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Shashkovskaya VS, Vetosheva PI, Shokhina AG, Aparin IO, Prikazchikova TA, Mikaelyan AS, Kotelevtsev YV, Belousov VV, Zatsepin TS, Abakumova TO. Delivery of Lipid Nanoparticles with ROS Probes for Improved Visualization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1783. [PMID: 37509423 PMCID: PMC10376883 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive products of the cell metabolism derived from oxygen molecules, and their abundant level is observed in many diseases, particularly tumors, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In vivo imaging of ROS is a necessary tool in preclinical research to evaluate the efficacy of drugs with antioxidant activity and for diagnosis and monitoring of diseases. However, most known sensors cannot be used for in vivo experiments due to low stability in the blood and rapid elimination from the body. In this work, we focused on the development of an effective delivery system of fluorescent probes for intravital ROS visualization using the HCC model. We have synthesized various lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) loaded with ROS-inducible hydrocyanine pro-fluorescent dye or plasmid DNA (pDNA) with genetically encoded protein sensors of hydrogen peroxide (HyPer7). LNP with an average diameter of 110 ± 12 nm, characterized by increased stability and pDNA loading efficiency (64 ± 7%), demonstrated preferable accumulation in the liver compared to 170 nm LNPs. We evaluated cytotoxicity and demonstrated the efficacy of hydrocyanine-5 and HyPer7 formulated in LNP for ROS visualization in mouse hepatocytes (AML12 cells) and in the mouse xenograft model of HCC. Our results demonstrate that obtained LNP could be a valuable tool in preclinical research for visualization ROS in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera S Shashkovskaya
- Vladimir Zelman Center for Neurobiology and Brain Rehabilitation, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina I Vetosheva
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Arina G Shokhina
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya O Aparin
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Arsen S Mikaelyan
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, 152742 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri V Kotelevtsev
- Vladimir Zelman Center for Neurobiology and Brain Rehabilitation, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vsevolod V Belousov
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Timofei S Zatsepin
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana O Abakumova
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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2
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Polyunsaturated Lipids in the Light-Exposed and Prooxidant Retinal Environment. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030617. [PMID: 36978865 PMCID: PMC10044808 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The retina is an oxidative stress-prone tissue due to high content of polyunsaturated lipids, exposure to visible light stimuli in the 400–480 nm range, and high oxygen availability provided by choroidal capillaries to support oxidative metabolism. Indeed, lipids’ peroxidation and their conversion into reactive species promoting inflammation have been reported and connected to retinal degenerations. Here, we review recent evidence showing how retinal polyunsaturated lipids, in addition to oxidative stress and damage, may counteract the inflammatory response triggered by blue light-activated carotenoid derivatives, enabling long-term retina operation despite its prooxidant environment. These two aspects of retinal polyunsaturated lipids require tight control over their synthesis to avoid overcoming their protective actions by an increase in lipid peroxidation due to oxidative stress. We review emerging evidence on different transcriptional control mechanisms operating in retinal cells to modulate polyunsaturated lipid synthesis over the life span, from the immature to the ageing retina. Finally, we discuss the antioxidant role of food nutrients such as xanthophylls and carotenoids that have been shown to empower retinal cells’ antioxidant responses and counteract the adverse impact of prooxidant stimuli on sight.
