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Carozza G, Zerti D, Tisi A, Ciancaglini M, Maccarrone M, Maccarone R. An overview of retinal light damage models for preclinical studies on age-related macular degeneration: identifying molecular hallmarks and therapeutic targets. Rev Neurosci 2024; 35:303-330. [PMID: 38153807 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex, multifactorial disease leading to progressive and irreversible retinal degeneration, whose pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated yet. Due to the complexity and to the multiple features of the disease, many efforts have been made to develop animal models which faithfully reproduce the overall AMD hallmarks or that are able to mimic the different AMD stages. In this context, light damage (LD) rodent models of AMD represent a suitable and reliable approach to mimic the different AMD forms (dry, wet and geographic atrophy) while maintaining the time-dependent progression of the disease. In this review, we comprehensively reported how the LD paradigms reproduce the main features of human AMD. We discuss the capability of these models to broaden the knowledge in AMD research, with a focus on the mechanisms and the molecular hallmarks underlying the pathogenesis of the disease. We also critically revise the remaining challenges and future directions for the use of LD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Carozza
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Darin Zerti
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Annamaria Tisi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Marco Ciancaglini
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
- European Center for Brain Research (CERC)/Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Maccarone
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
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Betts JHJ, Troeberg L. Review: Mechanisms of TIMP-3 accumulation and pathogenesis in Sorsby fundus dystrophy. Mol Vis 2024; 30:74-91. [PMID: 38601018 PMCID: PMC11006011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Sorsby fundus dystrophy (SFD) is a rare, inherited form of macular degeneration caused by mutations in the gene encoding tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 (TIMP-3). There are 21 mutations currently associated with SFD, with some variants (e.g., Ser179Cys, Tyr191Cys, and Ser204Cys) having been studied much more than others. We review what is currently known about the identified SFD variants in terms of their dimerization, metalloproteinase inhibition, and impact on angiogenesis, with a focus on disparities between reports and areas requiring further study. We also explore the potential molecular mechanisms leading to the accumulation of extracellular TIMP-3 in SFD and consider how accumulated TIMP-3 causes macular damage. Recent reports have identified extraocular pathologies in a small number of SFD patients. We discuss these intriguing findings and consider the apparent discrepancy between the widespread expression of TIMP-3 and the primarily retinal manifestations of SFD. The potential benefits of novel experimental approaches (e.g., metabolomics and stem cell models) in terms of investigating SFD pathology are presented. The review thus highlights gaps in our current molecular understanding of SFD and suggests ways to support the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob H J Betts
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Rosalind Franklin Road, Norwich, UK
| | - Linda Troeberg
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Rosalind Franklin Road, Norwich, UK
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Cioanca AV, Wooff Y, Aggio‐Bruce R, Sekar R, Dietrich C, Natoli R. Multiomic integration reveals neuronal-extracellular vesicle coordination of gliotic responses in degeneration. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12393. [PMID: 38082562 PMCID: PMC10714032 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), including in the retina, neuronal-to-glial communication is critical for maintaining tissue homeostasis including signal transmission, transfer of trophic factors, and in the modulation of inflammation. Extracellular vesicle (EV)-mediated transport of molecular messages to regulate these processes has been suggested as a mechanism by which bidirectional communication between neuronal and glial cells can occur. In this work we employed multiomics integration to investigate the role of EV communication pathways from neurons to glial cells within the CNS, using the mouse retina as a readily accessible representative CNS tissue. Further, using a well-established model of degeneration, we aimed to uncover how dysregulation of homeostatic messaging between neurons and glia via EV can result in retinal and neurodegenerative diseases. EV proteomics, glia microRNA (miRNA) Open Array and small RNA sequencing, and retinal single cell sequencing were performed, with datasets integrated and analysed computationally. Results demonstrated that exogenous transfer of neuronal miRNA to glial cells was mediated by EV and occurred as a targeted response during degeneration to modulate gliotic inflammation. Taken together, our results support a model of neuronal-to-glial communication via EV, which could be harnessed for therapeutic targeting to slow the progression of retinal-, and neuro-degenerations of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian V. Cioanca
- Clear Vision Research Group, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and MedicineThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and MedicineThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
| | - Yvette Wooff
- Clear Vision Research Group, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and MedicineThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and MedicineThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
| | - Riemke Aggio‐Bruce
- Clear Vision Research Group, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and MedicineThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and MedicineThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
| | - Rakshanya Sekar
- Clear Vision Research Group, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and MedicineThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and MedicineThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
| | - Catherine Dietrich
- Clear Vision Research Group, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and MedicineThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Riccardo Natoli
- Clear Vision Research Group, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and MedicineThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and MedicineThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
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Liu W, Zhu X, Ge X, Chen Y, Li DWC, Gong L. Light damage induces inflammatory factors in mouse retina and vitreous humor. Mol Vis 2023; 29:180-187. [PMID: 38222454 PMCID: PMC10784230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Increased inflammatory factor levels have been reported in the vitreous humor (VH) of diabetic retinopathy and neovascular age-related macular degeneration, ocular diseases generally associated with the formation of new retinal blood vessels and leakage. However, the levels of inflammatory mediators are less known in retinal degeneration without neovascularization. Human retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and animal models of light-induced retinal degeneration (LIRD) share several features, such as photoreceptor death and retinal inflammation. Here, we aimed to determine the levels of inflammatory factors in the VH of the LIRD mouse model. Methods LIRD was induced by exposing BALB/c mice to white light (15,000 lx, 2 h), and the mice were recovered for 2 days before analysis (n = 50 mice). We assessed retinal morphology using optical coherence tomography and hematoxylin and eosin staining; retinal cell viability was determined using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling, and retinal responses were measured based on electroretinogram signals. Total retinal RNAs were extracted and subjected to RNA sequencing analysis. VH samples from control (n = 4) and LIRD mice (n = 9) were assayed in triplicate for a panel of four inflammatory mediators using the Simple Plex Cartridge on an Ella System. Results Retinal degeneration, photoreceptor death, infiltration of microglia/macrophages into the photoreceptor layer, and loss of a- and b-waves were obviously detected after LIRD. RNA sequencing revealed that light damage (LD) led to the significant upregulation of inflammatory factors in mouse retinas. In the VH, LD increased the total protein concentration. Dramatic induction of CCL2 (~3000 fold) and IL6 (~10 fold) was detected in VH in response to LD. Increased but not significant levels of TNFα and IL1β were also detected in light-exposed VH. Conclusions Given that the LIRD model mimics RP pathogenesis in some aspects, these results suggest a causative link between retinal degeneration and VH inflammation in RP progression, and the increased CCL2 level in VH may reflect similar elevated CCL2 expression in the degenerative retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Xingfei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Xiangyu Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Yulin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - David Wan-Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Lili Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
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Wooff Y, Cioanca AV, Wills E, Chu-Tan JA, Sekar R, Natoli R. Short exposure to photo-oxidative damage triggers molecular signals indicative of early retinal degeneration. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1088654. [PMID: 37180103 PMCID: PMC10174249 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1088654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the developed world, currently affecting over 350 billion people globally. For the most prevalent late-stage form of this disease, atrophic AMD, there are no available prevention strategies or treatments, in part due to inherent difficulties in early-stage diagnosis. Photo-oxidative damage is a well-established model for studying inflammatory and cell death features that occur in late-stage atrophic AMD, however to date has not been investigated as a potential model for studying early features of disease onset. Therefore, in this study we aimed to determine if short exposure to photo-oxidative damage could be used to induce early retinal molecular changes and advance this as a potential model for studying early-stage AMD. Methods C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 1, 3, 6, 12, or 24h photo-oxidative damage (PD) using 100k lux bright white light. Mice were compared to dim-reared (DR) healthy controls as well as mice which had undergone long periods of photo-oxidative damage (3d and 5d-PD) as known timepoints for inducing late-stage retinal degeneration pathologies. Cell death and retinal inflammation were measured using immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR. To identify retinal molecular changes, retinal lysates were sent for RNA sequencing, following which bioinformatics analyses including differential expression and pathway analyses were performed. Finally, to investigate modulations in gene regulation as a consequence of degeneration, microRNA (miRNA) expression patterns were quantified using qRT-PCR and visualized using in situ hybridization. Results Short exposure to photo-oxidative damage (1-24h-PD) induced early molecular changes in the retina, with progressive downregulation of homeostatic pathways including metabolism, transport and phototransduction observed across this time-course. Inflammatory pathway upregulation was observed from 3h-PD, preceding observable levels of microglia/macrophage activation which was noted from 6h-PD, as well as significant photoreceptor row loss from 24h-PD. Further rapid and dynamic movement of inflammatory regulator miRNA, miR-124-3p and miR-155-5p, was visualized in the retina in response to degeneration. Conclusion These results support the use of short exposure to photo-oxidative damage as a model of early AMD and suggest that early inflammatory changes in the retina may contribute to pathological features of AMD progression including immune cell activation and photoreceptor cell death. We suggest that early intervention of these inflammatory pathways by targeting miRNA such as miR-124-3p and miR-155-5p or their target genes may prevent progression into late-stage pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Wooff
- Clear Vision Research Group, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Adrian V. Cioanca
- Clear Vision Research Group, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Elly Wills
- Clear Vision Research Group, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Joshua A. Chu-Tan
- Clear Vision Research Group, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Rakshanya Sekar
- Clear Vision Research Group, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Riccardo Natoli
- Clear Vision Research Group, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
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Tisi A, Carozza G, Leuti A, Maccarone R, Maccarrone M. Dysregulation of Resolvin E1 Metabolism and Signaling in a Light-Damage Model of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076749. [PMID: 37047721 PMCID: PMC10095591 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Resolvin E1 (RvE1) is an eicosapentaenoic acid-derived lipid mediator involved in the resolution of inflammation. Here, we investigated whether RvE1 alterations may occur in an animal model of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). To this end, Sprague Dawley albino rats underwent light damage (LD), and retinas and serum were analyzed immediately or seven days after treatment. Western blot of retinas showed that the RvE1 receptor ChemR23 and the RvE1 metabolic enzymes 5-LOX and COX-2 were unchanged immediately after LD, but they were significantly up-regulated seven days later. Instead, the RvE1 receptor BLT1 was not modulated by LD, and neither was the RvE1 degradative enzyme 15-PGDH. Moreover, ChemR23, 5-LOX, COX-2 and BLT1 were found to be more expressed in the inner retina under all experimental conditions, as observed through ImageJ plot profile analysis. Of note, amacrine cells highly expressed BLT1, while ChemR23 was highly expressed in the activated microglia of the outer retina. ELISA assays also showed that LD rats displayed significantly higher circulating levels and reduced retinal levels of RvE1 compared to controls. Altogether, our data indicate that RvE1 metabolism and signaling are modulated in the LD model, suggesting a potentially relevant role of this pathway in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Tisi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Giulia Carozza
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessandro Leuti
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
- European Center for Brain Research (CERC)/Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Maccarone
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
- European Center for Brain Research (CERC)/Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy
