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Xuanyuan X, Zhang L, Zheng Y, Jiang R, Ma Y, Liu R, Hou P, Lei M, Xu H, Zeng H. SPRR1B+ keratinocytes prime oral mucosa for rapid wound healing via STAT3 activation. Commun Biol 2024; 7:1155. [PMID: 39300285 PMCID: PMC11413210 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06864-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral mucosal wounds exhibit accelerated healing with reduced scarring compared to cutaneous wounds, representing an optimal wound healing paradigm. However, the specific cellular subtypes orchestrating the efficient healing of mucosal tissues remain elusive. Through a comprehensive analysis integrating bulk-mRNA and single-cell sequencing data during the wound healing process in oral mucosa and skin, we have delineated a distinct set of genes markedly upregulated during tissue repair. This collection of wound healing-associated genesets was highly enriched in a specific keratinocyte subpopulation identified as STAT3-activated SPRR1B+ keratinocytes. Notably, despite the inherent rapidity of oral mucosal healing, the induction of SPRR1B+ keratinocytes is evident in both skin and mucosal wound healing processes in murine model. Intriguingly, these wound healing-promoting SPRR1B+ keratinocytes, which are induced via STAT3 activation, inherently abundant in unwounded normal mucosa but absent in normal skin. SPRR1B knockdown significantly inhibits mucosal keratinocyte migration, a critical attribute for effective wound healing. In summary, through analysis of human oral and skin wound healing processes at single-cell resolution, coupled with validation in murine model, suggests STAT3-activated SPRR1B+ keratinocytes are associated with the rapid mucosal repair process. This discovery underscores the potential application of SPRR1B+ keratinocytes in the therapeutic management of chronic or non-healing wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Xuanyuan
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Li Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ruixin Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yanni Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ruixin Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Pengcong Hou
- Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ming Lei
- Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Hanlin Zeng
- Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
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Ji X, Li Y, Liu M, Chen L, Zhang X, Wang M, Tian S, Lu L, Zhang M, Zheng Y, Tang J. Diesel exhaust exposure induced squamous metaplasia of corneal epithelium via yes-associated protein activation. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142564. [PMID: 38885762 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric pollution has been demonstrated to be associated with ocular surface diseases characterized by corneal epithelial damage, including impaired barrier function and squamous metaplasia. However, the specific mechanisms underlying the impact of atmospheric pollution on corneal damage are still unknow. To address this gap in knowledge, we conducted a study using a whole-body exposure system to investigate the detrimental effects of traffic-related air pollution, specifically diesel exhaust (DE), on corneal epithelium in C57BL/6 mice over a 28-day period. Following DE exposure, the pathological alterations in corneal epithelium, including significant increase in corneal thickness and epithelial stratification, were observed in mice. Additionally, exposure to DE was also shown to disrupt the barrier functions of corneal epithelium, leading to excessive proliferation of basal cells and even causing squamous metaplasia in corneal epithelium. Further studies have found that the activation of yes-associated protein (YAP), characterized by nuclear translocation, may play a significant role in DE-induced corneal squamous metaplasia. In vitro assays confirmed that DE exposure triggered the YAP/β-catenin pathway, resulting in squamous metaplasia and destruction of barrier functions. These findings provide the preliminary evidence that YAP activation is one of the mechanisms of the damage to corneal epithelium caused by traffic-related air pollution. These findings contribute to the knowledge base for promoting eye health in the context of atmospheric pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Ji
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yanting Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Meike Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Linfei Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xinglin Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Mingyue Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shuhan Tian
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Mingliang Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jinglong Tang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Jin L, Zhang L, Yan C, Liu M, Dean DC, Liu Y. Corneal injury repair and the potential involvement of ZEB1. EYE AND VISION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 11:20. [PMID: 38822380 PMCID: PMC11143703 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-024-00387-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
The cornea, consisting of three cellular and two non-cellular layers, is the outermost part of the eyeball and frequently injured by external physical, chemical, and microbial insults. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a crucial role in the repair of corneal injuries. Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1), an important transcription factor involved in EMT, is expressed in the corneal tissues. It regulates cell activities like migration, transformation, and proliferation, and thereby affects tissue inflammation, fibrosis, tumor metastasis, and necrosis by mediating various major signaling pathways, including transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. Dysfunction of ZEB1 would impair corneal tissue repair leading to epithelial healing delay, interstitial fibrosis, neovascularization, and squamous cell metaplasia. Understanding the mechanism underlying ZEB1 regulation of corneal injury repair will help us to formulate a therapeutic approach to enhance corneal injury repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116033, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116033, China
| | - Chunxiao Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116033, China
| | - Mengxin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116033, China
| | - Douglas C Dean
- James Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Yongqing Liu
- James Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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Tchoukalova YD, Phung TN, Kennedy MM, Miranda-Grandjean D, Becquer E, Chen L, Zhang N, Dinu V, Wilson MA, Lott DG. Idiopathic Subglottic Stenosis Is Associated With More Frequent and Abnormal Squamous Metaplasia. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2024; 133:214-223. [PMID: 37740367 DOI: 10.1177/00034894231201016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gain insights into the pathophysiology of idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS) by investigating differences in transcriptome of subglottic mucosal tissue between patients with iSGS and controls, and between tracheal and subglottic tissue within patients. METHODS RNA sequencing was conducted on biopsied mucosal samples collected from subglottic and tracheal (in-patient control) regions in iSGS patients, and from subglottis in controls. The gene expression differences were validated on a protein level by (1) staining the tissue samples obtained from a second cohort of patients and controls; and (2) in vitro functional assays using primary subglottic epithelial cells from both iSGS patients and healthy donors. RESULTS We found 7 upregulated genes in the subglottic region of iSGS patients relative to both the tracheal mucosa and subglottic region of controls. A gene ontology enrichment analysis found that the epithelial cell differentiation and cornification pathways are significant, involving specifically 3 of the genes: involucrin (IVL), small proline rich protein 1B (SPRR1B), and keratin 16 (KRT16). Involvement of these pathways suggests squamous metaplasia of the epithelium. Histological analyses of epithelium in subglottic mucosal biopsies revealed squamous metaplasia in 41% of the samples from iSGS patients and in 25% from controls. Immunohistochemical evaluation of the samples presented with squamous epithelium revealed increased expression of the protein encoded by SPRR1B, hyperproliferative basal cells, shedding of apical layers, and accompanying lesions in iSGS compared to CTRL. Cultured primary subglottic epithelial cells from iSGS patients had higher proliferation rates compared to healthy donors and squamous metaplastic differentiation formed thinner epithelia with increased expression proteins encoded by INV, SPRR1B, and KRT16, suggesting intrinsic dysfunction of basal cells in iSGS. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal squamous differentiation of epithelial cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of iSGS. Patients having metaplastic epithelial phenotype may be sensitive to drugs that reverse it to a normal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yourka D Tchoukalova
- Head and Neck Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Tanya N Phung
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Faculty of Science, Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maeve M Kennedy
- Head and Neck Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Emanuel Becquer
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Contexture, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Longwen Chen
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo, AZ Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Valentin Dinu
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Melissa A Wilson
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - David G Lott
- Head and Neck Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Laryngology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Neo SY, Oliveira MMS, Tong L, Chen Y, Chen Z, Cismas S, Burduli N, Malmerfelt A, Teo JKH, Lam KP, Alici E, Girnita L, Wagner AK, Westerberg LS, Lundqvist A. Natural killer cells drive 4-1BBL positive uveal melanoma towards EMT and metastatic disease. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:13. [PMID: 38191418 PMCID: PMC10775428 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02917-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation in the eye is often associated with aggravated ocular diseases such as uveal melanoma (UM). Poor prognosis of UM is generally associated with high potential of metastatic liver dissemination. A strong driver of metastatic dissemination is the activation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) regulating transcription factor ZEB1, and high expression of ZEB1 is associated with aggressiveness of UM. While ZEB1 expression can be also associated with immune tolerance, the underlying drivers of ZEB1 activation remain unclear. METHODS Transcriptomic, in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo analyses were used to investigate the impact on clinical prognosis of immune infiltration in the ocular tumor microenvironment. A metastatic liver dissemination model of was developed to address the role of natural killer (NK) cells in driving the migration of UM. RESULTS In a pan-cancer TCGA analysis, natural killer (NK) cells were associated with worse overall survival in uveal melanoma and more abundant in high-risk monosomy 3 tumors. Furthermore, uveal melanoma expressed high levels of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 4-1BB ligand, particularly in tumors with monosomy 3 and BAP1 mutations. Tumors expressing 4-1BB ligand induced CD73 expression on NK cells accompanied with the ability to promote tumor dissemination. Through ligation of 4-1BB, NK cells induced the expression of the ZEB1 transcription factor, leading to the formation of liver metastasis of uveal melanoma. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the present study demonstrates a role of NK cells in the aggravation of uveal melanoma towards metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yong Neo
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mariana M S Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Le Tong
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Ziqing Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Sonia Cismas
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nutsa Burduli
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Malmerfelt
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joey Kay Hui Teo
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kong-Peng Lam
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Evren Alici
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leonard Girnita
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arnika K Wagner
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa S Westerberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Lundqvist
