separation to study their therapeutic function. The retinal expression levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and MCP-1 were detected by RT-PCR, the autophagy-related protein 5 (Atg5) and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta (LC3) were detected by Western blot, and apoptosis was examined using TUNEL assays at 3 days following RD. Retinal structure was observed at 7 days post-RD. Proteomic analysis was also performed to detect proteins carried by MSC-Exos using iTRAQ-based technology combined with one-dimensional nano LC-nano-ESI- MS/MS. We found that expression of TNF-α and IL-1β were significantly reduced, the LC3-II to LC3-I ratio was enhanced and cleavage of Atg5 was decreased after MSC-Exo treatment. Treatment with MSC-Exos also suppressed photoreceptor cell apoptosis and maintained normal retinal structure when compared to control groups. Proteomic analysis revealed that MSC-Exos contained proteins with anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic effects. These results suggest that MSC-Exos have therapeutic effects on RD-induced retinal injury and can be used to reduce effects of retinal detachment on photoreceptor cell degeneration in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, 251 Fukang Road, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Bing Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, 251 Fukang Road, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Mingliang Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, 251 Fukang Road, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Fuhua Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, 251 Fukang Road, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Feifei Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, 251 Fukang Road, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, USA
| | - Qiutang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, USA
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, 251 Fukang Road, Tianjin, 300384, China.
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, 251 Fukang Road, Tianjin, 300384, China.
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23
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Krishnan A, Kocab AJ, Zacks DN, Marshak-Rothstein A, Gregory-Ksander M. A small peptide antagonist of the Fas receptor inhibits neuroinflammation and prevents axon degeneration and retinal ganglion cell death in an inducible mouse model of glaucoma. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:184. [PMID: 31570110 PMCID: PMC6767653 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1576-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaucoma is a complex, multifactorial disease where apoptosis, microglia activation, and inflammation have been linked to the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and axon degeneration. We demonstrated previously that FasL-Fas signaling was required for axon degeneration and death of RGCs in chronic and inducible mouse models of glaucoma and that Fas activation triggered RGC apoptosis, glial activation, and inflammation. Here, we investigated whether targeting the Fas receptor with a small peptide antagonist, ONL1204, has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in a microbead-induced mouse model of glaucoma. METHODS Intracameral injection of microbeads was used to elevate intraocular pressure (IOP) in Fas-deficient (Faslpr) mice and WT C57BL/6J mice that received an intravitreal injection of the Fas inhibitor, ONL1204 (2 μg/1 μl) (or vehicle only), on day 0 or day 7 after microbead injection. The IOP was monitored by rebound tonometry, and at 28 days post-microbead injection, Brn3a-stained RGCs and paraphenylenediamine (PPD)-stained axons were analyzed. The effects of ONL1204 on retinal microglia activation and the expression of inflammatory genes were analyzed by immunostaining of retinal flatmounts and quantitative PCR (qPCR). RESULTS Rebound tonometry showed equivalent elevation of IOP in all groups of microbead-injected mice. At 28 days post-microbead injection, the RGC and axon counts from microbead-injected Faslpr mice were equivalent to saline-injected (no IOP elevation) controls. Treatment with ONL1204 also significantly reduced RGC death and loss of axons in microbead-injected WT mice when compared to vehicle-treated controls, even when administered after IOP elevation. Confocal analysis of Iba1-stained retinal flatmounts and qPCR demonstrated that ONL1204 also abrogated microglia activation and inhibited the induction of multiple genes implicated in glaucoma, including cytokines and chemokines (GFAP, Caspase-8, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-2, MCPI, and IP10), components of the complement cascade (C3, C1Q), Toll-like receptor pathway (TLR4), and inflammasome pathway (NLRP3). CONCLUSIONS These results serve as proof-of-principal that the small peptide inhibitor of the Fas receptor, ONL1204, can provide robust neuroprotection in an inducible mouse model of glaucoma, even when administered after IOP elevation. Moreover, Fas signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of glaucoma through activation of both apoptotic and inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitha Krishnan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - David N Zacks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ann Marshak-Rothstein
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Meredith Gregory-Ksander
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA, USA.
