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Merra A, Maurizi E, Pellegrini G. Impact of culture media on primary human corneal endothelial cells derived from old donors. Exp Eye Res 2024; 240:109815. [PMID: 38316204 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Corneal endothelial dysfunction is a major indication for corneal transplantation. However, a global shortage of donor corneal tissues and risks associated with corneal surgeries have prompted exploration of alternative options, including tissue-engineered grafts or cell injection therapy. Nonetheless, these approaches require a controlled culture of primary human corneal endothelial cells (HCEnCs). Although HCEnCs established from young donors are generally more proliferative and maintain a better phenotype, corneas from old donors are more frequently accessible from eye banks due to a lower corneal endothelial cell count than the necessary threshold required for transplantation. In this study, we investigated various culture media to evaluate which one is the most appropriate for stimulating the proliferation while maintaining cell morphology and function of HCEnCs derived from old donors (age >65 years). All experiments were performed on paired research-grade donor corneas, divided for the conditions under investigation in order to minimize the inter-donor variability. Cell morphology as well as expression of specific markers were assessed at both mRNA (CD166, SLC4A11, ATP1A1, COL8A1, α-SMA, CD44, COL1A1, CDKN2A, LAP2A and LAP2B) and protein (ZO-1, α-SMA, Ki67 and LAP2) levels. Results obtained showed how the Dual Media formulation maintained the hexagonal phenotype more efficiently than Single Medium, but cell size gradually increased with passages. In contrast, the Single Medium provided a higher proliferation rate and a prolonged in vitro expansion but acquired an elongated morphology. To summarize, Single medium and Dual media preserve morphology and functional phenotype of HCEnCs from old donor corneas at low passages while maintenance of the same cell features at high passages remains an active area of research. The new insights revealed within this work become particularly relevant considering that the elderly population a) is the main target of corneal endothelial therapy, b) represents the majority of corneal donors. Therefore, the proper expansion of HCEnCs from old donors is essential to develop novel personalised therapeutic strategies and reduce requirement of human corneal tissues globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Merra
- Holostem Terapie Avanzate S.r.l., Modena, Italy; Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Eleonora Maurizi
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Graziella Pellegrini
- Holostem Terapie Avanzate S.r.l., Modena, Italy; Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Dong C, Li Z, Wang X, Zou D, Duan H, Zhao C, Zhou Q, Shi W. SRT1720 attenuates UVA-induced corneal endothelial damage via inhibition of oxidative stress and cellular apoptosis. Exp Eye Res 2023; 231:109464. [PMID: 37015319 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Corneal endothelium is mostly sensitive to oxidative pressure and mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the oxidative-antioxidant mechanism of corneal endothelial cells (CECs) remains partially defined. Silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) is a well-studied therapeutic target of oxidative damage. This study aimed to determine the SIRT1 expression in ultraviolet A (UVA)-induced corneal endothelial damage and explore potential drugs to repair corneal endothelial oxidative injury. In this study, we showed that CECs exhibited cellular apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and decreased SIRT1 expression. In addition, UVA induced the imbalance of mitochondrial homeostasis and function, involving in mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial fusion/fission and mitochondrial energy metabolism. SRT1720, the SIRT1 activator, effectively increased SIRT1 expression and attenuated UVA-induced cell damage in CECs. The therapeutic effects of SRT1720 for corneal endothelial oxidative damage were also verified in UVA-irradiated mice model. Our findings indicated that SIRT1 maintained the oxidant-antioxidant balance in corneal endothelium, suggesting a new promising therapeutic target for corneal endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Dong
- Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Eye Hospital), Jinan, 250000, Shandong, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Zongyi Li
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Eye Hospital), Jinan, 250000, Shandong, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Dulei Zou
- Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Eye Hospital), Jinan, 250000, Shandong, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Haoyun Duan
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Can Zhao
- Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Eye Hospital), Jinan, 250000, Shandong, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Qingjun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Weiyun Shi
- Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Eye Hospital), Jinan, 250000, Shandong, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250000, Shandong, China.
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3
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Patel SP, Calle Gonzalez B, Paone N, Mueller C, Floss JC, Sousa ME, Shi MY. Effect of Physiological Oxygen on Primary Human Corneal Endothelial Cell Cultures. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:33. [PMID: 35191961 PMCID: PMC8883143 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.2.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Primary human corneal endothelial cells (HCEnCs) cultured in room air are exposed to significantly higher O2 concentrations [O2] than what is normally present in the eye. We evaluated the growth and metabolism of HCEnCs cultured under physiological [O2] (2.5%; [O2]2.5) and room air ([O2]A). Methods Primary cultures of HCEnCs from normal donors and donors with Fuchs dystrophy were grown at [O2]2.5 and [O2]A. Growth and morphology were compared using phase-contrast microscopy, zonula occludens (ZO-1) localization, cell density measurements, and senescence marker staining. CD44 (cell quality) and HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor-1α) levels were evaluated by Western blotting. Cell adaptability to a reversal of [O2] growth conditions was measured with cell viability assays, and cell metabolism was assessed via oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rates. Results HCEnCs grown at [O2]A and [O2]2.5 displayed similar morphologies, ZO-1 localization, CD44 expression, and senescence. Cells from donors with Fuchs dystrophy grew better at [O2]2.5 than at [O2]A. HIF-1α was undetectable. Cells displayed greater viability at [O2]2.5 than at [O2]A. HCEnCs showed significantly greater proton leak (P < 0.01), nonmitochondrial oxygen consumption (P < 0.01), and spare capacity (P < 0.05) for oxygen consumption rates, and greater basal glycolysis (P < 0.05) with a decreased glycolytic reserve capacity (P < 0.05) for extracellular acidification rates. Conclusions Primary HCEnCs show unique metabolic characteristics at physiologic [O2]. The effect of [O2] for optimization of HCEnC culture conditions should be considered. Translational Relevance With the advance of cell-based therapeutics for corneal endothelial diseases, [O2] should be considered an important variable in the optimization of HCEnC culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita P Patel
- Ross Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.,Research Service, Veterans Administration of Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, New York, USA.,Ophthalmology Service, Veterans Administration of Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Brayan Calle Gonzalez
- Ross Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.,Research Service, Veterans Administration of Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Nataliia Paone
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Christian Mueller
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Jamie C Floss
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Maria E Sousa
- Ross Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.,Research Service, Veterans Administration of Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Michael Y Shi
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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The Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome on Corneal Endothelial Cell Preservation in an Oxidative Injury Model. Cornea 2021; 39:1426-1430. [PMID: 32732699 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000002442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe a reproducible oxidative injury model in ex vivo porcine corneas and to investigate the effects of corneal mesenchymal stem cell (Co-MSC) secretome and specific factors on the preservation of corneal endothelium after oxidative injury. METHODS Porcine corneas underwent vital staining with trypan blue and alizarin red with different concentration and time points. Ex vivo porcine corneas were exposed (endothelial side) to varied concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. After injury, 3 groups of 5 corneas underwent treatment with secretome from either a wild-type (WT) murine Co-MSC, a pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF) knock out (K/O) murine Co-MSC, or basal media for 4 hours at 37°C. The viability of the endothelium was evaluated using the optimized vital staining protocol. RESULTS The optimal vital staining was achieved with 0.4% trypan blue for 60 seconds and 0.5% alizarin red for 90 seconds. The optimal oxidative injury (for consistency and level of damage) was obtained with 1% hydrogen peroxide for 15 seconds. Treatment with both WT Co-MSC and PEDF K/O Co-MSC secretome significantly reduced the endothelial damage compared with control (17.2% ± 10.0%, 33.5% ± 11.6%, and 68% ± 17%, respectively, P < 0.01). The WT Co-MSC secretome was significantly more effective compared with PEDF K/O Co-MSC secretome (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS A reproducible model of vital staining and oxidative injury is described for studying porcine corneal endothelial survival. Our results demonstrate a beneficial role of a corneal MSC secretome in reducing oxidative damage to the corneal endothelium. In addition, it suggests a potential role for PEDF in this process.