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Zhang J, Wang Y, Ma J, Aimudula A. Expression of gasdermin D in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and its effect on its biological function. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1163714. [PMID: 37483501 PMCID: PMC10358983 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1163714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common type of renal cell carcinoma, which suffers from the lack of diagnosis and treatment methods, and many patients cannot be diagnosed at first time. Gasdermin D (GSDMD) is involved in inflammatory reactions and pyroptosis and is considered a potential therapeutic target. This paper's aim is to elucidate the expression of GSDMD in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and its value for treatment and prognosis, as well as its impact on the biological function of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Method The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was used to compare the expression of GSDMD in tumor and normal tissues, analyze its correlation with cancer stage and overall survival time, and establish receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, which was confirmed by the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and immunohistochemical staining of clinical samples and PCR and Western blotting (WB) of cell lines. The relationship between GSDMD and patient prognosis and staging was analyzed using TCGA database and validated using clinical sample data. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes of GSDMD were screened by TCGA database. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) of GSDMD was constructed by GeneMANIA and STRING, and Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment were analyzed by the Metascape database. Then, R software was used to analyze the immune cell infiltration, immune microenvironment score, and tumor mutational burden (TMB) analysis of GSDMD high- and low-expression groups in TCGA database. GSDMD lentivirus was used to transfect 769-P cells to construct stable upregulated and downregulated transfected cell lines. PCR was used to verify the expression differences of differentially expressed genes between the high- and low-expression groups of GSDMD; then, MTT, flow apoptosis, and Transwell were used to detect the proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and migration of the transfected cells. Results The results of bioinformatics analysis showed that the expression of GSDMD in clear cell renal cell carcinoma was significantly correlated with patient stage and overall survival, and the tumor with high expression of GSDMD had a worse stage and overall survival. GSDMD has some significance in the diagnosis of ccRCC. The results of EMT correlation analysis and enrichment analysis showed that GSDMD was correlated with genes and pathways related to invasion and metastasis of renal cell carcinoma. The subsequent immune cell infiltration analysis showed that there were many differences in the infiltration of immune cells between the high- and low-expression groups of GSDMD, such as naive B cells. The immune microenvironment score showed that the high-expression group had a lower proportion of stromal cells than the local expression group but had a higher proportion of immune cells. Through TMB, it was shown that the high-expression group had a higher mutation. The expression of GSDMD in renal cell carcinoma by immunohistochemistry and in vitro cell experiments was confirmed. According to the prognostic information of clinical patients, it was found that GSDMD was significantly correlated with TNM stage, Fuhrman grade, lymph node metastasis, gender, and smoking or not, and the prognosis of patients with high expression of GSDMD was worse. After that, we constructed stable transfection cell lines with high expression and knockdown through lentivirus transfection and verified the expression amount of differentially expressed genes by PCR, which is consistent with the results of TCGA database. Then, we confirmed that GSDMD is related to proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis of ccRCC by MTT, flow apoptosis, and Transwell assay. The low expression of GSDMD inhibits the proliferation, invasion, and migration of tumors and enhances apoptosis and vice versa. Therefore, GSDMD can be used as a potential biological marker for the diagnosis and prognosis of ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichi Zhang
- Urological Center, Xinjiang Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Urological Center, Xinjiang Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Urological Center, Xinjiang Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Ainiwaer Aimudula
- Cancer Center, Xinjiang Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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Horny K, Sproll C, Peiffer L, Furtmann F, Gerhardt P, Gravemeyer J, Stoecklein NH, Spassova I, Becker JC. Mesenchymal-epithelial transition in lymph node metastases of oral squamous cell carcinoma is accompanied by ZEB1 expression. J Transl Med 2023; 21:267. [PMID: 37076857 PMCID: PMC10114373 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04102-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), an HPV-negative head and neck cancer, frequently metastasizes to the regional lymph nodes but only occasionally beyond. Initial phases of metastasis are associated with an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), while the consolidation phase is associated with mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). This dynamic is referred to as epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP). While it is known that EMP is essential for cancer cell invasion and metastatic spread, less is known about the heterogeneity of EMP states and even less about the heterogeneity between primary and metastatic lesions. METHODS To assess both the heterogeneity of EMP states in OSCC cells and their effects on stromal cells, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) of 5 primary tumors, 9 matching metastatic and 5 tumor-free lymph nodes and re-analyzed publicly available scRNAseq data of 9 additional primary tumors. For examining the cell type composition, we performed bulk transcriptome sequencing. Protein expression of selected genes were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS From the 23 OSCC lesions, the single cell transcriptomes of a total of 7263 carcinoma cells were available for in-depth analyses. We initially focused on one lesion to avoid confounding inter-patient heterogeneity and identified OSCC cells expressing genes characteristic of different epithelial and partial EMT stages. RNA velocity and the increase in inferred copy number variations indicated a progressive trajectory towards epithelial differentiation in this metastatic lesion, i.e., cells likely underwent MET. Extension to all samples revealed a less stringent but essentially similar pattern. Interestingly, MET cells show increased activity of the EMT-activator ZEB1. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that ZEB1 was co-expressed with the epithelial marker cornifin B in individual tumor cells. The lack of E-cadherin mRNA expression suggests this is a partial MET. Within the tumor microenvironment we found immunomodulating fibroblasts that were maintained in primary and metastatic OSCC. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals that EMP enables different partial EMT and epithelial phenotypes of OSCC cells, which are endowed with capabilities essential for the different stages of the metastatic process, including maintenance of cellular integrity. During MET, ZEB1 appears to be functionally active, indicating a more complex role of ZEB1 than mere induction of EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Horny
- Translational Skin Cancer Research, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 45141, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Sproll
- Department of Oral- and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lukas Peiffer
- Translational Skin Cancer Research, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 45141, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frauke Furtmann
- Translational Skin Cancer Research, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 45141, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University Medicine Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Patricia Gerhardt
- Translational Skin Cancer Research, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 45141, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Gravemeyer
- Translational Skin Cancer Research, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 45141, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolas H Stoecklein
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ivelina Spassova
- Translational Skin Cancer Research, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 45141, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University Medicine Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Jürgen C Becker
- Translational Skin Cancer Research, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 45141, Essen, Germany.
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Dermatology, University Medicine Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany.
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8
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Ran L, Feng J, Qi X, Liu T, Qi B, Jiang K, Zhang Z, Yu Y, Zhou Q, Xie L. Effect of TRPM8 Functional Loss on Corneal Epithelial Wound Healing in Mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:19. [PMID: 36692471 PMCID: PMC9896868 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To reveal the role of cold-sensing transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) channels in corneal epithelial wound healing. Methods Cold sensitivity, tear production, corneal thickness, and corneal opacity assessments were used to evaluate the effect of Trpm8 knockout on the ocular surface. A corneal epithelial wounding model was generated by scraping the corneal epithelium once or multiple times using C57BL/6J (wild-type [WT]) and Trpm8-/- mice. The processes of corneal epithelial repair and corneal epitheliopathy were observed and recorded. Corneas were collected for sequencing, immunofluorescence staining, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and quantitative PCR. Results The perception of coldness, basal tear secretion, and corneal thickness were decreased in young Trpm8-/- mice compared with those in WT mice, except for the corneal sensitivity. Corneal opacity and increased corneal thickness were observed in aged Trpm8-/- mice. TRPM8 deficiency promoted corneal epithelial wound closure, consistent with the observed increase in Ki67-positive epithelial cells, and the pharmacological activation of TRPM8 in WT mice delayed corneal re-epithelization. After subjecting mice to multiple injuries, squamous metaplasia emerged in Trpm8-/- corneas, as verified by cytokeratin-1 and small proline-rich protein 1B-positive staining. The IFN-β and IFN-γ signaling pathways were significantly activated in Trpm8-/- mice, which was confirmed based on the up-regulated expression of the key mediators, signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 and phosphor-signal transducer and activator of transcription-1, as well as the induction of IFN-stimulated genes, compared with levels in WT mice. Conclusions In corneal wound healing, the loss of TRPM8 function could promote epithelial repair, but predispose the cornea to epithelial lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Ran
- Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Feng
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xia Qi
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Benxiang Qi
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingjun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lixin Xie
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
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9
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Di Girolamo N, Park M. Cell identity changes in ocular surface Epithelia. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022:101148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Desjardins P, Berthiaume R, Couture C, Le-Bel G, Roy V, Gros-Louis F, Moulin VJ, Proulx S, Chemtob S, Germain L, Guérin SL. Impact of Exosomes Released by Different Corneal Cell Types on the Wound Healing Properties of Human Corneal Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12201. [PMID: 36293057 PMCID: PMC9602716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Corneal wound healing involves communication between the different cell types that constitute the three cellular layers of the cornea (epithelium, stroma and endothelium), a process ensured in part by a category of extracellular vesicles called exosomes. In the present study, we isolated exosomes released by primary cultured human corneal epithelial cells (hCECs), corneal fibroblasts (hCFs) and corneal endothelial cells (hCEnCs) and determined whether they have wound healing characteristics of their own and to which point they modify the genetic and proteomic pattern of these cell types. Exosomes released by all three cell types significantly accelerated wound closure of scratch-wounded hCECs in vitro compared to controls (without exosomes). Profiling of activated kinases revealed that exosomes from human corneal cells caused the activation of signal transduction mediators that belong to the HSP27, STAT, β-catenin, GSK-3β and p38 pathways. Most of all, data from gene profiling analyses indicated that exosomes, irrespective of their cellular origin, alter a restricted subset of genes that are completely different between each targeted cell type (hCECs, hCFS, hCEnCs). Analysis of the genes specifically differentially regulated for a given cell-type in the microarray data using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software revealed that the mean gene expression profile of hCECs cultured in the presence of exosomes would likely promote cell proliferation and migration whereas it would reduce differentiation when compared to control cells. Collectively, our findings represent a conceptual advance in understanding the mechanisms of corneal wound repair that may ultimately open new avenues for the development of novel therapeutic approaches to improve closure of corneal wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Desjardins
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre Universitaire d’Ophtalmologie (CUO)-Recherche, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, 1050 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Rébecca Berthiaume
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre Universitaire d’Ophtalmologie (CUO)-Recherche, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, 1050 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Camille Couture
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre Universitaire d’Ophtalmologie (CUO)-Recherche, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, 1050 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Gaëtan Le-Bel
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre Universitaire d’Ophtalmologie (CUO)-Recherche, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, 1050 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Vincent Roy
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - François Gros-Louis
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Véronique J. Moulin
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Proulx
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre Universitaire d’Ophtalmologie (CUO)-Recherche, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, 1050 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Lucie Germain
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sylvain L. Guérin
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre Universitaire d’Ophtalmologie (CUO)-Recherche, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, 1050 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Expression and Function of ZEB1 in the Cornea. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040925. [PMID: 33923743 PMCID: PMC8074155 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ZEB1 is an important transcription factor for epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and in the regulation of cell differentiation and transformation. In the cornea, ZEB1 presents in all three layers: the epithelium, the stroma and the endothelium. Mutations of ZEB1 have been linked to multiple corneal genetic defects, particularly to the corneal dystrophies including keratoconus (KD), Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD), and posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy (PPCD). Accumulating evidence indicates that dysfunction of ZEB1 may affect corneal stem cell homeostasis, and cause corneal cell apoptosis, stromal fibrosis, angiogenesis, squamous metaplasia. Understanding how ZEB1 regulates the initiation and progression of these disorders will help us in targeting ZEB1 for potential avenues to generate therapeutics to treat various ZEB1-related disorders.