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24
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25
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Kiang L, Ross BX, Yao J, Shanmugam S, Andrews CA, Hansen S, Besirli CG, Zacks DN, Abcouwer SF. Vitreous Cytokine Expression and a Murine Model Suggest a Key Role of Microglia in the Inflammatory Response to Retinal Detachment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:3767-3778. [PMID: 30046818 PMCID: PMC6059764 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Retinal detachment (RD) separates the retina from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium, resulting in a gradual degeneration of photoreceptor (PR) cells. It is known that RD also results in an inflammatory response, but its contribution to PR degeneration is unknown. In this study we examine the inflammatory responses to RD in patient vitreous and validate a mouse experimental RD as a model of this phenomenon. Methods Multiplex bead arrays were used to examine cytokine levels in vitreous samples from 24 patients with macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) undergoing reattachment surgery and from 10 control patients undergoing vitrectomy for vitreous opacities or epiretinal membrane. Activation of the innate immune response was then examined in a mouse model of RD. Results Twenty-eight factors were significantly increased in vitreous from RD patients versus controls. Notable were the cytokines MCP-1 (CCL2), IP-10 (CXCL10), fractalkine (CX3CL1), GRO (CXCL1), MDC (CCL22), IL-6, and IL-8, which all exhibited relatively high concentrations and several-fold increases in the vitreous of RD patients. Concentrations of various analytes correlated with a range of clinical variables such as duration of detachment and visual acuity. Retinal detachment in the mouse resulted in cytokine mRNA expression changes consistent with human RD vitreous results, as well as microglial proliferation and migration toward the outer retina. Conclusions The findings suggest that an inflammatory response involving microglia is a component of the reaction to retinal detachment that may impact visual acuity after surgical repair and that mouse experimental RD can serve as a model to study this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Kiang
- Oregon Health and Science University, Casey Eye Institute, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Bing X Ross
- University of Michigan Medicine, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Jingyu Yao
- University of Michigan Medicine, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Sumathi Shanmugam
- University of Michigan Medicine, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Chris A Andrews
- University of Michigan Medicine, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Sean Hansen
- University of Michigan Medicine, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Cagri G Besirli
- University of Michigan Medicine, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - David N Zacks
- University of Michigan Medicine, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Steven F Abcouwer
- University of Michigan Medicine, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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26
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Takahashi K, Morizane Y, Hisatomi T, Tachibana T, Kimura S, Hosokawa MM, Shiode Y, Hirano M, Doi S, Toshima S, Araki R, Matsumae H, Kanzaki Y, Hosogi M, Yoshida A, Sonoda KH, Shiraga F. The influence of subretinal injection pressure on the microstructure of the monkey retina. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209996. [PMID: 30596769 PMCID: PMC6312337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the influence of subretinal injection pressure on the microstructure of the retina in a monkey model. Methods After vitrectomy, balanced salt solution was injected subretinally into one eye each of four cynomolgus monkeys while controlling the injection pressure. Initially, a pressure of 2 psi was used, and this was gradually increased to determine the minimum required pressure. Subsequent injections were performed at two pressures: minimum (n = 13) and high (n = 6). To compare the influence of these injection pressures on retinal structure, optical coherence tomography (OCT) was performed before surgery and every week afterwards. The monkeys were euthanized and their eyes were enucleated at 1 or 6 weeks after the injections. The eyes were processed for light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as well as for TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling. Results The minimum pressure required to perform subretinal injection was 6 psi. After injection at this pressure, both OCT and microscopy showed that the retinal structure was well-preserved throughout the experimental period at all injection sites. Conversely, after injection at high pressure (20 psi) OCT images at all injection sites showed disruption of the ellipsoid zone (EZ) after 1 week. Microscopy indicated damage to the photoreceptor outer segment (OS) and stratification of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). After 6 weeks, OCT demonstrated that the EZ had become continuous and TEM confirmed that the OS and RPE had recovered. Photoreceptor apoptosis was absent after subretinal injection at both pressures. Conclusions The retinal damage caused by subretinal injection increases depending on pressure, indicating that clinicians should perform subretinal injection at pressures as low as possible to ensure safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuki Morizane
- Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Toshio Hisatomi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Tachibana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shuhei Kimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mio Morizane Hosokawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shiode
- Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masayuki Hirano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Doi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shinji Toshima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Araki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsumae
- Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuki Kanzaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mika Hosogi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yoshida
- Research and Development Division, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nara, Japan
| | - Koh-Hei Sonoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fumio Shiraga
- Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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27
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She X, Lu X, Li T, Sun J, Liang J, Zhai Y, Yang S, Gu Q, Wei F, Zhu H, Wang F, Luo X, Sun X. Inhibition of Mitochondrial Fission Preserves Photoreceptors after Retinal Detachment. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:1713-1722. [PMID: 29684364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Photoreceptor degeneration is a leading cause of visual impairment worldwide. Separation of neurosensory retina from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium is a prominent feature preceding photoreceptor degeneration in a variety of retinal diseases. Although ophthalmic surgical procedures have been well developed to restore retinal structures, postoperative patients usually experience progressive photoreceptor degeneration and irreversible vision loss that is incurable at present. Previous studies point to a critical role of mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway in photoreceptor degeneration, but the upstream triggers remain largely unexplored. In this study, we show that after experimental retinal detachment induction, photoreceptors activate dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1)-dependent mitochondrial fission pathway and subsequent apoptotic cascades. Mechanistically, endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) are necessary for Drp1 activation in vivo, and exogenous ROS insult is sufficient to activate Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission in cultured photoreceptors. Accordingly, inhibition of Drp1 activity effectively preserves mitochondrial integrity and rescues photoreceptors. Collectively, our data delineate an ROS-Drp1-mitochondria axis that promotes photoreceptor degeneration in retinal diseased models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun She
