1
|
Duan Y, Chen X, Shao H, Li Y, Zhang Z, Li H, Zhao C, Xiao H, Wang J, Zhang X. Enhanced immunosuppressive capability of mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles with high expression of CD73 in experimental autoimmune uveitis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:149. [PMID: 38783393 PMCID: PMC11118760 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03764-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune uveitis is an inflammatory disease triggered by an aberrant immune response. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (MSC-sEVs) are emerging as potential therapeutic agents for this condition. CD73, an ectoenzyme present on MSC-sEVs, is involved in mitigating inflammation by converting extracellular adenosine monophosphate into adenosine. We hypothesize that the inhibitory effect of MSC-sEVs on experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) could be partially attributed to the surface expression of CD73. METHODS To investigate novel therapeutic approaches for autoimmune uveitis, we performed lentiviral transduction to overexpress CD73 on the surface of MSC-sEVs, yielding CD73-enriched MSC-sEVs (sEVs-CD73). Mice with interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP)-induced EAU were grouped randomly and treated with 50 µg MSC-sEVs, vector infected MSC-sEVs, sEVs-CD73 or PBS via single tail vein injection. We evaluated the clinical and histological features of the induced mice and analyzed the proportion and functional capabilities of T helper cells. Furthermore, T-cells were co-cultured with various MSC-sEVs in vitro, and we quantified the resulting inflammatory response to assess the potential therapeutic benefits of sEVs-CD73. RESULTS Compared to MSC-sEVs, sEVs-CD73 significantly alleviates EAU, leading to reduced inflammation and diminished tissue damage. Treatment with sEVs-CD73 results in a decreased proportion of Th1 cells in the spleen, draining lymph nodes, and eyes, accompanied by an increased proportion of regulatory T-cells (Treg cells). In vitro assays further reveal that sEVs-CD73 inhibits T-cell proliferation, suppresses Th1 cells differentiation, and enhances Treg cells proportion. CONCLUSION Over-expression of CD73 on MSC-sEVs enhances their immunosuppressive effects in EAU, indicating that sEVs-CD73 has the potential as an efficient immunotherapeutic agent for autoimmune uveitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Duan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiteng Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yongtao Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Huan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chuan Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Xiao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen Y, Bounds SE, Ma X, Karmoker JR, Liu Y, Ma JX, Cai J. Interleukin-17-mediated protective cytokine signaling against degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2311647120. [PMID: 38085785 PMCID: PMC10742376 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2311647120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Injuries to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and outer retina often result in the accumulation of retinal microglia within the subretinal space. These subretinal microglia play crucial roles in inflammation and resolution, but the mechanisms governing their functions are still largely unknown. Our previous research highlighted the protective functions of choroidal γδ T cells in response to RPE injury. In the current study, we employed single-cell RNA sequencing approach to characterize the profiles of immune cells in mouse choroid. We found that γδ T cells were the primary producer of interleukin-17 (IL-17) in the choroid. IL-17 signaled through its receptor on the RPE, subsequently triggering the production of interleukin-6. This cascade of cytokines initiated a metabolic reprogramming of subretinal microglia, enhancing their capacity for lipid metabolism. RPE-specific knockout of IL-17 receptor A led to the dysfunction of subretinal microglia and RPE pathology. Collectively, our findings suggest that responding to RPE injury, the choroidal γδ T cells can initiate a protective signaling cascade that ensures the proper functioning of subretinal microglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK73104
| | - Sarah E. Bounds
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK73104
| | - Xiang Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
| | - James Regun Karmoker
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK73104
| | - Yin Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX77030
| | - Jian-Xing Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
| | - Jiyang Cai
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK73104
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bernal-Alferes B, Gómez-Mosqueira R, Ortega-Tapia GT, Burgos-Vargas R, García-Latorre E, Domínguez-López ML, Romero-López JP. The role of γδ T cells in the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory diseases: from basic biology to therapeutic targeting. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 114:557-570. [PMID: 37040589 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The γδ T cells are lymphocytes with an innate-like phenotype that can distribute to different tissues to reside and participate in homeostatic functions such as pathogen defense, tissue modeling, and response to stress. These cells originate during fetal development and migrate to the tissues in a TCR chain-dependent manner. Their unique manner to respond to danger signals facilitates the initiation of cytokine-mediated diseases such as spondyloarthritis and psoriasis, which are immune-mediated diseases with a very strong link with mucosal disturbances, either in the skin or the gut. In spondyloarthritis, γδ T cells are one of the main sources of IL-17 and, therefore, the main drivers of inflammation and probably new bone formation. Remarkably, this population can be the bridge between gut and joint inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Bernal-Alferes
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica 1, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Lázaro Cárdenas, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás C.P. 11340 Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rafael Gómez-Mosqueira
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica 1, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Lázaro Cárdenas, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás C.P. 11340 Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Graciela Teresa Ortega-Tapia
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica 1, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Lázaro Cárdenas, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás C.P. 11340 Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rubén Burgos-Vargas
- Departamento de Reumatología, Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Dr. Balmis No. 148 Col. Doctores C.P. 06720, Alcaldía Cuauhtémoc Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ethel García-Latorre
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica 1, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Lázaro Cárdenas, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás C.P. 11340 Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México, México
| | - María Lilia Domínguez-López
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica 1, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Lázaro Cárdenas, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás C.P. 11340 Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México, México
| | - José Pablo Romero-López
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Edificio A4, Red MEDICI, Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios Número 1, Colonia Los Reyes Ixtacala, C.P. 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lin S, Xu Z, Lin Z, Xie B, Feng J. Advances in pathogenesis and treatment of ocular involvement in Behcet's disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1206959. [PMID: 37841268 PMCID: PMC10570607 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1206959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Behcet's disease (BD) is a chronic multi-systemic disease characterized by relapsing-remitting oral ulcers, genital ulcers, ocular inflammatory involvements, and numerous other systemic features. Ocular involvements are quite common in BD and may cause severe tissue damage and potentially blindness. Even though the pathogenesis of BD remains ambiguous, growing evidences have shown that genetic factors, environmental triggers and immunological abnormalities play significant roles in its development and progression. Novel biotherapies targeting IFN-γ, TNF-α and interleukins have been used in recent years. In this review, we mainly pay attention to the ocular involvement of BD, and discuss the current understanding of mechanisms and advances in therapeutic approaches, especially novel biologics. Finally, we discuss the management in patients with pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suibin Lin
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Zhangpu Hospital, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Zhirong Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Zhangpu Hospital, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Lin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baozhao Xie
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University (Wuzhou Gongren Hospital), Wuzhou, China
| | - Junmei Feng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shao H, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. The Role of Adenosine in γδ T-Cell Regulation of Th17 Responses in Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1432. [PMID: 37892114 PMCID: PMC10604616 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases caused by T cells can arise from either T-helper 1 (Th1) or T-helper 17 (Th17)-type pathogenic T cells. However, it is unclear whether these two T-cell subsets are influenced by distinct pathogenic factors and whether treatments that are effective for Th1 responses also work for Th17 responses. To compare these two pathogenic responses, we conducted a systematic analysis in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) to identify the factors that promote or inhibit each response and to determine their responses to various treatments. Our study found that the two types of pathogenic responses differ significantly in their pathological progressions and susceptibility to treatments. Specifically, we observed that extracellular adenosine is a crucial pathogenic molecule involved in the pathogenicity of inflammation and T-cell reactivity and that reciprocal interaction between adenosine and gamma delta (γδ) T cells plays a significant role in amplifying Th17 responses in the development of autoimmune diseases. The potential effect of targeting adenosine or adenosine receptors is analyzed regarding whether such targeting constitutes an effective approach to modulating both γδ T-cell responses and the pathogenic Th17 responses in autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Henry J. Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang C, Liu X, Xiao J, Jiang F, Fa L, Jiang H, Zhou L, Su W, Xu Z. γδ T cells in autoimmune uveitis pathogenesis: A promising therapeutic target. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 213:115629. [PMID: 37257721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune uveitis is a non-infectious, inflammatory intraocular disease that affects the uveal and adjacent tissues. It frequently causes varying degrees of visual loss. Evidence for the strong association between activated γδ T cells and the development of autoimmune uveitis is growing. The innate and adaptive immune response are connected in the early phases by the γδ T cells that contain the γ and δ chains. γδ T cells can identify antigens in a manner that is not constrained by the MHC. When activated by various pathways, γδ T cells can not only secrete pro-inflammatory factors early on (such as IL-17), but they can also promote Th17 cells responses, which ultimately exacerbates autoimmune uveitis. Therefore, we review the mechanisms by which γδ T cells affect autoimmune uveitis in different activation and disease states. Moreover, we also prospect for immunotherapies targeting different γδ T cell-related action pathways, providing a reference for exploring new drug for the treatment of autoimmune uveitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xiuxing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Fanwen Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Luzhong Fa