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Miao Y, Zhao GL, Cheng S, Wang Z, Yang XL. Activation of retinal glial cells contributes to the degeneration of ganglion cells in experimental glaucoma. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 93:101169. [PMID: 36736070 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2023.101169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor for neurodegeneration in glaucoma. Glial cells, which play an important role in normal functioning of retinal neurons, are well involved into retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration in experimental glaucoma animal models generated by elevated IOP. In response to elevated IOP, mGluR I is first activated and Kir4.1 channels are subsequently inhibited, which leads to the activation of Müller cells. Müller cell activation is followed by a complex process, including proliferation, release of inflammatory and growth factors (gliosis). Gliosis is further regulated by several factors. Activated Müller cells contribute to RGC degeneration through generating glutamate receptor-mediated excitotoxicity, releasing cytotoxic factors and inducing microglia activation. Elevated IOP activates microglia, and following morphological and functional changes, these cells, as resident immune cells in the retina, show adaptive immune responses, including an enhanced release of pro-inflammatory factors (tumor neurosis factor-α, interleukins, etc.). These ATP and Toll-like receptor-mediated responses are further regulated by heat shock proteins, CD200R, chemokine receptors, and metabotropic purinergic receptors, may aggravate RGC loss. In the optic nerve head, astrogliosis is initiated and regulated by a complex reaction process, including purines, transmitters, chemokines, growth factors and cytokines, which contributes to RGC axon injury through releasing pro-inflammatory factors and changing extracellular matrix in glaucoma. The effects of activated glial cells on RGCs are further modified by the interplay among different types of glial cells. This review is concluded by presenting an in-depth discussion of possible research directions in this field in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanying Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guo-Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shuo Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhongfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xiong-Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Chen Y, Xia Q, Zeng Y, Zhang Y, Zhang M. Regulations of Retinal Inflammation: Focusing on Müller Glia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:898652. [PMID: 35573676 PMCID: PMC9091449 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.898652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal inflammation underlies multiple prevalent retinal diseases. While microglia are one of the most studied cell types regarding retinal inflammation, growing evidence shows that Müller glia play critical roles in the regulation of retinal inflammation. Müller glia express various receptors for cytokines and release cytokines to regulate inflammation. Müller glia are part of the blood-retinal barrier and interact with microglia in the inflammatory responses. The unique metabolic features of Müller glia in the retina makes them vital for retinal homeostasis maintenance, regulating retinal inflammation by lipid metabolism, purine metabolism, iron metabolism, trophic factors, and antioxidants. miRNAs in Müller glia regulate inflammatory responses via different mechanisms and potentially regulate retinal regeneration. Novel therapies are explored targeting Müller glia for inflammatory retinal diseases treatment. Here we review new findings regarding the roles of Müller glia in retinal inflammation and discuss the related novel therapies for retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Research Laboratory of Macular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinghong Xia
- Operating Room of Anesthesia Surgery Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Research Laboratory of Macular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Research Laboratory of Macular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meixia Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Research Laboratory of Macular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Meixia Zhang,
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Palazzo I, Todd LJ, Hoang TV, Reh TA, Blackshaw S, Fischer AJ. NFkB-signaling promotes glial reactivity and suppresses Müller glia-mediated neuron regeneration in the mammalian retina. Glia 2022; 70:1380-1401. [PMID: 35388544 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Müller glia (MG) in mammalian retinas are incapable of regenerating neurons after damage, whereas the MG in lower vertebrates regenerate functional neurons. Identification of cell signaling pathways and gene regulatory networks that regulate MG-mediated regeneration is key to harnessing the regenerative potential of MG. Here, we study how NFkB-signaling influences glial responses to damage and reprogramming of MG into neurons in the rodent retina. We find activation of NFkB and dynamic expression of NFkB-associated genes in MG after damage, however damage-induced NFkB activation is inhibited by microglia ablation. Knockout of NFkB in MG suppressed the accumulation of immune cells after damage. Inhibition of NFkB following NMDA-damage significantly enhanced the reprogramming of Ascl1-overexpressing MG into neuron-like cells. scRNA-seq of retinal glia following inhibition of NFkB reveals coordination with signaling via TGFβ2 and suppression of NFI and Id transcription factors. Inhibition of Smad3 signal transducer or Id transcription factors increased numbers of neuron-like cells produced by Ascl1-overexpressing MG. We conclude that NFkB is a key signaling hub that is activated in MG after damage, mediates the accumulation of immune cells, and suppresses the neurogenic potential of MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Palazzo
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Levi J Todd
- Department of Biological Structure, College of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thanh V Hoang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas A Reh
- Department of Biological Structure, College of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Chen Y, Lin J, Schlotterer A, Kurowski L, Hoffmann S, Hammad S, Dooley S, Buchholz M, Hu J, Fleming I, Hammes HP. MicroRNA-124 Alleviates Retinal Vasoregression via Regulating Microglial Polarization. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011068. [PMID: 34681723 PMCID: PMC8538759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation is implicated in retinal vasoregression of the neurodegenerative ciliopathy-associated disease rat model (i.e., the polycystic kidney disease (PKD) model). microRNA can regulate microglial activation and vascular function, but the effect of microRNA-124 (miR-124) on retinal vasoregression remains unclear. Transgenic PKD and wild-type Sprague Dawley (SD) rats received miR-124 at 8 and 10 weeks of age intravitreally. Retinal glia activation was assessed by immunofluorescent staining and in situ hybridization. Vasoregression and neuroretinal function were evaluated by quantitative retinal morphometry and electroretinography (ERG), respectively. Microglial polarization was determined by immunocytochemistry and qRT-PCR. Microglial motility was examined via transwell migration assays, wound healing assays, and single-cell tracking. Our data showed that miR-124 inhibited glial activation and improved vasoregession, as evidenced by the reduced pericyte loss and decreased acellular capillary formation. In addition, miR-124 improved neuroretinal function. miR-124 shifted microglial polarization in the PKD retina from the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype by suppressing TNF-α, IL-1β, CCL2, CCL3, MHC-II, and IFN-γ and upregulating Arg1 and IL-10. miR-124 also decreased microglial motility in the migration assays. The transcriptional factor of C/EBP-α-PU.1 signaling, suppressed by miR-124 both in vivo (PKD retina) and in vitro (microglial cells), could serve as a key regulator in microglial activation and polarization. Our data illustrate that miR-124 regulates microglial activation and polarization. miR-124 inhibits pericyte loss and thereby alleviates vasoregression and ameliorates neurovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- 5th Medical Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany; (Y.C.); (J.L.); (A.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Jihong Lin
- 5th Medical Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany; (Y.C.); (J.L.); (A.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Andrea Schlotterer
- 5th Medical Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany; (Y.C.); (J.L.); (A.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Luke Kurowski
- 5th Medical Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany; (Y.C.); (J.L.); (A.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Sigrid Hoffmann
- Center of Medical Research, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany;
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Molecular Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany; (S.H.); (S.D.)
| | - Steven Dooley
- Molecular Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany; (S.H.); (S.D.)
| | - Malte Buchholz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, University Hospital, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 3, D-35043 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Jiong Hu
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Center for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (J.H.); (I.F.)
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Center for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (J.H.); (I.F.)
| | - Hans-Peter Hammes
- 5th Medical Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany; (Y.C.); (J.L.); (A.S.); (L.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-621-383-2663
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11
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Hsu ML, Huang WC, Zhou YR, Hu S, Huang CH, Wu SJ. Oleuropein Protects Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells from IL-1β-Induced Inflammation by Blocking MAPK/NF-κB Signaling Pathways. Inflammation 2021; 45:297-307. [PMID: 34613549 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01546-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory mediators such as interleukin (IL)-1β cause retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) inflammation, which is related to visual deterioration, including age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. Oleuropein is a polyphenol compound that shows potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer activities, but its effects on IL-1β-induced inflammation have not been examined in the adult RPE cell line ARPE-19. Here, we assessed the ability of oleuropein to attenuate this inflammation in ARPE-19 cells. IL-1β induced secretion of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP)-1, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM)-1. As measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, oleuropein significantly inhibited levels of all three proteins and led to decreased monocyte adhesiveness to ARPE-19 cells. To clarify the underlying anti-inflammatory mechanisms, we used western blots to evaluate the effect of oleuropein on inactivation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. The results showed that oleuropein significantly decreased levels of the inflammatory mediator cyclooxygenase-2 and increased anti-inflammatory protein HO-1 expression. We next examined if the anti-inflammatory activity of oleuropein arises via inactivated NF-κB. We found that suppressing phosphorylation of the JNK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways inhibited IL-6, MCP-1, and sICAM-1 secretion, implicating these pathways and NF-κB suppression in the effects of oleuropein. These results indicate that oleuropein shows potential for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Lung Hsu
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Guishan Dist, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, No.261, Wenhua 1st Rd, Taoyuan City, 33303, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chung Huang
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Guishan Dist, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, No.261, Wenhua 1st Rd, Taoyuan City, 33303, Taiwan
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Guishan Dist, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, 33303, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Rong Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Guishan Dist, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, No.261, Wenhua 1st Rd, Taoyuan City, 33303, Taiwan
| | - Sindy Hu
- Aesthetic Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan Dist, Taoyuan, 33303, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsun Huang
- Aesthetic Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan Dist, Taoyuan, 33303, Taiwan.
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Guishan Dist, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, No.261, Wenhua 1st Rd, Taoyuan City, 33303, Taiwan.
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, No.261, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City, 33303, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Ju Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Guishan Dist, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, No.261, Wenhua 1st Rd, Taoyuan City, 33303, Taiwan.
- Aesthetic Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan Dist, Taoyuan, 33303, Taiwan.
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, No.261, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City, 33303, Taiwan.
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12
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Racic T, Chang A, Fernando N, Brandli A, Natoli R, Penfold P, Provis JM, Rutar M. Anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties of the corticosteroid fludrocortisone in retinal degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2021; 212:108765. [PMID: 34509498 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of outer retinal degenerations has been linked to the elevation of cytokines that orchestrate pro-inflammatory responses within the retinal milieu, and which are thought to play a role in diseases such as geographic atrophy (GA), an advanced form of AMD. Here we sought investigate the anti-inflammatory and mechanistic properties of fludrocortisone (FA), as well as triamcinolone acetonide (TA), on Müller cell-mediated cytokine expression in response to inflammatory challenge. In addition, we investigated the neuroprotective efficacy of FA and TA in a photo-oxidative damage (PD), a model of outer retinal degeneration. Expression of CCL2, IL-6, and IL-8 with respect to FA and TA were assessed in Müller cells in vitro, following simulation with IL-1β or TNF-α. The dependency of this effect on mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid signaling was also interrogated for both TA and TA via co-incubation with steroid receptor antagonists. For the PD model, C57BL/6 mice were intravitreally injected with FA or TA, and changes in retinal pathology were assessed via electroretinogram (ERG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). FA and TA were found to dramatically reduce the expression of CCL2, IL-6, and IL-8 in Müller glia in vitro after inflammatory challenge with IL-1β or TNF-α (P < 0.05). Though FA acts as both a mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor agonist, co-incubation with selective steroid antagonists revealed that the suppressive effect of FA on CCL2, IL-6, and IL-8 expression is mediated by glucocorticoid signaling (P < 0.05). In PD, intravitreal FA was found to ameliorate outer-retinal atrophy as measured by ERG and OCT (P < 0.05), while TA had no significant effect (P > 0.05). Our data indicate potent anti-inflammatory and mechanistic properties of corticosteroids, specifically FA, in suppressing inflammation and neurodegeneration degeneration associated with outer retinal atrophy. Taken together, our findings indicate that corticosteroids such as FA may have value as a potential therapeutic for outer retinal degenerations where such pro-inflammatory factors are implicated, including AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Racic
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, ACT, Australia
| | - Andrew Chang
- Sydney Retina Clinic & Day Surgery, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nilisha Fernando
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, ACT, Australia
| | - Alice Brandli
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Riccardo Natoli
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, ACT, Australia; ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, ACT, Australia
| | - Philip Penfold
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, ACT, Australia
| | - Jan M Provis
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, ACT, Australia; ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, ACT, Australia
| | - Matt Rutar
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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13
