1
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Dulken BW, Bahceci D, Leung LS, Mahajan VB, Choi WT, Tan SY. Crystalline Hepatopathy Associated With Bietti Crystalline Dystrophy: A Striking Manifestation of Disordered Fatty Acid Metabolism. Am J Surg Pathol 2024; 48:1138-1145. [PMID: 38802997 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000002253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Bietti crystalline dystrophy (BCD) is a rare heritable retinal disease characterized by crystal deposition primarily in the retina. It is associated with atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and is caused by variants in CYP4V2 , which encodes a cytochrome P450 hemethiolate protein superfamily member. CYP4V2 is involved in the selective hydrolysis of saturated medium chain fatty acids, and patients with BCD demonstrate abnormalities in fatty acid metabolism, including abnormal lipid profiles and the accumulation of the pathogenic crystals within the RPE, which leads to the visual pathologies characteristic of BCD. However, the precise identity of the crystals is currently unknown, and BCD has no established extraocular manifestations. Here, we report granulomatous hepatitis associated with abundant diffuse crystalline clefts in the hepatic parenchyma in 3 patients with retinal dystrophy and dyslipidemia: 2 with pathogenic CYP4V2 variants and 1 patient with clinical ophthalmologic findings suggestive of BCD but without available genetic testing. The unique and striking histologic features unifying the liver biopsies in all 3 patients strongly support a process related to abnormal fatty acid metabolism underlying the genetic disease of BCD, expanding the spectrum of BCD and shedding light on the importance of CYP4V2 in systemic fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben W Dulken
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford
| | - Dorukhan Bahceci
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Loh-Shan Leung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford
| | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford
- Molecular Surgery Laboratory, Stanford University
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Won-Tak Choi
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Serena Y Tan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford
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2
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Li Y, Yang RR, Li YS, Hsu CW, Jenny LA, Kong Y, Ruan MZ, Sparrow JR, Tsang SH. Evaluating precision medicine approaches for gene therapy in patient-specific cellular models of Bietti crystalline dystrophy. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e177231. [PMID: 39171529 PMCID: PMC11343589 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.177231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell-derived (iPSC-derived) cell lines allow for therapies to be tailored to individual patients, increasing therapeutic precision and efficiency. Bietti crystalline dystrophy (BCD) is a rare blinding disease estimated to affect about 67,000 individuals worldwide. Here, we used iPSC-derived retinal pigment epithelium (iRPE) cells from patients with BCD to evaluate adeno-associated virus-mediated (AAV-mediated) gene augmentation therapy strategies. We found that BCD iRPE cells were vulnerable to blue light-induced oxidative stress and that cellular phenotype can be quantified using 3 robust biomarkers: reactive oxygen species (ROS), 4-hydroxy 2-nonenal (4-HNE) levels, and cell death rate. Additionally, we demonstrated that AAV-mediated gene therapy can significantly reduce light-induced cell death in BCD iRPE cells. This is the first proof-of-concept study to our knowledge to show that AAV-CYP4V2 gene therapy can be used to treat light-induced RPE damage in BCD. Furthermore, we observed significant variability in cellular phenotypes among iRPE from patients with BCD of divergent mutations, which outlined genotype-phenotype correlations in BCD patient-specific cell disease models. Our results reveal that patient-specific iRPE cells retained personalized responses to AAV-mediated gene therapy. Therefore, this approach can advance BCD therapy and set a precedent for precision medicine in other diseases, emphasizing the necessity for personalization in healthcare to accommodate individual diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- Jonas Children’s Vision Care, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Yong-Shi Li
- Jonas Children’s Vision Care, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chun-Wei Hsu
- Jonas Children’s Vision Care, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Laura A. Jenny
- Jonas Children’s Vision Care, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yang Kong
- Jonas Children’s Vision Care, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Merry Z.C. Ruan
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Janet R. Sparrow
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stephen H. Tsang
- Jonas Children’s Vision Care, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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3
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Meng X, Jia R, Zhao X, Zhang F, Chen S, Yu S, Liu X, Dou H, Feng X, Zhang J, Wang N, Xu B, Yang L. In vivo genome editing via CRISPR/Cas9-mediated homology-independent targeted integration for Bietti crystalline corneoretinal dystrophy treatment. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3773. [PMID: 38710738 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48092-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Bietti crystalline corneoretinal dystrophy (BCD) is an autosomal recessive chorioretinal degenerative disease without approved therapeutic drugs. It is caused by mutations in CYP4V2 gene, and about 80% of BCD patients carry mutations in exon 7 to 11. Here, we apply CRISPR/Cas9 mediated homology-independent targeted integration (HITI)-based gene editing therapy in HEK293T cells, BCD patient derived iPSCs, and humanized Cyp4v3 mouse model (h-Cyp4v3mut/mut) using two rAAV2/8 vectors via sub-retinal administration. We find that sgRNA-guided Cas9 generates double-strand cleavage on intron 6 of the CYP4V2 gene, and the HITI donor inserts the carried sequence, part of intron 6, exon 7-11, and a stop codon into the DNA break, achieving precise integration, effective transcription and translation both in vitro and in vivo. HITI-based editing restores the viability of iPSC-RPE cells from BCD patient, improves the morphology, number and metabolism of RPE and photoreceptors in h-Cyp4v3mut/mut mice. These results suggest that HITI-based editing could be a promising therapeutic strategy for those BCD patients carrying mutations in exon 7 to 11, and one injection will achieve lifelong effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Meng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruixuan Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Fan Zhang
- Beijing Chinagene Co., LTD, Beijing, China
| | | | - Shicheng Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaozhen Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongliang Dou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Ni Wang
- Beijing Chinagene Co., LTD, Beijing, China
| | - Boling Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
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4
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Cheloni R, Clough N, Jackson D, Moosajee M. Longitudinal structure-function analysis of molecularly-confirmed CYP4V2 Bietti Crystalline Dystrophy. Eye (Lond) 2024; 38:853-862. [PMID: 37898718 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-023-02791-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bietti Crystalline Dystrophy (BCD) is an autosomal recessive progressive retinal disease caused by mutations in CYP4V2. We have characterised the natural history including structural and functional measures to identify potential outcome metrics for future clinical trials. METHODS Molecularly-confirmed BCD patients with biallelic variants in CYP4V2 were retrospectively identified from Moorfields Eye Hospital (UK). Clinical details including results of molecular genetic testing, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans were extracted. From OCT scans, ellipsoid zone (EZ) measures, foveal thickness of the whole retina, outer retina and choroid were measured. Age-related changes of clinical parameters were assessed with linear mixed models. RESULTS Twenty-eight BCD patients were identified, with median age at baseline of 37 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 30-49.5). Median follow-up was 7.7 years (IQR: 3.4-14.5). Most patients (41.7%) showed chorioretinal atrophy at baseline. All OCT parameters showed significant age-related loss (p < 0.05), with EZ measures and choroidal thickness displaying the most rapid degeneration (2.3-3.3% per year vs 0.6-1.5% per year). Median BCVA was 0.2 LogMAR (IQR: 0-0.5) at baseline and showed small age-related loss ( + 0.016 LogMAR per year, p = 0.0019). Patients exhibited substantial phenotypic variability. CONCLUSIONS BCD presents between age 25 and 40, and slowly progresses to an advanced chorioretinal atrophy and vision loss by age 60. BCVA may be preserved until late, and is seemingly poorly representative of disease progression. OCT parameters capturing EZ and choroid changes may afford more suitable trial outcome measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Cheloni
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Neil Clough
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Daniel Jackson
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Mariya Moosajee
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, EC1V 2PD, UK.