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3
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Huang L, Li Z, Zhang X. Radiotracers for Nuclear Imaging of Reactive Oxygen Species: Advances Made So Far. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:749-766. [PMID: 35467335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a cluster of highly reactive and short-lived oxygen-containing molecules that lead to metabolic disorders where production exceeds catabolism in an organism. Many specific radiotracers for positron/single-photon emission tomography have been developed to reveal the discrepancy of ROS levels in normal and damaged tissues and further clarify the relationship between ROS and diseases. This review summarizes the advances achieved for the development of ROS radiotracers to date. The structure design, radiosynthesis, and imaging performance of existing radiotracers are discussed with the individual ROS-response mechanisms highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumei Huang
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiang'An South Rd., Xiang'An district, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Zijing Li
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiang'An South Rd., Xiang'An district, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Xianzhong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiang'An South Rd., Xiang'An district, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
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4
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MicroRNA Expression Analysis of Mice Retinas with Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy by RNA Sequencing. J Ophthalmol 2022; 2022:9738068. [PMID: 35282140 PMCID: PMC8913133 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9738068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. To characterize the microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles in the retinas of mice with oxygen-induced retinopathy by RNA sequencing and to ascertain miRNAs associated with retinal neovascularization. Methods. Retina samples were obtained from 3 groups (6 retinas/group) of OIR mice and normal mice at P17. RNA was isolated from 24 retina samples and then detected on an Illumina HiSeq. Twelve retina samples were used for quantitative polymerase chain reaction to validate the RNA sequencing. Bioinformatics analyses were performed. Result. The RNA sequence showed that 565 miRNAs were detected in the retina of OIR mice and 583 miRNAs in the retina of normal control mice. A total of 553 miRNAs were expressed in both groups. Thirty-eight miRNAs showed altered expression in both groups (
). Compared with the control group, 2 miRNAs were significantly upregulated in the OIR group, while 36 miRNAs were significantly downregulated. Meanwhile, 2 candidate miRNAs (miR-181a-5p and miR-21a-5p) with significant differences in miRNA expression (
) were selected for validation. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to confirm the relative expression of the two miRNAs. Bioinformatics analyses showed that pathways involved in ischemic retinopathy (such as TGF-β, Ras, Hippo, PI3K-Akt, VEGF, and HIF-1 signaling pathways) were enriched. Conclusions. Our study provided an overall view of miRNA profiling in the OIR retina. These miRNA profiles provide a valuable framework for the potential therapy of retinal angiogenesis.
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Tonade D, Kern TS. Photoreceptor cells and RPE contribute to the development of diabetic retinopathy. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 83:100919. [PMID: 33188897 PMCID: PMC8113320 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness. It has long been regarded as vascular disease, but work in the past years has shown abnormalities also in the neural retina. Unfortunately, research on the vascular and neural abnormalities have remained largely separate, instead of being integrated into a comprehensive view of DR that includes both the neural and vascular components. Recent evidence suggests that the most predominant neural cell in the retina (photoreceptors) and the adjacent retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) play an important role in the development of vascular lesions characteristic of DR. This review summarizes evidence that the outer retina is altered in diabetes, and that photoreceptors and RPE contribute to retinal vascular alterations in the early stages of the retinopathy. The possible molecular mechanisms by which cells of the outer retina might contribute to retinal vascular damage in diabetes also are discussed. Diabetes-induced alterations in the outer retina represent a novel therapeutic target to inhibit DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deoye Tonade
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Timothy S Kern
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service, Cleveland, OH, USA; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service, Long Beach, CA, USA.
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6
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Naguib S, Backstrom JR, Gil M, Calkins DJ, Rex TS. Retinal oxidative stress activates the NRF2/ARE pathway: An early endogenous protective response to ocular hypertension. Redox Biol 2021; 42:101883. [PMID: 33579667 PMCID: PMC8113046 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress contributes to degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and their axons in glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, through sensitivity to intraocular pressure (IOP). Here, we investigated early elevations in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a role for the NRF2-KEAP1-ARE endogenous antioxidant response pathway using microbead occlusion to elevate IOP in mice. ROS levels peaked in the retina at 1- and 2-wks following IOP elevation and remained elevated out to 5-wks. Phosphorylation of NRF2 and antioxidant gene transcription and protein levels increased concomitantly at 2-wks after IOP elevation, along with phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT. Inhibiting PI3K or AKT signaling prevented NRF2 phosphorylation and reduced transcription of antioxidant-regulated genes. Ocular hypertensive mice lacking Nrf2 had elevated ROS and a diminished increase in antioxidant gene expression. They also exhibited earlier axon degeneration and loss of visual function. In conclusion, the NRF2-KEAP1-ARE pathway is endogenously activated early in ocular hypertension due to phosphorylation of NRF2 by the PI3K/AKT pathway and serves to slow the onset of axon degeneration and vision loss in glaucoma. These data suggest that exogenous activation of this pathway might further slow glaucomatous neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Naguib