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Wenru Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Zhuping Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shao H, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. Bidirectional Effect of IFN-γ on Th17 Responses in Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2022; 2:831084. [PMID: 36188211 PMCID: PMC9521044 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2022.831084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Pro- and ant-inflammatory effects of IFN-γ have been repeatedly found in various immune responses, including cancer and autoimmune diseases. In a previous study we showed that the timing of treatment determines the effect of adenosine-based immunotherapy. In this study we examined the role of IFN-γ in pathogenic Th17 responses in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). We observed that IFN-γ has a bidirectional effect on Th17 responses, when tested both in vitro and in vivo. Anti-IFN-γ antibody inhibits Th17 responses when applied in the initial phase of the immune response; however, it enhances the Th17 response if administered in a later phase of EAU. In the current study we showed that IFN-γ is an important immunomodulatory molecule in γδ T cell activation, as well as in Th17 responses. These results should advance our understanding of the regulation of Th17 responses in autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Henry J. Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sun D, Chan N, Shao H, Born WK, Kaplan HJ. γδ T Cells Activated in Different Inflammatory Environments Are Functionally Distinct. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1224-1231. [PMID: 35101894 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are important immunoregulatory cells in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), and the activation status of γδ T cells determines their disease-enhancing or inhibitory effects. Because γδ T cells can be activated via various pathways, we questioned whether the nature of their activation might impact their function. In this study, we show that γδ T cells activated under different inflammatory conditions differ greatly in their functions. Whereas anti-CD3 treatment activated both IFN-γ+ and IL-17+ γδ T cells, cytokines preferentially activated IL-17+ γδ T cells. γδ T cells continued to express high levels of surface CD73 after exposure to inflammatory cytokines, but they downregulated surface CD73 after exposure to dendritic cells. Although both CD73high and CD73low cells have a disease-enhancing effect, the CD73low γδ T cells are less inhibitory. We also show that polarized activation not only applies to αβ T cells and myeloid cells, but also to γδ T cells. After activation under Th17-polarizing conditions, γδ T cells predominantly expressed IL-17 (gdT17), but after activation under Th1 polarizing conditions (gdT1) they mainly expressed IFN-γ. The pro-Th17 activity of γδ T cells was associated with gdT17, but not gdT1. Our results demonstrate that the functional activity of γδ T cells is strikingly modulated by their activation level, as well as the pathway through which they were activated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA;
| | - Nymph Chan
- Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Willi K Born
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health Center, Denver, CO; and
| | - Henry J Kaplan
- School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sun D, Ko M, Shao H, Kaplan HJ. Adenosine receptor ligation tips the uveitogenic Th1 and Th17 balance towards the latter in experimental autoimmune uveitis-induced mouse. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:93-103. [PMID: 34825178 PMCID: PMC8612466 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Various pathological conditions are accompanied by release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from the intracellular to the extracellular compartment, where it degrades into adenosine and modulates immune responses. Previous studies concluded that both ATP and its degradation product adenosine are important immune-regulatory molecules; ATP acted as a danger signal that promotes immune responses, but adenosine's effect was inhibitory. We show that adenosine receptor ligation plays an important role in balancing Th1 and Th17 pathogenic T cell responses in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). While its effect on Th1 responses is inhibitory, its effect on Th17 responses is enhancing, thereby impacting the balance between Th1 and Th17 responses. Mechanistic studies showed that this effect is mediated via several immune cells, among which γδ T cell activation and dendritic cell differentiation are prominent; adenosine- and γδ-mediated immunoregulation synergistically impact each other's effect. Adenosine receptor ligation augments the activation of γδ T cells, which is an important promoter for Th17 responses and has a strong effect on dendritic cell (DC) differentiation, tipping the balance from generation of DCs that stimulate Th1 responses to those that stimulate Th17 responses. The knowledge acquired in this study should improve our understanding of the immune-regulatory effect of extracellular ATP-adenosine metabolism and improve treatment for autoimmune diseases caused by both Th1-and Th17-type pathogenic T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States
- Corresponding author. Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90033, USA.
| | - Minhee Ko
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, United States
| | - Henry J. Kaplan
- Saint Louis University (SLU) Eye Institute, SLU School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ko MK, Shao H, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. Timing Effect of Adenosine-Directed Immunomodulation on Mouse Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:153-161. [PMID: 34127521 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine is an important regulatory molecule of the immune response. We have previously reported that treatment of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU)-prone mice with an adenosine-degrading enzyme (adenosine deaminase) prohibited EAU development by inhibiting Th17 pathogenic T cell responses. To further validate that the targeting of adenosine or adenosine receptors effectively modulates Th17 responses, we investigated the effect of adenosine receptor antagonists. In this study, we show that the A2AR antagonist SCH 58261 (SCH) effectively modulates aberrant Th17 responses in induced EAU. However, timing of the treatment is important. Whereas SCH inhibits EAU when administered during the active disease stage, it did not do so if administered during quiescent disease stages, thus implying that the existing immune status influences the therapeutic effect. Mechanistic studies showed that inhibition of γδ T cell activation is crucially involved in adenosine-based treatment. Adenosine is an important costimulator of γδ T cell activation, which is essential for promoting Th17 responses. During ongoing disease stages, adenosine synergizes with existing high levels of cytokines, leading to augmented γδ T cell activation and Th17 responses, but in quiescent disease stages, when existing cytokine levels are low, adenosine does not enhance γδ T cell activation. Our results demonstrated that blockade of the synergistic effect between adenosine and inflammatory cytokines at active disease stages can ameliorate high-degree γδ T cell activation and, thus, suppress Th17 pathogenic T cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minhee K Ko
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; and
| | - Henry J Kaplan
- Saint Louis University Eye Institute, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sun D, Ko MK, Shao H, Kaplan HJ. Augmented Th17-stimulating activity of BMDCs as a result of reciprocal interaction between γδ and dendritic cells. Mol Immunol 2021; 134:13-24. [PMID: 33689926 PMCID: PMC8629029 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that γδ T cells have a strong regulatory effect on Th17 autoimmune responses in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). In the current study, we show that reciprocal interactions between mouse γδ T cells and dendritic cells (DCs) played a major role in γδ regulation of Th17 responses. Mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) acquired an increased ability to enhance Th17 autoimmune responses after exposure to γδ T cells; meanwhile, after exposure, a significant portion of the BMDCs expressed CD73 - a molecule that is fundamental in the conversion of immunostimulatory ATP into immunosuppressive adenosine. Functional studies showed that CD73+ BMDCs were uniquely effective in stimulating the Th17 responses, as compared to CD73- BMDCs; and activated γδ T cells are much more effective than non-activated γδ T cells at inducing CD73+ BMDCs. As a result, activated γδ T cells acquired greater Th17-enhancing activity. Treatment of BMDCs with the CD73-specific antagonist APCP abolished the enhancing effect of the BMDCs. γδ T cells more effectively induced CD73+ BMDCs from the BMDCs that were pre-exposed to TLR ligands, and the response was further augmented by adenosine. Moreover, BMDCs acquired increased ability to stimulate γδ activation after pre-exposure to TLR ligands and adenosine. Our results demonstrated that both extra-cellular adenosine and TLR ligands are critical factors in augmented Th17 responses in this autoimmune disease, and the reciprocal interactions between γδ T cells and DCs play a major role in promoting Th17 responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States.