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Català P, Thuret G, Skottman H, Mehta JS, Parekh M, Ní Dhubhghaill S, Collin RWJ, Nuijts RMMA, Ferrari S, LaPointe VLS, Dickman MM. Approaches for corneal endothelium regenerative medicine. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 87:100987. [PMID: 34237411 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The state of the art therapy for treating corneal endothelial disease is transplantation. Advances in the reproducibility and accessibility of surgical techniques are increasing the number of corneal transplants, thereby causing a global deficit of donor corneas and leaving 12.7 million patients with addressable visual impairment. Approaches to regenerate the corneal endothelium offer a solution to the current tissue scarcity and a treatment to those in need. Methods for generating corneal endothelial cells into numbers that could address the current tissue shortage and the possible strategies used to deliver them have now become a therapeutic reality with clinical trials taking place in Japan, Singapore and Mexico. Nevertheless, there is still a long way before such therapies are approved by regulatory bodies and become clinical practice. Moreover, acellular corneal endothelial graft equivalents and certain drugs could provide a treatment option for specific disease conditions without the need of donor tissue or cells. Finally, with the emergence of gene modulation therapies to treat corneal endothelial disease, it would be possible to treat presymptomatic patients or those presenting early symptoms, drastically reducing the need for donor tissue. It is necessary to understand the most recent developments in this rapidly evolving field to know which conditions could be treated with which approach. This article provides an overview of the current and developing regenerative medicine therapies to treat corneal endothelial disease and provides the necessary guidance and understanding towards the treatment of corneal endothelial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere Català
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Gilles Thuret
- Laboratory of Biology, Engineering and Imaging of Corneal Graft, BiiGC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Saint Etienne, Saint Etienne, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Heli Skottman
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jodhbir S Mehta
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-National University Singapore Medical School, Singapore; Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Mohit Parekh
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK; The Veneto Eye Bank Foundation, Venice, Italy; Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sorcha Ní Dhubhghaill
- Department of Ophthalmology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium; Ophthalmology, Visual Optics and Visual Rehabilitation, Department of Translational Neurosciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Rob W J Collin
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rudy M M A Nuijts
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Vanessa L S LaPointe
- Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Mor M Dickman
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Snider EJ, Hardie BA, Li Y, Gao K, Splaine F, Kim RK, Vannatta RT, Read AT, Ethier CR. A Porcine Organ-Culture Glaucoma Model Mimicking Trabecular Meshwork Damage Using Oxidative Stress. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:18. [PMID: 33704361 PMCID: PMC7960799 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.3.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Re-cellularization of the trabecular meshwork (TM) using stem cells is a potential novel treatment for ocular hypertension associated with glaucoma. To assess the therapeutic efficacy of this approach, improved in vivo and ex vivo models of TM pathophysiology are needed. Here, we investigate whether oxidative stress, induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), can model glaucomatous ocular hypertension in the readily available porcine anterior segment organ culture model. Methods The impact of H2O2 on TM cell viability and function was first evaluated in vitro using primary porcine TM cells. Oxidative stress was then induced by H2O2 infusion into perfused porcine anterior segments. Trabecular meshwork function was assessed by tracking matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity and the ability of the preparation to maintain intraocular pressure (IOP) homeostasis after a flow challenge (doubled fluid infusion rate). Finally, the TM was evaluated histologically. Results H2O2 treatment resulted in a titratable reduction in cellularity across multiple primary TM cell donor strains. In organ culture preparations, H2O2-treated eyes showed impaired IOP homeostasis (i.e., IOPs stabilized at higher levels after a flow challenge vs. control eyes). This result was consistent with reduced MMP activity and TM cellularity; however, damage to the TM microstructure was not histologically evident in anterior segments receiving H2O2. Conclusions Titrated H2O2 infusion resulted in TM cellular dysfunction without destruction of TM structure. Thus, this porcine organ culture model offers a useful platform for assessing trabecular meshwork therapies to treat ocular hypertension associated with glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Snider
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Becky A Hardie
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Yinglin Li
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Kristin Gao
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Fiona Splaine
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - R Kijoon Kim
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - R Taylor Vannatta
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - A Thomas Read
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - C Ross Ethier
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
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White TL, Deshpande N, Kumar V, Gauthier AG, Jurkunas UV. Cell cycle re-entry and arrest in G2/M phase induces senescence and fibrosis in Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 164:34-43. [PMID: 33418109 PMCID: PMC7897316 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.12.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is an age-related disease whereby progressive loss of corneal endothelial cells (CEnCs) leads to loss of vision. There is currently a lack of therapeutic interventions as the etiology of the disease is complex, with both genetic and environmental factors. In this study, we have provided further insights into the pathogenesis of the disease, showing a causal relationship between senescence and endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) using in vitro and in vivo models. Ultraviolet A (UVA) light induced EMT and senescence in CEnCs. Senescent cells were arrested in G2/M phase of the cell cycle and responsible for the resulting profibrotic phenotype. Inhibiting ATR signaling and subsequently preventing G2/M arrest attenuated EMT. In vivo, UVA irradiation induced cell cycle re-entry in post mitotic CEnCs, resulting in senescence and fibrosis at 1- and 2-weeks post-UVA. Selectively eliminating senescent cells using the senolytic cocktail of dasatinib and quercetin attenuated UVA-induced fibrosis, highlighting the potential for a new therapeutic intervention for FECD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas L White
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Neha Deshpande
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Varun Kumar
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Alex G Gauthier
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Ula V Jurkunas
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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Álvarez-Barrios A, Álvarez L, García M, Artime E, Pereiro R, González-Iglesias H. Antioxidant Defenses in the Human Eye: A Focus on Metallothioneins. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:89. [PMID: 33440661 PMCID: PMC7826537 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human eye, the highly specialized organ of vision, is greatly influenced by oxidants of endogenous and exogenous origin. Oxidative stress affects all structures of the human eye with special emphasis on the ocular surface, the lens, the retina and its retinal pigment epithelium, which are considered natural barriers of antioxidant protection, contributing to the onset and/or progression of eye diseases. These ocular structures contain a complex antioxidant defense system slightly different along the eye depending on cell tissue. In addition to widely studied enzymatic antioxidants, including superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, peroxiredoxins and selenoproteins, inter alia, metallothioneins (MTs) are considered antioxidant proteins of growing interest with further cell-mediated functions. This family of cysteine rich and low molecular mass proteins captures and neutralizes free radicals in a redox-dependent mechanism involving zinc binding and release. The state of the art of MTs, including the isoforms classification, the main functions described to date, the Zn-MT redox cycle as antioxidant defense system, and the antioxidant activity of Zn-MTs in the ocular surface, lens, retina and its retinal pigment epithelium, dependent on the number of occupied zinc-binding sites, will be comprehensively reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Álvarez-Barrios
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo), 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.Á.-B.); (L.Á.); (M.G.); (E.A.); (R.P.)