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Roszkowska AM, Oliverio GW, Aragona E, Inferrera L, Severo AA, Alessandrello F, Spinella R, Postorino EI, Aragona P. Ophthalmologic Manifestations of Primary Sjögren's Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12030365. [PMID: 33806489 PMCID: PMC7998625 DOI: 10.3390/genes12030365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a chronic, progressive, inflammatory, autoimmune disease, characterized by the lymphocyte infiltration of exocrine glands, especially the lacrimal and salivary, with their consequent destruction. The onset of primary SS (pSS) may remain misunderstood for several years. It usually presents with different types of severity, e.g., dry eye and dry mouth symptoms, due to early involvement of the lacrimal and salivary glands, which may be associated with parotid enlargement and dry eye; keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is its most common ocular manifestation. It is still doubtful if the extent ocular surface manifestations are secondary to lacrimal or meibomian gland involvement or to the targeting of corneal and conjunctival autoantigens. SS is the most representative cause of aqueous deficient dry eye, and the primary role of the inflammatory process was evidenced. Recent scientific progress in understanding the numerous factors involved in the pathogenesis of pSS was registered, but the exact mechanisms involved still need to be clarified. The unquestionable role of both the innate and adaptive immune system, participating actively in the induction and evolution of the disease, was recognized. The ocular surface inflammation is a central mechanism in pSS leading to the decrease of lacrimal secretion and keratoconjunctival alterations. However, there are controversies about whether the ocular surface involvement is a direct autoimmune target or secondary to the inflammatory process in the lacrimal gland. In this review, we aimed to present actual knowledge relative to the pathogenesis of the pSS, considering the role of innate immunity, adaptive immunity, and genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Roszkowska
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University Hospital of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy; (G.W.O.); (L.I.); (A.A.S.); (F.A.); (R.S.); (E.I.P.); (P.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Giovanni William Oliverio
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University Hospital of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy; (G.W.O.); (L.I.); (A.A.S.); (F.A.); (R.S.); (E.I.P.); (P.A.)
| | - Emanuela Aragona
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Ophthalmology Clinic, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Leandro Inferrera
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University Hospital of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy; (G.W.O.); (L.I.); (A.A.S.); (F.A.); (R.S.); (E.I.P.); (P.A.)
| | - Alice Antonella Severo
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University Hospital of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy; (G.W.O.); (L.I.); (A.A.S.); (F.A.); (R.S.); (E.I.P.); (P.A.)
| | - Federica Alessandrello
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University Hospital of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy; (G.W.O.); (L.I.); (A.A.S.); (F.A.); (R.S.); (E.I.P.); (P.A.)
| | - Rosaria Spinella
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University Hospital of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy; (G.W.O.); (L.I.); (A.A.S.); (F.A.); (R.S.); (E.I.P.); (P.A.)
| | - Elisa Imelde Postorino
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University Hospital of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy; (G.W.O.); (L.I.); (A.A.S.); (F.A.); (R.S.); (E.I.P.); (P.A.)
| | - Pasquale Aragona
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University Hospital of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy; (G.W.O.); (L.I.); (A.A.S.); (F.A.); (R.S.); (E.I.P.); (P.A.)
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He H, Liang M, Li L, Luo S, Fang X, He H, Xiao X, Wu H, Lin Z. PPAR-α Agonist Fenofibrate Suppressed the Formation of Ocular Surface Squamous Metaplasia Induced by Topical Benzalkonium Chloride. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:54. [PMID: 32232349 PMCID: PMC7401654 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.3.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the effects and mechanisms of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) agonist fenofibrate on the formation of ocular surface squamous metaplasia induced by topical benzalkonium chloride (BAC) in a mouse model. Methods Ocular surface squamous metaplasia was induced in 16 days by topical BAC application in mice. During the period of induction, mice were divided into four groups: no additional treatment (BAC+UT), topical vehicle (BAC+Vehicle), topical fenofibrate (BAC+Feno), or topical fenofibrate plus intraperitoneal injection of MK886 (BAC+Feno+MK886). The parameters of tear film were evaluated on day 16, and eye specimens were collected. Histologic investigation; PAS assays; immunostaining for cytokeratin 10 (K10), Ki67, and F4/80; and PCR assays for TNF-α and IL-6 were performed. Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK-8) assays were performed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of fenofibrate on RAW264.7 cells. Results Fenofibrate suppressed the formation of BAC-induced instable tear film. In the BAC+Feno group, the expression of K10 and Ki67 was lower than in the other three groups. The number of goblet cells was reduced in eyes of the BAC+UT and BAC+Vehicle groups but was maintained in eyes of the BAC+Feno group. The number of F4/80-positive cells and the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA were significantly reduced in the cornea of the BAC+Feno group. These effects of fenofibrate could be attenuated by MK886. The cell viability of RAW264.7 cells could be significantly inhibited by fenofibrate in a dose-dependent pattern. Conclusions Topical application of fenofibrate suppressed the formation of ocular surface squamous metaplasia, which might be mediated through the PPAR-α signaling pathway.
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Sahin A, Liu Y, Kam WR, Darabad RR, Sullivan DA. Dihydrotestosterone suppression of proinflammatory gene expression in human meibomian gland epithelial cells. Ocul Surf 2020; 18:199-205. [PMID: 32112874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We discovered that dihydrotestosterone (DHT) decreases the ability of lipopolysaccharide, a bacterial toxin, to stimulate the secretion of leukotriene B4, a potent proinflammatory mediator, by immortalized human meibomian gland epithelial cells (IHMGECs). We hypothesize that this hormone action reflects an androgen suppression of proinflammatory gene activity in these cells. Our goal was to test this hypothesis. For comparison, we also examined whether DHT treatment elicits the same effect in immortalized human corneal (IHC) and conjunctival (IHConj) ECs. METHODS Differentiated cells were cultured in media containing vehicle or 10 nM DHT. Cells (n = 3 wells/treatment group) were then processed for RNA isolation and the analysis of gene expression by using Illumina BeadChips, background subtraction, cubic spline normalization and Geospiza software. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that DHT significantly suppressed the expression of numerous immune-related genes in HMGECs, such as those associated with antigen processing and presentation, innate and adaptive immune responses, chemotaxis, and cytokine production. DHT also enhanced the expression of genes for defensin β1, IL-1 receptor antagonist, and the anti-inflammatory serine peptidase inhibitor, Kazal type 5. In contrast, DHT had no effect on proinflammatory gene expression in HCECs, and significantly increased 33 gene ontologies linked to the immune system in HConjECs. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support our hypothesis that androgens suppress proinflammatory gene expression in IHMGECs. This hormone effect may contribute to the typical absence of inflammation within the human meibomian gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsun Sahin
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Koc University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yang Liu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wendy R Kam
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raheleh Rahimi Darabad
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Clinical Anesthesia, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - David A Sullivan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Jung HJ, Kang JH, Pak S, Lee K, Seong JK, Oh SH. Detrimental Role of Nerve Injury-Induced Protein 1 in Myeloid Cells under Intestinal Inflammatory Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020614. [PMID: 31963519 PMCID: PMC7013940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve injury-induced protein 1 (Ninjurin1, Ninj1) is a cell-surface adhesion molecule that regulates cell migration and attachment. This study demonstrates the increase in Ninj1 protein expression during development of intestinal inflammation. Ninj1-deficient mice exhibited significantly attenuated bodyweight loss, shortening of colon length, intestinal inflammation, and lesser pathological lesions than wild-type mice. Although more severe inflammation and serious lesions are observed in wild-type mice than Ninj1-deficient mice, there were no changes in the numbers of infiltrating macrophages in the inflamed tissues obtained from WT and Ninj1-deficient mice. Ninj1 expression results in activation of macrophages, and these activated macrophages secrete more cytokines and chemokines than Ninj1-deficient macrophages. Moreover, mice with conditional deletion of Ninj1 in myeloid cells (Ninj1fl/fl; Lyz-Cre+) alleviated experimental colitis compared with wild-type mice. In summary, we propose that the Ninj1 in myeloid cells play a pivotal function in intestinal inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jin Jung
- Interdisciplinary Program in Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea;
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea
| | - Seongwon Pak
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Keunwook Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Interdisciplinary Program in Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea;
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, Research Institute of Veterinary Science, BK21 Plus Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.K.S.); (S.H.O.)
| | - Seung Hyun Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.K.S.); (S.H.O.)