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Xinmin Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Junran Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Jian Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai
| | - Yuanqi Zhai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai
| | - Shiqi Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Qing Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai
| | - Fenghua Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai
| | - Xueting Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Wubben TJ, Pawar M, Smith A, Toolan K, Hager H, Besirli CG. Photoreceptor metabolic reprogramming provides survival advantage in acute stress while causing chronic degeneration. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17863. [PMID: 29259242 PMCID: PMC5736549 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18098-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptor death is the root cause of vision loss in many retinal disorders, and there is an unmet need for neuroprotective modalities to improve photoreceptor survival. The biosynthetic requirement of photoreceptors is among the highest in the body, and to meet this demand, photoreceptors maintain their ability to perform aerobic glycolysis. This highly regulated form of glycolysis allows cells to efficiently budget their metabolic needs and may be a critical link between photoreceptor function and survival. Pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme 2 (PKM2) is a key regulator of aerobic glycolysis. In the present study, we characterized the effect of PKM2 deletion on baseline functioning and survival of photoreceptors over time by utilizing a photoreceptor-specific, PKM2 knockout mouse model. We found that upon PKM2 deletion, PKM1 is upregulated in the outer retina and there is increased expression of genes involved in glucose metabolism, which led to chronic degenerative changes in the outer retina of these mice. We also discovered that this metabolic reprogramming provided a survival advantage to photoreceptors in an experimental model of retinal detachment. This study strongly supports the hypothesis that reprogramming metabolism may be a novel therapeutic strategy for photoreceptor neuroprotection during acute stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Wubben
- University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mercy Pawar
- University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew Smith
- University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kevin Toolan
- University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Heather Hager
- University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Cagri G Besirli
- University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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29
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Pawar M, Busov B, Chandrasekhar A, Yao J, Zacks DN, Besirli CG. FAS apoptotic inhibitory molecule 2 is a stress-induced intrinsic neuroprotective factor in the retina. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:1799-1810. [PMID: 28708137 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the neuroprotective role of FAS apoptotic inhibitory molecule 2 (FAIM2), an inhibitor of the FAS signaling pathway, during stress-induced photoreceptor apoptosis. Retinal detachment resulted in increased FAIM2 levels in photoreceptors with higher amounts detected at the tips of outer segments. Activation of FAS death receptor via FAS-ligand led to JNK-mediated FAIM2 phosphorylation, decreased proteasome-mediated degradation and increased association with the FAS receptor. Photoreceptor apoptosis was accelerated in Faim2 knockout mice following experimental retinal detachment. We show that FAIM2 is primarily involved in reducing stress-induced photoreceptor cell death but this effect was transient. FAIM2 was found to interact with both p53 and HSP90 following the activation of the FAS death pathway and FAIM2/HSP90 interaction was dependent on the phosphorylation of FAIM2. Lack of FAIM2 led to increased expression of proadeath genes Fas and Ripk1 in the retina under physiologic conditions. These results demonstrate that FAIM2 is an intrinsic neuroprotective factor activated by stress in photoreceptors and delays FAS-mediated photoreceptor apoptosis. Modulation of this pathway to increase FAIM2 expression may be a potential therapeutic option to prevent photoreceptor death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercy Pawar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Boris Busov
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Aaruran Chandrasekhar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Jingyu Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - David N Zacks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Cagri G Besirli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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30
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Xiao J, Yao J, Jia L, Lin C, Zacks DN. Protective Effect of Met12, a Small Peptide Inhibitor of Fas, on the Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Photoreceptor After Sodium Iodate Injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:1801-1810. [PMID: 28346613 PMCID: PMC5374881 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-21392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose A major problem in macular degeneration is the inability to reduce RPE and photoreceptor death. These cells die by necroptosis and apoptosis, respectively, but the upstream activator(s) of these death pathways is unknown. In this study, we use the sodium iodate (NaIO3) model of oxidative stress to test the hypothesis that activation of the Fas receptor contributes to the death of the RPE and photoreceptors. Methods Sodium iodate was injected in Brown-Norway rats via femoral vein injection. Both in vivo (fundus photography, optical coherence tomography, and fluorescein angiography) and ex vivo (histology, immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and RT-PCR) analyses of the RPE and retina were conducted at baseline, as well as at various times post NaIO3 injection. The ability of intravitreal injection of Met12, a small peptide inhibitor of the Fas receptor, to prevent RPE and photoreceptor cell death was assessed. Results Injection of NaIO3 led to Fas-mediated activation of both necroptosis and apoptosis in the RPE and photoreceptors, respectively. This was accompanied by a significant increase in the number of microglia/macrophages in the outer retina. Met12 significantly reduced the activation of the Fas-mediated death pathways, resulting in reduced RPE and photoreceptor death and a decreased immune response. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that NaIO3 activates Fas-mediated cell death, both in the RPE and photoreceptor, and that a small peptide antagonist of the Fas receptor, Met12, significantly reduces the extent of this cell death. These findings suggest a role for Fas inhibition to protect the RPE and photoreceptors from death due to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyu Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Lin Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Chengmao Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - David N Zacks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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31