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería, 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Lydia Álvarez
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo), 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.Á.-B.); (L.Á.); (M.G.); (E.A.); (R.P.)
| | - Montserrat García
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo), 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.Á.-B.); (L.Á.); (M.G.); (E.A.); (R.P.)
- Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández-Vega, Avda. Dres. Fernández-Vega, 34, 33012 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Enol Artime
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo), 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.Á.-B.); (L.Á.); (M.G.); (E.A.); (R.P.)
| | - Rosario Pereiro
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo), 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.Á.-B.); (L.Á.); (M.G.); (E.A.); (R.P.)
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería, 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Héctor González-Iglesias
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo), 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.Á.-B.); (L.Á.); (M.G.); (E.A.); (R.P.)
- Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández-Vega, Avda. Dres. Fernández-Vega, 34, 33012 Oviedo, Spain
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Anglada T, Repullés J, Espinal A, LaBarge MA, Stampfer MR, Genescà A, Martín M. Delayed γH2AX foci disappearance in mammary epithelial cells from aged women reveals an age-associated DNA repair defect. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:1510-1523. [PMID: 30875333 PMCID: PMC6428106 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a degenerative process in which genome instability plays a crucial role. To gain insight into the link between organismal aging and DNA repair capacity, we analyzed DNA double-strand break (DSB) resolution efficiency in human mammary epithelial cells from 12 healthy donors of young and old ages. The frequency of DSBs was measured by quantifying the number of γH2AX foci before and after 1Gy of γ-rays and it was higher in cells from aged donors (ADs) at all times analyzed. At 24 hours after irradiation, ADs retained a significantly higher frequency of residual DSBs than young donors (YDs), which had already reached values close to basal levels. The kinetics of DSB induction and disappearance showed that cells from ADs and YDs repair DSBs with similar speed, although analysis of early times after irradiation indicate that a repair defect may lie within the firing of the DNA repair machinery in AD cells. Indeed, using a mathematical model we calculated a constant factor of delay affecting aged human epithelial cells repair kinetics. This defect manifests with the accumulation of DSBs that might eventually undergo illegitimate repair, thus posing a relevant threat to the maintenance of genome integrity in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Anglada
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joan Repullés
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,Microscopy Platform, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, 08041, Spain
| | - Anna Espinal
- Servei d'Estadística Aplicada, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mark A LaBarge
- Department of Population Sciences, and Center for Cancer and Aging, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Martha R Stampfer
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Anna Genescà
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marta Martín
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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Liu C, Miyajima T, Melangath G, Miyai T, Vasanth S, Deshpande N, Kumar V, Ong Tone S, Gupta R, Zhu S, Vojnovic D, Chen Y, Rogan EG, Mondal B, Zahid M, Jurkunas UV. Ultraviolet A light induces DNA damage and estrogen-DNA adducts in Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy causing females to be more affected. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:573-583. [PMID: 31852820 PMCID: PMC6955350 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1912546116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is a leading cause of corneal endothelial (CE) degeneration resulting in impaired visual acuity. It is a genetically complex and age-related disorder, with higher incidence in females. In this study, we established a nongenetic FECD animal model based on the physiologic outcome of CE susceptibility to oxidative stress by demonstrating that corneal exposure to ultraviolet A (UVA) recapitulates the morphological and molecular changes of FECD. Targeted irradiation of mouse corneas with UVA induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the aqueous humor, and caused greater CE cell loss, including loss of ZO-1 junctional contacts and corneal edema, in female than male mice, characteristic of late-onset FECD. UVA irradiation caused greater mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA (nDNA) damage in female mice, indicative of the sex-driven differential response of the CE to UVA, thus accounting for more severe phenotype in females. The sex-dependent effect of UVA was driven by the activation of estrogen-metabolizing enzyme CYP1B1 and formation of reactive estrogen metabolites and estrogen-DNA adducts in female but not male mice. Supplementation of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS), diminished the morphological and molecular changes induced by UVA in vivo. This study investigates the molecular mechanisms of environmental factors in FECD pathogenesis and demonstrates a strong link between UVA-induced estrogen metabolism and increased susceptibility of females for FECD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailing Liu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Taiga Miyajima
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Geetha Melangath
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Takashi Miyai
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Shivakumar Vasanth
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Neha Deshpande
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Varun Kumar
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Stephan Ong Tone
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Reena Gupta
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Shan Zhu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Dijana Vojnovic
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yuming Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Eleanor G Rogan
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4388
| | - Bodhiswatta Mondal
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4388
| | - Muhammad Zahid
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4388
| | - Ula V Jurkunas
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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Grendler J, Lowgren S, Mills M, Losick VP. Wound-induced polyploidization is driven by Myc and supports tissue repair in the presence of DNA damage. Development 2019; 146:dev.173005. [PMID: 31315896 PMCID: PMC6703715 DOI: 10.1242/dev.173005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tissue repair usually requires either polyploid cell growth or cell division, but the molecular mechanism promoting polyploidy and limiting cell division remains poorly understood. Here, we find that injury to the adult Drosophila epithelium causes cells to enter the endocycle through the activation of Yorkie-dependent genes (Myc and E2f1). Myc is even sufficient to induce the endocycle in the uninjured post-mitotic epithelium. As result, epithelial cells enter S phase but mitosis is blocked by inhibition of mitotic gene expression. The mitotic cell cycle program can be activated by simultaneously expressing the Cdc25-like phosphatase String (stg), while genetically depleting APC/C E3 ligase fizzy-related (fzr). However, forcing cells to undergo mitosis is detrimental to wound repair as the adult fly epithelium accumulates DNA damage, and mitotic errors ensue when cells are forced to proliferate. In conclusion, we find that wound-induced polyploidization enables tissue repair when cell division is not a viable option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle Grendler
- Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, MDI Biological Laboratory, 159 Old Bar Harbor Rd, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Sara Lowgren
- Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, MDI Biological Laboratory, 159 Old Bar Harbor Rd, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Monique Mills
- Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, MDI Biological Laboratory, 159 Old Bar Harbor Rd, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Vicki P Losick
- Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, MDI Biological Laboratory, 159 Old Bar Harbor Rd, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
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12
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Bartakova A, Kuzmenko O, Alvarez-Delfin K, Kunzevitzky NJ, Goldberg JL. A Cell Culture Approach to Optimized Human Corneal Endothelial Cell Function. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:1617-1629. [PMID: 29625488 PMCID: PMC5869002 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-23637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cell-based therapies to replace corneal endothelium depend on culture methods to optimize human corneal endothelial cell (HCEC) function and minimize endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EnMT). Here we explore contribution of low-mitogenic media on stabilization of phenotypes in vitro that mimic those of HCECs in vivo. Methods HCECs were isolated from cadaveric donor corneas and expanded in vitro, comparing continuous presence of exogenous growth factors (“proliferative media”) to media without those factors (“stabilizing media”). Identity based on canonical morphology and expression of surface marker CD56, and function based on formation of tight junction barriers measured by trans-endothelial electrical resistance assays (TEER) were assessed. Results Primary HCECs cultured in proliferative media underwent EnMT after three to four passages, becoming increasingly fibroblastic. Stabilizing the cells before each passage by switching them to a media low in mitogenic growth factors and serum preserved canonical morphology and yielded a higher number of cells. HCECs cultured in stabilizing media increased both expression of the identity marker CD56 and also tight junction monolayer integrity compared to cells cultured without stabilization. Conclusions HCECs isolated from donor corneas and expanded in vitro with a low-mitogenic media stabilizing step before each passage demonstrate more canonical structural and functional features and defer EnMT, increasing the number of passages and total canonical cell yield. This approach may facilitate development of HCEC-based cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Bartakova