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Bjordal O, Norheim KB, Rødahl E, Jonsson R, Omdal R. Primary Sjögren's syndrome and the eye. Surv Ophthalmol 2019; 65:119-132. [PMID: 31634487 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Primary Sjögren syndrome is an autoimmune disease that mainly affects exocrine glands such as the salivary and lacrimal glands. In addition, systemic involvement is common. Primary Sjögren syndrome is of particular interest to ophthalmologists as it constitutes an important differential diagnosis in conditions with dry eye disease. In addition, ocular tests for more precisely diagnosing and monitoring primary Sjögren syndrome have become increasingly important, and new therapeutics for local and systemic treatment evolve as a result of increased understanding of immunological mechanisms and molecular pathways in the pathogenesis of primary Sjögren syndrome. We provide an update of interest to ophthalmologists regarding pathogenesis, diagnosis, investigative procedures, and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katrine Brække Norheim
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Eyvind Rødahl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Roland Jonsson
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Rheumatology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Roald Omdal
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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Zhang J, Xiang J, Wu D, Dai Y, Xu J. Shared gene signature between pterygium and meibomian gland dysfunction uncovered through gene-expression meta-analysis. Ann Hum Genet 2019; 83:397-404. [PMID: 31373692 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pterygium and meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) are two clinically correlated ocular diseases. We propose to investigate the shared gene signature between pterygium and MGD. METHODS Microarray datasets were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Initial processing of the data was performed using the R programming package. Gene-expression values were log2 transformed and normalized by quantile normalization. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in each individual dataset were analyzed by the limma package. The integration of different pterygium datasets and gene-expression meta-analysis was conducted by the NetworkAnalyst package. A Venn diagram was created to find the overlapped DEGs between MGD and pterygium datasets. Gene ontology enrichment and pathway analysis were performed using the ToppGene Suite. RESULTS We found 193 DEGs significantly up-regulated in pterygium, with the combined effect sizes ranging from 1.53 to 3.78. A gene signature consisting of 11 DEGs were found to be shared by pterygium and MGD (SPRR3, SERPINB13, NMU, KRT10, IL37, KRT6B, PI3, S100A2, MAL, AURKA, and RGCC), and bioinformatics analyses showed that these overlapped DEGs were significantly enriched in pathways related to keratinization, cell-cycle regulation, and formation of the cornified envelope. CONCLUSION We identified a shared gene signature between pterygium and MGD through gene-expression meta-analysis. The analysis of this signature underlined that keratinization-related pathways may play important roles in the development of these two clinically correlated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Xiang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqin Dai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjiang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
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Simsek C, Dogru M, Shinzawa M, Den S, Kojima T, Iseda H, Suzuki M, Shibasaki Y, Yoshida N, Shimazaki J. The Efficacy of 2% Topical Rebamipide on Conjunctival Squamous Metaplasia and Goblet Cell Density in Dry Eye Disease. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2019; 35:350-358. [PMID: 31259647 PMCID: PMC6659741 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2018.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To clarify the pharmacological effects of 2% rebamipide eye drops on mucosal membrane functions of the ocular surface epithelium, we investigated keratoconjunctival alterations at the cellular level in this study. Methods: Fifteen patients with definite dry eye disease were recruited from outpatient clinics of the Department of Ophthalmology, Ichikawa General Hospital. The patients received treatment with 2% rebamipide eye drops q.i.d for 12 weeks. Symptom score assessment, tear film breakup time, fluorescein and lissamine green ocular surface vital staining, grading of lid wiper epitheliopathy, Cochet-Bonnet corneal sensitivity, assessment of squamous metaplasia grades, and goblet cell density calculations from conjunctival impression cytology samples, as well as evaluation of nucleocytoplasmic ratios and corneal epithelial cells from in vivo confocal microscopy images before and 3 months after treatment were performed. Results: The mean symptom scores, tear film breakup time values, ocular surface fluorescein and lissamine green vital staining scores, and lid wiper scores showed a significant improvement after treatment (P < 0.01). The mean squamous metaplasia grade also showed a significant improvement (1.2 ± 0.1 → 0.3 ± 0.1) 3 months after treatment (P = 0.004). There were similar significant improvements in the mean corneal epithelial cell density (660.1 ± 62.6 → 1015.5 ± 43.5 cells/mm2) (P = 0.002) and nucleocytoplasmic ratios (0.1 ± 0.0 → 0.2 ± 0.0) (P = 0.0042) after treatment. Conclusions: Topical use of 2% rebamipide for 3 months was associated with improvements in ocular surface differentiation due to changes of mucosal functions at the cellular level. These alterations may explain objective and subjective improvements in dry eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cem Simsek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Murat Dogru
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Dental College, Ichikawa General Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Megumi Shinzawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Dental College, Ichikawa General Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Seika Den
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Dental College, Ichikawa General Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Kojima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Iseda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Dental College, Ichikawa General Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mai Suzuki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Dental College, Ichikawa General Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Shibasaki
- Department of Medical Affairs, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoshi Yoshida
- Department of Medical Affairs, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Shimazaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Dental College, Ichikawa General Hospital, Chiba, Japan
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19
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Martínez-Carrasco R, Sánchez-Abarca LI, Nieto-Gómez C, Martín García E, Sánchez-Guijo F, Argüeso P, Aijón J, Hernández-Galilea E, Velasco A. Subconjunctival injection of mesenchymal stromal cells protects the cornea in an experimental model of GVHD. Ocul Surf 2019; 17:285-294. [PMID: 30630121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the therapeutic effect of subconjunctival injection of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) in the cornea of mice with graft versus host disease (GVHD). METHODS GVHD was induced in mice after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) between MHC-mismatched mouse strains. Subconjunctival injection of hMSCs was applied at day 10 post-HSCT. Infiltration of CD3+ cells in the cornea and epithelial alterations were analyzed by immunofluorescence. Tear was assessed using the PRT test and TearLab Osmolarity System. qPCR was used to evaluate changes in cytokines, Pax6 and Sprr1b expression. To evaluate the effect of irradiation, we analyzed the expression of these genes in TBI mice. RESULTS Immune cell invasion occurs in mice with GVHD, as shown by the presence of CD3+ cells in the cornea. Interestingly, eyes treated with hMSC did not present CD3+ cells. Tear osmolarity was increased in GVHD eyes, but not in treated eyes. TNFa expression was highly increased in all corneas except in Control and treated eyes. Pax6 in corneal epithelium showed a similar pattern in GVHD and Control mice, and its gene expression was enhanced in GVHD corneas. In contrast, Pax6 was reduced in GVHD + MSC corneas. We also found an increase in SPRR1B staining in GVHD eyes that was lower in GVHD + MSC mice, demonstrating that corneal keratinization is less frequent after treatment with hMSC. CONCLUSIONS The treatment with hMSCs by subconjunctival injection is effective in reducing corneal inflammation and squamous metaplasia in ocular GVHD (oGVHD). Local treatment with hMSCs is a promising strategy for oGVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Martínez-Carrasco
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, 37007, Spain; Department Cell Biology & Pathology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain; INCyL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain.
| | - Luis Ignacio Sánchez-Abarca
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, 37007, Spain; Department of Hematology, IBSAL-University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain; Centro en Red de Medicina Regenerativa y Terapia Celular de Castilla y León, Spain
| | - Cristina Nieto-Gómez
- Department of Surgery, Ophthalmology Service, University Hospital of Salamanca, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Elisabet Martín García
- Department of Surgery, Ophthalmology Service, University Hospital of Salamanca, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Fermín Sánchez-Guijo
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, 37007, Spain; Department of Hematology, IBSAL-University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain; Centro en Red de Medicina Regenerativa y Terapia Celular de Castilla y León, Spain; RETIC TerCel, y CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain
| | - Pablo Argüeso
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - José Aijón
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, 37007, Spain; Department Cell Biology & Pathology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain; INCyL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Emiliano Hernández-Galilea
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, 37007, Spain; Department of Surgery, Ophthalmology Service, University Hospital of Salamanca, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Almudena Velasco
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, 37007, Spain; Department Cell Biology & Pathology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain; INCyL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
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20
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Soriano-Romaní L, Contreras-Ruiz L, López-García A, Diebold Y, Masli S. Topical Application of TGF-β-Activating Peptide, KRFK, Prevents Inflammatory Manifestations in the TSP-1-Deficient Mouse Model of Chronic Ocular Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:E9. [PMID: 30577496 PMCID: PMC6337581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation of the ocular surface poses a risk of vision impairment. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms that are involved in the inflammatory response is critical to identify novel molecular targets. Recently, thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) has emerged as a key player in ocular surface homeostasis that efficiently activates the TGF-β2 isoform that is predominantly expressed in the ocular mucosa. Here, the potential of the peptide derived from TSP-1 (KRFK), that can activate TGF-β, is proposed as a potentially applicable therapeutic for chronic ocular surface inflammatory disorders. Our in vitro results confirm that the chosen peptide activates TGF-β, reducing the expression of co-stimulatory molecules on dendritic cells, driving them towards a tolerogenic phenotype. For the in vivo studies, the TSP-1-/- mouse is used as a pre-clinical model of chronic ocular inflammation. We observe that the topical application of KRFK alters the peripheral balance of effectors by reducing the proportion of pathogenic Th1 and Th17 cells while increasing Treg cell proportion in cervical lymph nodes. In line with these findings, the development of chronic ocular surface inflammation is significantly prevented in KRFK-treated TSP-1-/- mice, as assessed by clinical parameters and inflammatory cytokine expression in conjunctival and lacrimal gland tissues. Together, our results identify the KRFK peptide as a novel therapeutic option to prevent the development of chronic inflammatory manifestations of the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Contreras-Ruiz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | | | - Yolanda Diebold
- Ocular Surface Group, IOBA-University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sharmila Masli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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21