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Chu-Tan JA, Cioanca AV, Feng ZP, Wooff Y, Schumann U, Aggio-Bruce R, Patel H, Rutar M, Hannan K, Panov K, Provis J, Natoli R. Functional microRNA targetome undergoes degeneration-induced shift in the retina. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:60. [PMID: 34465369 PMCID: PMC8406976 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00478-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNA (miRNA) play a significant role in the pathogenesis of complex neurodegenerative diseases including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), acting as post-transcriptional gene suppressors through their association with argonaute 2 (AGO2) - a key member of the RNA Induced Silencing Complex (RISC). Identifying the retinal miRNA/mRNA interactions in health and disease will provide important insight into the key pathways miRNA regulate in disease pathogenesis and may lead to potential therapeutic targets to mediate retinal degeneration. METHODS To identify the active miRnome targetome interactions in the healthy and degenerating retina, AGO2 HITS-CLIP was performed using a rodent model of photoreceptor degeneration. Analysis of publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) data was performed to identify the cellular location of AGO2 and key members of the microRNA targetome in the retina. AGO2 findings were verified by in situ hybridization (RNA) and immunohistochemistry (protein). RESULTS Analysis revealed a similar miRnome between healthy and damaged retinas, however, a shift in the active targetome was observed with an enrichment of miRNA involvement in inflammatory pathways. This shift was further demonstrated by a change in the seed binding regions of miR-124-3p, the most abundant retinal AGO2-bound miRNA, and has known roles in regulating retinal inflammation. Additionally, photoreceptor cluster miR-183/96/182 were all among the most highly abundant miRNA bound to AGO2. Following damage, AGO2 expression was localized to the inner retinal layers and more in the OLM than in healthy retinas, indicating a locational miRNA response to retinal damage. CONCLUSIONS This study provides important insight into the alteration of miRNA regulatory activity that occurs as a response to retinal degeneration and explores the miRNA-mRNA targetome as a consequence of retinal degenerations. Further characterisation of these miRNA/mRNA interactions in the context of the degenerating retina may provide an important insight into the active role these miRNA may play in diseases such as AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Chu-Tan
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
- The Australian National University Medical School, College of Health and Medicine, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Adrian V. Cioanca
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Zhi-Ping Feng
- The ANU Bioinformatics Consultancy, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Yvette Wooff
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
- The Australian National University Medical School, College of Health and Medicine, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Ulrike Schumann
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Riemke Aggio-Bruce
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
- The Australian National University Medical School, College of Health and Medicine, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Hardip Patel
- The ANU Bioinformatics Consultancy, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Matt Rutar
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617 Australia
| | - Katherine Hannan
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Konstantin Panov
- School of Biological Sciences Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL Northern Ireland
| | - Jan Provis
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
- The Australian National University Medical School, College of Health and Medicine, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Riccardo Natoli
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
- The Australian National University Medical School, College of Health and Medicine, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
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14
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Bielmeier CB, Roth S, Schmitt SI, Boneva SK, Schlecht A, Vallon M, Tamm ER, Ergün S, Neueder A, Braunger BM. Transcriptional Profiling Identifies Upregulation of Neuroprotective Pathways in Retinitis Pigmentosa. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126307. [PMID: 34208383 PMCID: PMC8231189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary retinal degenerations like retinitis pigmentosa (RP) are among the leading causes of blindness in younger patients. To enable in vivo investigation of cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for photoreceptor cell death and to allow testing of therapeutic strategies that could prevent retinal degeneration, animal models have been created. In this study, we deeply characterized the transcriptional profile of mice carrying the transgene rhodopsin V20G/P23H/P27L (VPP), which is a model for autosomal dominant RP. We examined the degree of photoreceptor degeneration and studied the impact of the VPP transgene-induced retinal degeneration on the transcriptome level of the retina using next generation RNA sequencing (RNASeq) analyses followed by weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA). We furthermore identified cellular subpopulations responsible for some of the observed dysregulations using in situ hybridizations, immunofluorescence staining, and 3D reconstruction. Using RNASeq analysis, we identified 9256 dysregulated genes and six significantly associated gene modules in the subsequently performed WGCNA. Gene ontology enrichment showed, among others, dysregulation of genes involved in TGF-β regulated extracellular matrix organization, the (ocular) immune system/response, and cellular homeostasis. Moreover, heatmaps confirmed clustering of significantly dysregulated genes coding for components of the TGF-β, G-protein activated, and VEGF signaling pathway. 3D reconstructions of immunostained/in situ hybridized sections revealed retinal neurons and Müller cells as the major cellular population expressing representative components of these signaling pathways. The predominant effect of VPP-induced photoreceptor degeneration pointed towards induction of neuroinflammation and the upregulation of neuroprotective pathways like TGF-β, G-protein activated, and VEGF signaling. Thus, modulation of these processes and signaling pathways might represent new therapeutic options to delay the degeneration of photoreceptors in diseases like RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina B. Bielmeier
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Wuerzburg, Koellikerstr. 6, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany; (C.B.B.); (S.R.); (A.S.); (M.V.); (S.E.)
| | - Saskia Roth
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Wuerzburg, Koellikerstr. 6, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany; (C.B.B.); (S.R.); (A.S.); (M.V.); (S.E.)
| | - Sabrina I. Schmitt
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany; (S.I.S.); (E.R.T.)
| | - Stefaniya K. Boneva
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79078 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Anja Schlecht
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Wuerzburg, Koellikerstr. 6, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany; (C.B.B.); (S.R.); (A.S.); (M.V.); (S.E.)
| | - Mario Vallon
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Wuerzburg, Koellikerstr. 6, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany; (C.B.B.); (S.R.); (A.S.); (M.V.); (S.E.)
| | - Ernst R. Tamm
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany; (S.I.S.); (E.R.T.)
| | - Süleyman Ergün
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Wuerzburg, Koellikerstr. 6, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany; (C.B.B.); (S.R.); (A.S.); (M.V.); (S.E.)
| | - Andreas Neueder
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, D-89069 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Barbara M. Braunger
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Wuerzburg, Koellikerstr. 6, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany; (C.B.B.); (S.R.); (A.S.); (M.V.); (S.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-931-31-84387; Fax: +49-931-31-82087
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15
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Popiolek-Barczyk K, Ciechanowska A, Ciapała K, Pawlik K, Oggioni M, Mercurio D, De Simoni MG, Mika J. The CCL2/CCL7/CCL12/CCR2 pathway is substantially and persistently upregulated in mice after traumatic brain injury, and CCL2 modulates the complement system in microglia. Mol Cell Probes 2020; 54:101671. [PMID: 33160071 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death in the global population. Disturbed inflammatory processes after TBI exacerbate secondary brain injury and contribute to unfavorable outcomes. Multiple inflammatory events that accompany brain trauma, such as glial activation, chemokine release, or the initiation of the complement system cascade, have been identified as potential targets for TBI treatment. However, the participation of chemokines in the complement activation remains unknown. Our studies sought to determine the changes in the expression of the molecules involved in the CCL2/CCL7/CCL12/CCR2 pathway in the injured brain and the effect of CCL2, CCL7, and CCL12 (10, 100, and 500 ng/mL) on the classic and lectin complement pathways and inflammatory factors in microglial cell cultures. Brain injury in mice was modeled by controlled cortical impact (CCI). Our findings indicate a time-dependent upregulation of CCL2, CCL7, and CCL12 at the mRNA and protein levels within the cortex, striatum, and/or thalamus beginning 24 h after the trauma. The analysis of the expression of the receptor of the tested chemokines, CCR2, revealed its substantial upregulation within the injured brain areas mainly on the mRNA level. Using primary cortical microglial cell cultures, we observed a substantial increase in the expression of CCL2, CCL7, and CCL12 after 24 h of LPS (100 ng/mL) treatment. CCL2 stimulation of microglia increased the level of IL-1β mRNA but did not influence the expression of IL-18, IL-6, and IL-10. Moreover, CCL2 significantly increased the expression of Iba1, a marker of microglia activation. CCL2 and CCL12 upregulated the expression of C1qa but did not influence the expression of C1ra and C1s1 (classical pathway); moreover, CCL2 increased ficolin A expression and reduced collectin 11 expression (lectin pathway). Additionally, we observed the downregulation of pentraxin 3, a modulator of the complement cascade, after CCL2 and CCL12 treatment. We did not detect the expression of ficolin B, Mbl1, and Mbl2 in microglial cells. Our data identify CCL2 as a modulator of the classical and lectin complement pathways suggesting that CCL2 may be a promising target for pharmacological intervention after brain injury. Moreover, our study provides evidence that CCL2 and two other CCR2 ligands may play a role in the development of changes in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Popiolek-Barczyk
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Str, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agata Ciechanowska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Str, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ciapała
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Str, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pawlik
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Str, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marco Oggioni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Mercurio
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria-Grazia De Simoni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Joanna Mika
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Str, 31-343, Krakow, Poland.
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16
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Khan AS, Langmann T. Indole-3-carbinol regulates microglia homeostasis and protects the retina from degeneration. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:327. [PMID: 33143743 PMCID: PMC7640677 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01999-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal degenerative diseases significantly contribute to visual impairment and blindness. Microglia reactivity is a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases including retinal cell death and immunomodulation emerges as a therapeutic option. Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is a natural ligand of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), with potent immunomodulatory properties. Here, we hypothesized that I3C may inhibit microglia reactivity and exert neuroprotective effects in the light-damaged murine retina mimicking important immunological aspects of retinal degeneration. METHODS BV-2 microglia were treated in vitro with I3C followed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation to analyze pro-inflammatory and anti-oxidant responses by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blots. Nitric oxide (NO) secretion, caspase 3/7 levels, phagocytosis rates, migration, and morphology were analyzed in control and AhR knockdown cells. I3C or vehicle was systemically applied to light-treated BALB/cJ mice as an experimental model of retinal degeneration. Pro-inflammatory and anti-oxidant responses in the retina were examined by qRT-PCR, ELISA, and Western blots. Immunohistochemical staining of retinal flat mounts and cryosections were performed. The retinal thickness and structure were evaluated by in vivo imaging using spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). RESULTS The in vitro data showed that I3C potently diminished LPS-induced pro-inflammatory gene expression of I-NOS, IL-1ß, NLRP3, IL-6, and CCL2 and induced anti-oxidants gene levels of NQO1, HMOX1, and CAT1 in BV-2 cells. I3C also reduced LPS-induced NO secretion, phagocytosis, and migration as important functional microglia parameters. siRNA-mediated knockdown of AhR partially prevented the previously observed gene regulatory events. The in vivo experiments revealed that I3C treatment diminished light-damage induced I-NOS, IL-1ß, NLRP3, IL-6, and CCL2 transcripts and also reduced CCL2, I-NOS, IL-1ß, p-NFkBp65 protein levels in mice. Moreover, I3C increased anti-oxidant NQO1 and HMOX1 protein levels in light-exposed retinas. Finally, I3C therapy prevented the accumulation of amoeboid microglia in the subretinal space and protected from retinal degeneration. CONCLUSIONS The AhR ligand I3C potently counter-acts microgliosis and light-induced retinal damage, highlighting a potential treatment concept for retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Saeed Khan
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9, D-50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Langmann
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9, D-50931, Cologne, Germany.
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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17
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Sectoral activation of glia in an inducible mouse model of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16967. [PMID: 33046772 PMCID: PMC7552392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73749-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of blinding disorders caused by diverse mutations, including in rhodopsin (RHO). Effective therapies have yet to be discovered. The I307N Rho mouse is a light-inducible model of autosomal dominant RP. Our purpose was to describe the glial response in this mouse model to educate future experimentation. I307N Rho mice were exposed to 20,000 lx of light for thirty minutes to induce retinal degeneration. Immunofluorescence staining of cross-sections and flat-mounts was performed to visualize the response of microglia and Müller glia. Histology was correlated with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography imaging (SD-OCT). Microglia dendrites extended between photoreceptors within two hours of induction, withdrew their dendrites between twelve hours and one day, appeared ameboid by three days, and assumed a ramified morphology by one month. Glial activation was more robust in the inferior retina and modulated across the boundary of light damage. SD-OCT hyper-reflectivity overlapped with activated microglia. Finally, microglia transiently adhered to the RPE before which RPE cells appeared dysmorphic. Our data demonstrate the spatial and temporal pattern of glial activation in the I307N Rho mouse, and correlate these patterns with SD-OCT images, assisting in interpretation of SD-OCT images in preclinical models and in human RP.