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Olga Kuzmenko
- Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Karen Alvarez-Delfin
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Florida, United States
| | - Noelia J Kunzevitzky
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States.,Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States.,Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Florida, United States.,Emmecell, Bridgewater, Connecticut, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States.,Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States.,Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Florida, United States
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13
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Rönkkö S, Vellonen KS, Järvinen K, Toropainen E, Urtti A. Human corneal cell culture models for drug toxicity studies. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2017; 6:660-675. [PMID: 27613190 PMCID: PMC5097077 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-016-0330-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In vivo toxicity and absorption studies of topical ocular drugs are problematic, because these studies involve invasive tissue sampling and toxic effects in animal models. Therefore, different human corneal models ranging from simple monolayer cultures to three-dimensional models have been developed for toxicological prediction with in vitro models. Each system has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Use of non-corneal cells, inadequate characterization of gene-expression profiles, and accumulation of genomic aberrations in human corneal models are typical drawbacks that decrease their reliability and predictive power. In the future, further improvements are needed for verifying comparable expression profiles and cellular properties of human corneal models with their in vivo counterparts. A rapidly expanding stem cell technology combined with tissue engineering may give future opportunities to develop new tools in drug toxicity studies. One approach may be the production of artificial miniature corneas. In addition, there is also a need to use large-scale profiling approaches such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics for understanding of the ocular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seppo Rönkkö
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kati-Sisko Vellonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kristiina Järvinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Elisa Toropainen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland. .,Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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15
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Lizardo DY, Lin YL, Gokcumen O, Atilla-Gokcumen GE. Regulation of lipids is central to replicative senescence. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 13:498-509. [PMID: 28128379 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00842a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cellular replicative senescence, a state of permanent cell-cycle arrest, has been linked to organismal aging, tissue repair and tumorigenesis. In this study, we comparatively investigated the global lipid profiles and mRNA content of proliferating and senescent-state BJ fibroblasts. We found that both expression levels of lipid-regulating genes and the abundance of specific lipid families, are actively regulated. We further found that 19 specific polyunsaturated triacylglycerol species constituted the most prominent changes in lipid composition during replicative senescence. Based on the transcriptome analysis, we propose that the activation of CD36-mediated fatty acid uptake and diversion to glycerolipid biosynthesis could be responsible for the accumulation of triacylglycerols during replicative senescence. This, in turn, could be a cellular mechanism to prevent lipotoxicity under increased oxidative stress conditions observed in this process. Our results indicate that regulation of specific lipid species has a central role during replicative senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darleny Y Lizardo
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY 14260 USA.
| | - Yen-Lung Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY 14260 USA.
| | - Omer Gokcumen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY 14260 USA.
| | - G Ekin Atilla-Gokcumen
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY 14260 USA.
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17
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Arul M, Roslani AC, Cheah SH. Heterogeneity in cancer cells: variation in drug response in different primary and secondary colorectal cancer cell lines in vitro. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2017; 53:435-447. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-016-0126-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Lin JB, Tsubota K, Apte RS. A glimpse at the aging eye. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2016; 2:16003. [PMID: 28721262 PMCID: PMC5515005 DOI: 10.1038/npjamd.2016.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive investigations have demonstrated that organismal aging is associated with tissue dysfunction in many organs. The eye is no exception to this rule. Under healthy conditions, the eye is designed like an advanced camera with the central role of translating light from the external world into a coherent neural signal that can be transmitted to the brain for processing into a precise visual image. This complex process requires precisely maintained machinery. At the front of the eye, the transparency of both the cornea and the lens are crucial to allow passage of photons to the light-sensitive portion of the eye. Similarly, the highly organized structure of the retina located at the back of the eye is indispensable to allow for effective signal transduction and efficient signal transmission. Aging affects ocular structures in various ways, and these sequelae have been well defined as distinct clinical entities. In many instances, aging leads to ocular tissue dysfunction and disease. Nonetheless, despite clear evidence that age-associated visual impairment has significant psychosocial consequences, current treatment paradigms for many of these conditions are inadequate. In addition, strategies to decelerate or reverse age-associated deterioration in ocular function are still in their infancy. This review focuses on the cellular and molecular pathophysiology of the aging eye. Ultimately, we hope that a refined understanding of the aging eye can guide targeted therapies against cellular aging and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rajendra S Apte
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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Zhao X, Wang Y, Wang Y, Li S, Chen P. Oxidative stress and premature senescence in corneal endothelium following penetrating keratoplasty in an animal model. BMC Ophthalmol 2016; 16:16. [PMID: 26839109 PMCID: PMC4736695 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-016-0192-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to address the question of how the premature senescence process may affect corneal endothelium after penetrating keratoplasty, because the quality of donor corneal endothelial cells is important for corneal transplant success. METHODS The cell senescence and induced oxidative stress in corneal endothelium were assessed using a normal-risk orthotopic mice corneal transplantation model. Senescence associated beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-Gal) staining was used to evaluate premature senescence in the endothelium of corneal allografts. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense RT(2)-PCR Arrays and in vitro experimental model using H2O2 treatment were used to investigate the possible mechanism. RESULTS SA-beta-Gal positivity was observed obviously in mice corneal endothelium of allogenic group and the levels of p16(INK4a) message and protein increased in endothelium of allogenic group compared to syngenic group. By PCR array, an oxidant-antioxidant imbalance was found in the endothelium of corneal allograft after PKP. The results from mice model were validated using human endothelium samples of corneal allograft after PKP. We also developed an in vitro experimental model using H2O2 treatment to simulate a state of oxidative stress in cultured human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) and found that elevated ROS levels, the up-regulation of CDK inhibitors and ROS-mediated p16(INK4A) up-regulation in HCECs occur via the ASK1-p38 MAPK pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate the presence of oxidative stress and premature senescence in the endothelium of corneal allografts following PKP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of medical Sciences, No. 5 Yanerdao Rd, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of medical Sciences, No. 5 Yanerdao Rd, Qingdao, 266071, China. .,Current affiliation: Central Laboratory of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266042, China.