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Sullivan DA, Dana R, Sullivan RM, Krenzer KL, Sahin A, Arica B, Liu Y, Kam WR, Papas AS, Cermak JM. Meibomian Gland Dysfunction in Primary and Secondary Sjögren Syndrome. Ophthalmic Res 2018; 59:193-205. [PMID: 29627826 DOI: 10.1159/000487487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We hypothesized that women with primary (pSS) and secondary Sjögren syndrome (sSS; with systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE] or rheumatoid arthritis [RA]) have meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). We sought to test our hypothesis. METHODS Subjects with pSS, sSS + SLE, sSS + RA, and non-SS-related MGD were recruited from the Sjögren's Syndrome Foundation or outpatient clinics at Tufts University School of Dental Medicine or Brigham and Women's Hospital. The control population was recruited from the Greater Boston area. After providing written informed consent, the subjects underwent an eye examination and/or completed two questionnaires that assess symptoms of dry eye disease (DED). RESULTS Our results demonstrate that pSS and sSS patients have MGD. These subjects had meibomian gland orifice metaplasia, an increased number of occluded meibomian gland orifices, and a reduced quality of meibomian gland secretions. Further, patients with pSS, sSS + SLE, sSS + RA, and MGD had significant alterations in their tear film, lid margin, cornea, and conjunctiva. Symptoms of DED were increased ∼10-fold in all pSS, sSS, and MGD groups relative to controls. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support our hypothesis and show that individuals with pSS, sSS + SLE, and sSS + RA have MGD. In addition, our study indicates that patients with pSS and sSS have both aqueous-deficient and evaporative DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Sullivan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Reza Dana
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Kathleen L Krenzer
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Afsun Sahin
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Koç University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Beril Arica
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wendy R Kam
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Athena S Papas
- Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer M Cermak
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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22
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Bron AJ, de Paiva CS, Chauhan SK, Bonini S, Gabison EE, Jain S, Knop E, Markoulli M, Ogawa Y, Perez V, Uchino Y, Yokoi N, Zoukhri D, Sullivan DA. TFOS DEWS II pathophysiology report. Ocul Surf 2017; 15:438-510. [PMID: 28736340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1001] [Impact Index Per Article: 143.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The TFOS DEWS II Pathophysiology Subcommittee reviewed the mechanisms involved in the initiation and perpetuation of dry eye disease. Its central mechanism is evaporative water loss leading to hyperosmolar tissue damage. Research in human disease and in animal models has shown that this, either directly or by inducing inflammation, causes a loss of both epithelial and goblet cells. The consequent decrease in surface wettability leads to early tear film breakup and amplifies hyperosmolarity via a Vicious Circle. Pain in dry eye is caused by tear hyperosmolarity, loss of lubrication, inflammatory mediators and neurosensory factors, while visual symptoms arise from tear and ocular surface irregularity. Increased friction targets damage to the lids and ocular surface, resulting in characteristic punctate epithelial keratitis, superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis, filamentary keratitis, lid parallel conjunctival folds, and lid wiper epitheliopathy. Hybrid dry eye disease, with features of both aqueous deficiency and increased evaporation, is common and efforts should be made to determine the relative contribution of each form to the total picture. To this end, practical methods are needed to measure tear evaporation in the clinic, and similarly, methods are needed to measure osmolarity at the tissue level across the ocular surface, to better determine the severity of dry eye. Areas for future research include the role of genetic mechanisms in non-Sjögren syndrome dry eye, the targeting of the terminal duct in meibomian gland disease and the influence of gaze dynamics and the closed eye state on tear stability and ocular surface inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Bron
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Vision and Eye Research Unit, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sunil K Chauhan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute & Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefano Bonini
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Campus Biomedico, Rome, Italy
| | - Eric E Gabison
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fondation Ophtalmologique Rothschild & Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Sandeep Jain
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Erich Knop
- Departments of Cell and Neurobiology and Ocular Surface Center Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Markoulli
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yoko Ogawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Victor Perez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Yuichi Uchino
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiko Yokoi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Driss Zoukhri
- Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A Sullivan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute & Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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23
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Han N, Noyes HA, Brass A. TIGERi: modeling and visualizing the responses to perturbation of a transcription factor network. BMC Bioinformatics 2017; 18:260. [PMID: 28617232 PMCID: PMC5471961 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-017-1636-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcription factor (TF) networks play a key role in controlling the transfer of genetic information from gene to mRNA. Much progress has been made on understanding and reverse-engineering TF network topologies using a range of experimental and theoretical methodologies. Less work has focused on using these models to examine how TF networks respond to changes in the cellular environment. METHODS In this paper, we have developed a simple, pragmatic methodology, TIGERi (Transcription-factor-activity Illustrator for Global Explanation of Regulatory interaction), to model the response of an inferred TF network to changes in cellular environment. The methodology was tested using publicly available data comparing gene expression profiles of a mouse p38α (Mapk14) knock-out line to the original wild-type. RESULTS Using the model, we have examined changes in the TF network resulting from the presence or absence of p38α. A part of this network was confirmed by experimental work in the original paper. Additional relationships were identified by our analysis, for example between p38α and HNF3, and between p38α and SOX9, and these are strongly supported by published evidence. FXR and MYC were also discovered in our analysis as two novel links of p38α. To provide a computational methodology to the biomedical communities that has more user-friendly interface, we also developed a standalone GUI (graphical user interface) software for TIGERi and it is freely available at https://github.com/namshik/tigeri/ . CONCLUSIONS We therefore believe that our computational approach can identify new members of networks and new interactions between members that are supported by published data but have not been integrated into the existing network models. Moreover, ones who want to analyze their own data with TIGERi could use the software without any command line experience. This work could therefore accelerate researches in transcriptional gene regulation in higher eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namshik Han
- Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. .,School of Computer Science and School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Harry A Noyes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andy Brass
- School of Computer Science and School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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24
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Gopakumar V, Chatterjee N, Parameswaran S, Nirmala S, Krishnakumar S. In vitro transdifferentiation of human skin keratinocytes to corneal epithelial cells. Cytotherapy 2016; 18:673-85. [PMID: 27059204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Skin keratinocytes (SKs) share the same surface ectodermal origin as that of corneal epithelium. In this study, the plasticity of epidermal keratinocytes was exploited to generate corneal epithelial-like cells, which might serve as an alternative source of autologous tissue for the treatment of bilateral limbal stem cell deficiency. METHODS Skin samples were subjected to collagenase digestion to isolate SKs and transdifferentiated to corneal epithelial-like cells using limbal fibroblast conditioned medium (LFCM). SKs and transdifferentiated corneal epithelial cells (TDCECs) were characterized using immunofluorescence and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The propensity for expression of angiogenic genes in TDCECs was compared with cultured oral mucosal epithelial cells (COMEC) in vitro. RT(2) quantitative polymerase chain reaction profiler array was performed to study the signaling pathways involved in the transdifferentiation process. RESULTS The TDCECs obtained from SKs showed corneal epithelial-like morphology and expressed corneal epithelial markers, CK3 and CK12. Hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemistry showed stratified layers of TDCECs expressing CK 3/12, confirming the corneal epithelial phenotype. We found that the expression of several angiogenic and epithelial mesenchymal transition factors were down-regulated in TDCECs compared with COMEC, suggesting a lower capacity to induce angiogenesis in TDCECs. There was considerable difference in the signaling mechanisms between TDCECs and SKs on testing by RT(2) profiler array, signifying differences at the global gene profile. The comparison of TDCECs and limbal derived corneal epithelial cells showed similar gene expression. DISCUSSION Our study shows that SKs have the potential to transdifferentiate into corneal epithelial-like cells using LFCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Gopakumar
- Radheshyam Kanoi Stem Cell Laboratory, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India; Larsen & Toubro Department of Ocular Pathology, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India; CeNTAB, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tanjore, India
| | - Nivedita Chatterjee
- Radheshyam Kanoi Stem Cell Laboratory, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India; Larsen & Toubro Department of Ocular Pathology, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Sowmya Parameswaran
- Radheshyam Kanoi Stem Cell Laboratory, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Subramanian Nirmala
- Department of Oculoplasty, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Subramanian Krishnakumar
- Radheshyam Kanoi Stem Cell Laboratory, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India; Larsen & Toubro Department of Ocular Pathology, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India.
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25
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Contact-mediated control of radial migration of corneal epithelial cells. Mol Vis 2016; 22:990-1004. [PMID: 27563231 PMCID: PMC4976620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with a heterozygous mutation in the gene encoding the transcription factor, PAX6, have a degenerative corneal opacity associated with failure of normal radial epithelial cell migration across the corneal surface and a reported wound healing defect. This study investigated the guidance mechanisms that drive the directed migration of corneal epithelial cells. METHODS In vivo corneal epithelial wounding was performed in adult wild-type and Pax6(+/-) mice, and the healing migration rates were compared. To investigate the control of the cell migration direction, primary corneal epithelial cells from wild-type and Pax6(+/-) mice were plated on grooved quartz substrates, and alignment relative to the grooves was assayed. A reconstructed corneal culture system was developed in which dissociated wild-type and genetically mutant corneal epithelial cells could be cultured on a de-epithelialized corneal stroma or basement membrane and their migration assayed with time-lapse microscopy. RESULTS The Pax6(+/-) cells efficiently re-epithelialized corneal wounds in vivo but had mild slowing of healing migration compared to the wild-type. Cells aligned parallel to quartz grooves in vitro, but the Pax6(+/-) cells were less robustly oriented than the wild-type. In the reconstructed corneal culture system, corneal epithelial cells continued to migrate radially, showing that the cells are guided by contact-mediated cues from the basement membrane. Recombining wild-type and Pax6 mutant corneal epithelial cells with wild-type and Pax6 mutant corneal stroma showed that normal Pax6 dosage was required autonomously in the epithelial cells for directed migration. Integrin-mediated attachment to the substrate, and intracellular PI3Kγ activity, were required for migration. Pharmacological inhibition of cAMP signaling randomized migration tracks in reconstructed corneas. CONCLUSIONS Striking patterns of centripetal migration of corneal epithelial cells observed in vivo are driven by contact-mediated cues operating through an intracellular cAMP pathway, and failure to read these cues underlies the migration defects that accompany corneal degeneration in patients with mutations in PAX6.