| | - Minhee K Ko
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, United States
| | - Henry J Kaplan
- Saint Louis University (SLU) Eye Institute, SLU School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ko MK, Shao H, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. CD73 + Dendritic Cells in Cascading Th17 Responses of Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis-Induced Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:601272. [PMID: 33343573 PMCID: PMC7738634 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.601272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that CD73 is pivotal in the conversion of pro-inflammatory adenosine triphosphate into anti-inflammatory adenosine and that immune cells of the same type that express different levels of CD73 are functionally distinct. In this study we show that adenosine enhances the Th17 promoting effect of dendritic cells (DCs), and DCs expressing CD73 critically augment Th17 responses. Bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDCs) do not constantly express CD73; however, a significant portion of the BMDCs expressed CD73 after exposure to Toll-like receptor ligand, leading to stronger Th17 responses by converting adenosine monophosphate to adenosine. We show that the CD73+ BMDCs play a critical role in cascading Th17 responses, and CD73+ BMDCs are functionally augmented after treatment with Toll-like receptor ligand. Splenic antigen presenting cells (DCs) of CD73−/− mouse have a poor Th17-stimulating effect, even after exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or γδ T cells, indicating that induction of CD73+ DCs is critically involved in augmented Th17 responses. We conclude that CD73+ DCs critically trigger cascading Th17 responses, and the activated Th17 cells that express CD73 further augment Th17 responses, leading to cascading exacerbation. Hence, disabling the CD73 function of DCs should block this cascading response and mitigate Th17 responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- MinHee K Ko
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Henry J Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saint Louis University (SLU) Eye Institute, SLU School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cekic C. Modulation of myeloid cells by adenosine signaling. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 53:134-145. [PMID: 33022543 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia, metabolic activity, cell death and immune responses influence the adenosine concentrations in the extracellular space. Cellular responses to hypoxia and inflammation in myeloid cells promote activation of adenosine sensing circuit, which involves increased expression of ectoenzymes that converts phospho-nucleotides such as ATP to adenosine and increased expression of G protein-coupled adenosine receptors. Adenosine sensing circuitry also involves feedforward signaling, which leads to increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1 and feedback signaling, which leads to the suppression of inflammatory transcription factor, the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation. In this review we will discuss how different subsets of myeloid cells sense adenosine accumulation and how adenosine sensing by myeloid cells influence progression of different immune-related conditions including cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Cekic
- Bilkent University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Ankara, Turkey; UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center and Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Costagliola G, Cappelli S, Consolini R. Behçet's Disease in Children: Diagnostic and Management Challenges. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2020; 16:495-507. [PMID: 32606709 PMCID: PMC7295757 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s232660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Behçet’s Disease (BD) is an inflammatory disease of unknown etiology with multisystemic involvement, being the main clinical manifestations represented by recurrent oral and genital ulcerations and uveitis. The disease has typically a chronic-relapsing course and may cause significant morbidity and mortality due to eye, vascular and neurological involvement. Although BD is more frequently diagnosed in adulthood, the disease onset can also be in pediatric age. Pediatric-onset BD is commonly featured by an incomplete clinical picture, and therefore the diagnosis represents a considerable clinical challenge for the physicians. The first classification criteria for pediatric BD, based on a scoring system, have been proposed few years ago. This work focuses on the main difficulties concerning both the diagnostic approach and the treatment of BD in pediatric age. The recommendation for the treatment of pediatric BD has been recently updated and allowed a considerable improvement of the therapeutic strategies. In particular, the use of anti-TNFα drugs as a second-line option for refractory BD, and as a first-line treatment in severe ocular and neurological involvement, has demonstrated to be effective in improving the outcome of BD patients. The knowledge about the molecular pathogenesis is progressively increasing, showing that BD shares common features with autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders, and thus leading to the use of new biologic agents targeting the main mediators involved in the determination of BD. Anti-IL-17, anti-IL-23, anti-IL-1 and anti-IL-6 agents have shown promising results for the treatment of refractory BD in clinical trials and will represent an important alternative for the therapeutic approach to the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Costagliola
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Pediatrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Susanna Cappelli
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Pediatrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rita Consolini
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Pediatrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Razawy W, Asmawidjaja PS, Mus AM, Salioska N, Davelaar N, Kops N, Oukka M, Alves CH, Lubberts E. CD4 + CCR6 + T cells, but not γδ T cells, are important for the IL-23R-dependent progression of antigen-induced inflammatory arthritis in mice. Eur J Immunol 2019; 50:245-255. [PMID: 31778214 PMCID: PMC7028107 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
IL‐23 plays an important role in the development of arthritis and the IL‐23 receptor (IL‐23R) is expressed on different types of T cells. However, it is not fully clear which IL‐23R+ T cells are critical in driving T cell‐mediated synovitis. We demonstrate, using knock‐in IL‐23R‐GFP reporter (IL‐23RGFP/+) mice, that CD4+CCR6+ T cells and γδ T cells, but not CD8+ T cells, express the IL‐23R(GFP). During early arthritis, IL‐23R(GFP)+CD4+CCR6+ T cells, but not IL‐23R(GFP)+ γδ T cells, were present in the inflamed joints. IL‐23RGFP/+ mice were bred as homozygotes to obtain IL‐23RGFP/GFP (IL‐23R deficient/IL‐23R−/−) mice, which express GFP under the IL‐23R promotor. Arthritis progression and joint damage were significantly milder in IL‐23R−/− mice, which revealed less IL‐17A+ cells in their lymphoid tissues. Surprisingly, IL‐23R−/− mice had increased numbers of IL‐23R(GFP)+CD4+CCR6+ and CCR7+CD4+CCR6+ T cells in their spleen compared to WT, and IL‐23 suppressed CCR7 expression in vitro. However, IL‐23R(GFP)+CD4+CCR6+ T cells were present in the synovium of IL‐23R−/− mice at day 4. Finally, adoptive transfer experiments revealed that CD4+CCR6+ T cells and not γδ T cells drive arthritis progression. These data suggest that IL‐23R‐dependent T cell‐mediated synovitis is dependent on CD4+CCR6+ T cells and not on γδ T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wida Razawy
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick S Asmawidjaja
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Mus
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nazike Salioska
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nadine Davelaar
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Kops
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mohamed Oukka
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - C Henrique Alves
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Lubberts
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wessels I, Rink L. Micronutrients in autoimmune diseases: possible therapeutic benefits of zinc and vitamin D. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 77:108240. [PMID: 31841960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A functional immune system is essential for healthy life. This is achieved by the coordinate activation and interaction of different immune cells. One should be aware that activation of the immune response is as important as its deactivation when the pathogens are cleared, as otherwise host tissue can be damaged up to life-threatening levels. Autoimmune diseases (AID) represent a phenomenon of immune cells attacking host cells and tissue. Five to eight percent of the world's population are currently affected by 80-100 AID. In recent years, the incidence has been constantly increasing, reaching alarmingly high numbers particularly for type 1 diabetes mellitus, Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome and multiple sclerosis. This indicates a higher societal burden of AID for the future. This article provides an overview of general concepts of triggers and underlying mechanisms leading to self-destruction. Lately, several original concepts of disease etiology were revised, and there is a variety of hypotheses on triggers, underlying mechanisms and preventive actions. This article concentrates on the importance of nutrition, especially zinc and vitamin D, for balancing the immune function. Homespun nutritional remedies seem to reenter today's therapeutic strategies. Current treatment approaches are largely symptomatic or suppress the immune system. However, recent studies reveal significant benefits of nutrition-related therapeutic approaches including prevention and treatment of established disease, which offer a cost-efficient and trigger-unspecific alternative addressing balancing rather than suppression of the immune system. Zinc and vitamin D are currently the best studied and most promising candidates for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inga Wessels
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Lothar Rink
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li X, Liang D, Shao H, Born WK, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. Adenosine receptor activation in the Th17 autoimmune responses of experimental autoimmune uveitis. Cell Immunol 2019; 339:24-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
18
|
Abstract
Behcet's disease (BD) is a chronic systemic inflammatory vasculitis of unknown etiology characterized by recurrent episodes of oral aphthous ulcers, genital ulcers, skin lesions, ocular lesions, and other manifestations. Although the pathogenesis of BD is unclear, some studies have shown that immunological aberrations play an important role in the development and progression of BD. Infection-related trigger factors, including antigens and autoantigens, are believed to mediate the development of BD in patients with a genetic predisposition and subsequently activate the innate and adaptive immune systems, resulting in the production of numerous cytokines and chemokines to combat the infection-related factors. The study of the immunological mechanism of BD paves the way for the development of innovative therapies. Recently, novel biotherapy approaches, including interferon-α (IFN-α), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) antagonists, and other agents that target interleukins and their receptors, have shown promising results in the treatment of patients with refractory BD and have improved the prognosis of BD. In this review, we provide the current concepts of BD immunopathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guanfang Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
The role of ocular dendritic cells in uveitis. Immunol Lett 2019; 209:4-10. [PMID: 30926373 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) act as a bridge between innate and adoptive immunity. They are widely distributed in various tissues and organs. Resident ocular DCs are found in the peripheral margins and juxtapapillary areas of the retina, usually in an immature state. During inflammation, DCs are activated and participate in the development of uveitis, an ocular inflammatory disease. Herein, the characteristics and status of DCs in uveitis, the possible factors affecting the status of DCs, and the clinical methods for detecting the DCs in patients are described.