| | - Yao Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of medical Sciences, No. 5 Yanerdao Rd, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Suxia Li
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of medical Sciences, No. 5 Yanerdao Rd, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Peng Chen
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of medical Sciences, No. 5 Yanerdao Rd, Qingdao, 266071, China
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Forest F, Thuret G, Gain P, Dumollard JM, Peoc’h M, Perrache C, He Z. Optimization of immunostaining on flat-mounted human corneas. Mol Vis 2015; 21:1345-56. [PMID: 26788027 PMCID: PMC4704774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In the literature, immunohistochemistry on cross sections is the main technique used to study protein expression in corneal endothelial cells (ECs), even though this method allows visualization of few ECs, without clear subcellular localization, and is subject to the staining artifacts frequently encountered at tissue borders. We previously proposed several protocols, using fixation in 0.5% paraformaldehyde (PFA) or in methanol, allowing immunostaining on flatmounted corneas for proteins of different cell compartments. In the present study, we further refined the technique by systematically assessing the effect of fixative temperature. Last, we used optimized protocols to further demonstrate the considerable advantages of immunostaining on flatmounted intact corneas: detection of rare cells in large fields of thousands of ECs and epithelial cells, and accurate subcellular localization of given proteins. METHODS The staining of four ubiquitous proteins, ZO-1, hnRNP L, actin, and histone H3, with clearly different subcellular localizations, was analyzed in ECs of organ-cultured corneas. Whole intact human corneas were fixed for 30 min in 0.5% paraformaldehyde or pure methanol at four temperatures (4 °C for PFA, -20 °C for methanol, and 23, 37, and 50 °C for both). Experiments were performed in duplicate and repeated on three corneas. Standardized pictures were analyzed independently by two experts. Second, optimized immunostaining protocols were applied to fresh corneas for three applications: identification of rare cells that express KI67 in the endothelium of specimens with Fuch's endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD), the precise localization of neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAMs) in normal ECs and of the cytokeratin pair K3/12 and CD44 in normal epithelial cells, and the identification of cells that express S100b in the normal epithelium. RESULTS Temperature strongly influenced immunostaining quality. There was no ubiquitous protocol, but nevertheless, room temperature may be recommended as first-line temperature during fixation, instead of the conventional -20 °C for methanol and 4 °C for PFA. Further optimization may be required for certain target proteins. Optimized protocols allowed description of two previously unknown findings: the presence of a few proliferating ECs in FECD specimens, suggesting ineffective compensatory mechanisms against premature EC death, and the localization of NCAMs exclusively in the lateral membranes of ECs, showing hexagonal organization at the apical pole and an irregular shape with increasing complexity toward the basal pole. Optimized protocols were also effective for the epithelium, allowing clear localization of cytokeratin 3/12 and CD44 in superficial and basal epithelial cells, respectively. Finally, S100b allowed identification of clusters of epithelial Langerhans cells near the limbus and more centrally. CONCLUSIONS Fixative temperature is a crucial parameter in optimizing immunostaining on flatmounted intact corneas. Whole-tissue overview and precise subcellular staining are significant advantages over conventional immunohistochemistry (IHC) on cross sections. This technique, initially developed for the corneal endothelium, proved equally suitable for the corneal epithelium and could be used for other superficial mono- and multilayered epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Forest
- “Corneal Graft Biology, Engineering and Imaging” Laboratory, EA2521, SFR 143, Faculty of Medicine, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France,Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Gilles Thuret
- “Corneal Graft Biology, Engineering and Imaging” Laboratory, EA2521, SFR 143, Faculty of Medicine, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Gain
- “Corneal Graft Biology, Engineering and Imaging” Laboratory, EA2521, SFR 143, Faculty of Medicine, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Jean-Marc Dumollard
- “Corneal Graft Biology, Engineering and Imaging” Laboratory, EA2521, SFR 143, Faculty of Medicine, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France,Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Michel Peoc’h
- “Corneal Graft Biology, Engineering and Imaging” Laboratory, EA2521, SFR 143, Faculty of Medicine, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France,Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Chantal Perrache
- “Corneal Graft Biology, Engineering and Imaging” Laboratory, EA2521, SFR 143, Faculty of Medicine, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Zhiguo He
- “Corneal Graft Biology, Engineering and Imaging” Laboratory, EA2521, SFR 143, Faculty of Medicine, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France
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Hernández L, Terradas M, Camps J, Martín M, Tusell L, Genescà A. Aging and radiation: bad companions. Aging Cell 2015; 14:153-61. [PMID: 25645467 PMCID: PMC4364827 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging involves a deterioration of cell functions and changes that may predispose the cell to undergo an oncogenic transformation. The carcinogenic risks following radiation exposure rise with age among adults. Increasing inflammatory response, loss of oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium, ongoing telomere attrition, decline in the DNA damage response efficiency, and deleterious nuclear organization are age-related cellular changes that trigger a serious threat to genomic integrity. In this review, we discuss the mechanistic interplay between all these factors, providing an integrated view of how they contribute to the observed age-related increase in radiation sensitivity. As life expectancy increases and so it does the medical intervention, it is important to highlight the benefits of radiation protection in the elderly. Thus, a deep understanding of the mechanistic processes confining the threat of aging-related radiosensitivity is currently of foremost relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Hernández
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mariona Terradas
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jordi Camps
- Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Oncology Group, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Martín
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Laura Tusell
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anna Genescà
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08193, Bellaterra, Spain
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Frausto RF, Wang C, Aldave AJ. Transcriptome analysis of the human corneal endothelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:7821-30. [PMID: 25377225 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To comprehensively characterize human corneal endothelial cell (HCEnC) gene expression and age-dependent differential gene expression and to identify expressed genes mapped to chromosomal loci associated with the corneal endothelial dystrophies posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy (PPCD)1, Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD)4, and X-linked endothelial dystrophy (XECD). METHODS Total RNA was isolated from ex vivo corneal endothelium obtained from six pediatric and five adult donor corneas. Complementary DNA was hybridized to the Affymetrix GeneChip 1.1ST array. Data analysis was performed using Partek Genomics Suite software, and differentially expressed genes were validated by digital molecular barcoding technology. RESULTS Transcripts corresponding to 12,596 genes were identified in HCEnC. Nine genes displayed the most significant differential expression between pediatric and adult HCEnC: CAPN6, HIST1H3A, HIST1H4E, and HSPA2 were expressed at higher levels in pediatric HCEnC, while ITGBL1, NALCN, PREX2, TAC1, and TMOD1 were expressed at higher levels in adult HCEnC. Analysis of the PPCD1, FECD4 and XECD loci demonstrated transcription of 53/95 protein-coding genes in the PPCD1 locus, 27/40 in the FECD4 locus, and 35/68 in the XECD locus. CONCLUSIONS An analysis of the HCEnC transcriptome reveals the expression of almost 13,000 genes, with less than 1% mapped to chromosomal loci associated with PPCD1, FECD4, and XECD. At least nine genes demonstrated significant differential expression between pediatric and adult HCEnC, defining specific functional properties distinct to each age group. These data will serve as a resource for vision scientists investigating HCEnC gene expression and can be used to focus the search for the genetic basis of the corneal endothelial dystrophies for which the genetic basis remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo F Frausto
- The Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Cynthia Wang
- The Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Anthony J Aldave
- The Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