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18
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Newton F, Megaw R. Mechanisms of Photoreceptor Death in Retinitis Pigmentosa. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11101120. [PMID: 32987769 PMCID: PMC7598671 DOI: 10.3390/genes11101120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the most common cause of inherited blindness and is characterised by the progressive loss of retinal photoreceptors. However, RP is a highly heterogeneous disease and, while much progress has been made in developing gene replacement and gene editing treatments for RP, it is also necessary to develop treatments that are applicable to all causative mutations. Further understanding of the mechanisms leading to photoreceptor death is essential for the development of these treatments. Recent work has therefore focused on the role of apoptotic and non-apoptotic cell death pathways in RP and the various mechanisms that trigger these pathways in degenerating photoreceptors. In particular, several recent studies have begun to elucidate the role of microglia and innate immune response in the progression of RP. Here, we discuss some of the recent progress in understanding mechanisms of rod and cone photoreceptor death in RP and summarise recent clinical trials targeting these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fay Newton
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, University of Edinburgh, South Bridge, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK;
- Correspondence:
| | - Roly Megaw
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, University of Edinburgh, South Bridge, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK;
- Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh EH3 9HA, UK
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19
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Karlen SJ, Miller EB, Burns ME. Microglia Activation and Inflammation During the Death of Mammalian Photoreceptors. Annu Rev Vis Sci 2020; 6:149-169. [PMID: 32936734 PMCID: PMC10135402 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-121219-081730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Photoreceptors are highly specialized sensory neurons with unique metabolic and physiological requirements. These requirements are partially met by Müller glia and cells of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which provide essential metabolites, phagocytose waste, and control the composition of the surrounding microenvironment. A third vital supporting cell type, the retinal microglia, can provide photoreceptors with neurotrophic support or exacerbate neuroinflammation and hasten neuronal cell death. Understanding the physiological requirements for photoreceptor homeostasis and the factors that drive microglia to best promote photoreceptor survival has important implications for the treatment and prevention of blinding degenerative diseases like retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Karlen
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Eric B. Miller
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Marie E. Burns
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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20
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Tisi A, Passacantando M, Lozzi L, Maccarone R. Cerium oxide nanoparticles reduce the accumulation of autofluorescent deposits in light-induced retinal degeneration: Insights for age-related macular degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2020; 199:108169. [PMID: 32758489 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of lipofuscin deposits in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is one of the main events involved in age-related macular degeneration and its increase together with RPE dysfunction, blood retinal barrier disruption and photoreceptors death progressively leads to blindness. Lipofuscin is the main autofluorescent (AF) component of the retina and therapies to counteract its deposition are a main goal to be achieved, since effective treatments have not yet been identified. Here, we first investigated the spatio-temporal pattern of AF deposits accumulation in the light-damage model of age-related macular degeneration. Afterward, we tested the ability of cerium oxide nanoparticles, a well known anti-oxidant agent, to counteract AF granules accumulation. The treatment was performed both before and after the induction of the degeneration. AF granules were quantified by confocal microscopy on whole mounted retinas. We demonstrated that the acute light-damage increases the accumulation of AF deposits in the hot spot retina in terms of number of granules and percentage of occupied area, with a peak 7 days after the exposure. Remarkably, cerium oxide nanoparticles showed a strong efficacy in preventing the formation of AF deposits when they were injected 3 days before light exposure. Moreover, when the treatment was performed 7 days after light exposure, nanoceria activity was found to be effective also in reducing the amount of the AF granules still deposited up to 60 days. These important results represent the very first evidence about the ability of cerium oxide nanoparticles to counteract AF deposits accumulation in retinal degeneration, laying the foundations for the development of a new therapy possibly targeting lipofuscin in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tisi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio, Coppito 2, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - M Passacantando
- Department of Physical and Chemical Science, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio, Coppito 1, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - L Lozzi
- Department of Physical and Chemical Science, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio, Coppito 1, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - R Maccarone
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio, Coppito 2, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
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21
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Hongisto H, Dewing JM, Christensen DR, Scott J, Cree AJ, Nättinen J, Määttä J, Jylhä A, Aapola U, Uusitalo H, Kaarniranta K, Ratnayaka JA, Skottman H, Lotery AJ. In vitro stem cell modelling demonstrates a proof-of-concept for excess functional mutant TIMP3 as the cause of Sorsby fundus dystrophy. J Pathol 2020; 252:138-150. [PMID: 32666594 DOI: 10.1002/path.5506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sorsby fundus dystrophy (SFD) is a rare autosomal dominant disease of the macula that leads to bilateral loss of central vision and is caused by mutations in the TIMP3 gene. However, the mechanisms by which TIMP3 mutations cause SFD are poorly understood. Here, we generated human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal pigmented epithelial (hiPSC-RPE) cells from three SFD patients carrying TIMP3 p.(Ser204Cys) and three non-affected controls to study disease-related structural and functional differences in the RPE. SFD-hiPSC-RPE exhibited characteristic RPE structure and physiology but showed significantly reduced transepithelial electrical resistance associated with enriched expression of cytoskeletal remodelling proteins. SFD-hiPSC-RPE exhibited basolateral accumulation of TIMP3 monomers, despite no change in TIMP3 gene expression. TIMP3 dimers were observed in both SFD and control hiPSC-RPE, suggesting that mutant TIMP3 dimerisation does not drive SFD pathology. Furthermore, mutant TIMP3 retained matrix metalloproteinase activity. Proteomic profiling showed increased expression of ECM proteins, endothelial cell interactions and angiogenesis-related pathways in SFD-hiPSC-RPE. By contrast, there were no changes in VEGF secretion. However, SFD-hiPSC-RPE secreted higher levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, PDGF and angiogenin. Our findings provide a proof-of-concept that SFD patient-derived hiPSC-RPE mimic mature RPE cells and support the hypothesis that excess accumulation of mutant TIMP3, rather than an absence or deficiency of functional TIMP3, drives ECM and angiogenesis-related changes in SFD. © 2020 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Hongisto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, BioMediTech, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jennifer M Dewing
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - David Rg Christensen
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jennifer Scott
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Angela J Cree
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Janika Nättinen
- SILK, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Juha Määttä
- SILK, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Antti Jylhä
- SILK, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ulla Aapola
- SILK, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Hannu Uusitalo
- SILK, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Tays Eye Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - J Arjuna Ratnayaka
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Heli Skottman
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, BioMediTech, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Andrew J Lotery
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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22
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Schnichels S, Paquet-Durand F, Löscher M, Tsai T, Hurst J, Joachim SC, Klettner A. Retina in a dish: Cell cultures, retinal explants and animal models for common diseases of the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 81:100880. [PMID: 32721458 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For many retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy (DR), the exact pathogenesis is still unclear. Moreover, the currently available therapeutic options are often unsatisfactory. Research designed to remedy this situation heavily relies on experimental animals. However, animal models often do not faithfully reproduce human disease and, currently, there is strong pressure from society to reduce animal research. Overall, this creates a need for improved disease models to understand pathologies and develop treatment options that, at the same time, require fewer or no experimental animals. Here, we review recent advances in the field of in vitro and ex vivo models for AMD, glaucoma, and DR. We highlight the difficulties associated with studies on complex diseases, in which both the initial trigger and the ensuing pathomechanisms are unclear, and then delineate which model systems are optimal for disease modelling. To this end, we present a variety of model systems, ranging from primary cell cultures, over organotypic cultures and whole eye cultures, to animal models. Specific advantages and disadvantages of such models are discussed, with a special focus on their relevance to putative in vivo disease mechanisms. In many cases, a replacement of in vivo research will mean that several different in vitro models are used in conjunction, for instance to analyze and validate causative molecular pathways. Finally, we argue that the analytical decomposition into appropriate cell and tissue model systems will allow making significant progress in our understanding of complex retinal diseases and may furthermore advance the treatment testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Schnichels
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Germany.
| | - François Paquet-Durand
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marina Löscher
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Teresa Tsai
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - José Hurst
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephanie C Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexa Klettner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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23
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Di Pierdomenico J, Martínez-Vacas A, Hernández-Muñoz D, Gómez-Ramírez AM, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Agudo-Barriuso M, Vidal-Sanz M, Villegas-Pérez MP, García-Ayuso D. Coordinated Intervention of Microglial and Müller Cells in Light-Induced Retinal Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:47. [PMID: 32232352 PMCID: PMC7401701 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.3.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To analyze the role of microglial and Müller cells in the formation of rings of photoreceptor degeneration caused by phototoxicity. Methods Two-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to light and processed 1, 2, or 3 months later. Retinas were dissected as whole-mounts, immunodetected for microglial cells, Müller cells, and S- and L/M-cones and analyzed using fluorescence, thunder imaging, and confocal microscopy. Cone populations were automatically counted and isodensity maps constructed to document cone topography. Results Phototoxicity causes a significant progressive loss of S- and L/M-cones of up to 68% and 44%, respectively, at 3 months after light exposure (ALE). One month ALE, we observed rings of cone degeneration in the photosensitive area of the superior retina. Two and 3 months ALE, these rings had extended to the central and inferior retina. Within the rings of cone degeneration, there were degenerating cones, often activated microglial cells, and numerous radially oriented processes of Müller cells that showed increased expression of intermediate filaments. Between 1 and 3 months ALE, the rings coalesced, and at the same time the microglial cells resumed a mosaic-like distribution, and there was a decrease of Müller cell gliosis at the areas devoid of cones. Conclusions Light-induced photoreceptor degeneration proceeds with rings of cone degeneration, as observed in inherited retinal degenerations in which cone death is secondary to rod degeneration. The spatiotemporal relationship of cone death microglial cell activation and Müller cell gliosis within the rings of cone degeneration suggests that, although both glial cells are involved in the formation of the rings, they may have coordinated actions and, while microglial cells may be more involved in photoreceptor phagocytosis, Müller cells may be more involved in cone and microglial cell migration, retinal remodeling and glial seal formation.
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24
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Fernando N, Wong JHC, Das S, Dietrich C, Aggio-Bruce R, Cioanca AV, Wooff Y, Chu-Tan JA, Schumann U, Ngo C, Essex RW, Dorian C, Robertson SA, Man SM, Provis J, Natoli R. MicroRNA-223 Regulates Retinal Function and Inflammation in the Healthy and Degenerating Retina. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:516. [PMID: 32671067 PMCID: PMC7333019 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNA molecules that have powerful regulatory properties, with the ability to regulate multiple messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and biological pathways. MicroRNA-223-3p (miR-223) is known to be a critical regulator of the innate immune response, and its dysregulation is thought to play a role in inflammatory disease progression. Despite miR-223 upregulation in numerous neurodegenerative conditions, largely in cells of the myeloid lineage, the role of miR-223 in the retina is relatively unexplored. Here, we investigated miR-223 in the healthy retina and in response to retinal degeneration. METHODS miR-223-null mice were investigated in control and photo-oxidative damage-induced degeneration conditions. Encapsulated miR-223 mimics were intravitreally and intravenously injected into C57BL/6J wild-type mice. Retinal functional responses were measured using electroretinography (ERG), while extracted retinas were investigated by retinal histology (TUNEL and immunohistochemistry) and molecular analysis (qPCR and FACS). RESULTS Retinal function in miR-223-/- mice was adversely affected, indicating that miR-223 may be critical in regulating the retinal response. In degeneration, miR-223 was elevated in the retina, circulating serum, and retinal extracellular vesicles. Conversely, retinal microglia and macrophages displayed a downregulation of miR-223. Further, isolated CD11b+ inflammatory cells from the retinas and circulation of miR-223-null mice showed an upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes that are critically linked to retinal inflammation and progressive photoreceptor loss. Finally, both local and systemic delivery of miR-223 mimics improved retinal function in mice undergoing retinal degeneration. CONCLUSION miR-223 is required for maintaining normal retinal function, as well as regulating inflammation in microglia and macrophages. Further investigations are required to determine the targets of miR-223 and their key biological pathways and interactions that are relevant to retinal diseases. Future studies should investigate whether sustained delivery of miR-223 into the retina is sufficient to target these pathways and protect the retina from progressive degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilisha Fernando
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Josephine H. C. Wong
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Shannon Das
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Catherine Dietrich
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Riemke Aggio-Bruce
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Adrian V. Cioanca
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Yvette Wooff
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Joshua A. Chu-Tan
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ulrike Schumann
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Chinh Ngo
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Rohan W. Essex
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Camilla Dorian
- Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sarah A. Robertson
- Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Si Ming Man
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jan Provis
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Riccardo Natoli
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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25
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Caspase-1-dependent inflammasomes mediate photoreceptor cell death in photo-oxidative damage-induced retinal degeneration. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2263. [PMID: 32041990 PMCID: PMC7010818 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58849-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the inflammasome is involved in the progression of retinal degenerative diseases, in particular, in the pathogenesis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD), with NLRP3 activation the focus of many investigations. In this study, we used genetic and pharmacological approaches to explore the role of the inflammasome in a mouse model of retinal degeneration. We identify that Casp1/11−/− mice have better-preserved retinal function, reduced inflammation and increased photoreceptor survivability. While Nlrp3−/− mice display some level of preservation of retinal function compared to controls, pharmacological inhibition of NLRP3 did not protect against photoreceptor cell death. Further, Aim2−/−, Nlrc4−/−, Asc−/−, and Casp11−/− mice show no substantial retinal protection. We propose that CASP-1-associated photoreceptor cell death occurs largely independently of NLRP3 and other established inflammasome sensor proteins, or that inhibition of a single sensor is not sufficient to repress the inflammatory cascade. Therapeutic targeting of CASP-1 may offer a more promising avenue to delay the progression of retinal degenerations.