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Jon R Backstrom
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Melanie Gil
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - David J Calkins
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Tonia S Rex
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Van Buiten CB, Wu G, Lam YY, Zhao L, Raskin I. Elemental iron modifies the redox environment of the gastrointestinal tract: A novel therapeutic target and test for metabolic syndrome. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 168:203-213. [PMID: 33831549 PMCID: PMC8544024 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS, i.e., type 2 diabetes and obesity) is often associated with dysbiosis, inflammation, and leaky gut syndrome, which increase the content of oxygen and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Using near-infrared fluorescent, in situ imaging of ROS, we evaluated the effects of oral administration of elemental iron powder (Fe0) on luminal ROS in the GI tract and related these changes to glucose metabolism and the gut microbiome. C57Bl/6J mice fed low-fat or high-fat diets and gavaged with Fe0 (2.5 g per kg), in both single- and repeat-doses, demonstrated decreased levels of luminal ROS. Fourteen days of repeated Fe0 administration reduced hyperglycemia and improved glucose tolerance in the obese and hyperglycemic animals compared to the untreated obese controls and reduced the relative amount of iron oxides in the feces, which indicated an increased redox environment of the GI tract. We determined that Fe0 administration can also be used as a diagnostic assay to assess the GI microenvironment. Improved metabolic outcomes and decreased gastrointestinal ROS in Fe0-treated, high-fat diet-fed animals correlated with the increase in a co-abundance group of beneficial bacteria, including Lactobacillus, and the suppression of detrimental populations, including Oscillibacter, Peptococcus, and Intestinimonas. Daily Fe0 treatment also increased the relative abundance of amplicon sequence variants that lacked functional enzymatic antioxidant systems, which is consistent with the ability of Fe0 to scavenge ROS and oxygen in the GI, thus favoring the growth of oxygen-sensitive bacteria. These findings delineate a functional role for antioxidants in modification of the GI microenvironment and subsequent reversal of metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene B Van Buiten
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Health and Human Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA; Department of Plant Biology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Guojun Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA; Center for Microbiome, Nutrition and Health, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 80901, USA
| | - Yan Y Lam
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA; Center for Microbiome, Nutrition and Health, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 80901, USA
| | - Liping Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA; Center for Microbiome, Nutrition and Health, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 80901, USA
| | - Ilya Raskin
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
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Wang Y, Gao L, Li Z, Ma X. MicroRNA-301a-3p promotes diabetic retinopathy via regulation of six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate 4. Inflamm Res 2021; 70:445-457. [PMID: 33609142 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01431-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most serious microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been discovered to play a crucial role in DR, but the mechanisms underlying the effects of miR-301a-3p on DR are poorly understood. This paper was designed to explore the possible role of miR-301a-3p in DR. METHODS The diabetic rat model was established by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). The effects of miR-301a-3p on the biological functions of HRECs were determined through a series of experiments in vitro/vivo. RESULTS The results revealed that interference with miR-301a-3p could decrease the expressions of inflammatory factors and apoptosis in the retinal tissue of DR. Furthermore, it can alleviate the oxidative stress in DR serum, reduce VEGF expression, increase endothelial cell marker expression, and inhibit (High Glucose) HG-induced apoptosis of HRECs. Six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate 4 (STEAP4) was the target of miR-301a-3p. All the effects of miR-301a-3p in DR model were reversed by STEAP4 inhibitor. CONCLUSION miR-301a-3p promotes diabetic retinopathy via regulation of STEAP4. The findings in this study may provide a vital reference for the drug research and development in DR treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmin Wang
- Department of Nursing, Xingtai Medical College, Hebei, 054000, China
| | - Lijuan Gao
- Department of Clinical, Xingtai Medical College, Hebei, 054000, China
| | - Zhili Li
- Department of Physiology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Xingyuan Road No. 3, Hebei, 050200, China.