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Brett JO, Rando TA. Alive and well? Exploring disease by studying lifespan. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2014; 26:33-40. [PMID: 25005743 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A common concept in aging research is that chronological age is the most important risk factor for the development of diverse diseases, including degenerative diseases and cancers. The mechanistic link between the aging process and disease pathogenesis, however, is still enigmatic. Nevertheless, measurement of lifespan, as a surrogate for biological aging, remains among the most frequently used assays in aging research. In this review, we examine the connection between 'normal aging' and age-related disease from the point of view that they form a continuum of aging phenotypes. This notion of common mechanisms gives rise to the converse postulate that diseases may be risk factors for accelerated aging. We explore the advantages and caveats associated with using lifespan as a metric to understand cell and tissue aging, focusing on the elucidation of molecular mechanisms and potential therapies for age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie O Brett
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thomas A Rando
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Neurology Service and Rehabilitation Research and Development Center of Excellence, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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Microarray analysis of cell cycle gene expression in adult human corneal endothelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94349. [PMID: 24747418 PMCID: PMC3991635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal endothelial cells (ECs) form a monolayer that controls the hydration of the cornea and thus its transparency. Their almost nil proliferative status in humans is responsible, in several frequent diseases, for cell pool attrition that leads to irreversible corneal clouding. To screen for candidate genes involved in cell cycle arrest, we studied human ECs subjected to various environments thought to induce different proliferative profiles compared to ECs in vivo. Donor corneas (a few hours after death), organ-cultured (OC) corneas, in vitro confluent and non-confluent primary cultures, and an immortalized EC line were compared to healthy ECs retrieved in the first minutes of corneal grafts. Transcriptional profiles were compared using a cDNA array of 112 key genes of the cell cycle and analysed using Gene Ontology classification; cluster analysis and gene map presentation of the cell cycle regulation pathway were performed by GenMAPP. Results were validated using qRT-PCR on 11 selected genes. We found several transcripts of proteins implicated in cell cycle arrest and not previously reported in human ECs. Early G1-phase arrest effectors and multiple DNA damage-induced cell cycle arrest-associated transcripts were found in vivo and over-represented in OC and in vitro ECs. Though highly proliferative, immortalized ECs also exhibited overexpression of transcripts implicated in cell cycle arrest. These new effectors likely explain the stress-induced premature senescence that characterizes human adult ECs. They are potential targets for triggering and controlling EC proliferation with a view to increasing the cell pool of stored corneas or facilitating mass EC culture for bioengineered endothelial grafts.
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Whitcomb EA, Shang F, Taylor A. Common cell biologic and biochemical changes in aging and age-related diseases of the eye: toward new therapeutic approaches to age-related ocular diseases. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:ORSF31-6. [PMID: 24335065 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Whitcomb
- Laboratory for Nutrition and Vision Research, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
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Roh DS, Du Y, Gabriele ML, Robinson AR, Niedernhofer LJ, Funderburgh JL. Age-related dystrophic changes in corneal endothelium from DNA repair-deficient mice. Aging Cell 2013; 12:1122-31. [PMID: 23927039 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The corneal endothelium (CE) is a single layer of cells lining the posterior face of the cornea providing metabolic functions essential for maintenance of corneal transparency. Adult CE cells lack regenerative potential, and the number of CE cells decreases throughout life. To determine whether endogenous DNA damage contributes to the age-related spontaneous loss of CE, we characterized CE in Ercc1(-/Δ) mice, which have impaired capacity to repair DNA damage and age prematurely. Eyes from 4.5- to 6-month-old Ercc1(-/Δ) mice, age-matched wild-type (WT) littermates, and old WT mice (24- to 34-month-old) were compared by spectral domain optical coherence tomography and corneal confocal microscopy. Histopathological changes in CE were further identified in paraffin tissue sections, whole-mount immunostaining, and scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy. The CE of old WT mice displayed polymorphism and polymegathism, polyploidy, decreased cell density, increased cell size, increases in Descemet's thickness, and the presence of posterior projections originating from the CE toward the anterior chamber, similar to changes documented for aging human corneas. Similar changes were observed in young adult Ercc1(-/Δ) mice CE, demonstrating spontaneous premature aging of the CE of these DNA repair-deficient mice. CD45(+) immune cells were associated with the posterior surface of CE from Ercc1(-/Δ) mice and the tissue expressed increased IL-1α, Cxcl2, and TNFα, pro-inflammatory proteins associated with senescence-associated secretory phenotype. These data provide strong experimental evidence that DNA damage can promote aging of the CE and that Ercc1(-/Δ) mice offer a rapid and accurate model to study CE pathogenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny S. Roh
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; 203 Lothrop St. Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Yiqin Du
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; 203 Lothrop St. Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Michelle L. Gabriele
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; 203 Lothrop St. Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Andria R. Robinson
- Department of Human Genetics; University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health; 130 DeSoto Street Pittsburgh PA 15261 USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; Hillman Cancer Center; 5117 Centre Ave, 2.6 Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Laura J. Niedernhofer
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; Hillman Cancer Center; 5117 Centre Ave, 2.6 Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; 523 Bridgeside Point II 450 Technology Drive Pittsburgh PA 15219 USA
| | - James L. Funderburgh
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; 203 Lothrop St. Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
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27
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Valdiglesias V, Giunta S, Fenech M, Neri M, Bonassi S. γH2AX as a marker of DNA double strand breaks and genomic instability in human population studies. Mutat Res 2013; 753:24-40. [PMID: 23416207 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
DNA double strand breaks (DSB) are the gravest form of DNA damage in eukaryotic cells. Failure to detect DSB and activate appropriate DNA damage responses can cause genomic instability, leading to tumorigenesis and possibly accelerated aging. Phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX) is used as a biomarker of cellular response to DSB and its potential for monitoring DNA damage and repair in human populations has been explored in this review. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed for articles, in English, on human studies reporting γH2AX as a biomarker of either DNA repair or DNA damage. A total of 68 publications were identified. Thirty-four studies (50.0%) evaluated the effect of medical procedures or treatments on γH2AX levels; 20 (29.4%) monitored γH2AX in specific pathological conditions with a case/control or case/case design; 5 studies (7.4%) evaluated the effect of environmental genotoxic exposures, and 9 (13.2%) were descriptive studies on cancer and aging. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (44.6%) or biopsies/tissue specimens (24.3%) were the most commonly used samples. γH2AX was scored by optical microscopy as immunostained foci (78%), or by flow cytometry (16%). Critical features affecting the reliability of the assay, including protocols heterogeneity, specimen, cell cycle, kinetics, study design, and statistical analysis, are hereby discussed. Because of its sensitivity, efficiency and mechanistic relevance, the γH2AX assay has great potential as a DNA damage biomarker; however, the technical and epidemiological heterogeneity highlighted in this review infer a necessity for experimental standardization of the assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Valdiglesias
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy
| | - Simona Giunta
- CSIRO Preventative Health Flagship, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Michael Fenech
- CSIRO Preventative Health Flagship, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Monica Neri
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy
| | - Stefano Bonassi
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy.