Collapse
|
20
|
Khairallah C, Chu TH, Sheridan BS. Tissue Adaptations of Memory and Tissue-Resident Gamma Delta T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2636. [PMID: 30538697 PMCID: PMC6277633 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial and mucosal barriers are critical interfaces physically separating the body from the outside environment and are the tissues most exposed to microorganisms and potential inflammatory agents. The integrity of these tissues requires fine tuning of the local immune system to enable the efficient elimination of invasive pathogens while simultaneously preserving a beneficial relationship with commensal organisms and preventing autoimmunity. Although they only represent a small fraction of circulating and lymphoid T cells, γδ T cells form a substantial population at barrier sites and even outnumber conventional αβ T cells in some tissues. After their egress from the thymus, several γδ T cell subsets naturally establish residency in predetermined mucosal and epithelial locations, as exemplified by the restricted location of murine Vγ5+ and Vγ3Vδ1+ T cell subsets to the intestinal epithelium and epidermis, respectively. Because of their preferential location in barrier sites, γδ T cells are often directly or indirectly influenced by the microbiota or the pathogens that invade these sites. More recently, a growing body of studies have shown that γδ T cells form long-lived memory populations upon local inflammation or bacterial infection, some of which permanently populate the affected tissues after pathogen clearance or resolution of inflammation. Natural and induced resident γδ T cells have been implicated in many beneficial processes such as tissue homeostasis and pathogen control, but their presence may also exacerbate local inflammation under certain circumstances. Further understanding of the biology and role of these unconventional resident T cells in homeostasis and disease may shed light on potentially novel vaccines and therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Khairallah
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Timothy H Chu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Brian S Sheridan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liang D, Shao H, Born WK, O'Brien RL, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. High level expression of A2ARs is required for the enhancing function, but not for the inhibiting function, of γδ T cells in the autoimmune responses of EAU. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199601. [PMID: 29928041 PMCID: PMC6013223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that activated γδ T cells greatly enhance autoimmune responses, particularly the Th17 response. To determine the mechanisms involved, we made a series of comparisons between activated and non-activated γδ T cells. Our results showed that activated γδ T cells expressed greatly increased levels of A2A adenosine receptor (A2AR) and decreased amounts of CD73, as well as increased amounts of T cell activation markers such as CD69, CD44 and CD25. We show that A2AR is a major functional molecule in the enhancing activity of γδ T cells. A2AR-/- γδ T cells (isolated from A2AR-/- mouse), lost their Th17-enhancing activity as did A2AR+/+ γδ T cells (isolated from wt-B6 mouse) after treatment with an A2AR antagonist. Since γδ T cells possess either an enhancing or an inhibiting effect, we also tested whether A2AR expression on γδ T cells is essential to their inhibiting effect. Our results showed that the inhibiting effect of A2AR-/- γδ T cells was as potent as that of A2AR+/+ γδ T cells. In a previous report we showed that the expression of different levels of CD73 molecule allowed γδ T cells to adjust their suppressive activity; in the current study, we show that expression of increased amounts of A2AR allows γδ T cells to more effectively exert their enhancing function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongchun Liang
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Willi K. Born
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L. O'Brien
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Henry J. Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liang D, Woo JI, Shao H, Born WK, O'Brien RL, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. Ability of γδ T cells to modulate the Foxp3 T cell response is dependent on adenosine. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197189. [PMID: 29771938 PMCID: PMC5957379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether γδ T cells inhibit or enhance the Foxp3 T cell response depends upon their activation status. The critical enhancing effector in the supernatant is adenosine. Activated γδ T cells express adenosine receptors at high levels, which enables them to deprive Foxp3+ T cells of adenosine, and to inhibit their expansion. Meanwhile, cell-free supernatants of γδ T cell cultures enhance Foxp3 T cell expansion. Thus, inhibition and enhancement by γδ T cells of Foxp3 T cell response are a reflection of the balance between adenosine production and absorption by γδ T cells. Non-activated γδ T cells produce adenosine but bind little, and thus enhance the Foxp3 T cell response. Activated γδ T cells express high density of adenosine receptors and have a greatly increased ability to bind adenosine. Extracellular adenosine metabolism and expression of adenosine receptor A2ARs by γδ T cells played a major role in the outcome of γδ and Foxp3 T cell interactions. A better understanding of the functional conversion of γδ T cells could lead to γδ T cell-targeted immunotherapies for related diseases.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenosine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/genetics
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongchun Liang
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Jeong-Im Woo
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Willi K. Born
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L. O'Brien
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Henry J. Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Innately versatile: γδ17 T cells in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun 2018; 87:26-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
24
|
Liang D, Shao H, Born WK, O’Brien RL, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. Connection between γδ T-cell- and Adenosine- Mediated Immune Regulation in the Pathogenesis of Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis. Crit Rev Immunol 2018; 38:233-243. [PMID: 30004859 PMCID: PMC6361114 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2018026150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory effects of γδ T-cells on immune responses have been studied for years. We have investigated the regulatory effect of γδ T-cells on Th1 and Th17 autoimmune responses, and have studied molecular and cellular mechanisms by which γδ T-cells enhance or inhibit immune responses, exploiting a well-characterized murine model of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). Our results show that (1) aberrant γδ T-cell activation is an important pathogenic event in EAU; (2) γδ T-cells have a unique regulatory effect on Th17 autoimmune responses, which is shaped by the activation status of γδ T-cells; and (3) γδ-mediated immunoregulation is closely linked with the extracellular adenosine metabolism. Reciprocal interactions between γδ T-cells and extracellular adenosine partially determine the development of EAU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongchun Liang
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Willi K. Born
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Rebecca L. O’Brien
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Henry J. Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhao Z, Liang Y, Liu Y, Xu P, Flamme-Wiese MJ, Sun D, Sun J, Mullins RF, Chen Y, Cai J. Choroidal γδ T cells in protection against retinal pigment epithelium and retinal injury. FASEB J 2017; 31:4903-4916. [PMID: 28729290 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700533r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells located near the epithelial barrier are integral components of local inflammatory and innate immune responses. We have previously reported the presence of choroidal γδ T cells in a model of chronic degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The goals of the current study were to further define the functions of choroidal γδ T cells and to explore the underlying mechanisms of their action. Our data demonstrate that choroidal γδ T cells are activated by RPE injury in response to NaIO3 treatment, and that they express genes that encode immunosuppressive cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-10. γδ-T-cell-deficient mice developed profound RPE and retinal damage at doses that caused minimal effects in wild-type mice, and adoptive transfer of γδ T cells prevented sensitization. Intravitreal injection of IL-4 and IL-10 ameliorated RPE toxicity that was induced by NaIO3Ex vivo coculture of γδ T cells with RPE explants activated the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines via an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-dependent mechanism. AhR deficiency abolished the protective effects of γδ T cells after adoptive transfer. Collectively, these findings define important roles for choroid γδ T cells in maintaining tissue homeostasis in the outer retina.-Zhao, Z., Liang, Y., Liu, Y., Xu, P., Flamme-Wiese, M. J., Sun, D., Sun, J., Mullins, R. F., Chen, Y., Cai, J. Choroidal γδ T cells in protection against retinal pigment epithelium and retinal injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyang Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yuejin Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yin Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pei Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Miles J Flamme-Wiese