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
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5
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Pikuleva IA. Challenges and Opportunities in P450 Research on the Eye. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1295-1307. [PMID: 36914277 PMCID: PMC10506698 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Of the 57 cytochrome P450 enzymes found in humans, at least 30 have ocular tissues as an expression site. Yet knowledge of the roles of these P450s in the eye is limited, in part because only very few P450 laboratories expanded their research interests to studies of the eye. Hence the goal of this review is to bring attention of the P450 community to the eye and encourage more ocular studies. This review is also intended to be educational for eye researchers and encourage their collaborations with P450 experts. The review starts with a description of the eye, a fascinating sensory organ, and is followed by sections on ocular P450 localizations, specifics of drug delivery to the eye, and individual P450s, which are grouped and presented based on their substrate preferences. In sections describing individual P450s, available eye-relevant information is summarized and concluded by the suggestions on the opportunities in ocular studies of the discussed enzymes. Potential challenges are addressed as well. The conclusion section outlines several practical suggestions on how to initiate eye-related research. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review focuses on the cytochrome P450 enzymes in the eye to encourage their ocular investigations and collaborations between P450 and eye researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Pikuleva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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6
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Saatci AO, Ataş F, Çetin GO, Kayabaşı M. Diagnostic and Management Strategies of Bietti Crystalline Dystrophy: Current Perspectives. Clin Ophthalmol 2023; 17:953-967. [PMID: 36998515 PMCID: PMC10046287 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s388292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bietti crystalline dystrophy (BCD) is a rare, genetically determined chorioretinal dystrophy presenting with intraretinal crystalline deposits and varying degrees of progressive chorioretinal atrophy commencing at the posterior pole. In some cases, there can be concomitant corneal crystals noted first in the superior or inferior limbus. CYP4V2 gene, a member of the cytochrome P450 family is responsible for the disease and more than 100 mutations have been defined thus far. However, a genotype-phenotype correlation has not been established yet. Visual impairment commonly occurs between the second and third decades of life. By the fifth or sixth decade of life, vision loss can become so severe that the patient may potentially become legally blind. Multitudes of multimodal imaging modalities can be utilized to demonstrate the clinical features, course, and complications of the disease. This present review aims to reiterate the clinical features of BCD, update the clinical perspectives with the help of multimodal imaging techniques, and overview its genetic background with future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Osman Saatci
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ferdane Ataş
- Department of Ophthalmology, Çerkezköy State Hospital, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Ozan Çetin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kayabaşı
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
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7
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A patient advocating for transparent science in rare disease research. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2023; 18:14. [PMID: 36658594 PMCID: PMC9854194 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02557-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
300 million people live with at least one of 6,000 rare diseases worldwide. However, rare disease research is not always reviewed with scrutiny, making it susceptible to what the author refers to as nontransparent science. Nontransparent science can obscure animal model flaws, misguide medicine regulators and drug developers, delay or frustrate orphan drug development, or waste limited resources for rare disease research. Flawed animal models not only lack pharmacologic relevance, but also give rise to issue of clinical translatability. Sadly, these consequences and risks are grossly overlooked. Nontransparency in science can take many forms, such as premature publication of animal models without clinically significant data, not providing corrections when flaws to the model are discovered, lack of warning of critical study limitations, missing critical control data, questionable data quality, surprising results without a sound explanation, failure to rule out potential factors which may affect study conclusions, lack of sufficient detail for others to replicate the study, dubious authorship and study accountability. Science has no boarders, neither does nontransparent science. Nontransparent science can happen irrespective of the researcher's senority, institutional affiliation or country. As a patient-turned researcher suffering from Bietti crystalline dystrophy (BCD), I use BCD as an example to analyze various forms of nontransparent science in rare disease research. This article analyzes three papers published by different research groups on Cyp4v3-/-, high-fat diet (HFD)-Cyp4v3-/-, and Exon1-Cyp4v3-/- mouse models of BCD. As the discussion probes various forms of nontransparent science, the flaws of these knockout mouse models are uncovered. These mouse models do not mimic BCD in humans nor do they address the lack of Cyp4v3 (murine ortholog of human CYP4V2) expression in wild type (WT) mouse retina which is markedly different from CYP4V2 expression in human retina. Further, this article discusses the impact of nontransparent science on drug development which can lead to significant delays ultimately affecting the patients. Lessons from BCD research can be helpful to all those suffering from rare diseases. As a patient, I call for transparent science in rare disease research.
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8
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Jia R, Meng X, Chen S, Zhang F, Du J, Liu X, Yang L. AAV-mediated gene-replacement therapy restores viability of BCD patient iPSC derived RPE cells and vision of Cyp4v3 knockout mice. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:122-138. [PMID: 35925866 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Bietti crystalline corneoretinal dystrophy (BCD) is an autosomal recessive retinal degenerative disease characterized by yellow-white crystal deposits in the posterior pole, degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and sclerosis of the choroid. Mutations in the cytochrome P450 4V2 gene (CYP4V2) cause BCD, which is associated with lipid metabolic disruption. The use of gene-replacement therapy in BCD has been hampered by the lack of disease models. To advance CYP4V2 gene-replacement therapy, we generated BCD patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-RPE cells and Cyp4v3 knockout (KO) mice as disease models and AAV2/8-CAG-CYP4V2 as treatment vectors. We demonstrated that after adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated CYP4V2 gene-replacement therapy BCD-iPSC-RPE cells presented restored cell survival and reduced lipid droplets accumulation; restoration of vision in Cyp4v3 KO mice was revealed by elevated electroretinogram amplitude and ameliorated RPE degeneration. These results suggest that AAV-mediated gene-replacement therapy in BCD patients is a promising strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixuan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Department of Ophthalmology, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Meng
- Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Department of Ophthalmology, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohong Chen
- Beijing Chinagene Corporation Ltd, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Beijing Chinagene Corporation Ltd, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Du
- Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Department of Ophthalmology, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Department of Ophthalmology, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Department of Ophthalmology, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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9
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Preclinical Models of Retinitis Pigmentosa. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2560:181-215. [PMID: 36481897 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2651-1_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the name for a group of phenotypically-related heritable retinal degenerative disorders. Many genes have been implicated as causing variants of RP, and while the clinical phenotypes are remarkably similar, they may differ in age of onset, progression, and severity. Common inheritance patterns for specific genes connected with the development of the disorder include autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked. Modeling the disease in animals and other preclinical systems offers a cost-conscious, ethical, and time-efficient method for studying the disease subtypes. The history of RP models is briefly examined, and both naturally occurring and transgenic preclinical models of RP in many different organisms are discussed. Syndromic forms of RP and models thereof are reviewed as well.