| | - Xingyou Ma
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xingtai Medical College, Hebei, 054000, China
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9
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Detection of Vascular Reactive Oxygen Species in Experimental Atherosclerosis by High-Resolution Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging Using VCAM-1-Targeted Liposomes Entrapping a Fluorogenic Redox-Sensitive Probe. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6685612. [PMID: 33763173 PMCID: PMC7963910 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6685612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ensuing oxidative stress are instrumental in all phases of atherosclerosis. Despite the major achievements in understanding the regulatory pathways and molecular sources of ROS in the vasculature, the specific detection and quantification of ROS in experimental models of disease remain a challenge. We aimed to develop a reliable and straightforward imaging procedure to interrogate the ROS overproduction in the vasculature and in various organs/tissues in atherosclerosis. To this purpose, the cell-impermeant ROS Brite™ 700 (RB700) probe that produces bright near-infrared fluorescence upon ROS oxidation was encapsulated into VCAM-1-targeted, sterically stabilized liposomes (VLp). Cultured human endothelial cells (EC) and macrophages (Mac) were used for in vitro experiments. C57BL6/J and ApoE-/- mice were randomized to receive normal or high-fat, cholesterol-rich diet for 10 or 32 weeks. The mice received a retroorbital injection with fluorescent tagged VLp incorporating RB700 (VLp-RB700). After two hours, the specific signals of the oxidized RB700 and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl) (NBD-DSPE), inserted into liposome bilayers, were measured ex vivo in the mouse aorta and various organs by high-resolution fluorescent imaging. VLp-RB700 was efficiently taken up by cultured human EC and Mac, as confirmed by fluorescence microscopy and spectrofluorimetry. After systemic administration in atherosclerotic ApoE-/- mice, VLp-RB700 were efficiently concentrated at the sites of aortic lesions, as indicated by the augmented NBD fluorescence. Significant increases in oxidized RB700 signal were detected in the aorta and in the liver and kidney of atherosclerotic ApoE-/- mice. RB700 encapsulation into sterically stabilized VCAM-1-sensitive Lp could be a novel strategy for the qualitative and quantitative detection of ROS in the vasculature and various organs and tissues in animal models of disease. The accurate and precise detection of ROS in experimental models of disease could ease the translation of the results to human pathologies.
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10
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Noncoding RNAs involved in DNA methylation and histone methylation, and acetylation in diabetic vascular complications. Pharmacol Res 2021; 170:105520. [PMID: 33639232 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder and its incidence is still increasing. Diabetic vascular complications cause major diabetic mobility and include accelerated atherosclerosis, nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy. Hyperglycemia contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications via numerous mechanisms including the induction of oxidative stress, inflammation, metabolic alterations, and abnormal proliferation of EC and angiogenesis. In the past decade, epigenetic modifications have attracted more attention as they participate in the progression of diabetic vascular complications despite controlled glucose levels and regulate gene expression without altering the genomic sequence. DNA methylation and histone methylation, and acetylation are vital epigenetic modifications and their underlying mechanisms in diabetic vascular complication are still urgently needed to be investigated. Non-coding RNAs (nc RNAs) such as micro RNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circ RNAs) were found to exert transcriptional regulation in diabetic vascular complication. Although nc RNAs are not considered as epigenetic components, they are involved in epigenetic modifications. In this review, we summarized the investigations of non-coding RNAs involved in DNA methylation and histone methylation and acetylation. Their cross-talks might offer novel insights into the pathology of diabetic vascular complications.
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11
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Habibalahi A, Moghari MD, Campbell JM, Anwer AG, Mahbub SB, Gosnell M, Saad S, Pollock C, Goldys EM. Non-invasive real-time imaging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) using auto-fluorescence multispectral imaging technique: A novel tool for redox biology. Redox Biol 2020; 34:101561. [PMID: 32526699 PMCID: PMC7287272 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Detecting reactive oxygen species (ROS) that play a critical role as redox modulators and signalling molecules in biological systems currently requires invasive methods such as ROS -specific indicators for imaging and quantification. We developed a non-invasive, real-time, label-free imaging technique for assessing the level of ROS in live cells and thawed cryopreserved tissues that is compatible with in-vivo imaging. The technique is based on autofluorescence multispectral imaging (AFMI) carried out in an adapted fluorescence microscope with an expanded number of spectral channels spanning specific excitation (365 nm-495 nm) and emission (420 nm-700 nm) wavelength ranges. We established a strong quantitative correlation between the spectral information obtained from AFMI and the level of ROS obtained from CellROX staining. The results were obtained in several cell types (HeLa, PANC1 and mesenchymal stem cells) and in live kidney tissue. Additioanly,two spectral regimes were considered: with and without UV excitation (wavelengths > 400 nm); the latter being suitable for UV-sensitive systems such as the eye. Data were analyzed by linear regression combined with an optimization method of swarm intelligence. This allowed the calibration of AFMI signals to the level of ROS with excellent correlation (R = 0.84, p = 0.00) in the entire spectral range and very good correlation (R = 0.78, p = 0.00) in the limited, UV-free spectral range. We also developed a strong classifier which allowed us to distinguish moderate and high levels of ROS in these two regimes (AUC = 0.91 in the entire spectral range and AUC = 0.78 for UV-free imaging). These results indicate that ROS in cells and tissues can be imaged non-invasively, which opens the way to future clinical applications in conditions where reactive oxygen species are known to contribute to progressive disease such as in ophthalmology, diabetes, kidney disease, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Habibalahi
- ARC Centre of Excellence Centre for Nanoscale Biophotonics, University of New South Wales, Kensington, 2052, NSW, Australia.