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28
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Mimura T, Yamagami S, Amano S. Corneal endothelial regeneration and tissue engineering. Prog Retin Eye Res 2013; 35:1-17. [PMID: 23353595 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) have a limited proliferative capacity. Descemet stripping with automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) has become the preferred method for the treatment of corneal endothelial deficiency, but it requires a donor cornea. To overcome the shortage of donor corneas, transplantation of cultured HCEC sheets has been attempted in experimental studies. This review summarizes current knowledge about the mechanisms of corneal endothelial wound healing and about tissue engineering for the corneal endothelium. We also discuss recent work on tissue engineering for DSAEK grafts using cultured HCECs and HCEC precursor cell isolation method (the sphere-forming assay). DSAEK grafts (HCEC sheets) were constructed by seeding cultured HCECs on human amniotic membrane, thin human corneal stroma, and collagen sheets. The pump function of the HCEC sheets thus obtained was approximately 75%-95% of that for human donor corneas. HCEC sheets were transplanted onto rabbit corneas after DSAEK. While the untransplanted control group displayed severe stromal edema, the transplanted group had clear corneas throughout the observation period. The sphere-forming assay using donor human corneal endothelium or cultured HCECs can achieved mass production of human corneal endothelial precursors. These findings indicate that cultured HCECs transplanted after DSAEK can perform effective corneal dehydration in vivo and suggest the feasibility of employing the transplantation of cultured HCECs to treat endothelial dysfunction. Additionally, corneal endothelial precursors may be an effective strategy for corneal endothelial regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Mimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Women's Medical University Medical Center East, 2-1-10 Nishiogu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo 116-8567, Japan.
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29
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Saccà SC, Roszkowska AM, Izzotti A. Environmental light and endogenous antioxidants as the main determinants of non-cancer ocular diseases. Mutat Res 2013; 752:153-171. [PMID: 23337404 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The human eye is constantly exposed to sunlight and artificial lighting. Exogenous sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as UV light, visible light, ionizing radiation, chemotherapeutics, and environmental toxins contribute to oxidative damage in ocular tissues. Long-term exposure to these insults places the aging eye at considerable risk for pathological consequences of oxidative stress. Furthermore, in eye tissues, mitochondria are an important endogenous source of ROS. Over time, all ocular structures, from the tear film to the retina, undergo oxidative stress, and therefore, the antioxidant defenses of each tissue assume the role of a safeguard against degenerative ocular pathologies. The ocular surface and cornea protect the other ocular tissues and are significantly exposed to oxidative stress of environmental origin. Overwhelming of antioxidant defenses in these tissues clinically manifests as pathologies including pterygium, corneal dystrophies, and endothelial Fuch's dystrophy. The crystalline lens is highly susceptible to oxidative damage in aging because its cells and their intracellular proteins are not turned over or replaced, thus providing the basis for cataractogenesis. The trabecular meshwork, which is the anterior chamber tissue devoted to aqueous humor drainage, has a particular susceptibility to mitochondrial oxidative injury that affects its endothelium and leads to an intraocular pressure increase that marks the beginning of glaucoma. Photo-oxidative stress can cause acute or chronic retinal damage. The pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration involves oxidative stress and death of the retinal pigment epithelium followed by death of the overlying photoreceptors. Accordingly, converging evidence indicates that mutagenic mechanisms of environmental and endogenous sources play a fundamental pathogenic role in degenerative eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio C Saccà
- Department of Head/Neck Pathologies, St Martino Hospital, Ophthalmology unit, Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Roszkowska
- Department of Specialized Surgery, University Hospital, Ophthalmology Unit, Messina, Italy
| | - Alberto Izzotti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Via A. Pastore 1, I-16132, Genoa, Italy.
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30
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Cui YB, Wu J. Research progress on the negative factors of corneal endothelial cells proliferation. Int J Ophthalmol 2012; 5:614-9. [PMID: 23166875 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2012.05.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human corneal endothelium forms a boundary layer between anterior chamber and corneal stoma. The corneal endothelial cells are responsible for maintaining cornea transparency, which is very vital for our visual acuity, via its pump and barrier functions. The adult corneal endothelial cells in vivo lack proliferation in response to the cell loss caused by outer damages and diseases. As a result, in order to compensate for cell loss, corneal endothelial cells migrate and enlarge while not via dividing to increase the endothelial cell density. Therefore, it is not capable for corneal endothelium to restore the corneal clarity. Some researches have proved that in vitro the corneal endothelial maintained proliferation ability. This review describes the current research progress regarding the negative factors that inhibit proliferation of the corneal endothelial cells. This review will mainly present several genes and proteins that inhibit the proliferation of the corneal endothelial cells, of course including some other factors like enzymes and position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Bo Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
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31
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Sheerin AN, Smith SK, Jennert‐Burston K, Brook AJ, Allen MC, Ibrahim B, Jones D, Wallis C, Engelmann K, Rhys‐Williams W, Faragher RGA, Kipling D. Characterization of cellular senescence mechanisms in human corneal endothelial cells. Aging Cell 2012; 11:234-40. [PMID: 22128747 PMCID: PMC3440103 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2011.00776.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cornea is a tri-laminar structure composed of several cell types with substantial mitotic potential. Age-related changes in the cornea are associated with declining visual acuity and the onset of overt age-related corneal diseases. Corneal transplantation is commonly used to restore vision in patients with damaged or diseased corneas. However, the supply of donor tissue is limited, and thus there is considerable interest in the development of tissue-engineered alternatives. A major obstacle to these approaches is the short replicative lifespan of primary human corneal endothelial cells (HCEC). Accordingly, a comprehensive investigation of the signalling pathways and mechanisms underpinning proliferative lifespan and senescence in HCEC was undertaken. The effects of exogenous human telomerase reverse transcriptase expression, p53 knockdown, disruption of the pRb pathway by over-expression of CDK4 and reduced oxygen concentration on the lifespan of primary HCEC were evaluated. We provide proof-of-principle that forced expression of telomerase, when combined with either p53 knockdown or CDK4 over-expression, is sufficient to produce immortalized HCEC lines. The resultant cell lines express an HCEC-specific transcriptional fingerprint, and retain expression of the corneal endothelial temperature-sensitive potassium channel, suggesting that significant dedifferentiation does not occur as a result of these modes of immortalization. Exploiting these insights into proliferative lifespan barriers in HCEC will underpin the development of novel strategies for cell-based therapies in the human cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela N. Sheerin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Huxley Building, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - S. Kaye Smith
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Katrin Jennert‐Burston
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Huxley Building, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Amy J. Brook
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Marcus C. Allen
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Huxley Building, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Badr Ibrahim
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Huxley Building, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Dawn Jones
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Huxley Building, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Corrin Wallis