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Matsumoto H, Murakami Y, Kataoka K, Notomi S, Mantopoulos D, Trichonas G, Miller JW, Gregory MS, Ksander BR, Marshak-Rothstein A, Vavvas DG. Membrane-bound and soluble Fas ligands have opposite functions in photoreceptor cell death following separation from the retinal pigment epithelium. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1986. [PMID: 26583327 PMCID: PMC4670938 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Fas ligand (FasL) triggers apoptosis of Fas-positive cells, and previous reports described FasL-induced cell death of Fas-positive photoreceptors following a retinal detachment. However, as FasL exists in membrane-bound (mFasL) and soluble (sFasL) forms, and is expressed on resident microglia and infiltrating monocyte/macrophages, the current study examined the relative contribution of mFasL and sFasL to photoreceptor cell death after induction of experimental retinal detachment in wild-type, knockout (FasL-/-), and mFasL-only knock-in (ΔCS) mice. Retinal detachment in FasL-/- mice resulted in a significant reduction of photoreceptor cell death. In contrast, ΔCS mice displayed significantly more apoptotic photoreceptor cell death. Photoreceptor loss in ΔCS mice was inhibited by a subretinal injection of recombinant sFasL. Thus, Fas/FasL-triggered cell death accounts for a significant amount of photoreceptor cell loss following the retinal detachment. The function of FasL was dependent upon the form of FasL expressed: mFasL triggered photoreceptor cell death, whereas sFasL protected the retina, indicating that enzyme-mediated cleavage of FasL determines, in part, the extent of vision loss following the retinal detachment. Moreover, it also indicates that treatment with sFasL could significantly reduce photoreceptor cell loss in patients with retinal detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Matsumoto
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y Murakami
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K Kataoka
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Notomi
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D Mantopoulos
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G Trichonas
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J W Miller
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M S Gregory
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B R Ksander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Marshak-Rothstein
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - D G Vavvas
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Jiang G, Wang Y, Yun J, Hajrasouliha AR, Zhao Y, Sun D, Kaplan HJ, Shao H. HMGB1 release triggered by the interaction of live retinal cells and uveitogenic T cells is Fas/FasL activation-dependent. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:179. [PMID: 26394985 PMCID: PMC4579830 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0389-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is not clear how invading autoreactive T cells initiate the pathogenic process inside the diseased organ in T cell-mediated organ-specific autoimmune disease. In experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) induced by adoptive transfer of interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP)-specific T cells in mice, we have previously reported that intraocular inflammation was initiated by infiltrating IRBP-specific T cells that directly interacted with retinal cells and resulted in the active release of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), an important member of damage associate molecular patterns (DAMPs). Furthermore, blockade of HMGB1 in our murine model reduced intraocular inflammation via suppression of IRBP-specific T cell functions. These results have demonstrated that HMGB1 is an early and critical mediator of induction of intraocular inflammation. The present study identified the cell surface molecule that triggers HMGB1 secretion. Methods Retinal explants from Fas-deficient (Faslpr) and wild-type (Wt) C57BL/6 (B6) mice were cultured with activated IRBP 1–20 peptide-specific T cells or with a Fas-activating antibody (Jo2), and then the level of HMGB1 in culture supernatants were detected by ELISA. In addition, released HMGB1 was examined in the eye of Faslpr and Wt mice after IRBP-specific T cell transfer. Uveitis was evaluated in the IRBP-specific T cell transferred Faslpr mice after recombinant HMGB1 was restored within the eye and in the IRBP-specific T cell transferred Wt mice after they were treated with a Fas antagonist (Met12). Results In contrast to retinal explants from Wt mice, those from Faslpr mice did not release HMGB1 after exposure to IRBP-specific T cells or to Jo2. The release of HMGB1 by Wt retinal explants was suppressed by Met 12. Moreover, after IRBP-specific T cell injection, Faslpr mice did not release HMGB1 in the eye or develop EAU, but intravitreous injection of HMGB1 resulted in intraocular inflammation. Finally, tEAU in Wt mice was attenuated by local treatment with Met 12. Unlike HMGB1, Fas-induced IL-1 and IL-18 were not essential for tEAU induction. Conclusion Our results show that interaction of retinal cells with infiltrating uveitogenic T cells leads to rapid release of HMGB1 via the Fas/FasL inflammatory signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomin Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, 301 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Yunsong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, 301 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, China
| | - Juan Yun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, 301 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sullivan University College of Pharmacy, Louisville, KY, 40205, USA
| | - Amir Reza Hajrasouliha
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, 301 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sullivan University College of Pharmacy, Louisville, KY, 40205, USA
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Henry J Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, 301 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, 301 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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Shelby SJ, Angadi PS, Zheng QD, Yao J, Jia L, Zacks DN. Hypoxia inducible factor 1α contributes to regulation of autophagy in retinal detachment. Exp Eye Res 2015; 137:84-93. [PMID: 26093278 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Photoreceptor (PR) cells receive oxygen and nutritional support from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Retinal detachment results in PR hypoxia and their time-dependent death. Detachment also activates autophagy within the PR, which serves to reduce the rate of PR apoptosis. In this study, we test the hypothesis that autophagy activation in the PR results, at least in part, from the detachment-induced activation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF). Retina-RPE separation was created in Brown-Norway rats and C57BL/6J mice by injection of 1% hyaluronic acid into the subretinal space. Retinas were harvested and assayed for HIF protein levels. Cultured 661W photoreceptor cells were subjected to hypoxic conditions and assayed for induction of HIF and autophagy. The requirement of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in regulating photoreceptor autophagy was tested using siRNA in vitro and in vivo. We observed increased levels of HIF-1α and HIF-2α within 1 day post-detachment, as well as increased levels of BNIP3, a downstream target of HIF-1α that contributes to autophagy activation. Exposing 661W cells to hypoxia resulted in increased HIF-1α and HIF-2α levels and increase in conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II. Silencing of HIF-1α, but not HIF-2α, reduced the hypoxia-induced increase in LC3-II formation and increased cell death in 661W cells. Silencing of HIF-1α in rat retinas prevented the detachment-induced increase in BNIP3 and LC3-II, resulting in increased PR cell death. Our data support the hypothesis that HIF-1α, but not HIF-2α, serves as an early response signal to induce autophagy and reduce photoreceptor cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shameka J Shelby
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105-0714, USA
| | - Pavan S Angadi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105-0714, USA
| | - Qiong-Duon Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105-0714, USA
| | - Jingyu Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105-0714, USA
| | - Lin Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105-0714, USA
| | - David N Zacks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105-0714, USA.