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10
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A Bietti Crystalline Dystrophy Mouse Model Shows Increased Sensitivity to Light-Induced Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113108. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bietti crystalline corneo-retinal dystrophy (BCD) is an autosomal recessive inherited retinal dystrophy characterized by multiple shimmering yellow-white deposits in the posterior pole of the retina in association with atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), pigment clumps, and choroidal atrophy and sclerosis. Blindness and severe visual damage are common in late-stage BCD patients. We generated a Cyp4v3 knockout mouse model to investigate the pathogenesis of BCD. This model exhibits decreased RPE numbers and signs of inflammation response in the retina. Rod photoreceptors were vulnerable to light-induced injury, showing increased deposits through fundoscopy, a decrease in thickness and a loss of cells in the ONL, and the degeneration of rod photoreceptors. These results suggest that an inflammatory response might be an integral part of the pathophysiology of BCD, suggesting that it might be reasonable for BCD patients to avoid strong light, and the results provide a useful model for evaluating the effects of therapeutic approaches.
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11
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Hannon SL, Ding X. Assessing cytochrome P450 function using genetically engineered mouse models. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2022; 95:253-284. [PMID: 35953157 PMCID: PMC10544722 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The ability to knock out and/or humanize different genes in experimental animals, globally or in cell- and tissue-specific patterns, has revolutionized scientific research in many areas. Genetically engineered mouse models, including knockout models, transgenic models, and humanized models, have played important roles in revealing the in vivo functions of various cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. These functions are very diverse, ranging from the biotransformation of drugs and other xenobiotics, events that often dictate their pharmacokinetic or toxicokinetic properties and the associated therapeutic or adverse actions, to the metabolism of endogenous compounds, such as steroid hormones and other bioactive substances, that may determine susceptibility to many diseases, such as cancer and metabolic diseases. In this review, we provide a comprehensive list of Cyp-knockout, human CYP-transgenic, and CYP-humanized mouse models that target genes in the CYP1-4 gene families, and highlight their utility in assessing the in vivo metabolism, bioactivation, and toxicity of various xenobiotic compounds, including therapeutic agents and chemical carcinogens. We aim to showcase the advantages of utilizing these mouse models for in vivo drug metabolism and toxicology studies, and to encourage and facilitate greater utility of engineered mouse models to further improve our knowledge of the in vivo functions of various P450 enzymes, which is integral to our ability to develop safer and more effective therapeutics and to identify individuals predisposed to adverse drug reactions or environmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarrah L Hannon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ken R. Coit College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ken R. Coit College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.
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12
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Wang JH, Lidgerwood GE, Daniszewski M, Hu ML, Roberts GE, Wong RCB, Hung SSC, McClements ME, Hewitt AW, Pébay A, Hickey DG, Edwards TL. AAV2-mediated gene therapy for Bietti crystalline dystrophy provides functional CYP4V2 in multiple relevant cell models. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9525. [PMID: 35680963 PMCID: PMC9184470 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12210-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bietti crystalline dystrophy (BCD) is an inherited retinal disease (IRD) caused by mutations in the CYP4V2 gene. It is a relatively common cause of IRD in east Asia. A number of features of this disease make it highly amenable to gene supplementation therapy. This study aims to validate a series of essential precursor in vitro experiments prior to developing a clinical gene therapy for BCD. We demonstrated that HEK293, ARPE19, and patient induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived RPE cells transduced with AAV2 vectors encoding codon optimization of CYP4V2 (AAV2.coCYP4V2) resulted in elevated protein expression levels of CYP4V2 compared to those transduced with AAV2 vectors encoding wild type CYP4V2 (AAV2.wtCYP4V2), as assessed by immunocytochemistry and western blot. Similarly, we observed significantly increased CYP4V2 enzyme activity in cells transduced with AAV2.coCYP4V2 compared to those transduced with AAV2.wtCYP4V2. We also showed CYP4V2 expression in human RPE/choroid explants transduced with AAV2.coCYP4V2 compared to those transduced with AAV2.wtCYP4V2. These preclinical data support the further development of a gene supplementation therapy for a currently untreatable blinding condition—BCD. Codon-optimized CYP4V2 transgene was superior to wild type in terms of protein expression and enzyme activity. Ex vivo culture of human RPE cells provided an effective approach to test AAV-mediated transgene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Hui Wang
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Level 7, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia
| | - Grace E Lidgerwood
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Level 7, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Maciej Daniszewski
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Monica L Hu
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Level 7, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia
| | - Georgina E Roberts
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Level 7, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia
| | - Raymond C B Wong
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Level 7, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia.,Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sandy S C Hung
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Level 7, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia.,Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle E McClements
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Level 7, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia.,Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Alice Pébay
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Doron G Hickey
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Level 7, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia
| | - Thomas L Edwards
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Level 7, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia. .,Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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13
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Gao P, Jia D, Li P, Huang Y, Hu H, Sun K, Lv Y, Chen X, Han Y, Zhang Z, Ren X, Wang Q, Liu F, Tang Z, Liu M. Accumulation of Lipid Droplets in a Novel Bietti Crystalline Dystrophy Zebrafish Model With Impaired PPARα Pathway. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:32. [PMID: 35616930 PMCID: PMC9150832 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.5.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Bietti crystalline dystrophy (BCD) is a progressive retinal degenerative disease primarily characterized by numerous crystal-like deposits and degeneration of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptor cells. CYP4V2 (cytochrome P450 family 4 subfamily V member 2) is currently the only disease-causing gene for BCD. We aimed to generate a zebrafish model to explore the functional role of CYP4V2 in the development of BCD and identify potential therapeutic targets for future studies. Methods The cyp4v7 and cyp4v8 (homologous genes of CYP4V2) knockout zebrafish lines were generated by CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The morphology of photoreceptor and RPE cells and the accumulation of lipid droplets in RPE cells were investigated at a series of different developmental stages through histological analysis, immunofluorescence, and lipid staining. Transcriptome analysis was performed to investigate the changes in gene expression of RPE cells during the progression of BCD. Results Progressive retinal degeneration including RPE atrophy and photoreceptor loss was observed in the mutant zebrafish as early as seven months after fertilization. We also observed the excessive accumulation of lipid droplets in RPE cells from three months after fertilization, which preceded the retinal degeneration by several months. Transcriptome analysis suggested that multiple metabolism pathways, especially the lipid metabolism pathways, were significantly changed in RPE cells. The down-regulation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) pathway was further confirmed in the mutant zebrafish and CYP4V2-knockdown human RPE-1 cells. Conclusions Our work established an animal model that recapitulates the symptoms of BCD patients and revealed that abnormal lipid metabolism in RPE cells, probably caused by dysregulation of the PPARα pathway, might be the main and direct consequence of CYP4V2 deficiency. These findings will deepen our understanding of the pathogenesis of BCD and provide potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Danna Jia
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Pei Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yuwen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Hualei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Kui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yuexia Lv
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yunqiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Zuxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Mugen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
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14