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Chao W, Belmonte C, Benitez del Castillo JM, Bron AJ, Dua HS, Nichols KK, Novack GD, Schrader S, Willcox MD, Wolffsohn JS, Sullivan DA. Report of the Inaugural Meeting of the TFOS i2 = initiating innovation Series: Targeting the Unmet Need for Dry Eye Treatment. Ocul Surf 2016; 14:264-316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Xu X, Yang J, Luo Z, Zhang X. Lentinula edodes-derived polysaccharide enhances systemic and mucosal immunity by spatial modulation of intestinal gene expression in mice. Food Funct 2016; 6:2068-80. [PMID: 26034783 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo01192a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Mushroom polysaccharides have been reported to possess significant biological activities. However, their molecular mechanisms are not fully elucidated. In this study, the immunostimulating activity of a newly purified heteropolysaccharide L2 from Lentinula edodes is evaluated in Caco-2 cells and a Caco-2/RAW264.7 co-culture system, as well as in mice. Subsequently, the customized RT-PCR array containing 112 genes is employed to investigate the effects of L2 on gene expressions in the small intestine, cecum and colon. The results show that L2 significantly enhances immune responses by differentially affecting the gene expressions of small intestine, cecum and colon, in which 55, 26 and 25 genes are markedly changed, respectively. In particular, 3 core regulation networks are identified for various parts of gut. These data demonstrate the potential of L2 as a potent immune stimulator and for the first time provide a detailed landscape of tissue-specific gene expressions and core regulation networks in response to L. edodes-derived heteropolysaccharide treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Xu
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
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Meibomian Gland Absence Related Dry Eye in Ectodysplasin A Mutant Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:32-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sjögren's syndrome associated dry eye in a mouse model is ameliorated by topical application of integrin α4 antagonist GW559090. Exp Eye Res 2015; 143:1-8. [PMID: 26463157 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease associated with inflammation of exocrine glands with clinical manifestations of dry eye and dry mouth. Dry eye in this disease involves inflammation of the ocular surface tissues - cornea and conjunctiva. While systemic blockade of adhesion molecules has been used to treat autoimmune diseases, the purpose of this study was to determine the therapeutic efficacy of topical application of an integrin α4 adhesion molecule antagonist in a mouse model of dry eye associated with Sjögren's syndrome. To assess this spontaneously developed ocular surface inflammation related to Sjögren's syndrome in TSP-1null mice (12 wks) was evaluated. Mice were treated with topical formulations containing 0.1% dexamethasone or 30 mg/ml GW559090 or vehicle control. Corneal fluorescein staining and conjunctival goblet cell density were assessed. Real-time PCR analysis was performed to assess expression of the inflammatory marker IL-1β in the cornea and Tbet and RORγt in the draining lymph nodes. Ocular surface inflammation was detectable in TSP-1null mice (≥12 wk old), which resulted in increased corneal fluorescein staining indicative of corneal barrier disruption and reduced conjunctival goblet cell density. These changes were accompanied by increased corneal expression of IL-1β as compared to WT controls and an altered balance of Th1 (Tbet) and Th17 (RORγt) markers in the draining lymph nodes. Topically applied dexamethasone and GW559090 significantly reduced corneal fluorescein staining compared to vehicle treatment (p = 0.023 and p < 0.001, respectively). This improved corneal barrier integrity upon adhesion molecule blockade was consistent with significantly reduced corneal expression of pro-inflammatory IL-1β compared to vehicle treated groups (p < 0.05 for both treatments). Significant improvement in goblet cell density was also noted in mice treated with 0.1% dexamethasone and GW559090 (p < 0.05 for both). We conclude that similar to topical dexamethasone, topically administered GW559090 successfully improved corneal barrier integrity and inflammation in an established ocular surface disease associated with Sjögren's syndrome.
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Murataeva N, Li S, Oehler O, Miller S, Dhopeshwarkar A, Hu SSJ, Bonanno JA, Bradshaw H, Mackie K, McHugh D, Straiker A. Cannabinoid-induced chemotaxis in bovine corneal epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:3304-13. [PMID: 26024113 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cannabinoid CB1 receptors are found in abundance in the vertebrate eye, with most tissue types expressing this receptor. However, the function of CB1 receptors in corneal epithelial cells (CECs) is poorly understood. Interestingly, the corneas of CB1 knockout mice heal more slowly after injury via a mechanism proposed to involve protein kinase B (Akt) activation, chemokinesis, and cell proliferation. The current study examined the role of cannabinoids in CEC migration in greater detail. METHODS We determined the role of CB1 receptors in corneal healing. We examined the consequences of their activation on migration and proliferation in bovine CECs (bCECs). We additionally examined the mRNA profile of cannabinoid-related genes and CB1 protein expression as well as CB1 signaling in bovine CECs. RESULTS We now report that activation of CB1 with physiologically relevant concentrations of the synthetic agonist WIN55212-2 (WIN) induces bCEC migration via chemotaxis, an effect fully blocked by the CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716. The endogenous agonist 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) also enhances migration. Separately, mRNA for most cannabinoid-related proteins are present in bovine corneal epithelium and cultured bCECs. Notably absent are CB2 receptors and the 2-AG synthesizing enzyme diglycerol lipase-α (DAGLα). The signaling profile of CB1 activation is complex, with inactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Lastly, CB1 activation does not induce bCEC proliferation, but may instead antagonize EGF-induced proliferation. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we find that CB1-based signaling machinery is present in bovine cornea and that activation of this system induces chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Murataeva
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Shimin Li
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Olivia Oehler
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Sally Miller
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Amey Dhopeshwarkar
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Sherry Shu-Jung Hu
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Joseph A Bonanno
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Heather Bradshaw
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Ken Mackie
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Douglas McHugh
- Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, North Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Alex Straiker
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
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Samarawickrama C, Chew S, Watson S. Retinoic acid and the ocular surface. Surv Ophthalmol 2015; 60:183-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Zhou D, McNamara NA. Macrophages: important players in primary Sjögren's syndrome? Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:513-20. [PMID: 24646086 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.900441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by immune-mediated destruction of the salivary and lacrimal glands with unknown etiology. Due to recent research utilizing human subjects as well as laboratory animal models, our understanding of the pathophysiological and immunological mechanisms of pSS has made great strides. As a consequence, targeted, immune-based therapies are gaining increased attention as the ideal way to conquer autoimmune diseases like pSS. Currently, however, there is no effective treatment to target specific immunological events or effector immune cells in the pathogenesis of pSS (discussed in other reviews of the current issue). Here, we summarize our current understanding and knowledge of the roles of monocytes/macrophages in the pathogenesis of pSS. Human studies, especially utilizing salivary gland biopsies, demonstrate the infiltration of macrophages and its correlation with disease severity. Moreover, animal model studies have shown the functional involvement of macrophages in promoting the ocular component of pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delu Zhou
- University of Utah, 15 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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McNamara NA, Gallup M, Porco TC. Establishing PAX6 as a biomarker to detect early loss of ocular phenotype in human patients with Sjögren's syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:7079-84. [PMID: 25228544 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a common autoimmune disease that can cause aqueous-deficient dry eye and the aberrant differentiation of ocular mucosal epithelial cells toward a lineage that is pathologically keratinized and skin-like. PAX6 is the master regulator of corneal lineage commitment. Recently, we showed a functional role for PAX6 in preventing ocular surface damage induced by the proinflammatory cytokine, IL-1β, in a mouse model of SS. Here, we examine PAX6's potential as a clinical biomarker that predicts ocular surface disease in SS patients. METHODS Impression cytology specimens isolated from the bulbar conjunctiva of control (n = 43) and SS patients (n = 43) were used to evaluate the relative abundance of PAX6, IL-1β, and pathologic keratinization marker, small proline-rich protein (SPRR1B) by TaqMan qPCR. Transcript expression was examined relative to clinical data, including the ocular staining score (OSS), tear breakup time (TBUT), Schirmer tear test, serum autoantibody results, and the labial salivary gland focus score. RESULTS PAX6 expression was significantly reduced in SS patients (P = 0.010, Wilcoxon rank sum test), and highly correlated with OSS (Spearman ρ = 0.239, 95% CI 0.02-0.43; P = 0.027). The extent to which PAX6 predicted SPRR1B was largely dependent on IL-1β expression (R(2) = 0.28, P < 0.01) and elevated IL-1β predicted reduced TBUT (R(2) = 0.24, P = 0.035), low tear secretion (R(2) = 0.30, P = 0.011), and focus score (R(2) = 0.21, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Downregulation of PAX6 in SS patients was highly associated with ocular surface damage and largely dependent on the level of inflammation. Restoration of PAX6 may provide a clinical approach to manage dry eye in SS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A McNamara
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Marianne Gallup
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Travis C Porco
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
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Zickri MB, Ahmad NAW, Maadawi ZME, Mohamady YK, Metwally HG. Effect of stem cell therapy on induced diabetic keratopathy in albino rat. Int J Stem Cells 2013; 5:57-64. [PMID: 24298355 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2012.5.1.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a prevalent disorder. Diabetic keratopathy is a well-known ocular complication secondary to type 2 DM. Topical insulin application did not affect apoptosis and necrosis levels in corneal epithelium. Autologous cell transplantation is not a viable option for diabetic patients with bilateral limbal stem cell deficiency. The present study aimed at assessing the possible effect of hemopoeitic stem cell (HSC) therapy on induced diabetic keratopathy in albino rat. METHODS AND RESULTS Fifteen male albino rats were divided into control group of 2 rats, diabetic group of 8 rats receiving single intraperitoneal (IP) injection of 50 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ). 3 animals were sacrificed 6 weeks following confirmation of diabetes to confirm keratopathy and 5 rats were sacrificed 4 weeks following confirmation of keratopathy. SC therapy group included 5 rats injected with HSCs 6 weeks following confirmation of diabetes and sacrificed 4 weeks following SC therapy. Cord blood collection, stem cells isolation and labeling were performed. Eye specimens were subjected to histological, histochemical, immunohistochemical, morphometric and statistical studies. In diabetic group, the central cornea showed multiple cells with vacuolated cytoplasm and dark nuclei, focal epithelial discontinuity, reduced corneal thickness and less number of layers of corneal and conjunctival epithelia. In stem cell therapy group, few cells with vacuolated cytoplasm and dark nuclei were found in the corneal and conjunctival epithelia with more number of epithelial layers. CONCLUSIONS A definite ameliorating effect of HSC therapy was detected on diabetic keratopathy. The therapeutic cells were effective in limiting corneal epithelial changes.
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[Testosterone reduces the expression of keratinization-promoting genes in murine Meibomian glands]. Ophthalmologe 2013; 110:230-8. [PMID: 23224122 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-012-2661-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive keratinization appears to play a major role in the dysfunction of the Meibomian gland. This article presents the potential impact of androgens on limiting keratinization in this tissue, thus, contributing to normal Meibomian gland function and a healthy ocular surface. MATERIALS AND METHODS Orchidectomized mice were systemically treated with either testosterone or placebo for 2 weeks. The mRNA was then extracted from the Meibomian glands and differential gene expression was investigated by microarray hybridization and evaluation with GeneSifter software as well as gene ontology information from the Gene Ontology (GO) Consortium. RESULTS By z-score calculations, keratinization was the most significantly gene ontology term influenced by testosterone based on down-regulated genes in the mouse Meibomian gland. In particular, under the influence of testosterone the genes coding for small proline-rich protein (Sprr) 2a, Sprr 2b, Sprr 3, keratins 6a and 17 and periplakin were significantly down-regulated, while Sprr 1a and Sprr 2f were significantly up-regulated. CONCLUSIONS Testosterone down-regulates the expression of genes promoting keratinization in the Meibomian gland. This may help to prevent Meibomian gland dysfunction by limiting excessive keratinization of this tissue and the adjacent lid margins. The findings elucidate, at least in part, the beneficial impact of androgens on Meibomian gland function and thus on th e health of the ocular surface.