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jiaren Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert F Mullins
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jiyang Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Liang D, Nian H, Shao H, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. Functional Conversion and Dominance of γδ T Subset in Mouse Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1429-1438. [PMID: 28069804 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that activated γδ T cells have a much stronger proinflammatory effect in the development of experimental autoimmune uveitis than their nonactivated counterparts. Our present study explored γδ T cell subsets are functionally distinct in autoimmune pathogenesis and determined the pathogenic contribution of biased Vγ4+ γδ T cell activation in this disease. By systematically comparing two major peripheral γδ T cell subsets, the Vγ1+ and the Vγ4+ cells, we found that the Vγ4+ cells were readily activated in B6 mice during experimental autoimmune uveitis development, whereas Vγ1+ cells remained nonactivated. Cytokines that were abundantly found in the serum of immunized mice activated Vγ4+, but did not activate Vγ1+, cells. The Vγ4+ cells had a strong proinflammatory activity, whereas the Vγ1+ cells remained nonactivated when tested immediately after isolation from immunized mice. However, when the Vγ1+ cells were activated in vitro, they promoted inflammation. Our results demonstrated that activation is a major factor in switching the enhancing and inhibiting effects of both Vγ1+ and Vγ4+ γδ T cell subsets, and that γδ T cell subsets differ greatly in their activation requirements. Whether the enhancing or inhibiting function of γδ T cells is dominant is mainly determined by the proportion of the γδ T cells that are activated versus the proportion not activated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongchun Liang
- Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Hong Nian
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute and School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin 300384, China; and
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Henry J Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033;
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Xiao Q, Li X, Sun D, Yi H, Lu X, Nian H. TLR7 Engagement on Dendritic Cells Enhances Autoreactive Th17 Responses via Activation of ERK. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3820-3830. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
28
|
Liang D, Zuo A, Zhao R, Shao H, Born WK, O'Brien RL, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. CD73 Expressed on γδ T Cells Shapes Their Regulatory Effect in Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150078. [PMID: 26919582 PMCID: PMC4769068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells can either enhance or inhibit an adaptive immune response, but the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. Given that CD73 is the main enzyme responsible for conversion of AMP into the immunosuppressive molecule adenosine, we investigated its role in the regulatory function of γδ T cells in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). We found that γδ T cells expressed different amounts of CD73 during the different stages of EAU and that low CD73 expression on γδ T cells correlated with enhanced Th17 response-promoting activity. Functional comparison of CD73-deficient and wild-type B6 (CD73+/+) mice showed that failure to express CD73 decreased both the enhancing and suppressive effects of γδ T cells on EAU. We also demonstrated that γδ T cells expressed different amounts of CD73 when activated by different pathways, which enabled them to either enhance or inhibit an adaptive immune response. Our results demonstrate that targeting CD73 expression on γδ T cells may allow us to manipulate their pro- or anti-inflammatory effect on Th17 responses.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- 5'-Nucleotidase/biosynthesis
- 5'-Nucleotidase/deficiency
- 5'-Nucleotidase/genetics
- 5'-Nucleotidase/physiology
- Adenosine/metabolism
- Adenosine Monophosphate/metabolism
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Eye Proteins/immunology
- Eye Proteins/toxicity
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/blood
- Interferon-gamma/deficiency
- Interleukin-17/blood
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Nervous System Autoimmune Disease, Experimental/enzymology
- Nervous System Autoimmune Disease, Experimental/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/toxicity
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/deficiency
- Retinol-Binding Proteins/immunology
- Retinol-Binding Proteins/toxicity
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/enzymology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Uveitis/enzymology
- Uveitis/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongchun Liang
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States of America
| | - Aijun Zuo
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States of America
| | - Ronglan Zhao
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States of America
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics in University of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, United States of America
| | - Willi K. Born
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L. O'Brien
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206, United States of America
| | - Henry J. Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, United States of America
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Liang D, Zuo A, Zhao R, Shao H, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. Regulation of Adenosine Deaminase on Induced Mouse Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2646-54. [PMID: 26856700 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine is an important regulator of the immune response, and adenosine deaminase (ADA) inhibits this regulatory effect by converting adenosine into functionally inactive molecules. Studies showed that adenosine receptor agonists can be anti- or proinflammatory. Clarification of the mechanisms that cause these opposing effects should provide a better guide for therapeutic intervention. In this study, we investigated the effect of ADA on the development of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) induced by immunizing EAU-prone mice with a known uveitogenic peptide, IRBP1-20. Our results showed that the effective time to administer a single dose of ADA to suppress induction of EAU was 8-14 d postimmunization, shortly before EAU expression; however, ADA treatment at other time points exacerbated disease. ADA preferentially inhibited Th17 responses, and this effect was γδ T cell dependent. Our results demonstrated that the existing immune status strongly influences the anti- or proinflammatory effects of ADA. Our observations should help to improve the design of ADA- and adenosine receptor-targeted therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongchun Liang
- Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Aijun Zuo
- Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Ronglan Zhao
- Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033; Department of Medical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, University of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, China; and
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Henry J Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033;
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Goldberg GL, Cornish AL, Murphy J, Pang ES, Lim LL, Campbell IK, Scalzo-Inguanti K, Chen X, McMenamin PG, Maraskovsky E, McKenzie BS, Wicks IP. G-CSF and Neutrophils Are Nonredundant Mediators of Murine Experimental Autoimmune Uveoretinitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:172-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
31
|
Clemente Ximenis A, Crespí Bestard C, Cambra Conejero A, Pallarés Ferreres L, Juan Mas A, Olea Vallejo JL, Julià Benique MR. In vitro evaluation of γδ T cells regulatory function in Behçet’s disease patients and healthy controls. Hum Immunol 2016; 77:20-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
32
|
Liang D, Zuo A, Shao H, Chen M, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. A2B adenosine receptor activation switches differentiation of bone marrow cells to a CD11c(+)Gr-1(+) dendritic cell subset that promotes the Th17 response. Immun Inflamm Dis 2015; 3:360-73. [PMID: 26734458 PMCID: PMC4693722 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is one of the major molecules associated with inflammation. We have previously reported that an adenosine receptor (AR) agonist has an enhancing effect on Th17 autoimmune responses, even though it suppressed Th1 responses. To determine the mechanism involved, we have examined the effect of AR agonists on mouse bone marrow dendritic cell (BMDC) differentiation and function. We show that mouse bone marrow cells (BMCs) differentiated into CD11c(+)Gr-1(+) dentritic cells (DCs) when cultured in granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-containing medium containing an AR agonist. The non-selective AR agonist NECA and an A2BR-specific agonist had a similar effect, and the effect of NECA could be blocked by an A2BR-specific antagonist. Unlike CD11c(+)Gr-1(-) BMDCs, which have a greater stimulatory effect on Th1 T cells than Th17 cells, CD11c(+)Gr-1(+) BMDCs had a greater stimulatory effect on Th17 autoreactive T cells than on Th1 autoreactive T cells and this effect depended on γδ T cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongchun Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology of the University of California Los AngelesDoheny Eye InstituteCalifornia90033USA
| | - Aijun Zuo
- Department of Ophthalmology of the University of California Los AngelesDoheny Eye InstituteCalifornia90033USA