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26
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Okamoto T, Kawashima H, Osada H, Toda E, Homma K, Nagai N, Imai Y, Tsubota K, Ozawa Y. Dietary Spirulina Supplementation Protects Visual Function From Photostress by Suppressing Retinal Neurodegeneration in Mice. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2019; 8:20. [PMID: 31788349 PMCID: PMC6871545 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.8.6.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated whether daily consumption of Spirulina, an antioxidant generating cyanobacterial nutritional supplement, would suppress photostress-induced retinal damage and prevent vision loss in mice. METHODS Six-week-old male BALB/cAJcl mice were allowed constant access to either a standard or Spirulina-supplemented diet (20% Spirulina) that included the antioxidants, β-carotene and zeaxanthin, and proteins for 4 weeks. Following dark adaptation, mice were exposed to 3000-lux white light for 1 hour and returned to their cages. Visual function was analyzed by electroretinogram, and retinal histology by hematoxylin and eosin staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated, deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and immunohistochemistry. Retinal expression of proteins, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mRNAs were measured using immunoblot analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate, or ROS Brite 700 Dyes, and real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, respectively. RESULTS Light-induced visual function impairment was suppressed by constant Spirulina intake. Thinning of the photoreceptor layer and outer segments, photoreceptor cell death, decreased rhodopsin protein, and induction of glial fibrillary acidic protein were ameliorated in the Spirulina-intake group. Increased retinal ROS levels after light exposure were reduced by Spirulina supplementation. Light-induced superoxide dismutase 2 and heme oxygenase-1 mRNAs in the retina, and Nrf2 activation in the photoreceptor cells, were preserved with Spirulina supplementation, despite reduced ROS levels, suggesting two pathways for suppressing ROS, scavenging and induction of endogenous antioxidative enzymes. Light-induced MCP-1 retinal mRNA and proteins were also suppressed by Spirulina. CONCLUSIONS Spirulina ingestion protected retinal photoreceptors from photostress in the retina. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE Spirulina has potential as a nutrient supplement to prevent vision loss related to oxidative damage in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Okamoto
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Kawashima
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideto Osada
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eriko Toda
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Homma
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiro Nagai
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Ozawa
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Wang S, Liu Y, Tan JW, Hu T, Zhang HF, Sorenson CM, Smith JA, Sheibani N. Tunicamycin-induced photoreceptor atrophy precedes degeneration of retinal capillaries with minimal effects on retinal ganglion and pigment epithelium cells. Exp Eye Res 2019; 187:107756. [PMID: 31421136 PMCID: PMC7412575 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is recognized as a contributing factor to various ocular neurovascular pathologies including retinitis pigmentosa, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy (DR). ER stress in particular is implicated in the development of DR, which is significantly influenced by inflammation driven retinal vascular degeneration and dysfunction. Ultimately, loss of vision occurs if left untreated. However, the identity of the target cells and their temporal involvement in diabetes-mediated dysfunction need further investigation. Early diabetes-induced stress in photoreceptor cells is proposed as the driver of inflammatory mediated neurovascular changes during diabetes. Although tunicamycin induced ER stress results in photoreceptor loss, its consequences for retinal vascular degeneration and retinal ganglion (RGC) and pigment epithelium (RPE) cell loss remains unclear. Here we show intravitreal delivery of tunicamycin primarily induced ER stress in photoreceptor cells resulting in their loss by apoptosis. This was concomitant with induced expression of the unfolded protein response marker CHOP in these cells. We also demonstrated significant degeneration of retinal capillaries following the loss of photoreceptor cells with minimal impact on loss of RGC and RPE cells. However, activation of retinal microglial and Muller cells were noticeable. Thus, our data support the notion that ER stress mediated dysfunction and/or loss of photoreceptor cells in response to inflammation and oxidative stress could precede retinal vascular and neuronal dysfunction and degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoujian Wang
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yiping Liu
- Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jin Wen Tan
- Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tiancheng Hu
- Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Hao F Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Christine M Sorenson
- Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Judith A Smith
- Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
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28
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Tisi A, Passacantando M, Ciancaglini M, Maccarone R. Nanoceria neuroprotective effects in the light-damaged retina: A focus on retinal function and microglia activation. Exp Eye Res 2019; 188:107797. [PMID: 31520599 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of nanomaterials is an emerging therapeutic approach for the treatment of several pathologies. Cerium oxide nanoparticles have been studied for biomedical application, including neurodegenerative disorders, such as age-related macular degeneration in several animal models. The light damage model is characterised by oxidative stress upregulation followed by photoreceptor death and microglia activation in the outer retina. For this reason, the light damage model mimics some aspects involved in human age-related macular degeneration pathogenesis. In this review, we focus on the neuroprotective effects on retinal function and microglia activation in the light damage model, considering the administration of the nanoparticles both before and after the injury. The electrical responses of the retina and the microglia number and morphology are clearly modulated by the treatment, supporting the beneficial effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles to counteract the degeneration processes in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tisi
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito 2, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - M Passacantando
- Department of Physical and Chemical Science, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito 1, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - M Ciancaglini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi 1, Blocco 11, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - R Maccarone
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito 2, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
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29
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Wooff Y, Man SM, Aggio-Bruce R, Natoli R, Fernando N. IL-1 Family Members Mediate Cell Death, Inflammation and Angiogenesis in Retinal Degenerative Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1618. [PMID: 31379825 PMCID: PMC6646526 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation underpins and contributes to the pathogenesis of many retinal degenerative diseases. The recruitment and activation of both resident microglia and recruited macrophages, as well as the production of cytokines, are key contributing factors for progressive cell death in these diseases. In particular, the interleukin 1 (IL-1) family consisting of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines has been shown to be pivotal in the mediation of innate immunity and contribute directly to a number of retinal degenerations, including Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, glaucoma, and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). In this review, we will discuss the role of IL-1 family members and inflammasome signaling in retinal degenerative diseases, piecing together their contribution to retinal disease pathology, and identifying areas of research expansion required to further elucidate their function in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Wooff
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Si Ming Man
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Riemke Aggio-Bruce
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Riccardo Natoli
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Nilisha Fernando
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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30
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Retinal miRNA Functions in Health and Disease. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10050377. [PMID: 31108959 PMCID: PMC6562649 DOI: 10.3390/genes10050377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The health and function of our visual system relies on accurate gene expression. While many genetic mutations are associated with visual impairment and blindness, we are just beginning to understand the complex interplay between gene regulation and retinal pathologies. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of non-coding RNAs, are important regulators of gene expression that exert their function through post-transcriptional silencing of complementary mRNA targets. According to recent transcriptomic analyses, certain miRNA species are expressed in all retinal cell types, while others are cell type-specific. As miRNAs play important roles in homeostasis, cellular function, and survival of differentiated retinal cell types, their dysregulation is associated with retinal degenerative diseases. Thus, advancing our understanding of the genetic networks modulated by miRNAs is central to harnessing their potential as therapeutic agents to overcome visual impairment. In this review, we summarize the role of distinct miRNAs in specific retinal cell types, the current knowledge on their implication in inherited retinal disorders, and their potential as therapeutic agents.
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Fernando N, Wooff Y, Aggio-Bruce R, Chu-Tan JA, Jiao H, Dietrich C, Rutar M, Rooke M, Menon D, Eells JT, Valter K, Board PG, Provis J, Natoli R. Photoreceptor Survival Is Regulated by GSTO1-1 in the Degenerating Retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:4362-4374. [PMID: 30193308 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Glutathione-S-transferase omega 1-1 (GSTO1-1) is a cytosolic glutathione transferase enzyme, involved in glutathionylation, toll-like receptor signaling, and calcium channel regulation. GSTO1-1 dysregulation has been implicated in oxidative stress and inflammation, and contributes to the pathogenesis of several diseases and neurological disorders; however, its role in retinal degenerations is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of GSTO1-1 in modulating oxidative stress and consequent inflammation in the normal and degenerating retina. Methods The role of GSTO1-1 in retinal degenerations was explored by using Gsto1-/- mice in a model of retinal degeneration. The expression and localization of GSTO1-1 were investigated with immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Changes in the expression of inflammatory (Ccl2, Il-1β, and C3) and oxidative stress (Nox1, Sod2, Gpx3, Hmox1, Nrf2, and Nqo1) genes were investigated via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Retinal function in Gsto1-/- mice was investigated by using electroretinography. Results GSTO1-1 was localized to the inner segment of cone photoreceptors in the retina. Gsto1-/- photo-oxidative damage (PD) mice had decreased photoreceptor cell death as well as decreased expression of inflammatory (Ccl2, Il-1β, and C3) markers and oxidative stress marker Nqo1. Further, retinal function in the Gsto1-/- PD mice was increased as compared to wild-type PD mice. Conclusions These results indicate that GSTO1-1 is required for inflammatory-mediated photoreceptor death in retinal degenerations. Targeting GSTO1-1 may be a useful strategy to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation and ameliorate photoreceptor loss, slowing the progression of retinal degenerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilisha Fernando
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Yvette Wooff
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,The ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Riemke Aggio-Bruce
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Joshua A Chu-Tan
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Haihan Jiao
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Catherine Dietrich
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Matt Rutar
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Melissa Rooke
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Deepthi Menon
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Janis T Eells
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Krisztina Valter
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,The ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Philip G Board
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Jan Provis
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,The ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Riccardo Natoli
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,The ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Chu-Tan JA, Rutar M, Saxena K, Aggio-Bruce R, Essex RW, Valter K, Jiao H, Fernando N, Wooff Y, Madigan MC, Provis J, Natoli R. MicroRNA-124 Dysregulation is Associated With Retinal Inflammation and Photoreceptor Death in the Degenerating Retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:4094-4105. [PMID: 30098196 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We sought to determine the role and retinal cellular location of microRNA-124 (miR-124) in a neuroinflammatory model of retinal degeneration. Further, we explored the anti-inflammatory relationship of miR-124 with a predicted messenger RNA (mRNA) binding partner, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (Ccl2), which is crucially involved in inflammatory cell recruitment in the damaged retina. Methods Human AMD donor eyes and photo-oxidative damaged (PD) mice were labeled for miR-124 expression using in situ hybridization. PDGFRa-cre RFP mice were used for Müller cell isolation from whole retinas. MIO-M1 immortalized cells and rat primary Müller cells were used for in vitro analysis of miR-124 expression and its relationship with Ccl2. Therapeutic efficacy was tested with intravitreal administration of miR-124 mimic in mice, with electroretinography used to determine retinal function. IBA1 immunohistochemistry and photoreceptor row counts were used for assessment of inflammation and cell death. Results MiR-124 expression was correlated with progressive retinal damage, inflammation, and cell death in human AMD and PD mice. In addition, miR-124 expression was inversely correlated to Ccl2 expression in mice following PD. MiR-124 was localized to both neuronal-like photoreceptors and glial (Müller) cells in the retina, with a redistribution from neurons to glia occurring as a consequence of PD. Finally, intravitreal administration of miR-124 mimics decreased retinal inflammation and photoreceptor cell death, and improved retinal function. Conclusions This study has provided an understanding of the mechanism behind miR-124 in the degenerating retina and demonstrates the usefulness of miR-124 mimics for the modulation of retinal degenerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Chu-Tan
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Matt Rutar
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Kartik Saxena
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Riemke Aggio-Bruce
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Rohan W Essex
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Krisztina Valter
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia.,The Australian National University Medical School, Acton, Australia