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Zou T, Wang T, Zhen F, Dong S, Gong B, Zhang H. Identification of a novel compound heterozygous CYP4V2 variant in a patient with autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. Biomed Rep 2022; 16:40. [PMID: 35386112 PMCID: PMC8972287 DOI: 10.3892/br.2022.1523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) belongs to a family of retinal disorders that is characterized by the progressive degeneration of rod and cone photoreceptors. The aim of the present study was to screen for possible disease-causing genetic variants in a non-consanguineous Chinese family with non-syndromic autosomal recessive RP. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed in samples from the affected individual (the proband) and those from the two children of the proband. A novel compound heterozygous variant of c.C958T (p.R320X) and c.G1355A (p.R452H) in the Cytochrome P450 family 4 subfamily V member 2 (CYP4V2) gene was identified through WES. Subsequently, this variant was validated by direct Sanger sequencing. This compound heterozygous variant was found to be absent from other unaffected family members and 400 ethnically-matched healthy control individuals. In addition, this compound variant was co-segregated with the RP phenotype in an autosomal recessive manner. In silico analysis revealed that both c.C958T (p.R320X) and c.G1355A (p.R452H) could compromise the protein function of CYP4V2. These results strongly suggest this compound variant to be a disease-causing variant, which expands upon the spectrum of currently known CYP4V2 genetic variants associated with retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongdan Zou
- The Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study of Sichuan Province and Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- The Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study of Sichuan Province and Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Fangyuan Zhen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial Ophthalmic Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Shuqian Dong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial Ophthalmic Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Bo Gong
- The Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study of Sichuan Province and Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Houbin Zhang
- The Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study of Sichuan Province and Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
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15
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Wang Y, Liu Y, Liu S, Li X, Liu X, Jiao M, Yang Y, Luo X, Wang F, Wan X, Sun X. A novel and efficient murine model of Bietti crystalline dystrophy. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:274545. [PMID: 35230417 PMCID: PMC8906172 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bietti crystalline dystrophy (BCD) is an autosomal recessive inherited retinal disease, resulting in blindness in most patients. The etiology and development mechanism of it remain unclear. Given the defects in previous mouse models of BCD, we generated a new Cyp4v3-/- mouse model, using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, for investigating the pathogenesis of BCD. We estimated the ocular phenotypes by fundus imaging, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and full-field scotopic electroretinography, and investigated the histological features by Hematoxylin and Eosin staining, Oil Red O staining and immunofluorescence. This model effectively exhibited age-related progression that mimicked the human ocular phenotypes. Moreover, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and RNA-seq analysis indicated that the defect of Cyp4v3 led to the abnormal lipid metabolism, inflammation activation and oxidative stress of retina. Notably, inflammation activation and oxidative stress could also promote the progression of BCD in light-induced retinal degeneration. In conclusion, our data provided evidence that we established a novel and more effective Cyp4v3 knockout preclinical mouse model for BCD, which served as a useful tool for evaluating the effect of drugs and gene therapy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, China200080
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, China200080
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, China200080
| | - Xiaomeng Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, China200080
| | - Xinxin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, China200080.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, China200080
| | - Ming Jiao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 650 Xinsongjiang Road, Shanghai, China201620
| | - Yuqin Yang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 650 Xinsongjiang Road, Shanghai, China201620
| | - Xueting Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, China200080.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, China200080
| | - Fenghua Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, China200080.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, China200080.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, China200080.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, China200080.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, China200080
| | - Xiaoling Wan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, China200080.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, China200080
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, China200080.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, China200080.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, China200080.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, China200080.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, China200080
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16
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贾 睿, 姜 尚, 赵 琳, 杨 丽. [Generation and characterization of Cyp4v3 gene knockout mice]. BEIJING DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2021; 53:1099-1106. [PMID: 34916689 PMCID: PMC8695138 DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167x.2021.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bietti crystalline dystrophy (BCD) is a rare degenerative eye disease caused by mutations in the CYP4V2 gene, and Cyp4v3 is the murine ortholog to CYP4V2. To better understand the molecular pathogenesis of this disease and to explore the potential treatment we have established a Cyp4v3 knock-out mouse model. METHODS Cyp4v3-/- mice were generated by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 in embryonic stem cells of C57BL/6J mice. Ocular morphologic characteristics were evaluated via fundus imaging, histologic analysis of rods and cones via immunofluorescence, and phalloidin stain to observe retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in whole-mounts, electroretinogram (ERG) was also conducted to examine the retinal function. RESULTS The characteristic features of BCD recurred in the Cyp4v3-/- mice, including retinal crystalline deposits, atrophy and degeneration of RPE cells, and ERG amplitude decline of dark and light adapted a- and b- wave; however, the immunofluorescence stain of rod and cone cells did not show obvious differences when compared with the wild type (WT) mice. In the early stage of the disease, no crystal-like deposits were found in the fundus, ERG detection of the retinal function did not find a significant decline, and the morphological structure and quantity of the neural retina and RPE did not change significantly. Crystalline deposits occurred and converged when the Cyp4v3-/- mice at the end of 6 months, and the deposits disappeared when the Cyp4v3-/- mice at the end of 12 months. The ERG amplitude started to decline when the Cyp4v3-/- mice at the end of 6 months and deteriorated at the end of 12 months. The RPE cells of the 12-month old Cyp4v3-/- mice showed irregular shape by phalloidin staining of F-actin. The Cyp4v3-/- mice behaved normally and were viable and fertile when maintained under specific pathogen-free (SPF) housing conditions. CONCLUSION Just like BCD patients, the disease progress of Cyp4v3-/- mouse is correlated with the age, which provides a good model for pathogenesis and gene therapy study in the future. The atrophy and degeneration of RPE take the lead in progressing of the disease, but the mechanism is not clear yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- 睿璇 贾
- />北京大学第三医院眼科,眼部神经损伤的重建保护与康复北京市重点实验室,北京 100191Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital; Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 尚伟 姜
- />北京大学第三医院眼科,眼部神经损伤的重建保护与康复北京市重点实验室,北京 100191Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital; Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 琳 赵
- />北京大学第三医院眼科,眼部神经损伤的重建保护与康复北京市重点实验室,北京 100191Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital; Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 丽萍 杨
- />北京大学第三医院眼科,眼部神经损伤的重建保护与康复北京市重点实验室,北京 100191Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital; Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Beijing 100191, China
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17
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Osborne N, Leahy C, Lee YK, Rote P, Song BJ, Hardwick JP. CYP4V2 fatty acid omega hydroxylase, a druggable target for the treatment of metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 195:114841. [PMID: 34798124 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids are essential in maintaining cellular homeostasis by providing lipids for energy production, cell membrane integrity, protein modification, and the structural demands of proliferating cells. Fatty acids and their derivatives are critical bioactive signaling molecules that influence many cellular processes, including metabolism, cell survival, proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and cell barrier function. The CYP4 Omega hydroxylase gene family hydroxylate various short, medium, long, and very-long-chain saturated, unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Selective members of the CYP4 family metabolize vitamins and biochemicals with long alkyl side chains and bioactive prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and arachidonic acids. It is uncertain of the physiological role of different members of the CYP4 omega hydroxylase gene family in the metabolic control of physiological and pathological processes in the liver. CYP4V2 is a unique member of the CYP4 family. CYP4V2 inactivation in retinal pigment epithelial cells leads to cholesterol accumulation and Bietti's Crystalline Dystrophy (BCD) pathogenesis. This commentary provides information on the role CYP4V2 has in metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease progression. This is accomplished by identifying its role in BCD, its control of cholesterol synthesis and lipid droplet formation in C. elegans, and the putative function in cardiovascular disease and gastrointestinal/hepatic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Osborne