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual SciencesKentucky Lions Eye CenterUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKentucky40202USA
| | - Mingjiazi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology of the University of California Los AngelesDoheny Eye InstituteCalifornia90033USA
| | - Henry J. Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual SciencesKentucky Lions Eye CenterUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKentucky40202USA
| | - Deming Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology of the University of California Los AngelesDoheny Eye InstituteCalifornia90033USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Huang Y, Yang Z, Huang C, McGowan J, Casper T, Sun D, Born WK, O'Brien RL. γδ T Cell-Dependent Regulatory T Cells Prevent the Development of Autoimmune Keratitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:5572-81. [PMID: 26566677 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To prevent potentially damaging inflammatory responses, the eye actively promotes local immune tolerance via a variety of mechanisms. Owing to trauma, infection, or other ongoing autoimmunity, these mechanisms sometimes fail, and an autoimmune disorder may develop in the eye. In mice of the C57BL/10 (B10) background, autoimmune keratitis often develops spontaneously, particularly in the females. Its incidence is greatly elevated in the absence of γδ T cells, such that ∼80% of female B10.TCRδ(-/-) mice develop keratitis by 18 wk of age. In this article, we show that CD8(+) αβ T cells are the drivers of this disease, because adoptive transfer of CD8(+), but not CD4(+), T cells to keratitis-resistant B10.TCRβ/δ(-/-) hosts induced a high incidence of keratitis. This finding was unexpected because in other autoimmune diseases, more often CD4(+) αβ T cells, or both CD4(+) and CD8(+) αβ T cells, mediate the disease. Compared with wild-type B10 mice, B10.TCRδ(-/-) mice also show increased percentages of peripheral memory phenotype CD8(+) αβ T cells, along with an elevated frequency of CD8(+) αβ T cells biased to produce inflammatory cytokines. In addition, B10.TCRδ-/- mice have fewer peripheral CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) αβ regulatory T cells (Tregs), which express lower levels of receptors needed for Treg development and function. Together, these observations suggest that in B10 background mice, γδ T cells are required to generate adequate numbers of CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) Tregs, and that in B10.TCRδ(-/-) mice a Treg deficiency allows dysregulated effector or memory CD8(+) αβ T cells to infiltrate the cornea and provoke an autoimmune attack.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Huang
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045; Joint Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Technology Transfer, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan City 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifang Yang
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045; Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan City 430030, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Chunjian Huang
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Jessica McGowan
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Tamara Casper
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Willi K Born
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Rebecca L O'Brien
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045;
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Edwards SC, McGinley AM, McGuinness NC, Mills KHG. γδ T Cells and NK Cells - Distinct Pathogenic Roles as Innate-Like Immune Cells in CNS Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2015; 6:455. [PMID: 26441960 PMCID: PMC4561808 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Edwards
- Immune Regulation Research Group, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Aoife M McGinley
- Immune Regulation Research Group, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Niamh C McGuinness
- Immune Regulation Research Group, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland ; Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Kingston H G Mills
- Immune Regulation Research Group, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chen M, Liang D, Zuo A, Shao H, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. An A2B Adenosine Receptor Agonist Promotes Th17 Autoimmune Responses in Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis (EAU) via Dendritic Cell Activation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132348. [PMID: 26147733 PMCID: PMC4492970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently reported that, although adenosine receptor (AR) agonists have a suppressive effect on Th1 autoreactive T cells, their effect on Th17 autoreactive T cells and γδ T cells is stimulatory and this effect is mainly mediated via A2A adenosine receptors (A2ARs). In this study, we further demonstrate that treatment of C57BL/6 (B6) mice with a selective A2B adenosine receptor (A2BR) agonist greatly enhanced the development of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), whereas treatment with an A2BR antagonist significantly ameliorated severity of EAU. The A2BR agonist-treated mice showed augmented Th17, but not Th1, responses. Mechanistic studies showed that the A2BR agonist-induced enhancement of the Th17 response was significantly lower when TCR-δ-/- mice received the same treatment and that transfer of γδ T cells into TCR-δ-/- mice partially restored this effect. We also showed that dendritic cells (DCs) from A2BR agonist-treated mice showed a significantly increased ability to activate γδ T cells and Th17 autoreactive T cells. Thus, our previous studies have shown that, in EAU, activated γδ T cells possess greatly increased ability to enhance Th17 autoimmune responses. In the present study, we showed that exposure of DCs to A2BR agonist facilitated γδ T cell activation, leading to augmented Th17 responses and progressive EAU development. Our results further support our previous finding that AR agonists have distinct effects on Th1 and Th17 autoimmune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingjiazi Chen
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90033, United States of America
| | - Dongchun Liang
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90033, United States of America
| | - Aijun Zuo
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90033, United States of America
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY40202, United States of America
| | - Henry J. Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY40202, United States of America
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90033, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sun D, Liang D, Kaplan HJ, Shao H. The role of Th17-associated cytokines in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). Cytokine 2015; 74:76-80. [PMID: 25742774 PMCID: PMC4457592 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The proinflammatory and pathogenic function of Th17 cells in autoimmune diseases have been established but the mechanism by which such cells cause disease remains to be determined. Inflammatory cytokines produced by Th17 cells may either promote or inhibit disease development. The major cytokines produced by the uveitogenic T cells, such as IL-17 and IL-22, are not always pathogenic, and the disease-inducing ability of pathogenic T cells is not immediately correlated to the amount of cytokine they produce. Future studies identifying factors causing increased Th17 responses and determining the types of cells that regulating Th17 autoreactive T cells should facilitate our effort of understanding Th17-mediated disease pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute, and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), 1355 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Dongchun Liang
- Doheny Eye Institute, and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), 1355 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Henry J Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
O'Brien RL, Born WK. Dermal γδ T cells--What have we learned? Cell Immunol 2015; 296:62-9. [PMID: 25649119 PMCID: PMC4466165 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the last several years, a number of papers have called attention to a distinct population of γδ T cells preferentially found in the dermis of the skin of normal mice. These cells appear to play an important role in promoting the development of psoriasis, but also are critical for host resistance to particular pathogens. They are characterized by the expression of a limited subset of γδ T cell receptors and a strong propensity to secrete IL-17. Perhaps most importantly, humans appear to carry an equivalent dermal γδ T cell population, likewise biased to secrete IL-17 and also implicated as playing a pathogenic role in psoriasis. This review will attempt to summarize and reconcile recent findings concerning the dermal γδ T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L O'Brien
- Dept. of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St., Denver, CO 80206, United States; Dept. of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
| | - Willi K Born