| | - Haihan Jiao
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Nilisha Fernando
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Yvette Wooff
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Michele C Madigan
- Save Sight Institute, Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Jan Provis
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia.,The Australian National University Medical School, Acton, Australia
| | - Riccardo Natoli
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia.,The Australian National University Medical School, Acton, Australia
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Karlen SJ, Miller EB, Wang X, Levine ES, Zawadzki RJ, Burns ME. Monocyte infiltration rather than microglia proliferation dominates the early immune response to rapid photoreceptor degeneration. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:344. [PMID: 30553275 PMCID: PMC7659426 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1365-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Activation of resident microglia accompanies every known form of neurodegeneration, but the involvement of peripheral monocytes that extravasate and rapidly transform into microglia-like macrophages within the central nervous system during degeneration is far less clear. Methods Using a combination of in vivo ocular imaging, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry, we investigated the response of infiltrating cells in a light-inducible mouse model of photoreceptor degeneration. Results Within 24 h, resident microglia became activated and began migrating to the site of degeneration. Retinal expression of CCL2 increased just prior to a transient period of CCR2+ cell extravasation from the retinal vasculature. Proliferation of microglia and monocytes occurred concurrently; however, there was no indication of proliferation in either population until 72–96 h after neurodegeneration began. Eliminating CCL2-CCR2 signaling blocked monocyte recruitment, but did not alter the extent of retinal degeneration. Conclusions These results demonstrate that the immune response to photoreceptor degeneration includes both resident microglia and monocytes, even at very early times. Surprisingly, preventing monocyte infiltration did not block neurodegeneration, suggesting that in this model, degeneration is limited by cell clearance from other phagocytes or by the timing of intrinsic cell death programs. These results show monocyte involvement is not limited to disease states that overwhelm or deplete the resident microglial population and that interventions focused on modulating the peripheral immune system are not universally beneficial for staving off degeneration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1365-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Karlen
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Eric B Miller
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 1544 Newton Court, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - Xinlei Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Emily S Levine
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Robert J Zawadzki
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Marie E Burns
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. .,Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 1544 Newton Court, Davis, CA, 95618, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Zhang S, Zhang S, Gong W, Zhu G, Wang S, Wang Y, Halim M, Wang K, Zhou G, Liu Q. Müller Cell Regulated Microglial Activation and Migration in Rats With N-Methyl- N-Nitrosourea-Induced Retinal Degeneration. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:890. [PMID: 30559643 PMCID: PMC6287671 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During the pathogenesis of retinitis pigmentosa (RP), the roles of retinal microglial cells after activation have not been fully elucidated. Herein, experimental RP was induced in Sprague Dawley rats by intraperitoneal injection of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) at 50 mg/kg, and the effects of MNU on the retinas were evaluated, respectively, by retinal histology and electroretinography recordings at serial time points. Time-dependent and gradual loss of photoreceptor cells, disrupted arrangement of the outer nuclear layer (ONL), and significant reductions in both a-wave and b-wave amplitudes were observed. Morphology changes were observed in retinal microglial cells; meanwhile, with time, the number of Iba1-positive microglia and their infiltration into the ONL gradually increased. Furthermore, physical interaction of microglial-Müller cell processes following microglial activation was observed after MNU injection. In addition, Müller cells increased CX3CL1 secretion, enhanced microglial cell migration, and upregulated the CX3CR1 expression of the latter. Our observations implied that, during the pathogenesis of RP by MNU, microglial cells exhibit a prominent morphology change and Müller cells can induce activated microglia infiltration by increasing secretion of the chemotaxis factor, CX3CL1, and promoting the migration of retinal microglial cells. This novel finding highlights a potential therapeutic target aimed at regulating the microglial response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqing Gong
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guopei Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Songtao Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yalin Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael Halim
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaidi Wang
- Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guomin Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
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Jiao H, Rutar M, Fernando N, Yednock T, Sankaranarayanan S, Aggio-Bruce R, Provis J, Natoli R. Subretinal macrophages produce classical complement activator C1q leading to the progression of focal retinal degeneration. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:45. [PMID: 30126455 PMCID: PMC6102844 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of the alternative complement pathway and its mediation by retinal microglia and macrophages, is well-established in the pathogenesis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). However, the contribution of the classical complement pathway towards the progression of retinal degenerations is not fully understood, including the role of complement component 1q (C1q) as a critical activator molecule of the classical pathway. Here, we investigated the contribution of C1q to progressive photoreceptor loss and neuroinflammation in retinal degenerations. METHODS Wild-type (WT), C1qa knockout (C1qa-/-) and mice treated with a C1q inhibitor (ANX-M1; Annexon Biosciences), were exposed to photo-oxidative damage (PD) and were observed for progressive lesion development. Retinal function was assessed by electroretinography, followed by histological analyses to assess photoreceptor degeneration. Retinal inflammation was investigated through complement activation, macrophage recruitment and inflammasome expression using western blotting, qPCR and immunofluorescence. C1q was localised in human AMD donor retinas using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS PD mice had increased levels of C1qa which correlated with increasing photoreceptor cell death and macrophage recruitment. C1qa-/- mice did not show any differences in photoreceptor loss or inflammation at 7 days compared to WT, however at 14 days after the onset of damage, C1qa-/- retinas displayed less photoreceptor cell death, reduced microglia/macrophage recruitment to the photoreceptor lesion, and higher visual function. C1qa-/- mice displayed reduced inflammasome and IL-1β expression in microglia and macrophages in the degenerating retina. Retinal neutralisation of C1q, using an intravitreally-delivered anti-C1q antibody, reduced the progression of retinal degeneration following PD, while systemic delivery had no effect. Finally, retinal C1q was found to be expressed by subretinal microglia/macrophages located in the outer retina of early AMD donor eyes, and in mouse PD retinas. CONCLUSIONS Our data implicate subretinal macrophages, C1q and the classical pathway in progressive retinal degeneration. We demonstrate a role of local C1q produced by microglia/macrophages as an instigator of inflammasome activation and inflammation. Crucially, we have shown that retinal C1q neutralisation during disease progression may slow retinal atrophy, providing a novel strategy for the treatment of complement-mediated retinal degenerations including AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihan Jiao
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Building 131, Garran Rd, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Matt Rutar
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Building 131, Garran Rd, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Nilisha Fernando
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Building 131, Garran Rd, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Ted Yednock
- Annexon Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Riemke Aggio-Bruce
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Building 131, Garran Rd, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Jan Provis
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Building 131, Garran Rd, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.,ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, ACT, Canberra, Australia
| | - Riccardo Natoli
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Building 131, Garran Rd, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia. .,ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, ACT, Canberra, Australia.
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Natoli R, Mason E, Jiao H, Chuah A, Patel H, Fernando N, Valter K, Wells CA, Provis J, Rutar M. Dynamic Interplay of Innate and Adaptive Immunity During Sterile Retinal Inflammation: Insights From the Transcriptome. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1666. [PMID: 30073000 PMCID: PMC6058037 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of many retinal degenerations, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is punctuated by an ill-defined network of sterile inflammatory responses. The delineation of innate and adaptive immune milieu among the broad leukocyte infiltrate, and the gene networks, which construct these responses, are poorly described in the eye. Using photo-oxidative damage in a rodent model of subretinal inflammation, we employed a novel RNA-sequencing framework to map the global gene network signature of retinal leukocytes. This revealed a previously uncharted interplay of adaptive immunity during subretinal inflammation, including prolonged enrichment of myeloid and lymphocyte migration, antigen presentation, and the alternative arm of the complement cascade involving Factor B. We demonstrate Factor B-deficient mice are protected against macrophage infiltration and subretinal inflammation. Suppressing the drivers of retinal leukocyte proliferation, or their capacity to elicit complement responses, may help preserve retinal structure and function during sterile inflammation in diseases such as AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Natoli
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Mason
- The Centre for Stem Cell Systems, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Haihan Jiao
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Aaron Chuah
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Hardip Patel
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Nilisha Fernando
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Krisztina Valter
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Christine A Wells
- The Centre for Stem Cell Systems, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jan Provis
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Matt Rutar
- The Centre for Stem Cell Systems, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Fernando N, Natoli R, Racic T, Wooff Y, Provis J, Valter K. The use of the vaccinia virus complement control protein (VCP) in the rat retina. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193740. [PMID: 29534078 PMCID: PMC5849281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system is highly implicated in both the prevalence and progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). Complement system inhibitors therefore have potential therapeutic value in managing excessive activation of the complement pathways in retinal degenerations. The vaccinia virus complement control protein (VCP) has been shown to be effective as a complement inhibitor in neuroinflammatory models including traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury. We aimed to investigate the potential of VCP as a therapeutic molecule for retinal degenerations. In this study, we investigated the effect, localisation and delivery of VCP to the rodent retina. Complement inhibition activity of VCP was tested using a hemolytic assay. Photoreceptor cell death, inflammation and retinal stress were assayed to determine if any retinal toxicity was induced by an intravitreal injection of VCP. The effect of VCP was investigated in a model of photo-oxidative retinal degeneration. Localisation of VCP after injection was determined using a fluorescein-tagged form of VCP, as well as immunohistochemistry. Finally, a copolymer resin (Elvax) was trialled for the slow-release delivery of VCP to the retina. We found that a dose equivalent to 20μg VCP when intravitreally injected into the rat eye did not cause any photoreceptor cell death or immune cell recruitment, but led to an increase in GFAP. In photo-oxidative damaged retinas, there were no differences in photoreceptor loss, retinal stress (Gfap) and inflammation (Ccl2 and C3) between VCP and saline-injected groups; however, Jun expression was reduced in VCP-treated retinas. After VCP was injected into the eye, it was taken up in all layers of the retina but was cleared within 1-3 hours of delivery. This study indicates that a method to sustain the delivery of VCP to the retina is necessary to further investigate the effect of VCP as a complement inhibitor for retinal degenerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilisha Fernando
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Riccardo Natoli
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Tanja Racic
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Yvette Wooff
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jan Provis
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Krisztina Valter
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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670nm light treatment following retinal injury modulates Müller cell gliosis: Evidence from in vivo and in vitro stress models. Exp Eye Res 2018; 169:1-12. [PMID: 29355737 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM) with 670 nm light has been shown to accelerate wound healing in soft tissue injuries, and also to protect neuronal tissues. However, little data exist on its effects on the non-neuronal components of the retina, such as Müller cells (MCs), which are the principal macroglia of the retina that play a role in maintaining retinal homeostasis. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of 670 nm light on activated MCs using in vivo and in vitro stress models. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to photo-oxidative damage (PD) for 24 h and treated with 670 nm light at 0, 3 and 14 days after PD. Tissue was collected at 30 days post-PD for analysis. Using the in vitro scratch model with a human MC line (MIO-M1), area coverage and cellular stress were analysed following treatment with 670 nm light. We showed that early treatment with 670 nm light after PD reduced MC activation, lowering the retinal expression of GFAP and FGF-2. 670 nm light treatment mitigated the production of MC-related pro-inflammatory cytokines (including IL-1β), and reduced microglia/macrophage (MG/MΦ) recruitment into the outer retina following PD. This subsequently decreased photoreceptor loss, slowing the progression of retinal degeneration. In vitro, we showed that 670 nm light directly modulated MC activation, reducing rates of area coverage by suppressing cellular proliferation and spreading. This study indicates that 670 nm light treatment post-injury may have therapeutic benefit when administered shortly after retinal damage, and could be useful for retinal degenerations where MC gliosis is a feature of disease progression.