- Northeast Ohio Medical Universities, Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States
| | - Charles Leahy
- Northeast Ohio Medical Universities, Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States
| | - Yoon-Kwang Lee
- Northeast Ohio Medical Universities, Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States
| | - Paula Rote
- Internal Medicine University of Minnesota Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Byoung-Joon Song
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, 5625 Fishers Lane Room 3N-01, MSC 9410, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - James P Hardwick
- Northeast Ohio Medical Universities, Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States
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18
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Kumar V, Brar V, Prell J, Jewell A, Couser N. Bietti's crystalline dystrophy in an African American patient: an unusual racial demographic for a condition more common in individuals of East Asian descent. Int J Ophthalmol 2021; 14:1291-1292. [PMID: 34414098 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2021.08.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Virang Kumar
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Vikram Brar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Jordyn Prell
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Ann Jewell
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Natario Couser
- Department of Ophthalmology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.,Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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19
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Nolan ND, Quinn PMJ, Tsang SH. Overcoming translational barriers in modeling macular degenerations. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:781-783. [PMID: 33961756 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Advances in tissue mimetics are paving the way for interrogating both the pathobiology of human disease and innovative therapeutic paradigms. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Manian et al. (2021) develop a novel iPSC-derived retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-choriocapillaris (CC) complex that recapitulates key features of macular degenerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas David Nolan
- Jonas Children's Vision Care, Department of Ophthalmology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter M J Quinn
- Jonas Children's Vision Care, Department of Ophthalmology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Jonas Children's Vision Care, Department of Ophthalmology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, and Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, New York, NY, USA.
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20
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Zhang Z, Yan B, Gao F, Li Q, Meng X, Chen P, Zhou L, Deng W, Li C, Xu W, Han S, Feng H, Li Y, Chen J, Yin Z, Liao C, Tse HF, Xu A, Lian Q. PSCs Reveal PUFA-Provoked Mitochondrial Stress as a Central Node Potentiating RPE Degeneration in Bietti's Crystalline Dystrophy. Mol Ther 2020; 28:2642-2661. [PMID: 32755565 PMCID: PMC7704739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bietti’s crystalline dystrophy (BCD) is an incurable retinal disorder caused by the polypeptide 2 of cytochrome P450 family 4 subfamily V (CYP4V2) mutations. Patients with BCD present degeneration of retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells and consequent blindness. The lack of appropriate disease models and patients’ RPE cells limits our understanding of the pathological mechanism of RPE degeneration. In this study, using CYP4V2 mutant pluripotent stem cells as disease models, we demonstrated that RPE cells with CYP4V2 mutations presented a disrupted fatty acid homeostasis, which were characterized with excessive accumulation of poly-unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), including arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The PUFA overload increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, impaired mitochondrial respiratory functions, and triggered mitochondrial stress-activated p53-independent apoptosis in CYP4V2 mutant RPE cells. Restoration of the mutant CYP4V2 using adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) can effectively reduce PUFA deposition, alleviate mitochondria oxidative stresses, and rescue RPE cell death in BCD RPE cells. Taken together, our results highlight a role of PUFA-induced mitochondrial damage as a central node to potentiate RPE degeneration in BCD patients. AAV2-mediated gene therapy may represent a feasible strategy for the treatment of BCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhang
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Prenatal Diagnostic Centre and Cord Blood Bank, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Bin Yan
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Intervention and Cell Therapy Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qing Li
- Ophthalmology, Grantham Hospital, Hospital Authority, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaohong Meng
- Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Peikai Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wen Deng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Weiyi Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shuo Han
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hong Feng
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yaping Li
- Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Junhui Chen
- Intervention and Cell Therapy Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Zhengqin Yin
- Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Can Liao
- Prenatal Diagnostic Centre and Cord Blood Bank, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Hung-Fat Tse
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Aimin Xu
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Qizhou Lian
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Prenatal Diagnostic Centre and Cord Blood Bank, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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21
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Qu B, Wu S, Jiao G, Zou X, Li Z, Guo L, Sun X, Huang C, Sun Z, Zhang Y, Li H, Zhou Q, Sui R, Li W. Treating Bietti crystalline dystrophy in a high-fat diet-exacerbated murine model using gene therapy. Gene Ther 2020; 27:370-382. [PMID: 32483213 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-020-0159-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lipid metabolic deficiencies are associated with many genetic disorders. Bietti crystalline dystrophy (BCD), a blindness-causing inherited disorder with changed lipid profiles, is more common in Chinese and Japanese than other populations. Our results reveal that mouse models lacking Cyp4v3 have less physiological and functional changes than those of BCD patients with this gene defect. After the administration of a high-fat diet (HFD), the occurrence of retinal lesions were both accelerated and aggregated in the Cyp4v3-/- mouse models, implying that changed lipid levels were not only associated factors but also risk factors to BCD patients. Facilitated by the results, we found that the reduced electroretinography waveforms and retinal thickness observed in the HFD-induced mouse models were effectively recovered after subretinal delivery of a human CYP4V2 gene carried by an adeno-associated virus vector, which demonstrates the potential curability of BCD by gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shijing Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.,Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Guanyi Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xuan Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.,Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zhikun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xuehan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zixi Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.,Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.,Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ruifang Sui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China. .,Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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22
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Blond F, Léveillard T. Functional Genomics of the Retina to Elucidate its Construction and Deconstruction. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4922. [PMID: 31590277 PMCID: PMC6801968 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina is the light sensitive part of the eye and nervous tissue that have been used extensively to characterize the function of the central nervous system. The retina has a central position both in fundamental biology and in the physiopathology of neurodegenerative diseases. We address the contribution of functional genomics to the understanding of retinal biology by reviewing key events in their historical perspective as an introduction to major findings that were obtained through the study of the retina using genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics. We illustrate our purpose by showing that most of the genes of interest for retinal development and those involved in inherited retinal degenerations have a restricted expression to the retina and most particularly to photoreceptors cells. We show that the exponential growth of data generated by functional genomics is a future challenge not only in terms of storage but also in terms of accessibility to the scientific community of retinal biologists in the future. Finally, we emphasize on novel perspectives that emerge from the development of redox-proteomics, the new frontier in retinal biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Blond
- Department of Genetics, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012 Paris, France.
| | - Thierry Léveillard
- Department of Genetics, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012 Paris, France.