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Yan Q, Zhu H, Wang FH, Feng JY, Wang WQ, Shi X, Zhou YP, Zhang X, Sun XD. Inhibition of TRB3 Protects Photoreceptors against Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Apoptosis after Experimental Retinal Detachment. Curr Eye Res 2015; 41:240-8. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1006371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Chapter 6 - Restoring Vision to the Blind: Neuroprotection. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2014; 3:8. [DOI: 10.1167/tvst.3.7.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Mohlin C, Taylor L, Ghosh F, Johansson K. Autophagy and ER-stress contribute to photoreceptor degeneration in cultured adult porcine retina. Brain Res 2014; 1585:167-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Blanch RJ, Ahmed Z, Thompson AR, Akpan N, Snead DRJ, Berry M, Troy CM, Scott RAH, Logan A. Caspase-9 mediates photoreceptor death after blunt ocular trauma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:6350-7. [PMID: 25190658 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Ocular trauma is common in civilian and military populations. Commotio retinae involves acute disruption of photoreceptor outer segments after blunt ocular trauma, with subsequent photoreceptor apoptosis causing permanent visual impairment. The mechanisms of photoreceptor death in commotio retinae have not previously been described, although caspase-dependent death is important in other nontraumatic retinal degenerations. We assessed the role of caspase-9 as a mediator of photoreceptor death in a rat model of ballistic ocular trauma causing commotio retinae. METHODS Bilateral commotio retinae was induced in rats by ballistic ocular trauma. Caspase-9 activity was assessed by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and bVAD-fmk active caspase capture. Caspase-9 was inhibited by unilateral intravitreal injection of highly specific X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) baculoviral IAP repeat 3 (XBIR3) domain linked to the cell transduction peptide penetratin 1 (Pen-1) after ballistic injury, and the affected eyes were compared with control eyes treated with Pen-1 injection alone, and retinal function was assessed by electroretinogram a-wave amplitude and photoreceptor survival by outer nuclear layer thickness. RESULTS Increased levels of cleaved caspase-9 were shown in photoreceptors 5 hours after injury, and catalytically active full-length caspase-9 was isolated from retinas. Photoreceptor death after commotio retinae was reduced by caspase-9 inhibition by using Pen-1-XBIR3, and electroretinographic measurements of photoreceptor function was preserved, providing structural and functional neuroprotection. CONCLUSIONS The time course of caspase-9 activation and the neuroprotective effects of inhibition suggest that caspase-9 initiates cell death in a proportion of photoreceptors after blunt ocular trauma and that an intravitreally delivered biologic inhibitor may be an effective translational treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Blanch
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zubair Ahmed
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Adam R Thompson
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nsikan Akpan
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - David R J Snead
- University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Berry
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Carol M Troy
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Robert A H Scott
- Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Logan
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Matsumoto H, Murakami Y, Kataoka K, Lin H, Connor KM, Miller JW, Zhou D, Avruch J, Vavvas DG. Mammalian STE20-like kinase 2, not kinase 1, mediates photoreceptor cell death during retinal detachment. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1269. [PMID: 24874741 PMCID: PMC4047884 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Photoreceptor cell death is the definitive cause of vision loss in retinal detachment (RD). Mammalian STE20-like kinase (MST) is a master regulator of both cell death and proliferation and a critical factor in development and tumorigenesis. However, to date the role of MST in neurodegeneration has not been fully explored. Utilizing MST1−/− and MST2−/− mice we identified MST2, but not MST1, as a regulator of photoreceptor cell death in a mouse model of RD. MST2−/− mice demonstrated significantly decreased photoreceptor cell death and outer nuclear layer (ONL) thinning after RD. Additionally, caspase-3 activation was attenuated in MST2−/− mice compared to control mice after RD. The transcription of p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) and Fas was also reduced in MST2−/− mice post-RD. Retinas of MST2−/− mice displayed suppressed nuclear relocalization of phosphorylated YAP after RD. Consistent with the reduction of photoreceptor cell death, MST2−/− mice showed decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and interleukin 6 as well as attenuated inflammatory CD11b cell infiltration during the early phase of RD. These results identify MST2, not MST1, as a critical regulator of caspase-mediated photoreceptor cell death in the detached retina and indicate its potential as a future neuroprotection target.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Matsumoto
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Y Murakami
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - K Kataoka
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - H Lin
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - K M Connor
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - J W Miller
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - D Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - J Avruch
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - D G Vavvas