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Feng C, Wang X, Liu T, Zhang M, Xu G, Ni Y. Expression of CCL2 and its receptor in activation and migration of microglia and monocytes induced by photoreceptor apoptosis. Mol Vis 2017; 23:765-777. [PMID: 29142497 PMCID: PMC5669614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the effect of the CCL2 and CCR2 system on the activation and migration of microglia and monocytes in light-induced photoreceptor apoptosis. METHODS At 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, and 14 days after light exposure, OX42 and ED1 immunostaining were used to label the activation and migration of microglia and monocytes. Double immunostaining of CCL2 with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), OX42, or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was applied to explore the relationships among CCL2, apoptotic photoreceptors, activated microglia and monocytes, and macroglial cells (Müller cells and astrocytes). Real-time PCR was used to evaluate the mRNA levels of retinal CCL2 and CCR2 and the proinflammatory factors interleukin (IL)-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. RESULTS Real-time PCR analyses showed that CCL2 and CCR2 expression gradually increased after light exposure and peaked at 3 days, coinciding with the infiltration of OX42-positive cells and the expression of IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha in the outer retina. Double immunostaining of CCL2 with TUNEL revealed that CCL2 was expressed robustly in about 30% of the apoptotic photoreceptors at the early stage. As degeneration progressed, immunostaining of CCL2 with OX42 showed that activated and migrated microglia and monocytes expressed CCL2. At the late stage, Müller cells became the main source of CCL2, which was illustrated by CCL2 immunostaining with GFAP. CONCLUSIONS Light exposure led to apoptosis of photoreceptors, which expressed CCL2, accelerating an inflammation-mediated cascade by activating and attracting microglia and monocytes and promoting their secretion of CCL2 in the injured position.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChaoYi Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - TianJin Liu
- Institute of Biochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - GeZhi Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - YingQin Ni
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Lu YZ, Natoli R, Madigan M, Fernando N, Saxena K, Aggio-Bruce R, Jiao H, Provis J, Valter K. Photobiomodulation with 670 nm light ameliorates Müller cell-mediated activation of microglia and macrophages in retinal degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2017; 165:78-89. [PMID: 28888911 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Müller cells, the supporting cells of the retina, play a key role in responding to retinal stress by releasing chemokines, including CCL2, to recruit microglia and macrophages (MG/MΦ) into the damaged retina. Photobiomodulation (PBM) with 670 nm light has been shown to reduce inflammation in models of retinal degeneration. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether 670 nm light had an effect on Müller cell-initiated inflammation under retinal photo-oxidative damage (PD) in vivo and in vitro. Sprague-Dawley rats were pre-treated with 670 nm light (9J/cm2) once daily over 5 days prior to PD. The expression of inflammatory genes including CCL2 and IL-1β was analysed in retinas. In vitro, primary Müller cells dissociated from neonatal rat retinas were co-cultured with 661W photoreceptor cells. Co-cultures were exposed to PD, followed by 670 nm light treatment to the Müller cells only, and Müller cell stress and inflammation were assessed. Primary MG/MΦ were incubated with supernatant from the co-cultures, and collected for analysis of inflammatory activation. To further understand the mechanism of 670 nm light, the expression of COX5a and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) were measured in Müller cells. Following PD, 670 nm light-treated Müller cells had a reduced inflammatory activation, with lower levels of CCL2, IL-1β and IL-6. Supernatant from 670 nm light-treated co-cultures reduced activation of primary MG/MΦ, and lowered the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, compared to untreated PD controls. Additionally, 670 nm light-treated Müller cells had an increased expression of COX5a and an elevated ΔΨm following PD, suggesting that retrograde signaling plays a role in the effects of 670 nm light on Müller cell gene expression. Our data indicates that 670 nm light reduces Müller cell-mediated retinal inflammation, and offers a potential cellular mechanism for 670 nm light therapy in regulating inflammation associated with retinal degenerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Zhen Lu
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Riccardo Natoli
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Michele Madigan
- Save Sight Institute, Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Nilisha Fernando
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Kartik Saxena
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Riemke Aggio-Bruce
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Haihan Jiao
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jan Provis
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Krisztina Valter
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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Duncan DS, McLaughlin WM, Vasilakes N, Echevarria FD, Formichella CR, Sappington RM. Constitutive and Stress-induced Expression of CCL5 Machinery in Rodent Retina. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 8. [PMID: 28936366 PMCID: PMC5604884 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Signaling by inflammatory cytokines and chemokines is associated with neurodegeneration in disease and injury. Here we examined expression of the β-chemokine CCL5 and its receptors in the mouse retina and evaluated its relevance in glaucoma, a common optic neuropathy associated with sensitivity to intraocular pressure (IOP). Using quantitative PCR, fluorescent in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and quantitative image analysis, we found CCL5 mRNA and protein was constitutively expressed in the inner retina and synaptic layers. CCL5 appeared to associate with Müller cells and RGCs as well as synaptic connections between horizontal cells and bipolar cells in the OPL and amacrine cells, bipolar cells and RGCs in the IPL. Although all three high-affinity receptors (CCR5, CCR3, CCR1) for CCL5 were expressed constitutively, CCR5 expression was significantly higher than CCR3, which was also markedly greater than CCR1. Localization patterns for constitutive CCR5, CCR3 and CCR1 expression differed, particularly with respect to expression in inner retinal neurons. Stress-related expression of CCL5 was primarily altered in aged DBA/2 mice with elevated IOP. In contrast, changes in expression and localization of both CCR3 and CCR5 were evident not only in aged DBA/2 mice, but also in age-matched control mice and young DBA/2 mice. These groups do not exhibit elevated IOP, but possess either the aging stress (control mice) or the genetic predisposition to glaucoma (DBA/2 mice). Together, these data indicate that CCL5 and its high-affinity receptors are constitutively expressed in murine retina and differentially induced by stressors associated with glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Localization patterns further indicate that CCL5 signaling may be relevant for modulation of synapses in both health and disease, particularly in the inner plexiform layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D'Anne S Duncan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA
| | - William M McLaughlin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA
| | - Noah Vasilakes
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA
| | | | - Cathryn R Formichella
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA
| | - Rebecca M Sappington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 11425 Medical Research Building IV, Nashville, TN 37232-0654, USA
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Natoli R, Fernando N, Madigan M, Chu-Tan JA, Valter K, Provis J, Rutar M. Microglia-derived IL-1β promotes chemokine expression by Müller cells and RPE in focal retinal degeneration. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:31. [PMID: 28438165 PMCID: PMC5404662 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0175-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chemokine signalling is required for the homing of leukocytes during retinal inflammation, and is associated with pathogenesis of diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Here, we explore the role of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in modulating AMD-associated chemokines Ccl2, Cxcl1, and Cxcl10 during photo-oxidative retinal damage, and the effect on both the accumulation of outer-retinal macrophages, and death of photoreceptors. Methods Inhibition of retinal IL-1β expression was performed using either siRNA or antibody neutralisation, which was intravitreally injected in SD rats prior to photo-oxidative damage. Changes in the expression and localisation of Il-1β, Ccl2, Cxcl1 and Cxcl10 genes were assessed using qPCR and in situ hybridisation, while the recruitment of retinal macrophages was detected using immunohistochemistry for IBA1. Levels of photoreceptor cell death were determined using TUNEL. Results Photo-oxidative damage elevated the expression of Il-1β and inflammasome-related genes, and IL-1β protein was detected in microglia infiltrating the outer retina. This was associated with increased expression of Ccl2, Cxcl1, and Cxcl10. Intravitreal IL-1β inhibitors suppressed chemokine expression following damage and reduced macrophage accumulation and photoreceptor death. Moreover, in Müller and RPE cell cultures, and in vivo, Ccl2, Cxcl1 and Cxcl10 were variously upregulated when stimulated with IL-1β, with increased macrophage accumulation detected in vivo. Conclusions IL-1β is produced by retinal microglia and macrophages and promotes chemokine expression by Müller cells and RPE in retinal degeneration. Targeting IL-1β may prove efficacious in broadly suppressing chemokine-mediated inflammation in retinal dystrophies such as AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Natoli
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Nilisha Fernando
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Michele Madigan
- Save Sight Institute, Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Joshua A Chu-Tan
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Krisztina Valter
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jan Provis
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia. .,ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Matt Rutar
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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de la Barca JMC, Huang NT, Jiao H, Tessier L, Gadras C, Simard G, Natoli R, Tcherkez G, Reynier P, Valter K. Retinal metabolic events in preconditioning light stress as revealed by wide-spectrum targeted metabolomics. Metabolomics 2017; 13:22. [PMID: 28706468 PMCID: PMC5486622 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-016-1156-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Light is the primary stimulus for vision, but may also cause damage to the retina. Pre-exposing the retina to sub-lethal amount of light (or preconditioning) improves chances for retinal cells to survive acute damaging light stress. OBJECTIVES This study aims at exploring the changes in retinal metabolome after mild light stress and identifying mechanisms that may be involved in preconditioning. METHODS Retinas from 12 rats exposed to mild light stress (1000 lux × for 12 h) and 12 controls were collected one and seven days after light stress (LS). One retina was used for targeted metabolomics analysis using the Biocrates p180 kit while the fellow retina was used for histological and immunohistochemistry analysis. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry confirmed that in this experiment, a mild LS with retinal immune response and minimal photoreceptor loss occurred. Compared to controls, LS induced an increased concentration in phosphatidylcholines. The concentration in some amino acids and biogenic amines, particularly those related to the nitric oxide pathway (like asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), arginine and citrulline) also increased 1 day after LS. 7 days after LS, the concentration in two sphingomyelins and phenylethylamine was found to be higher. We further found that in controls, retina metabolome was different between males and females: male retinas had an increased concentration in tyrosine, acetyl-ornithine, phosphatidylcholines and (acyl)-carnitines. CONCLUSIONS Besides retinal sexual metabolic dimorphism, this study shows that preconditioning is mostly associated with re-organisation of lipid metabolism and changes in amino acid composition, likely reflecting the involvement of arginine-dependent NO signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Chao de la Barca
- 0000 0001 2248 3363grid.7252.2PREMMi/Pôle de Recherche et d’Enseignement en Médecine Mitochondriale, Institut MITOVASC, CNRS 6214, INSERM U1083, Université d’Angers, 49933 Angers, France
- Département de Biochimie et Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 4 rue Larrey, 49933 Angers cedex 9, France
- 0000 0001 2180 7477grid.1001.0Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Nuan-Ting Huang
- 0000 0001 2180 7477grid.1001.0Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Haihan Jiao
- 0000 0001 2180 7477grid.1001.0Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Lydie Tessier
- Département de Biochimie et Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 4 rue Larrey, 49933 Angers cedex 9, France
| | - Cédric Gadras
- Département de Biochimie et Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 4 rue Larrey, 49933 Angers cedex 9, France
| | - Gilles Simard
- Département de Biochimie et Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 4 rue Larrey, 49933 Angers cedex 9, France
- 0000 0001 2248 3363grid.7252.2INSERM U1063, Université d’Angers, 49933 Angers, France
| | - Riccardo Natoli
- 0000 0001 2180 7477grid.1001.0Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
- 0000 0001 2180 7477grid.1001.0Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- 0000 0001 2180 7477grid.1001.0Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Pascal Reynier
- 0000 0001 2248 3363grid.7252.2PREMMi/Pôle de Recherche et d’Enseignement en Médecine Mitochondriale, Institut MITOVASC, CNRS 6214, INSERM U1083, Université d’Angers, 49933 Angers, France
- Département de Biochimie et Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 4 rue Larrey, 49933 Angers cedex 9, France
| | - Krisztina Valter
- 0000 0001 2180 7477grid.1001.0Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
- 0000 0001 2180 7477grid.1001.0Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
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A model of progressive photo-oxidative degeneration and inflammation in the pigmented C57BL/6J mouse retina. Exp Eye Res 2016; 147:114-127. [PMID: 27155143 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Light-induced degeneration in rodent retinas is an established model for of retinal degeneration, including the roles of oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory activity. In these models, photoreceptor death is elicited via photo-oxidative stress, and is exacerbated by recruitment of subretinal macrophages and activation of immune pathways including complement propagation. Existing light damage models have relied heavily on albino rodents, and mostly using acute light stimuli. These albino models have proven valuable in uncovering the pathogenic mechanisms of such pathways in the context of retinal disease. However, their inherent albinism hinders comparability to normal retinal physiology, and also makes gene technology analysis time-consuming due to the predominance of the pigmented mouse strains in these applications. In this study, we characterise a new light damage model utilising C57BL/6J mice over a 7 day period of chronic light exposure. We use high-efficiency LED technology to deliver a sustained intensity of 100 k lux with negligible modulation of ambient temperature. We show that in the C57BL/6J mouse, chronic light exposure elicits the cardinal features of light damage including photoreceptor degeneration, atrophy of the choriocapillaris, decreased retinal function and increases in oxidative stress markers 4-HNE and 8-OHG, which emerge progressively over the 7 day period of exposure. These changes are accompanied by robust recruitment of IBA1+ and F4/80 + microglia/macrophages to the ONL and subretinal space, followed the strong up-regulation of monocyte-chemoattractants Ccl2, Ccl3, and Ccl12, as well as increases in expression of complement component C3. These findings are in agreement with prior damage models conducted in albino rodents such as Balb/c mice, and support the use of this new model in further investigating the causative features of oxidative stress and inflammation in retinal disease.