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23
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García-García GP, Martínez-Rubio M, Moya-Moya MA, Pérez-Santonja JJ, Escribano J. Current perspectives in Bietti crystalline dystrophy. Clin Ophthalmol 2019; 13:1379-1399. [PMID: 31440027 PMCID: PMC6679682 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s185744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bietti crystalline dystrophy (BCD) is a rare-inherited disease caused by mutations in the CYP4V2 gene and characterized by the presence of multiple shimmering yellow-white deposits in the posterior pole of the retina in association with atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and chorioretinal atrophy. The additional presence of glittering dots located at the corneal limbus is also a frequent finding. The CYP4V2 protein belongs to the cytochrome P450 subfamily 4 and is mainly expressed in the retina and the RPE and less expressed in the cornea. The disease has its metabolic origin in the diminished transformation of fatty acid substrates into n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids due to a dysregulation of the lipid metabolism. In this review, we provide updated insights on clinical and molecular characteristics of BCD including underlying mechanisms of BCD, genetic diagnosis, progress in the identification of causative genetic and epigenetic factors, available techniques of exploration and development of novel therapies. This information will help clinicians to improve accuracy of BCD diagnosis, providing the patient reliable information regarding prognosis and clinical prediction of the disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P García-García
- Department of Ophthalmology, General University Hospital of Alicante, Alicante 03010, Spain
| | - M Martínez-Rubio
- Department of Ophthalmology, General University Hospital of Alicante, Alicante 03010, Spain
| | - M A Moya-Moya
- Department of Ophthalmology, General University Hospital of Alicante, Alicante 03010, Spain
| | - J J Pérez-Santonja
- Department of Ophthalmology, General University Hospital of Alicante, Alicante 03010, Spain
| | - J Escribano
- Cooperative Research Network on Ophthalmology (OftaRed), Visual and Life Quality, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Medicine Faculty/Research Institute on Neurological Disabilities (IDINE), University of Castilla La-Mancha, Albacete 02006, Spain
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24
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Burns GW, Brooks KE, O'Neil EV, Hagen DE, Behura SK, Spencer TE. Progesterone effects on extracellular vesicles in the sheep uterus. Biol Reprod 2019; 98:612-622. [PMID: 29346527 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Progesterone (P4) acts via the endometrium to promote conceptus growth and implantation for pregnancy establishment. Many cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are membrane-bound vesicles of endosomal and plasma membrane origin. In sheep, endometrial-derived EVs were found to traffic to the conceptus trophectoderm. Thus, EVs are hypothesized to be an important mode of intercellular communication by transferring select RNAs, proteins, and lipids between the endometrium and conceptus. Electron microscopy analysis found that the endometrial luminal and glandular epithelia were the primary source of EVs in the uterus of cyclic sheep. Size exclusion chromatography and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) found that total EV number in the uterine lumen increased from day 10 to 14 in cyclic sheep. Next, ewes were ovariectomized and hormone replaced to determine effects of P4 on the endometrium and EVs in the uterine lumen. Transcriptome analyses found that P4 regulated 1611 genes and nine miRNAs in the endometrium. Total EV number in the uterine lumen was increased by P4 treatment. Small RNA sequencing of EVs detected expression of 768 miRNAs and determined that P4 regulated seven of those miRNAs. These studies provide fundamental new information on how P4 influences endometrial function to regulate conceptus growth for pregnancy establishment in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W Burns
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Kelsey E Brooks
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Eleanore V O'Neil
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Darren E Hagen
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Susanta K Behura
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Thomas E Spencer
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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25
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Stobdan T, Sahoo D, Azad P, Hartley I, Heinrichsen E, Zhou D, Haddad GG. High fat diet induces sex-specific differential gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213474. [PMID: 30861021 PMCID: PMC6413938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently about 2 billion adults globally are estimated to be overweight and ~13% of them are obese. High fat diet (HFD) is one of the major contributing factor to obesity, heart disease, diabetes and cancer. Recent findings on the role of HFD in inducing abnormalities in neurocognition and susceptibility to Alzheimer’s disease are highly intriguing. Since fundamental molecular pathways are often conserved across species, studies involving Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism can provide insight into the molecular mechanisms involving human disease. In order to study some of such mechanisms in the central nervous system as well in the rest of the body, we investigated the effect of HFD on the transcriptome in the heads and bodies of male and female flies kept on either HFD or regular diet (RD). Using comprehensive genomic analyses which include high-throughput transcriptome sequencing, pathway enrichment and gene network analyses, we found that HFD induces a number of responses that are sexually dimorphic in nature. There was a robust transcriptional response consisting of a downregulation of stress-related genes in the heads and glycoside hydrolase activity genes in the bodies of males. In the females, the HFD led to an increased transcriptional change in lipid metabolism. A strong correlation also existed between the takeout gene and hyperphagic behavior in both males and females. We conclude that a) HFD induces a differential transcriptional response between males and females, in heads and bodies and b) the non-dimorphic transcriptional response that we identified was associated with hyperphagia. Therefore, our data on the transcriptional responses in flies to HFD provides potentially relevant information to human conditions including obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsering Stobdan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Priti Azad
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Iain Hartley
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Erilynn Heinrichsen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Gabriel G. Haddad
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Kovach JL, Isildak H, Sarraf D. Crystalline retinopathy: Unifying pathogenic pathways of disease. Surv Ophthalmol 2019; 64:1-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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27
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Abstract
Bietti’s crystalline dystrophy (BCD) is an autosomal recessive, progressive chorioretinal degenerative disease. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells are impaired in patients with BCD, but the underlying mechanisms of RPE cell damage have not yet been determined because cells from lesions cannot be readily acquired from patients with BCD. In the present study, we successfully generated a human in vitro model of BCD, BCD patient-specific iPSC-RPE cells, and demonstrated that the accumulation of free cholesterol caused RPE cell damage and subsequent cell death via the induction of lysosomal dysfunction and impairment of autophagy flux in BCD-affected cells. We believe these findings provide evidence of the possible therapeutic efficacy of reducing intracellular free cholesterol in BCD. Bietti’s crystalline dystrophy (BCD) is an intractable and progressive chorioretinal degenerative disease caused by mutations in the CYP4V2 gene, resulting in blindness in most patients. Although we and others have shown that retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells are primarily impaired in patients with BCD, the underlying mechanisms of RPE cell damage are still unclear because we lack access to appropriate disease models and to lesion-affected cells from patients with BCD. Here, we generated human RPE cells from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from patients with BCD carrying a CYP4V2 mutation and successfully established an in vitro model of BCD, i.e., BCD patient-specific iPSC-RPE cells. In this model, RPE cells showed degenerative changes of vacuolated cytoplasm similar to those in postmortem specimens from patients with BCD. BCD iPSC-RPE cells exhibited lysosomal dysfunction and impairment of autophagy flux, followed by cell death. Lipidomic analyses revealed the accumulation of glucosylceramide and free cholesterol in BCD-affected cells. Notably, we found that reducing free cholesterol by cyclodextrins or δ-tocopherol in RPE cells rescued BCD phenotypes, whereas glucosylceramide reduction did not affect the BCD phenotype. Our data provide evidence that reducing intracellular free cholesterol may have therapeutic efficacy in patients with BCD.