- Dept. of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St., Denver, CO 80206, United States; Dept. of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Liang D, Zuo A, Shao H, Chen M, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. Anti-inflammatory or proinflammatory effect of an adenosine receptor agonist on the Th17 autoimmune response is inflammatory environment-dependent. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:5498-505. [PMID: 25367119 PMCID: PMC4299924 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is a key endogenous signaling molecule that regulates a wide range of physiological functions, including immune system function and inflammation. Studies have shown that adenosine receptor (AR) agonists can be either anti-inflammatory or proinflammatory in immune responses and in inflammation, and the clarification of the mechanisms causing these opposing effects should provide a better guide for therapeutic intervention. Whereas previous studies mostly examined the effects of AR agonists on Th1-type immune responses, in this study, we compared their effect on Th17 and Th1 autoimmune responses in experimental autoimmune uveitis, a mouse model of human uveitis induced by immunization with the human interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein peptides 1-20. We showed that injection of mice with a nonselective AR agonist, 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA), at an early stage after immunization had an inhibitory effect on both Th1 and Th17 responses, whereas injection of the same amount of NECA at a late stage inhibited the Th1 response but had an enhancing effect on the Th17 response. We also showed that the effects of NECA on Th1 and Th17 responses were completely dissociated, that the enhancing effect of NECA on Th17 responses was modulated by γδ T cells, and that the response of γδ T cells to NECA was determined by their activation status. We conclude that the inflammatory environment has a strong impact on converting the effect of AR agonist on the Th17 autoimmune response from anti-inflammatory to proinflammatory. Our observation should help in the designing of better AR-targeted therapies.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide)/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/chemically induced
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/therapy
- Cells, Cultured
- Eye Proteins/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunomodulation/drug effects
- Immunomodulation/genetics
- Inflammation Mediators/administration & dosage
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Animal
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Retinol-Binding Proteins/immunology
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/drug effects
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Uveitis/chemically induced
- Uveitis/immunology
- Uveitis/therapy
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongchun Liang
- Doheny Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033; and
| | - Aijun Zuo
- Doheny Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033; and
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Mingjiazi Chen
- Doheny Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033; and
| | - Henry J Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033; and
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Liang D, Zuo A, Shao H, Chen M, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. Roles of the adenosine receptor and CD73 in the regulatory effect of γδ T cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108932. [PMID: 25268760 PMCID: PMC4182534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR), the main functional adenosine receptor on murine T cells, plays a unique role in the attenuation of inflammation and tissue damage in vivo. Here, we showed that, of the immune cell types tested, activated γδ T cells expressed the highest levels of A2AR mRNA and that A2AR ligation inhibited αβ T cell activation, but enhanced γδ T cell activation. We also showed that the inhibitory effect of an adenosine receptor agonist on autoreactive T cells was prevented by addition of a low percentage of activated γδ T cells. Furthermore, compared to resting cells, activated γδ T cells expressed significantly lower levels of CD73, an enzyme involved in the generation of extracellular adenosine. Exogenous AMP had a significant inhibitory effect on autoreactive T cell responses, but only in the presence of CD73+ γδ T cells, and this effect was abolished by a CD73 inhibitor. Our results show that expression of increased amounts of A2AR allows γδ T cells to bind adenosine and thereby attenuate its suppressive effect, while decreased expression of CD73 results in less generation of adenosine in the inflammatory site. Together, these events allow activated γδ T cells to acquire increased proinflammatory activity, leading to augmented autoimmune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongchun Liang
- Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Aijun Zuo
- Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Mingjiazi Chen
- Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Henry J. Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kalinina Ayuso V, Makhotkina N, van Tent-Hoeve M, de Groot-Mijnes JD, Wulffraat NM, Rothova A, de Boer JH. Pathogenesis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis associated uveitis: the known and unknown. Surv Ophthalmol 2014; 59:517-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
41
|
Abstract
Uveitis is underappreciated as a sight-threatening cause of blindness. There are two broad causative classes of uveitis: infectious and non-infectious. Non-infectious uveitis is considered a prototypical autoimmune disorder based mainly on data from experimental models in the mouse. Several different experimental models exist that reflect the different types of uveitis in man (anterior, intermediate, and posterior uveitis). These models have demonstrated that uveitis is predominantly a Th1/Th17 mediated disease, although innate immune cells play a significant role both in induction of disease and in tissue damage. Most experimental models of uveitis rely on activation of the innate immune system by use of adjuvants that activate a range of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs). This begs the question of the underlying role of initial and/or persistent infection, including latent infection, in immune-mediated uveitis in which active infection cannot be demonstrated. This further raises the possibility of pathogenic mechanisms such as antigenic cross-reactivity and molecular mimicry. Alternatively, residual/latent antigen from infectious agents may act as "endogenous" adjuvants for induction of immune reactions to damaged/altered self antigen, suggesting a commonality in pathogenesis for both infectious and non-infectious uveitis in man.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John V Forrester
- Ocular Immunology Laboratory, Section of Immunology and Infection, Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Liang D, Zuo A, Shao H, Born WK, O'Brien RL, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. IL-23 receptor expression on γδ T cells correlates with their enhancing or suppressive effects on autoreactive T cells in experimental autoimmune uveitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1118-25. [PMID: 23797670 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that, depending on their activation status, mouse γδ T cells can either enhance or inhibit the activity of IL-17(+) autoreactive T cells in experimental autoimmune uveitis. In this study, we showed that γδ T cells in naive C57BL/6 (B6) mouse do not express the IL-23R, whereas in immunized mice, it is expressed on >50% of γδ T cells. In vitro studies showed that IL-23R expression on γδ T cells is modulated by their state of activation, as weakly activated γδ T cells expressed the IL-23R, but highly activated γδ T cells did not. Functional studies showed that IL-23R(+) γδ T cells had the strongest suppressive effect on IL-17(+) autoreactive T cells, and that this effect was inhibited when the IL-23R was blocked by anti-IL-23R Ab or in the presence of excessive amounts of exogenous IL-23. We conclude that the balance between the enhancing and inhibitory effects of γδ T cells is regulated by their level of IL-23R expression. The expression of variable IL-23R levels allows γδ T cells to have different regulatory effects on adaptive immune responses, conceivably as a result of αβ and γδ T cells competing for IL-23.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongchun Liang
- Doheny Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Roark CL, Huang Y, Jin N, Aydintug MK, Casper T, Sun D, Born WK, O'Brien RL. A canonical Vγ4Vδ4+ γδ T cell population with distinct stimulation requirements which promotes the Th17 response. Immunol Res 2013; 55:217-30. [PMID: 22961659 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8364-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported a subset of γδ T cells in mice which preferentially responds following intradermal immunization with collagen in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). These cells express a nearly invariant "canonical" Vγ4Vδ4+ TCR. They are potent producers of IL-17A and promote the development of collagen-induced arthritis. In this study, we report that CFA emulsified with PBS alone (without collagen) is sufficient to induce a strong response of Vγ4Vδ4+ cells in the draining lymph nodes of DBA/1 and C57BL/6 mice and that the TCRs of the elicited Vγ4Vδ4+ cells in both strains heavily favor the canonical sequence. However, although both CFA and incomplete Freund's adjuvant (which lacks the killed mycobacteria present in CFA) induced Vγ4Vδ4+ γδ T cell to expand, only CFA stimulated them to express IL-17A. The route of immunization was also critical, since intraperitoneal CFA induced only a weak response by these cells, whereas intradermal or subcutaneous CFA strongly stimulated them, suggesting that the canonical CFA-elicited Vγ4Vδ4+ cells are recruited from Vγ4+ γδ T cells normally found in the dermis. Their IL-17A response requires the toll-like receptor adapter protein MyD88, and their activation is enhanced by IFNγ, although αβ T cells need not be present. The CFA-elicited Vγ4Vδ4+ γδ T cells show a cytokine profile different from that of other previously described IL-17-producing γδ T cells. Finally, the Vγ4Vδ4+ subset appears to promote the Th17 αβ T cell response, suggesting its importance in mounting an effective immune response against certain pathogens.