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Lee SH, Park MY, Kim KW, Wee SW, Kim JC. Zinc Finger Protein in Severe Dry Eye Syndrome. Curr Eye Res 2013; 39:431-8. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2013.851705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Vijmasi T, Chen FYT, Chen YT, Gallup M, McNamara N. Topical administration of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist as a therapy for aqueous-deficient dry eye in autoimmune disease. Mol Vis 2013; 19:1957-65. [PMID: 24068863 PMCID: PMC3782366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Dry eye is commonly associated with autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren's syndrome (SS), in which exocrinopathy of the lacrimal gland leads to aqueous tear deficiency and keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). KCS is among the most common and debilitating clinical manifestations of SS that is often recalcitrant to therapy. We established mice deficient in the autoimmune regulator (Aire) gene as a model for autoimmune-mediated aqueous-deficient dry eye. In Aire-deficient mice, CD4+ T cells represent the main effector cells and local signaling via the interleukin-1 (IL-1/IL-1R1) pathway provides an essential link between autoreactive CD4+ T cells and ocular surface disease. In the current study, we evaluated the efficacy of topical administration of IL-1R1 antagonist (IL-1RA) anakinra in alleviating ocular surface damage resulting from aqueous-deficient dry eye in the setting of autoimmune disease. METHODS We compared the effect of commercially available IL-1R1 antagonist, anakinra (50 μg/mL concentration) to that of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) vehicle control as a treatment for dry eye. Age-matched, Aire-deficient mice were treated three times daily with anakinra or CMC vehicle for 14 days using side-by-side (n = 4 mice/group) and paired-eye (n = 5) comparisons. We assessed (1) ocular surface damage with lissamine green staining; (2) tear secretion with wetting of phenol-red threads; (3) goblet cell (GC) mucin glycosylation with lectin histochemistry; (4) immune cell infiltration using anti-F4/80, CD11c, and CD4 T cell antibodies; and (5) gene expression of cornified envelope protein, Small Proline-Rich Protein-1B (SPRR1B) with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Aire-deficient mice treated with anakinra experienced significant improvements in ocular surface integrity and tear secretion. After 7 days of treatment, lissamine green staining decreased in eyes treated with anakinra compared to an equivalent increase in staining following treatment with CMC vehicle alone. By day 14, lissamine green staining in anakinra-treated eyes remained stable while eyes treated with CMC vehicle continued to worsen. Accordingly, there was a progressive decline in tear secretion in eyes treated with the CMC vehicle compared to a progressive increase in the anakinra-treated eyes over the 2-week treatment period. Aberrant acidification of GC mucins and pathological keratinization of the ocular surface were significantly reduced in anakinra-treated eyes. Significantly fewer Maackia amurensis leukoagglutinin positive goblet cells were noted in the conjunctiva of anakinra-treated eyes with a corresponding decrease in the expression of the pathological keratinization marker, SPRR1B. Finally, there was a downward trend in the infiltration of each immune cell type following anakinra treatment, but the cell counts compared to eyes treated with the vehicle alone were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS IL-1R antagonist, anakinra, demonstrates therapeutic benefits as a topical treatment for aqueous-deficient dry eye in a spontaneous mouse model of autoimmune KCS that mimics the clinical characteristics of SS. Targeting the IL-1/IL-1R1 signaling pathway through topical administration of IL-1RA may provide a novel option to improve ocular surface integrity, increase tear secretion, and restore the normal glycosylation pattern of GC mucins in patients with SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinka Vijmasi
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Rm. 1349, San Francisco, CA
| | - Feeling YT Chen
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Rm. 1349, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ying Ting Chen
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Rm. 1349, San Francisco, CA
| | - Marianne Gallup
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Rm. 1349, San Francisco, CA
| | - Nancy McNamara
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Rm. 1349, San Francisco, CA,Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
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Ding J, Kam WR, Dieckow J, Sullivan DA. The influence of 13-cis retinoic acid on human meibomian gland epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:4341-50. [PMID: 23722388 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-11863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is a primary cause of dry eye disease. One of the risk factors for MGD is exposure to 13-cis retinoic acid (13-cis RA), a metabolite of vitamin A. However, the mechanism is not well understood. We hypothesize that 13-cis RA inhibits cell proliferation, promotes cell death, alters gene and protein expressions, and attenuates cell survival pathways in human meibomian gland epithelial cells. METHODS To test our hypotheses, immortalized human meibomian gland epithelial cells were cultured with or without 13-cis RA for varying doses and time. Cell proliferation, cell death, gene expression, and proteins involved in proliferation/survival and inflammation were evaluated. RESULTS We found that 13-cis RA inhibited cell proliferation, induced cell death, and significantly altered the expression of 6726 genes, including those involved in cell proliferation, cell death, differentiation, keratinization, and inflammation, in human meibomian gland epithelial cells. Further, 13-cis RA also reduced the phosphorylation of Akt and increased the generation of interleukin-1β and matrix metallopeptidase 9. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to 13-cis RA inhibits cell proliferation, increases cell death, alters gene expression, changes signaling pathways, and promotes inflammatory mediator and protease expression in meibomian gland epithelial cells. These effects may be responsible, at least in part, for the 13-cis RA-related induction of MGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ding
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Wang N, Ge JF, Pan CX, Peng XQ, Chen HH, Wang XQ, Tang J, Hu W, Chen FH. Anti-tumor effect of 4-Amino-2-Trifluoromethyl-Phenyl Retinate on human breast cancer MCF-7 cells via up-regulation of retinoid receptor-induced gene-1. Biomed Pharmacother 2013; 67:687-92. [PMID: 23807003 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Amino-2-Trifluoromethyl-Phenyl Retinate (ATPR) is one of the retinoid derivatives designed and synthesized in our team. In this paper, we explored the potential anti-tumor effects of ATPR in breast cancer. Here we found that ATPR showed remarkable anti-proliferative effects in a dose- and time-dependent manner, caused cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase and significantly increased the expression of retinoid receptor-induced gene-1 (RRIG1). ATPR decreased the expression of phosphorylation-ERK (p-ERK) and increased the expression of estrogen receptor β (ERβ) and phosphorylation-p38 (p-p38). Following RRIG1 knockdown by RNAi interference, we found that the changes of ERβ, p-ERK and p-p38 induced by ATPR were both depressed. Our data suggest that ATPR could inhibit the proliferation and induce differentiation of MCF-7 cells via mediating the expression of RRIG1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Mei Shan Road, Anhui Province, 230032 Hefei, PR China
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Liu S, Kam WR, Ding J, Hatton MP, Sullivan DA. Effect of growth factors on the proliferation and gene expression of human meibomian gland epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:2541-50. [PMID: 23493293 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-11221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We hypothesize that growth factors, including epidermal growth factor (EGF) and bovine pituitary extract (BPE), induce proliferation, but not differentiation (e.g., lipid accumulation), of human meibomian gland epithelial cells. We also hypothesize that these actions involve a significant upregulation of genes linked to cell cycle processes, and a significant downregulation of genes associated with differentiation. Our objective was to test these hypotheses. METHODS Immortalized human meibomian gland and conjunctival epithelial cells were cultured for varying time periods in the presence or absence of EGF, BPE, EGF + BPE, or serum, followed by cell counting, neutral lipid staining, or RNA isolation for molecular biological procedures. RESULTS Our studies show that growth factors stimulate a significant, time-dependent proliferation of human meibomian gland epithelial cells. These effects are associated with a significant upregulation of genes linked to cell cycle, DNA replication, ribosomes, and translation, and a significant decrease in those related to cell differentiation, tissue development, lipid metabolic processes, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling. Serum-induced differentiation, but not growth factor-related proliferation, elicits a pronounced lipid accumulation in human meibomian gland epithelial cells. This lipogenic response is unique, and is not duplicated by human conjunctival epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that EGF and BPE stimulate human meibomian gland epithelial cells to proliferate. Further, our findings show that action is associated with an upregulation of cell cycle and translation ontologies, and a downregulation of genetic pathways linked to differentiation and lipid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohui Liu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Yamada A, Arakaki R, Kudo Y, Ishimaru N. Targeting IL-1 in Sjögren's syndrome. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:393-401. [PMID: 23320392 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.754427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION IL-1 plays key roles in the biological functions of various cells. In particular, many roles of IL-1 in the immune system have been discovered by numerous studies. This review focuses on the association of IL-1 with the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. AREAS COVERED An overview of the biological functions of the IL-1 family and the IL-1 receptors (IL-1Rs), including the maintenance of systemic or local homeostasis, and the signaling pathway through IL-1/IL-1R in various immune systems are described. Several functions of IL-1 in the pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome (SS) have been demonstrated with a focus on the immune responses and target tissues in SS. In addition to the role of IL-1 in the immune responses in SS, the function of IL-1 in ocular mucosa lesions in SS has been described. Lastly, there is an overview of possible therapeutic strategies for IL-1 inhibition in SS. EXPERT OPINION IL-1 plays critical roles in the onset and development of SS by controlling systemic or local immune responses and maintaining the survival and mucosal defense of target epithelial cells. The inhibition of the pathogenic functions of IL-1 may be beneficial for treating SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Yamada
- Institute of Health Biosciences, Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