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Matsumoto H, Kataoka K, Tsoka P, Connor KM, Miller JW, Vavvas DG. Strain difference in photoreceptor cell death after retinal detachment in mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:4165-74. [PMID: 24854853 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the potential for mouse genetic background to effect photoreceptor cell death in response to experimental retinal detachment (RD). METHODS Retinal detachment was induced in three inbred mouse strains (C57BL/6, BALB/c, and B6129SF2) by subretinal injection of sodium hyaluronate. A time course of photoreceptor cell death was assessed by TUNEL assay. Total photoreceptor cell death was analyzed through comparing the outer nuclear layer (ONL)/inner nuclear layer (INL) ratio 7 days post RD. Western blot analysis or quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) were performed to assess cell death signaling, expression of endogenous neurotrophin, and levels of apoptosis inhibitors 24 hours after RD. Inflammatory cytokine secretion and inflammatory cell infiltration were quantified by ELISA and immunostaining, respectively. RESULTS The peak of photoreceptor cell death after RD was at 24 hours in all strains. Photoreceptor cell death as well as monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and interleukin 6 secretion at 24 hours after RD was the highest in BALB/c, followed in order of magnitude by C57BL/6 and B6129SF2. Conversely, nerve growth factor expression and ONL/INL ratio were the lowest in BALB/c. Apoptosis signaling was higher in C57BL/6, whereas necroptosis signaling was higher in C57BL/6 and BALB/c. Autophagic signaling was higher in BALB/c. X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) and survivin protein levels were lower in C57BL/6 and BALB/c, respectively. Macrophage/microglia infiltration was higher in C57BL/6 and BALB/c at 24 hours after RD. CONCLUSIONS Photoreceptor cell death after RD was significantly different among the three strains, suggesting the presence of genetic factors that affect photoreceptor cell death after RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Matsumoto
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Keiko Kataoka
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Pavlina Tsoka
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Kip M Connor
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Joan W Miller
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Demetrios G Vavvas
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Chinskey ND, Zheng QD, Zacks DN. Control of photoreceptor autophagy after retinal detachment: the switch from survival to death. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:688-95. [PMID: 24408986 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine whether calpain inhibition following retinal detachment would prolong autophagy and result in reduced photoreceptor apoptosis. METHODS Retinal detachments were created in Brown-Norway rats by subretinal injection of 1% hyaluronic acid and simulated in vitro by Fas-receptor activation of 661W cells, a cone cell line. Protein levels of LC3 and autophagy-related gene 5 (Atg5), both of which are involved in the creation of the autophagosome, were assayed by Western blot. Calpain 1, the protease responsible for Atg5 cleavage and transitioning photoreceptors from autophagy to apoptosis, activity was monitored by α-spectrin cleavage. Various calpain inhibitors were added either to the subretinal space or cell culture media. Apoptosis was assessed in vitro by caspase-8 activity assays and in vivo via TUNEL assays. Cell counts were assessed in vivo at 2 months following detachment. RESULTS Following retinal detachment or Fas-receptor activation of 661W cells, there was an increase in Atg5 and LC3-II that peaked at 3 days and decreased by 7-days postdetachment. Calpain 1 activity level peaked at 7 days and was associated with decreased autophagy. Calpain inhibition led to increased autophagy, a decrease in caspase-8 activation, reduced TUNEL-positive photoreceptors, and increased photoreceptor cell survival. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that calpain activation, which peaks at 7-days postdetachment, is a key step in triggering photoreceptors to shift from cell survival to death. Prolonging autophagy through calpain inhibition leads to significantly reduced photoreceptor apoptosis and increased cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Chinskey
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Murakami Y, Notomi S, Hisatomi T, Nakazawa T, Ishibashi T, Miller JW, Vavvas DG. Photoreceptor cell death and rescue in retinal detachment and degenerations. Prog Retin Eye Res 2013; 37:114-40. [PMID: 23994436 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoreceptor cell death is the ultimate cause of vision loss in various retinal disorders, including retinal detachment (RD). Photoreceptor cell death has been thought to occur mainly through apoptosis, which is the most characterized form of programmed cell death. The caspase family of cysteine proteases plays a central role for inducing apoptosis, and in experimental models of RD, dying photoreceptor cells exhibit caspase activation; however, there is a paradox that caspase inhibition alone does not provide a sufficient protection against photoreceptor cell loss, suggesting that other mechanisms of cell death are involved. Recent accumulating evidence demonstrates that non-apoptotic forms of cell death, such as autophagy and necrosis, are also regulated by specific molecular machinery, such as those mediated by autophagy-related proteins and receptor-interacting protein kinases, respectively. Here we summarize the current knowledge of cell death signaling and its roles in photoreceptor cell death after RD and other retinal degenerative diseases. A body of studies indicate that not only apoptotic but also autophagic and necrotic signaling are involved in photoreceptor cell death, and that combined targeting of these pathways may be an effective neuroprotective strategy for retinal diseases associated with photoreceptor cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Murakami
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Zhu H, Qian J, Wang W, Yan Q, Xu Y, Jiang Y, Zhang L, Lu F, Hu W, Zhang X, Wang F, Sun X. RNA interference of GADD153 protects photoreceptors from endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis after retinal detachment. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59339. [PMID: 23555658 PMCID: PMC3612068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis of photoreceptors plays a critical role in the vision loss caused by retinal detachment (RD). Pharmacologic inhibition of photoreceptor cell death may prevent RD. This study investigated the role of GADD153 that participates in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis of photoreceptor cells after RD. METHODS Retinal detachment was created in Wistar rats by subretinal injection of hyaluronic acid. The rats were then randomly divided into four groups: normal control group, RD group, GADD153 RNAi group and vehicle group. RNA interference of GADD153 was performed using short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Expressions of GADD153 mRNA and protein were examined by RT-PCR and Western blotting analysis, respectively. GADD153 protein distribution in the retinal cells was observed using immunofluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy. Apoptosis of retinal cells was determined by TdT-mediated fluorescein-16-dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. RESULTS Lentivirus GADD153 shRNA with the most effective silencing effect was chosen for in vivo animal study and was successfully delivered into the retinal tissues. GADD153 mRNA and protein expressions in GADD153 RNAi group were significantly lower than those in the RD group. Silencing of GADD153 by RNAi protected photoreceptors from ER stress-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSION ER stress-mediated pathway is involved in photoreceptor cell apoptosis after RD. GADD153 is a key regulatory molecule regulating ER-stress pathways and plays a crucial role in the apoptosis of photoreceptor cells after RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Eye Research Institute of Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, No.3 People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Eye Research Institute of Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqiu Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Eye Research Institute of Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Eye Research Institute of Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Eye Research Institute of Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Eye Research Institute of Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Eye Research Institute of Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengqing Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Eye Research Institute of Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiting Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Eye Research Institute of Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Eye Research Institute of Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
- Eye Research Institute of Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fenghua Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Eye Research Institute of Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (XS); (FW)
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Eye Research Institute of Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
- Eye Research Institute of Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (XS); (FW)
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Wickham L, Lewis GP, Charteris DG, Fisher SK. Cellular Effects of Detachment and Reattachment on the Neural Retina and the Retinal Pigment Epithelium. Retina 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0737-9.00029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Besirli CG, Zheng QD, Reed DM, Zacks DN. ERK-mediated activation of Fas apoptotic inhibitory molecule 2 (Faim2) prevents apoptosis of 661W cells in a model of detachment-induced photoreceptor cell death. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46664. [PMID: 23029562 PMCID: PMC3460913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined the role of Fas apoptotic inhibitory molecule 2 (Faim2), an inhibitor of the Fas signaling pathway, and its regulation by stress kinase signaling during Fas-mediated apoptosis of 661W cells, an immortalized photoreceptor-like cell line Treatment of 661W cells with a Fas-activating antibody led to increased levels of Faim2. Both ERK and JNK stress kinase pathways were activated in Fas-treated 661W cells, but only the inhibition of the ERK pathway reduced the levels of Faim2. Blocking the ERK pathway using a pharmacological inhibitor increased the susceptibility of 661W cells to Fas-induced caspase activation and apoptosis. When the levels of Faim2 were reduced in 661W cells by siRNA knockdown, Fas activating antibody treatment resulted in earlier and more robust caspase activation, and increased cell death. These results demonstrate that Faim2 acts as a neuroprotectant during Fas-mediated apoptosis of 661W cells. The expression of Faim2 is triggered, at least in part, by Fas-receptor activation and subsequent ERK signaling. Our findings identify a novel protective pathway that auto-regulates Fas-induced photoreceptor apoptosis in vitro. Modulation of this pathway to increase Faim2 expression may be a potential therapeutic option to prevent photoreceptor death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagri G. Besirli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Qiong-Duon Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - David M. Reed
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - David N. Zacks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Dong K, Zhu H, Song Z, Gong Y, Wang F, Wang W, Zheng Z, Yu Z, Gu Q, Xu X, Sun X. Necrostatin-1 protects photoreceptors from cell death and improves functional outcome after experimental retinal detachment. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:1634-41. [PMID: 22940440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Necroptosis is a recently discovered programmed necrosis. Evidence demonstrated the importance of necroptosis in neuronal cell death. Necrostatin-1 is a specific inhibitor of necroptosis. In this study, we investigated the role of necrostatin-1 on photoreceptor survival and functional protection after experimental retinal detachment (RD) in rats. Necrostatin-1/inactive analogue of necrostatin-1 was introduced into the subretinal space at RD induction and 6 hours afterward, respectively. We found that necrostatin-1 attenuated retinal histopathological damage and reduced plasma membrane breakdown (a morphological hallmark of necroptosis) in outer retinal layers. Transmission electron microscopy showed that necrostatin-1 directly protected neurons by inhibiting necroptotic, not apoptotic, cell death. Treatment with necrostatin-1 inhibited the induction of receptor-interacting protein kinase phosphorylation after RD (a biomarker of necroptosis). Finally, electroretinographic recording proved that necrostatin-1 contributed to objective functional improvement after RD. These findings indicate that necrostatin-1 is a promising therapeutic agent that protects photoreceptors from necroptosis and improves functional outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Dong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, China