Collapse
|
44
|
Liang D, Zuo A, Shao H, Born WK, O'Brien RL, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. Retinoic acid inhibits CD25+ dendritic cell expansion and γδ T-cell activation in experimental autoimmune uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:3493-503. [PMID: 23611991 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-11432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We determined the mechanism by which all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) inhibits experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) and determined the role of γδ T cells in this autoimmune disease. METHODS C57BL/6 (B6) mice were immunized with the uveitogenic, interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein1-20 peptide (IRBP1-20) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), with or without a preceding ATRA treatment. Responses and pathogenic activity of Th1- and Th17-autoreactive T cells were compared, and the effects of ATRA on γδ T cells and CD25(+) dendritic cell (DC) subset were determined. Interactions among uveitogenic T cells, DC subsets, and γδ T cells were investigated. RESULTS Administration of ATRA to B6 mice in which EAU was induced suppressed the response of Th17 autoreactive T cells, which was associated with decreased generation of the CD25(+) DC subset and suppressed activation of γδ T cells. Adoptively transferred γδ T cells isolated from ATRA-treated mice showed a diminished ability to promote the activation of Th17 autoreactive T cells in vitro and in vivo compared to γδ T cells from untreated donors. CONCLUSIONS ATRA inhibits the expansion of CD25(+) DCs and γδ T-cell activation, thereby restraining the Th17 autoreactive T-cell response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongchun Liang
- Doheny Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Forrester JV, Xu H. Good news-bad news: the Yin and Yang of immune privilege in the eye. Front Immunol 2012; 3:338. [PMID: 23230433 PMCID: PMC3515883 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The eye and the brain are prototypical tissues manifesting immune privilege (IP) in which immune responses to foreign antigens, particularly alloantigens are suppressed, and even completely inhibited. Explanations for this phenomenon are numerous and mostly reflect our evolving understanding of the molecular and cellular processes underpinning immunological responses generally. IP is now viewed as a property of many tissues and the level of expression of IP varies not only with the tissue but with the nature of the foreign antigen and changes in the limited conditions under which privilege can operate as a mechanism of immunological tolerance. As a result, IP functions normally as a homeostatic mechanism preserving normal function in tissues, particularly those with highly specialized function and limited capacity for renewal such as the eye and brain. However, IP is relatively easily bypassed in the face of a sufficiently strong immunological response, and the privileged tissues may be at greater risk of collateral damage because its natural defenses are more easily breached than in a fully immunocompetent tissue which rapidly rejects foreign antigen and restores integrity. This two-edged sword cuts its swathe through the eye: under most circumstances, IP mechanisms such as blood-ocular barriers, intraocular immune modulators, induction of T regulatory cells, lack of lymphatics, and other properties maintain tissue integrity; however, when these are breached, various degrees of tissue damage occur from severe tissue destruction in retinal viral infections and other forms of uveoretinal inflammation, to less severe inflammatory responses in conditions such as macular degeneration. Conversely, ocular IP and tumor-related IP can combine to permit extensive tumor growth and increased risk of metastasis thus threatening the survival of the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John V. Forrester
- Laboratory of Immunology, Lion’s Eye Institute, University of Western AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia
- Ocular Immunology Laboratory, Section of Immunology and Infection, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of AberdeenAberdeen, UK
| | - Heping Xu
- Laboratory of Immunology, Lion’s Eye Institute, University of Western AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Dynamics of intraocular IFN-γ, IL-17 and IL-10-producing cell populations during relapsing and monophasic rat experimental autoimmune uveitis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49008. [PMID: 23155443 PMCID: PMC3498374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A major limitation of most animal models of autoimmune diseases is that they do not reproduce the chronic or relapsing-remitting pattern characteristic of many human autoimmune diseases. This problem has been overcome in our rat models of experimentally induced monophasic or relapsing-remitting autoimmune uveitis (EAU), which depend on the inducing antigen peptides from retinal S-Antigen (monophasic EAU) or interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (relapsing EAU). These models enable us to compare autoreactive and regulatory T cell populations. Intraocular, but not peripheral T cells differ in their cytokine profiles (IFN-γ, IL-17 and IL-10) at distinct time points during monophasic or relapsing EAU. Only intraocular T cells concomitantly produced IFN-γ, IL-17 and/or IL-10. Monophasic EAU presented rising numbers of cells expressing IFN-γ and IL-17 (Th1/Th17) and cells expressing IL-10 or Foxp3. During relapsing uveitis an increase of intraocular IFN-γ+ cells and a concomitant decrease of IL-17+ cells was detected, while IL-10+ populations remained stable. Foxp3+ cells and cells expressing IL-10, even in combination with IFN-γ or IL-17, increased during the resolution of monophasic EAU, suggesting a regulatory role for these T cells. In general, cells producing multiple cytokines increased in monophasic and decreased in relapsing EAU. The distinct appearance of certain intraocular populations with characteristics of regulatory cells points to a differential influence of the ocular environment on T cells that induce acute and monophasic or relapsing disease. Here we provide evidence that different autoantigens can elicit distinct and differently regulated immune responses. IFN-γ, but not IL-17 seems to be the key player in relapsing-remitting uveitis, as shown by increased, synchronized relapses after intraocular application of IFN-γ. We demonstrated dynamic changes of the cytokine pattern during monophasic and relapsing-remitting disease with strongly increasing IL-10 expression in intraocular T cells during monophasic uveitis.
Collapse
|
47
|
Mochizuki M, Sugita S, Kamoi K. Immunological homeostasis of the eye. Prog Retin Eye Res 2012; 33:10-27. [PMID: 23108335 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Uveitis is a sight-threatening disease caused by autoimmune or infection-related immune responses. Studies in experimental autoimmune uveitis and in human diseases imply that activated CD4(+) T cells, Th1 and Th17 cells, play an effector role in ocular inflammation. The eye has a unique regional immune system to protect vision-related cells and tissues from these effector T cells. The immunological balance between the pathogenic CD4(+) T cells and regional immune system in the eye contributes to the maintenance of ocular homeostasis and good vision. Current studies have demonstrated that ocular parenchymal cells at the inner surface of the blood-ocular barrier, i.e. corneal endothelial (CE) cells, iris pigment epithelial (PE) cells, ciliary body PE cells, and retinal PE cells, contribute to the regional immune system of the eye. Murine ocular resident cells directly suppress activation of bystander T cells and production of inflammatory cytokines. The ocular resident cells possess distinct properties of immunoregulation that are related to disparate anatomical location. CE cells and iris PE cells, which are located at the anterior segment of the eye and face the aqueous humor, suppress activation of T cells via cell-to-cell contact mechanisms, whereas retinal PE cells suppress the activation of T cells via soluble factors. In addition to direct immune suppression, the ocular resident cells have another unique immunosuppressive property, the induction of CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells that also suppress the activation of bystander T cells. Iris PE cells convert CD8(+) T cells into Treg cells, while retinal PE cells convert CD4(+) T cells greatly and CD8(+) T cells moderately into Treg cells. CE cells also convert both CD4(+) T cells and CD8(+) T cells into Treg cells. The immunomodulation by ocular resident cells is mediated by various soluble or membrane-bound molecules that include TGF-β TSP-1, B7-2 (CD86), CTLA-2α, PD-L1 (B7-H1), galectin 1, pigment epithelial-derived factor PEDF), GIRTL, and retinoic acid. Human retinal PE cells also possess similar immune properties to induce Treg cells. Although there are many issues to be answered, human Treg cells induced by ocular resident cells such as retinal PE cells and related immunosuppressive molecules can be applied as immune therapy for refractive autoimmune uveitis in humans in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Mochizuki
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Liang D, Zuo A, Shao H, Born WK, O'Brien RL, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. Role of CD25+ dendritic cells in the generation of Th17 autoreactive T cells in autoimmune experimental uveitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 188:5785-91. [PMID: 22539790 PMCID: PMC3358586 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, we showed that in vivo administration of an anti-CD25 Ab (PC61) decreased the Th17 response in C57BL/6 mice immunized with the uveitogenic peptide interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein, while enhancing the autoreactive Th1 response. The depressed Th17 response was closely associated with decreased numbers of a splenic dendritic cell (DC) subset expressing CD11c(+)CD3(-)CD25(+) and decreased expansion of γδ T cells. We demonstrated that ablation of the CD25(+) DC subset accounted for the decreased activation and the expansion of γδ T cells, leading to decreased activation of IL-17(+) interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein-specific T cells. Our results show that an enhanced Th17 response in an autoimmune disease is associated with the appearance of a DC subset expressing CD25 and that treatment of mice with anti-CD25 Ab causes functional alterations in a number of immune cell types, namely DCs and γδ T cells, in addition to CD25(+)αβTCR(+) regulatory T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongchun Liang
- Doheny Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90033, United States
| | - Aijun Zuo
- Doheny Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90033, United States
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY40202, United States
| | - Willi K. Born
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Rebecca L. O'Brien
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Henry J. Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY40202, United States
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90033, United States
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zuo A, Liang D, Shao H, Born WK, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. In vivo priming of IL-17(+) uveitogenic T cells is enhanced by Toll ligand receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 agonists via γδ T cell activation. Mol Immunol 2012; 50:125-33. [PMID: 22301006 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the in vivo priming of IL-17(+) autoreactive T cells in experimental autoimmune uveitis-prone C57BL/6 (B6) and B10RIII mice using a combination of approaches, including limiting dilution assay. High numbers of in vivo primed IL-17(+) interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP)-specific T cells were found in mice immunized with a uveitogenic peptide emulsified in CFA, but not the same peptide emulsified in IFA. Both in vitro and in vivo, at least part of the effect of mycobacterial antigen in CFA could be replaced by TLR2 or TLR4 ligands. TCR-δ(-/-) mice immunized with IRBP peptide in CFA generated significantly lower numbers of IL-17(+) T cells than immunized wild-type B6 mice. Administration of a small number of activated γδ T cells to TCR-δ(-/-) mice significantly increased the number of IL-17(+), but not IFN-γ(+), IRBP-specific T cells in these mice. γδ T cells from CFA- or IFA plus TLR ligand-treated mice were activated and injection of naïve TCR-δ(-/-) mice with γδ T cells from TLR ligand-treated, but not untreated, B6 mice promoted the in vivo priming of IL-17(+) IRBP-reactive T cells. In conclusion, in vivo priming of IL-17(+) uveitogenic T cells in mice is significantly affected by TLR ligation, and is also influenced by activated γδ T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aijun Zuo
- Doheny Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|