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Xi H, Katschke KJ, Li Y, Truong T, Lee WP, Diehl L, Rangell L, Tao J, Arceo R, Eastham-Anderson J, Hackney JA, Iglesias A, Cote-Sierra J, Elstrott J, Weimer RM, van Lookeren Campagne M. IL-33 amplifies an innate immune response in the degenerating retina. J Exp Med 2016; 213:189-207. [PMID: 26755704 PMCID: PMC4749925 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Xi et al. demonstrate that IL-33 is a key regulator of retinal inflammation and degeneration. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of vision impairment in the ageing population, is characterized by irreversible loss of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and photoreceptors and can be associated with choroidal neovascularization. Mononuclear phagocytes are often present in AMD lesions, but the processes that direct myeloid cell recruitment remain unclear. Here, we identify IL-33 as a key regulator of inflammation and photoreceptor degeneration after retina stress or injury. IL-33+ Müller cells were more abundant and IL-33 cytokine was elevated in advanced AMD cases compared with age-matched controls with no AMD. In rodents, retina stress resulted in release of bioactive IL-33 that in turn increased inflammatory chemokine and cytokine expression in activated Müller cells. Deletion of ST2, the IL-33 receptor α chain, or treatment with a soluble IL-33 decoy receptor significantly reduced release of inflammatory mediators from Müller cells, inhibited accumulation of mononuclear phagocytes in the outer retina, and protected photoreceptor rods and cones after a retina insult. This study demonstrates a central role for IL-33 in regulating mononuclear phagocyte recruitment to the photoreceptor layer and positions IL-33 signaling as a potential therapeutic target in macular degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkang Xi
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Kenneth J Katschke
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Tom Truong
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Wyne P Lee
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Lauri Diehl
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Linda Rangell
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Jianhua Tao
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Rommel Arceo
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | | | - Jason A Hackney
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Antonio Iglesias
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmacological Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Javier Cote-Sierra
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmacological Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Justin Elstrott
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Robby M Weimer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
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Eells JT, Gopalakrishnan S, Valter K. Near-Infrared Photobiomodulation in Retinal Injury and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 854:437-41. [PMID: 26427443 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-17121-0_58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is growing that exposure of tissue to low energy photon irradiation in the far-red (FR) to near-infrared (NIR) range of the spectrum, collectively termed "photobiomodulation" (PBM) can restore the function of damaged mitochondria, upregulate the production of cytoprotective factors and prevent apoptotic cell death. PBM has been applied clinically in the treatment of soft tissue injuries and acceleration of wound healing for more than 40 years. Recent studies have demonstrated that FR/NIR photons penetrate diseased tissues including the retina. The therapeutic effects of PBM have been hypothesized to result from intracellular signaling pathways triggered when FR/NIR photons are absorbed by the mitochondrial photoacceptor molecule, cytochrome c oxidase, culminating in improved mitochondrial energy metabolism, increased cytoprotective factor production and cell survival. Investigations in rodent models of methanol-induced ocular toxicity, light damage, retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration have demonstrated the PBM attenuates photoreceptor cell death, protects retinal function and exerts anti-inflammatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis T Eells
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2400 E. Hartford Ave., 53201, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | | | - Krisztina Valter
- Divsion of Biomedical Sciences, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, 0200, Acton, Australia.
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Jiao H, Natoli R, Valter K, Provis JM, Rutar M. Spatiotemporal Cadence of Macrophage Polarisation in a Model of Light-Induced Retinal Degeneration. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143952. [PMID: 26630454 PMCID: PMC4667999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The recruitment of macrophages accompanies almost every pathogenic state of the retina, and their excessive activation in the subretinal space is thought to contribute to the progression of diseases including age-related macular degeneration. Previously, we have shown that macrophages aggregate in the outer retina following damage elicited by photo-oxidative stress, and that inhibition of their recruitment reduces photoreceptor death. Here, we look for functional insight into macrophage activity in this model through the spatiotemporal interplay of macrophage polarisation over the course of degeneration. Methods Rats were exposed to 1000 lux light damage (LD) for 24hrs, with some left to recover for 3 and 7 days post-exposure. Expression and localisation of M1- and M2- macrophage markers was investigated in light-damaged retinas using qPCR, ELISA, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry. Results Expression of M1- (Ccl3, Il-6, Il-12, Il-1β, TNFα) and M2- (CD206, Arg1, Igf1, Lyve1, Clec7a) related markers followed discrete profiles following light damage; up-regulation of M1 genes peaked at the early phase of cell death, while M2 genes generally exhibited more prolonged increases during the chronic phase. Moreover, Il-1β and CD206 labelled accumulations of microglia/macrophages which differed in their morphological, temporal, and spatial characteristics following light damage. Conclusions The data illustrate a dynamic shift in macrophage polarisation following light damage through a broad swathe of M1 and M2 markers. Pro-inflammatory M1 activation appears to dominate the early phase of degeneration while M2 responses appear to more heavily mark the chronic post-exposure period. While M1/M2 polarisation represents two extremes amongst a spectrum of macrophage activity, knowledge of their predominance offers insight into functional consequences of macrophage activity over the course of damage, which may inform the spatiotemporal employment of therapeutics in retinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihan Jiao
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Riccardo Natoli
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Krisztina Valter
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Jan M. Provis
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Matt Rutar
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Picard E, Le Rouzic Q, Oudar A, Berdugo M, El Sanharawi M, Andrieu-Soler C, Naud MC, Jonet L, Latour C, Klein C, Galiacy S, Malecaze F, Coppin H, Roth MP, Jeanny JC, Courtois Y, Behar-Cohen F. Targeting iron-mediated retinal degeneration by local delivery of transferrin. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:1105-21. [PMID: 26454080 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Iron is essential for retinal function but contributes to oxidative stress-mediated degeneration. Iron retinal homeostasis is highly regulated and transferrin (Tf), a potent iron chelator, is endogenously secreted by retinal cells. In this study, therapeutic potential of a local Tf delivery was evaluated in animal models of retinal degeneration. After intravitreal injection, Tf spread rapidly within the retina and accumulated in photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium, before reaching the blood circulation. Tf injected in the vitreous prior and, to a lesser extent, after light-induced retinal degeneration, efficiently protected the retina histology and function. We found an association between Tf treatment and the modulation of iron homeostasis resulting in a decrease of iron content and oxidative stress marker. The immunomodulation function of Tf could be seen through a reduction in macrophage/microglial activation as well as modulated inflammation responses. In a mouse model of hemochromatosis, Tf had the capacity to clear abnormal iron accumulation from retinas. And in the slow P23H rat model of retinal degeneration, a sustained release of Tf in the vitreous via non-viral gene therapy efficently slowed-down the photoreceptors death and preserved their function. These results clearly demonstrate the synergistic neuroprotective roles of Tf against retinal degeneration and allow identify Tf as an innovative and not toxic therapy for retinal diseases associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Picard
- INSERM, UMRS 1138, team Behar-Cohen, From physiopathology of ocular diseases to clinical development, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers UMRS 1138, Paris, France; Université René Descartes, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers UMRS 1138, Paris, France.
| | - Quentin Le Rouzic
- INSERM, UMRS 1138, team Behar-Cohen, From physiopathology of ocular diseases to clinical development, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers UMRS 1138, Paris, France; Université René Descartes, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers UMRS 1138, Paris, France
| | - Antonin Oudar
- INSERM, UMRS 1138, team Behar-Cohen, From physiopathology of ocular diseases to clinical development, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers UMRS 1138, Paris, France; Université René Descartes, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers UMRS 1138, Paris, France
| | - Marianne Berdugo
- INSERM, UMRS 1138, team Behar-Cohen, From physiopathology of ocular diseases to clinical development, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers UMRS 1138, Paris, France; Université René Descartes, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers UMRS 1138, Paris, France
| | - Mohamed El Sanharawi
- INSERM, UMRS 1138, team Behar-Cohen, From physiopathology of ocular diseases to clinical development, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers UMRS 1138, Paris, France; Université René Descartes, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers UMRS 1138, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Andrieu-Soler
- INSERM, UMRS 1138, team Behar-Cohen, From physiopathology of ocular diseases to clinical development, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers UMRS 1138, Paris, France; Université René Descartes, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers UMRS 1138, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Christine Naud
- INSERM, UMRS 1138, team Behar-Cohen, From physiopathology of ocular diseases to clinical development, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers UMRS 1138, Paris, France; Université René Descartes, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers UMRS 1138, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Jonet
- INSERM, UMRS 1138, team Behar-Cohen, From physiopathology of ocular diseases to clinical development, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers UMRS 1138, Paris, France; Université René Descartes, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers UMRS 1138, Paris, France
| | - Chloé Latour
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France; CNRS, U5282, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Klein
- INSERM, U1138, CICC, Université René Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Galiacy
- INSERM U563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France; Department of Ophthalmology, Purpan Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - François Malecaze
- INSERM U563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France; Department of Ophthalmology, Purpan Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Coppin
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France; CNRS, U5282, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Paule Roth
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France; CNRS, U5282, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Claude Jeanny
- INSERM, UMRS 1138, team Behar-Cohen, From physiopathology of ocular diseases to clinical development, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers UMRS 1138, Paris, France; Université René Descartes, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers UMRS 1138, Paris, France
| | - Yves Courtois
- INSERM, UMRS 1138, team Behar-Cohen, From physiopathology of ocular diseases to clinical development, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers UMRS 1138, Paris, France; Université René Descartes, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers UMRS 1138, Paris, France
| | - Francine Behar-Cohen
- INSERM, UMRS 1138, team Behar-Cohen, From physiopathology of ocular diseases to clinical development, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers UMRS 1138, Paris, France; Université René Descartes, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers UMRS 1138, Paris, France; Jules Gonin Ophthalmic Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Rutar M, Natoli R, Chia RX, Valter K, Provis JM. Chemokine-mediated inflammation in the degenerating retina is coordinated by Müller cells, activated microglia, and retinal pigment epithelium. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:8. [PMID: 25595590 PMCID: PMC4308937 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0224-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monocyte infiltration is involved in the pathogenesis of many retinal degenerative conditions. This process traditionally depends on local expression of chemokines, though the roles of many of these in the degenerating retina are unclear. Here, we investigate expression and in situ localization of the broad chemokine response in a light-induced model of retinal degeneration. METHODS Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were exposed to 1,000 lux light damage (LD) for up to 24 hrs. At time points during (1 to 24 hrs) and following (3 and 7 days) exposure, animals were euthanized and retinas processed. Microarray analysis assessed differential expression of chemokines. Some genes were further investigated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in situ hybridization and contrasted with photoreceptor apoptosis using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). Recruitment of retinal CD45 (+) leukocytes was determined via fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), and expression of chemokine receptors determined using PCR. RESULTS Exposure to 24 hrs of LD resulted in differential expression of chemokines including Ccl3, Ccl4, Ccl7, Cxcl1, and Cxcl10. Their upregulation correlated strongly with peak photoreceptor death, at 24 hrs exposure. In situ hybridization revealed that the modulated chemokines were expressed by a combination of Müller cells, activated microglia, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). This preceded large increases in the number of CD45(+) cells at 3- and 7-days post exposure, which expressed a corresponding repertoire of chemokine receptors. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that retinal degeneration induces upregulation of a broad chemokine response whose expression is coordinated by Müller cells, microglia, and RPE. The findings inform our understanding of the processes govern the trafficking of leukocytes, which are contributors in the pathology of retinal degenerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Rutar
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Building 131, Garran Road, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. .,ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, 54 Mills Road, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Riccardo Natoli
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Building 131, Garran Road, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. .,ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, 54 Mills Road, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - R X Chia
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Building 131, Garran Road, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Krisztina Valter
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Building 131, Garran Road, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. .,ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, 54 Mills Road, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Jan M Provis
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Building 131, Garran Road, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. .,ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, 54 Mills Road, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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