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Woo TTY, Li SY, Lai WWK, Wong D, Lo ACY. Neuroprotective effects of lutein in a rat model of retinal detachment. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2012; 251:41-51. [PMID: 22899456 PMCID: PMC3536954 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-012-2128-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retinal detachment (RD) is a leading cause of blindness, and although final surgical re-attachment rate has greatly improved, visual outcome in many macula-off detachments is disappointing, mainly because of photoreceptor cell death. We previously showed that lutein is anti-apoptotic in rodent models of ischemia/reperfusion injury. The objective of this study is to investigate lutein as a possible pharmacological adjunct to surgery. Methods Subretinal injections of 1.4 % sodium hyaluronate were used to induce RD in Sprague–Dawley rats until their retinae were approximately 70 % detached. Daily injections of corn oil (control group) or 0.5 mg/kg lutein in corn oil (treatment group) were given intraperitoneally starting 4 h after RD induction. Animals were euthanized 3 days and 30 days after RD and their retinae were analyzed for photoreceptor apoptosis and cell survival at the outer nuclear layer (ONL) using TUNEL staining and cell counting on retinal sections. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and rhodopsin (RHO) expression were evaluated with immunohistochemistry. Western blotting was done with antibodies against cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-8 and cleaved caspase-9 to delineate lutein’s mechanism of action in the apoptotic cascade. To seek a possible therapeutic time window, the same set of experiments was repeated with treatment commencing 36 h after RD. Results When lutein was given 4 h after RD, there were significantly fewer TUNEL-positive cells in ONL 3 days after RD when compared with the vehicle group. Cell counting showed that there were significantly more nuclei in ONL in lutein-treated retinae by day 30. Treatment groups also showed significantly reduced GFAP immunoreactivity and preserved RHO expression. At day 3 after RD, Western blotting showed reduced expression of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-8 in the treatment group. No difference was found for cleaved caspase-9. When lutein was given 36 h after RD similar results were observed. Conclusions Our results suggest that lutein is a potent neuroprotective agent that can salvage photoreceptors in rats with RD, with a therapeutic window of at least 36 h. The use of lutein in patients with RD may serve as an adjunct to surgery to improve visual outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany T Y Woo
- Eye Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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49
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Chang Q, Peter ME, Grassi MA. Fas ligand-Fas signaling participates in light-induced apoptotic death in photoreceptor cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:3703-16. [PMID: 22499988 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-8928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the function of Fas in photoreceptors. METHODS Postmortem human eyes and mouse-derived photoreceptor cells (661W) were examined for Fas expression by in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence. 661W cells were treated with FasL or Fas agonistic antibody, or exposed to light with/without pharmacological manipulation of Fas signaling, followed by apoptosis detection by TUNEL, immunofluorescence and fluorescence activated cell scanning (FACS). Fractionated cellular extracts were used to detect protein expression or protein phosphorylation after immunoprecipitation by Western blot. RESULTS Fas was expressed in the photoreceptor layer of human retina. Fas and a cleaved form of FasL were found on the cell surface of 661W cells. Treatment with FasL or Fas agonistic antibody induced apoptosis in 661W cells. Blocking the activity of FasL or administration of caspase-8 inhibitor z-IETD inhibited light-induced apoptosis. However, it simultaneously caused induction of necroptosis, which could be blocked by the receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) inhibitor, necrostatin-1. Light exposure in the presence of z-IETD caused hyper-phosphorylation of RIP1. Light exposure did not elevate the expression of Fas, FasL, or the Fas-associated death domain adaptor protein (FADD). Cells or conditioned medium after light exposure induced apoptosis in dark-adapted cells, which could be attenuated by blockade of Fas. CONCLUSIONS Fas has a pro-apoptotic role in photoreceptors. Under light stress, soluble and membrane-bound FasL can bind to Fas, inducing apoptosis via a paracrine mechanism. Although blocking Fas signaling inhibits apoptosis, it does not improve the overall photoreceptor survival due to a compensatory activation of necroptosis. Hence, prevention of photoreceptor loss from retinal photo-oxidative stress should target Fas and RIP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Shinde VM, Sizova OS, Lin JH, LaVail MM, Gorbatyuk MS. ER stress in retinal degeneration in S334ter Rho rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33266. [PMID: 22432009 PMCID: PMC3303830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The S334ter rhodopsin (Rho) rat (line 4) bears the rhodopsin gene with an early termination codon at residue 334 that is a model for several such mutations found in human patients with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (ADRP). The Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) is implicated in the pathophysiology of several retinal disorders including ADRP in P23H Rho rats. The aim of this study was to examine the onset of UPR gene expression in S334ter Rho retinas to determine if UPR is activated in ADRP animal models and to investigate how the activation of UPR molecules leads to the final demise of S334ter Rho photoreceptors. RT-PCR was performed to evaluate the gene expression profiles for the P10, P12, P15, and P21 stages of the development and progression of ADRP in S334ter Rho photoreceptors. We determined that during the P12–P15 period, ER stress-related genes are strongly upregulated in transgenic retinas, resulting in the activation of the UPR that was confirmed using western blot analysis and RT-PCR. The activation of UPR was associated with the increased expression of JNK, Bik, Bim, Bid, Noxa, and Puma genes and cleavage of caspase-12 that together with activated calpains presumably compromise the integrity of the mitochondrial MPTP, leading to the release of pro-apoptotic AIF1 into the cytosol of S334ter Rho photoreceptor cells. Therefore, two major cross-talking pathways, the UPR and mitochondrial MPTP occur in S334ter-4 Rho retina concomitantly and eventually promote the death of the photoreceptor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal M Shinde
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, North Texas Eye Research Institute, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
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