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28
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Specific regulation of thermosensitive lipid droplet fusion by a nuclear hormone receptor pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:8841-8846. [PMID: 28760992 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1704277114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors play important roles in regulating fat metabolism and energy production in humans. The regulatory functions and endogenous ligands of many nuclear receptors are still unidentified, however. Here, we report that CYP-37A1 (ortholog of human cytochrome P450 CYP4V2), EMB-8 (ortholog of human P450 oxidoreductase POR), and DAF-12 (homolog of human nuclear receptors VDR/LXR) constitute a hormone synthesis and nuclear receptor pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans This pathway specifically regulates the thermosensitive fusion of fat-storing lipid droplets. CYP-37A1, together with EMB-8, synthesizes a lipophilic hormone not identical to Δ7-dafachronic acid, which represses the fusion-promoting function of DAF-12. CYP-37A1 also negatively regulates thermotolerance and lifespan at high temperature in a DAF-12-dependent manner. Human CYP4V2 can substitute for CYP-37A1 in C. elegans This finding suggests the existence of a conserved CYP4V2-POR-nuclear receptor pathway that functions in converting multilocular lipid droplets to unilocular ones in human cells; misregulation of this pathway may lead to pathogenic fat storage.
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29
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Lockhart CM, Smith TB, Yang P, Naidu M, Rettie AE, Nath A, Weleber R, Kelly EJ. Longitudinal characterisation of function and structure of Bietti crystalline dystrophy: report on a novel homozygous mutation in CYP4V2. Br J Ophthalmol 2017; 102:187-194. [PMID: 28698241 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-309696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bietti crystalline dystrophy (BCD) is a rare inherited disorder characterised by fine crystalline deposits in the corneal limbus and retinal posterior pole. In 2004, mutations in the CYP4V2 gene were identified as the cause of BCD. Here, we describe the report of a homozygous point mutation in a patient with BCD and provide detailed characterisation of functional and structural changes over 20 years. METHODS At regular intervals, the patient underwent repeat ophthalmic evaluations. DNA was extracted from buccal swabs, amplified by standard PCR and analysed for homology to the CYP4V2 sequence. Homology modelling was conducted using Iterative Threading ASSEmbly Refinement and molecular dynamics simulations using GROningen MAchine for Chemical Simulations. RESULTS The proband, a 47-year-old woman of German ancestry was diagnosed with crystalline retinopathy at age 25. Over the next 20 years, visual acuity and function gradually declined with progression of retinal pigment epithelium and choroidal atrophy. When first tested at 39 years of age, the multifocal electroretinogram (ERG) was markedly abnormal, more so for the right eye, whereas the full-field ERG was more symmetrical and lagged other measures of visual function. Gene sequencing showed a single C>T point mutation in exon 9 encoding a R400C amino acid change. Computational modelling suggests the mutation impairs function due to loss of a hydrogen bonding interaction with the propionate side chains of the haeme prosthetic group. CONCLUSION This is the first report of a homozygous R400C mutation in CYP4V2 with protein modelling showing high likelihood of enzyme dysfunction. The comprehensive long-term clinical follow-up provides insight into disease progression and highlights possible anti-inflammatory modulation of disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Travis B Smith
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Paul Yang
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Malini Naidu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Allan E Rettie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Abhinav Nath
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Richard Weleber
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Edward J Kelly
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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30
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Broadgate S, Yu J, Downes SM, Halford S. Unravelling the genetics of inherited retinal dystrophies: Past, present and future. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 59:53-96. [PMID: 28363849 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The identification of the genes underlying monogenic diseases has been of interest to clinicians and scientists for many years. Using inherited retinal dystrophies as an example of monogenic disease we describe the history of molecular genetic techniques that have been pivotal in the discovery of disease causing genes. The methods that were developed in the 1970's and 80's are still in use today but have been refined and improved. These techniques enabled the concept of the Human Genome Project to be envisaged and ultimately realised. When the successful conclusion of the project was announced in 2003 many new tools and, as importantly, many collaborations had been developed that facilitated a rapid identification of disease genes. In the post-human genome project era advances in computing power and the clever use of the properties of DNA replication has allowed the development of next-generation sequencing technologies. These methods have revolutionised the identification of disease genes because for the first time there is no need to define the position of the gene in the genome. The use of next generation sequencing in a diagnostic setting has allowed many more patients with an inherited retinal dystrophy to obtain a molecular diagnosis for their disease. The identification of novel genes that have a role in the development or maintenance of retinal function is opening up avenues of research which will lead to the development of new pharmacological and gene therapy approaches. Neither of which can be used unless the defective gene and protein is known. The continued development of sequencing technologies also holds great promise for the advent of truly personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Broadgate
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Levels 5 and 6 West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Jing Yu
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Levels 5 and 6 West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Susan M Downes
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Stephanie Halford
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Levels 5 and 6 West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
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31
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Hsu MH, Baer BR, Rettie AE, Johnson EF. The Crystal Structure of Cytochrome P450 4B1 (CYP4B1) Monooxygenase Complexed with Octane Discloses Several Structural Adaptations for ω-Hydroxylation. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:5610-5621. [PMID: 28167536 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.775494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
P450 family 4 fatty acid ω-hydroxylases preferentially oxygenate primary C-H bonds over adjacent, energetically favored secondary C-H bonds, but the mechanism explaining this intriguing preference is unclear. To this end, the structure of rabbit P450 4B1 complexed with its substrate octane was determined by X-ray crystallography to define features of the active site that contribute to a preference for ω-hydroxylation. The structure indicated that octane is bound in a narrow active-site cavity that limits access of the secondary C-H bond to the reactive intermediate. A highly conserved sequence motif on helix I contributes to positioning the terminal carbon of octane for ω-hydroxylation. Glu-310 of this motif auto-catalytically forms an ester bond with the heme 5-methyl, and the immobilized Glu-310 contributes to substrate positioning. The preference for ω-hydroxylation was decreased in an E310A mutant having a shorter side chain, but the overall rates of metabolism were retained. E310D and E310Q substitutions having longer side chains exhibit lower overall rates, likely due to higher conformational entropy for these residues, but they retained high preferences for octane ω-hydroxylation. Sequence comparisons indicated that active-site residues constraining octane for ω-hydroxylation are conserved in family 4 P450s. Moreover, the heme 7-propionate is positioned in the active site and provides additional restraints on substrate binding. In conclusion, P450 4B1 exhibits structural adaptations for ω-hydroxylation that include changes in the conformation of the heme and changes in a highly conserved helix I motif that is associated with selective oxygenation of unactivated primary C-H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hui Hsu
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037 and
| | - Brian R Baer
- the Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Allan E Rettie
- the Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Eric F Johnson
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037 and
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32
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Identification and population history of CYP4V2 mutations in patients with Bietti crystalline corneoretinal dystrophy. Eur J Hum Genet 2017; 25:461-471. [PMID: 28051075 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2016.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify known and novel CYP4V2 mutations in patients with Bietti crystalline cornea (BCD), expand the spectrum of CYP4V2 mutations, and characterize the population history of the c.802-8_810del17insGC mutation common in Asian populations, genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood samples from 58 unrelated patients with clinical diagnoses of BCD. Exons and flanking intronic regions of the CYP4V2 gene were dideoxy DNA sequenced. Nonpathogenic polymorphisms were excluded and known mutations were identified by sequencing 192 unaffected individuals from similar ethnic backgrounds and examination of online databases. The age of the c.802-8_810del17insGC mutation was estimated using three independent approaches. A total of 28 CYP4V2 mutations, 9 of which were novel, were detected in the 58 patients with BCD. These included 19 missense, 4 nonsense, 2 deletion, 2 splice site, and 1 insertion-deletion mutations. Two missense variants of uncertain significance were also detected. The age of the c.802-8_810del17insGC mutation was estimated to be 1040-8200 generations in the Chinese and 300-1100 generations in the Japanese populations. These results expand the mutation spectrum of CYP4V2, and provide insight into the origin of the c.802-8_810del17insGC mutation in the Chinese population and its transmission to the Japanese population.