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Jalbert I, Madigan MC, Shao M, Ng J, Cheng J, Wong D, McMonnies C. Assessing the human lid margin epithelium using impression cytology. Acta Ophthalmol 2012; 90:e547-52. [PMID: 22863209 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2012.02482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish if impression cytology combined with histochemical and immunocytochemical staining can be used to assess epithelium of the human upper lid margin. METHODS Following an initial eye examination of 40 healthy subjects (19 soft contact lens wearers and 21 non-contact lens wearers, aged 18-57 years), lid margin staining was assessed with lissamine green using slit lamp biomicroscopy and graded (grade 0-3). Impression cytology of the upper lid margin of both eyes was collected, fixed and stained with periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and haematoxylin for cell morphology analysis (Nelson grade) or for immunocytochemistry (keratinization-related proteins: filaggrin, transglutaminase1 (TGase1) and cytokeratin 1/10). RESULTS In 57% of all subjects, grade 0 lissamine green staining showed a thin line (the Marx line), just posterior to the meibomian gland ducts. Grade 2 or 3 lissamine green staining was observed in 17% of all subjects. There was no difference between contact lens and non-contact lens wearers for lid margin staining or Nelson grade (p = 0.4, Fisher's exact test). PAS/haematoxylin staining and immunocytochemistry showed transition in epithelial cell morphology, with marginal conjunctival epithelium, mucocutaneous junction and squamous epithelium, adjacent to meibomian gland ducts. This transition in epithelium was associated with differential expression of keratinization-related proteins (filaggrin, cytokeratin 1/10 and TGase1). CONCLUSION Lid margin epithelium can be successfully sampled using impression cytology and further characterized using histochemistry and immunocytochemistry staining techniques. This approach can be applied to assess lid margin changes in conditions such as dry eye and meibomian gland dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Jalbert
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, UNSW, Australia
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Chen YT, Lazarev S, Bahrami AF, Noble LB, Chen FYT, Zhou D, Gallup M, Yadav M, McNamara NA. Interleukin-1 receptor mediates the interplay between CD4+ T cells and ocular resident cells to promote keratinizing squamous metaplasia in Sjögren's syndrome. J Transl Med 2012; 92:556-70. [PMID: 22231738 PMCID: PMC3725338 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2011.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinizing squamous metaplasia (SQM) of the ocular mucosal epithelium is a blinding corneal disease characterized by the loss of conjunctival goblet cells (GCs), pathological ocular surface keratinization and tissue recruitment of immune cells. Using the autoimmune regulator (Aire)-deficient mouse as a model for Sjögren's syndrome (SS)-associated SQM, we identified CD4(+) T lymphocytes as the main immune effectors driving SQM and uncovered a pathogenic role for interleukin-1 (IL-1). IL-1, a pleiotropic cytokine family enriched in ocular epithelia, governs tissue homeostasis and mucosal immunity. Here, we used adoptive transfer of autoreactive CD4(+) T cells to dissect the mechanism whereby IL-1 promotes SQM. CD4(+) T cells adoptively transferred from both Aire knockout (KO) and Aire/IL-1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1) double KO donors conferred SQM to severe-combined immunodeficiency (scid) recipients with functional IL-1R1, but not scid recipients lacking IL-1R1. In the lacrimal gland, IL-1R1 was primarily immunolocalized to ductal epithelium surrounded by CD4(+) T cells. In the eye, IL-1R1 was expressed on local mucosal epithelial and stromal cells, but not on resident antigen-presenting cells or infiltrating immune cells. In both tissues, autoreactive CD4(+) T-cell infiltration was only observed in the presence of IL-1R1-postive resident cells. Moreover, persistent activation of IL-1R1 signaling led to chronic immune-mediated inflammation by retaining CD4(+) T cells in the local microenvironment. Following IL-1R1-dependent infiltration of CD4(+) T cells, we observed SQM hallmarks in local tissues-corneal keratinization, conjunctival GC mucin acidification and epithelial cell hyperplasia throughout the ocular surface mucosa. Proinflammatory IL-1 expression in ocular epithelial cells significantly correlated with reduced tear secretion, while CD4(+) T-cell infiltration of the lacrimal gland predicted the development of ocular SQM. Collectively, data in this study indicated a central role for IL-1 in orchestrating a functional interplay between immune cells and resident cells of SS-targeted tissues in the pathogenesis of SQM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ting Chen
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Stanislav Lazarev
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Ahmad F Bahrami
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Lisa B Noble
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Feeling YT Chen
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Delu Zhou
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Marianne Gallup
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Mahesh Yadav
- Diabetes Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nancy A McNamara
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, USA,Department of Anatomy, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Davis J, Piatigorsky J. Overexpression of Pax6 in mouse cornea directly alters corneal epithelial cells: changes in immune function, vascularization, and differentiation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:4158-68. [PMID: 21447684 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess whether Pax6 functions directly in the cornea, a corneal-preferred promoter was used to overexpress Pax6 specifically in the cornea. METHODS Transgenic mice harboring a construct containing mouse Pax6 coding sequences fused downstream of the aldehyde dehydrogenase 3a1 (Aldh3a1) promoter were generated (Pax6 Tg). Pax6 expression was analyzed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Eye sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Schiff reagent, and fluorescein, to assess morphologic changes, the presence of goblet cells, and barrier integrity, respectively. Gene expression changes in mildly affected Pax6 Tg corneas were compared to age-matched, wild-type (WT) corneas by microarray analysis and quantitative PCR. Promoter regulation of several differentially expressed genes was examined by monitoring luciferase activity of reporter constructs after cotransfection with Pax6 in COS7 cells. RESULTS Corneal overexpression of Pax6 produces an abnormal cornea with altered epithelial cell morphology, neovascularization, immune cell invasion, and a compromised barrier; the lens appeared normal. Major changes in expression of genes involved in immune function, vascularization, and epithelial differentiation occurred in corneas from Pax6 Tg versus WT mice. The keratin (K) profile was dramatically altered in the Pax6 Tg corneas, as were several components of the Wnt signaling pathway. In severely affected Pax6 Tg corneas, K12 was reduced, and Pax6 was redistributed into the cytoplasm. Promoters from the chitinase 3-like 3, Wnt inhibitory factor 1, and fms-related tyrosine kinase 1/soluble VEGF receptor genes were upregulated five-, seven-, and threefold, respectively, by Pax6 in transfected COS7 cells. CONCLUSIONS Pax6 functions directly to maintain normal, corneal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Davis
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Bron AJ, Yokoi N, Gaffney EA, Tiffany JM. A Solute Gradient in the Tear Meniscus. II. Implications for Lid Margin Disease, including Meibomian Gland Dysfunction. Ocul Surf 2011; 9:92-7. [DOI: 10.1016/s1542-0124(11)70015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Liu S, Richards SM, Lo K, Hatton M, Fay A, Sullivan DA. Changes in gene expression in human meibomian gland dysfunction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:2727-40. [PMID: 21372006 PMCID: PMC3088560 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) may be the leading cause of dry eye syndrome throughout the world. However, the precise mechanism(s) underlying the pathogenesis of this disease is unclear. This study was conducted to identify meibomian gland genes that may promote the development and/or progression of human MGD. METHODS Lid tissues were obtained from male and female MGD patients and age-matched controls after eyelid surgeries (e.g., to correct entropion or ectropion). Meibomian glands were isolated and processed for RNA extraction and the analysis of gene expression. RESULTS The results show that MGD is associated with significant alterations in the expression of almost 400 genes in the human meibomian gland. The levels of 197 transcripts, including those encoding various small proline-rich proteins and S100 calcium-binding proteins, are significantly increased, whereas the expression of 194 genes, such as claudin 3 and cell adhesion molecule 1, is significantly decreased. These changes, which cannot be accounted for by sex differences, are accompanied by alterations in many gene ontologies (e.g., keratinization, cell cycle, and DNA repair). The findings also show that the human meibomian gland contains several highly expressed genes that are distinct from those in an adjacent tissue (i.e., conjunctival epithelium). CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that MGD is accompanied by multiple changes in gene expression in the meibomian gland. The nature of these alterations, including the upregulation of genes encoding small proline-rich proteins and S100 calcium-binding proteins, suggest that keratinization plays an important role in the pathogenesis of MGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohui Liu
- From the Schepens Eye Research Institute
- the Department of Ophthalmology, and
| | - Stephen M. Richards
- From the Schepens Eye Research Institute
- the Department of Ophthalmology, and
| | - Kristine Lo
- the Department of Ophthalmology, and
- the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Mark Hatton
- From the Schepens Eye Research Institute
- the Department of Ophthalmology, and
- Ophthalmic Consultants of Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aaron Fay
- the Department of Ophthalmology, and
- the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - David A. Sullivan
- From the Schepens Eye Research Institute
- the Department of Ophthalmology, and
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Chen YT, Nikulina K, Lazarev S, Bahrami AF, Noble LB, Gallup M, McNamara NA. Interleukin-1 as a phenotypic immunomodulator in keratinizing squamous metaplasia of the ocular surface in Sjögren's syndrome. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:1333-43. [PMID: 20696775 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.100227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation of the ocular surface in Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is associated with a vision-threatening, phenotypic change of the ocular surface, which converts from a nonkeratinized, stratified squamous epithelium to a nonsecretory, keratinized epithelium. This pathological process is known as squamous metaplasia. Based on a significant correlation between ocular surface interleukin (IL)-1beta expression and squamous metaplasia in patients with SS, we investigated the role of IL-1 in the pathogenesis of squamous metaplasia in an animal model that mimics the clinical characteristics of SS. Using autoimmune-regulator (aire)-deficient mice, we assessed lacrimal gland and ocular surface immunopathology by quantifying the infiltration of major histocompatibility complex class II(+) (I-A(d+)) dendritic cells and CD4(+) T cells. We examined squamous metaplasia using a biomarker of keratinization, small proline-rich protein 1B. We used lissamine green staining as a readout for ocular surface epitheliopathy and Alcian blue/periodic acid-Schiff histochemical analysis to characterize goblet cell muco-glycoconjugates. Within 8 weeks, the eyes of aire-deficient mice were pathologically keratinized with significant epithelial damage and altered mucin glycosylation. Although knockdown of IL-1 receptor 1 did not attenuate lymphocytic infiltration of the lacrimal gland or eye, it significantly reduced ocular surface keratinization, epitheliopathy, and muco-glycoconjugate acidification. These data demonstrate a phenotypic modulation role for IL-1 in the pathogenesis of squamous metaplasia and suggest that IL-1 receptor 1-targeted therapies may be beneficial for treating ocular surface disease associated with SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ting Chen
- University of California, San Francisco, Francis I. Proctor Foundation, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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