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Huxley Building, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Katrin Engelmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Klinikum Chemnitz GmbH, Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Flemmingstraße 2, 09116 Chemnitz, Dresden, Germany
- DFG‐Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, D‐01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - William Rhys‐Williams
- Destiny Pharma Ltd., Sussex Innovation Centre, Science Park Square, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9SB, UK
| | - Richard G. A. Faragher
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Huxley Building, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - David Kipling
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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Tanaka C, Coling DE, Manohar S, Chen GD, Hu BH, Salvi R, Henderson D. Expression pattern of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense-related genes in the aging Fischer 344/NHsd rat cochlea. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:1842.e1-14. [PMID: 22300951 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The biological mechanisms that give rise to age-related hearing loss (ARHL) are still poorly understood. However, there is growing recognition that oxidative stress may be an important factor. To address this issue, we measured the changes in the expression of cochlear oxidative stress and antioxidant defense-related genes in young (2 months old), middle-aged (12 months old), and old (21-25 months old) Fischer 344/NHsd (F344/NHsd) rats and compared gene expression changes with ARHL. A quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction array revealed a significant age-related downregulation of only 1 gene, stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1, and upregulation of 12 genes: 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase; aminoadipate-semialdehyde synthase; cytoglobin; dual oxidase 2; glutathione peroxidase 3; glutathione peroxidase 6; glutathione S-transferase, kappa 1; glutathione reductase; nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)H) dehydrogenase, quinone 1; solute carrier Family 38, Member 5; thioredoxin interacting protein; and vimentin. Statistical analyses revealed significant correlations between gene expression and auditory function in 8 genes. Our results identified specific subsets of oxidative stress genes that appear to play an important role in ARHL in the Fischer 344/NHsd rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiemi Tanaka
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Proliferative capacity of corneal endothelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2011; 95:16-23. [PMID: 21906590 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2011.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The corneal endothelial monolayer helps maintain corneal transparency through its barrier and ionic "pump" functions. This transparency function can become compromised, resulting in a critical loss in endothelial cell density (ECD), corneal edema, bullous keratopathy, and loss of visual acuity. Although penetrating keratoplasty and various forms of endothelial keratoplasty are capable of restoring corneal clarity, they can also have complications requiring re-grafting or other treatments. With the increasing worldwide shortage of donor corneas to be used for keratoplasty, there is a greater need to find new therapies to restore corneal clarity that is lost due to endothelial dysfunction. As a result, researchers have been exploring alternative approaches that could result in the in vivo induction of transient corneal endothelial cell division or the in vitro expansion of healthy endothelial cells for corneal bioengineering as treatments to increase ECD and restore visual acuity. This review presents current information regarding the ability of human corneal endothelial cells (HCEC) to divide as a basis for the development of new therapies. Information will be presented on the positive and negative regulation of the cell cycle as background for the studies to be discussed. Results of studies exploring the proliferative capacity of HCEC will be presented and specific conditions that affect the ability of HCEC to divide will be discussed. Methods that have been tested to induce transient proliferation of HCEC will also be presented. This review will discuss the effect of donor age and endothelial topography on relative proliferative capacity of HCEC, as well as explore the role of nuclear oxidative DNA damage in decreasing the relative proliferative capacity of HCEC. Finally, potential new research directions will be discussed that could take advantage of and/or improve the proliferative capacity of these physiologically important cells in order to develop new treatments to restore corneal clarity.
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Roh DS, Funderburgh JL. Rapid changes in connexin-43 in response to genotoxic stress stabilize cell-cell communication in corneal endothelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:5174-82. [PMID: 21666237 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-7272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine how corneal endothelial (CE) cells respond to acute genotoxic stress through changes in connexin-43 (Cx43) and gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC). METHODS Cultured bovine CE cells were exposed to mitomycin C or other DNA-damaging agents. Changes in the levels, stability, binding partners, and trafficking of Cx43 were assessed by Western blot analysis and immunostaining. Live-cell imaging of a Cx43-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein was used to evaluate internalization of cell surface Cx43. Dye transfer and fluorescent recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) assessed GJIC. RESULTS After genotoxic stress, Cx43 accumulated in large gap junction plaques, had reduced zonula occludens-1 binding, and displayed increased stability. Live-cell imaging of Cx43-GFP plaques in stressed CE cells revealed reduced gap junction internalization and degradation compared to control cells. Mitomycin C enhanced transport of Cx43 from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface and formation of gap junction plaques. Mitomycin C treatment also protected GJIC from disruption after cytokine treatment. DISCUSSION These results show a novel CE cell response to genotoxic stress mediated by marked and rapid changes in Cx43 and GJIC. This stabilization of cell-cell communication may be an important early adaptation to acute stressors encountered by CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny S Roh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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35
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Patel SV. Graft survival and endothelial outcomes in the new era of endothelial keratoplasty. Exp Eye Res 2011; 95:40-7. [PMID: 21689649 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2011.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Corneal endothelial cells do not proliferative in vivo sufficiently to enable endothelial regeneration, and thus diseases of the corneal endothelium, which cause poor vision and discomfort, require treatment by transplantation of cadaveric donor corneal endothelial cells. The two major goals of any corneal transplant procedure are to restore vision and to promote longevity of the donor cornea by maintaining a healthy donor endothelial cell density. Over the last decade, the surgical treatment for endothelial disease has rapidly evolved toward endothelial keratoplasty, or selective tissue transplantation, and away from full-thickness penetrating keratoplasty (PK). While endothelial keratoplasty offers distinct advantages over PK in terms of visual outcomes and a smaller incision, the new surgical manipulations of the fragile donor tissue cause significant donor endothelial cell trauma. As a result, donor endothelial cell loss is much higher during the first month after Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK) compared to after PK, and the primary (or more appropriately, iatrogenic) graft failure rate of 5% remains unacceptably high. Nevertheless, the rate of endothelial cell loss rapidly decreases beyond 6 months after DSEK, and thus endothelial cell loss at 5 years after DSEK appears to be lower than that at 5 years after PK. In the absence of primary (iatrogenic) graft failure, graft survival through 5 years after DSEK is similar to that after PK. Given the promising longer-term endothelial outcomes of DSEK, the quest for optimizing the visual outcomes has spurred interest in Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK). While early results after DMEK suggest better visual outcomes than after DSEK, the technique needs to be simplified, and longer-term outcomes must show an advantage over DSEK with respect to vision, endothelial cell loss, and graft survival. DMEK also has a high rate of primary (iatrogenic) graft failure, and additional donor tissue wastage occurs when preparation of DMEK grafts is unsuccessful. This review discusses endothelial keratoplasty techniques and the associated endothelial outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay V Patel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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