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33
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Abstract
Bietti crystalline dystrophy (BCD) is an inherited retinal degenerative disease characterized by crystalline deposits in the retina, followed by progressive atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), choriocapillaris, and photoreceptors. CYP4V2 has been identified as the causative gene for BCD. The CYP4V2 gene belongs to the cytochrome P450 superfamily and encodes for fatty acid ω-hydroxylase of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The CYP4V2 protein is localized most abundantly within the endoplasmic reticulum in the RPE and is postulated to play a role in the physiological lipid recycling system between the RPE and photoreceptors to maintain visual function. Electroretinographic assessments have revealed progressive dysfunction of rod and cone photoreceptors in patients with BCD. Several genotypes have been associated with more severe phenotypes based on clinical and electrophysiological findings. With the advent of multimodal imaging with spectral domain optical coherence tomography, fundus autofluorescence, and adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, more precise delineation of BCD severity and progression is now possible, allowing for the potential future development of targets for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny S C Ng
- From the *Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; and †2010 Retina and Macula Centre, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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34
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Fuerst NM, Serrano L, Han G, Morgan JIW, Maguire AM, Leroy BP, Kim BJ, Aleman TS. Detailed functional and structural phenotype of Bietti crystalline dystrophy associated with mutations in CYP4V2 complicated by choroidal neovascularization. Ophthalmic Genet 2016; 37:445-452. [PMID: 27028354 DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2015.1126616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe in detail the phenotype of a patient with Bietti crystalline dystrophy (BCD) complicated by choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and the response to intravitreal Bevacizumab (Avastin®; Genentech/Roche). METHODS A 34-year-old woman with BCD and mutations in CYP4V2 (c.802-8_806del13/p.H331P:c992A>C) underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, full-field flash electroretinography (ERG), kinetic and two-color dark-adapted perimetry, and dark-adaptometry. Imaging was performed with spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), near infrared (NIR) and short wavelength (SW) fundus autofluorescence (FAF), and fluorescein angiography (FA). RESULTS Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/20 and 20/60 for the right and left eye, respectively. There were corneal paralimbal crystal-like deposits. Kinetic fields were normal in the peripheral extent. Retinal crystals were most obvious on NIR-reflectance and corresponded with hyperreflectivities within the RPE on SD-OCT. There was parafoveal/perifoveal hypofluorescence on SW-FAF and NIR-FAF. Rod > cone sensitivity loss surrounded fixation and extended to ~10° of eccentricity corresponding to regions of photoreceptor outer segment-retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) interdigitation abnormalities. The outer nuclear layer was normal in thickness. Recovery of sensitivity following a ~76% rhodopsin bleach was normal. ERGs were normal. A subretinal hemorrhage in the left eye co-localized with elevation of the RPE on SD-OCT and leakage on FA, suggestive of CNV. Three monthly intravitreal injections of Bevacizumab led to restoration of BCVA to baseline (20/25). CONCLUSION crystals in BCD were predominantly located within the RPE. Photoreceptor outer segment and apical RPE abnormalities underlie the relatively extensive retinal dysfunction observed in relatively early-stage BCD. Intravitreal Bevacizumab was effective in treating CNV in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Fuerst
- a Scheie Eye Institute and Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Leona Serrano
- a Scheie Eye Institute and Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Grace Han
- a Scheie Eye Institute and Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Jessica I W Morgan
- a Scheie Eye Institute and Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Albert M Maguire
- a Scheie Eye Institute and Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA.,b Division of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Ophthalmology , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Bart P Leroy
- b Division of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Ophthalmology , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA.,c Center for Cellular & Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA.,d Department of Ophthalmology and the Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Benjamin J Kim
- a Scheie Eye Institute and Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Tomas S Aleman
- a Scheie Eye Institute and Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA.,b Division of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Ophthalmology , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA
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Butler MC, Sullivan JM. A Novel, Real-Time, In Vivo Mouse Retinal Imaging System. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 56:7159-68. [PMID: 26551329 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-16370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop an efficient, low-cost instrument for robust real-time imaging of the mouse retina in vivo, and assess system capabilities by evaluating various animal models. METHODS Following multiple disappointing attempts to visualize the mouse retina during a subretinal injection using commercially available systems, we identified the key limitation to be inadequate illumination due to off axis illumination and poor optical train optimization. Therefore, we designed a paraxial illumination system for Greenough-type stereo dissecting microscope incorporating an optimized optical launch and an efficiently coupled fiber optic delivery system. Excitation and emission filters control spectral bandwidth. A color coupled-charged device (CCD) camera is coupled to the microscope for image capture. Although, field of view (FOV) is constrained by the small pupil aperture, the high optical power of the mouse eye, and the long working distance (needed for surgical manipulations), these limitations can be compensated by eye positioning in order to observe the entire retina. RESULTS The retinal imaging system delivers an adjustable narrow beam to the dilated pupil with minimal vignetting. The optic nerve, vasculature, and posterior pole are crisply visualized and the entire retina can be observed through eye positioning. Normal and degenerative retinal phenotypes can be followed over time. Subretinal or intraocular injection procedures are followed in real time. Real-time, intravenous fluorescein angiography for the live mouse has been achieved. CONCLUSIONS A novel device is established for real-time viewing and image capture of the small animal retina during subretinal injections for preclinical gene therapy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Butler
- Research Service, VA Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, New York, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo-SUNY, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Jack M Sullivan
- Research Service, VA Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, New York, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo-SUNY, Buffalo, New York, United States 3Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, University at
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