| | - Mahdieh Dashtbani Moghari
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Darlington Campus, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Jared M Campbell
- ARC Centre of Excellence Centre for Nanoscale Biophotonics, University of New South Wales, Kensington, 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Ayad G Anwer
- ARC Centre of Excellence Centre for Nanoscale Biophotonics, University of New South Wales, Kensington, 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Saabah B Mahbub
- ARC Centre of Excellence Centre for Nanoscale Biophotonics, University of New South Wales, Kensington, 2052, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Sonia Saad
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - Carol Pollock
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - Ewa M Goldys
- ARC Centre of Excellence Centre for Nanoscale Biophotonics, University of New South Wales, Kensington, 2052, NSW, Australia
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12
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Wang X, Ramamurthy G, Shirke AA, Walker E, Mangadlao J, Wang Z, Wang Y, Shan L, Schluchter MD, Dong Z, Brady-Kalnay SM, Walker NK, Gargesha M, MacLennan G, Luo D, Sun R, Scott B, Roy D, Li J, Basilion JP. Photodynamic Therapy Is an Effective Adjuvant Therapy for Image-Guided Surgery in Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2019; 80:156-162. [PMID: 31719100 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Local and metastatic relapses of prostate cancer often occur following attempted curative resection of the primary tumor, and up to 66% of local recurrences are associated with positive margins. Therefore, technologies that can improve the visualization of tumor margins and adjuvant therapies to ablate remaining tumor tissues are needed during surgical resection of prostate adenocarcinoma. Photodynamic agents have the potential to combine both fluorescence for image-guided surgery (IGS) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) to resect and ablate cancer cells. The objective of this study was to determine the utility of a targeted PDT agent for IGS and adjuvant PDT. Using a previously developed prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted PDT agent, PSMA-1-Pc413, we showed that PSMA-1-Pc413 selectively highlighted PSMA-expressing tumors, allowing IGS and more complete tumor resection compared with white light surgery. Subsequent PDT further reduced tumor recurrence and extended animal survival significantly. This approach also enabled identification of tumor cells in lymph nodes. In summary, this study presents a potential new treatment option for patients with prostate cancer undergoing surgery, which improves tumor visualization and discrimination during surgery, including identification of cancer in lymph nodes. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings present a photodynamic agent that can be used for both photodynamic therapy and image-guided surgery, allowing better visualization of tumor margins and elimination of residual tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinning Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
| | | | - Aditi A Shirke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ethan Walker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Joey Mangadlao
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ziying Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Lingpeng Shan
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Mark D Schluchter
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Zhipeng Dong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Susann M Brady-Kalnay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Micro Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | - Gregory MacLennan
- Department of Pathology and Urology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Dong Luo
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Rongcan Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | - Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - James P Basilion
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. .,Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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13
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Abstract
Retinal function has long been studied with psychophysical methods in humans, whereas detailed functional studies of vision have been conducted mostly in animals owing to the invasive nature of physiological approaches. There are exceptions to this generalization, for example, the electroretinogram. This review examines exciting recent advances using in vivo retinal imaging to understand the function of retinal neurons. In some cases, the methods have existed for years and are still being optimized. In others, new methods such as optophysiology are revealing novel patterns of retinal function in animal models that have the potential to change our understanding of the functional capacity of the retina. Together, the advances in retinal imaging mark an important milestone that shifts attention away from anatomy alone and begins to probe the function of healthy and diseased eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Hunter
- Flaum Eye Institute and Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14604, USA; , ,
- The Institute of Optics and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14604, USA
| | - William H Merigan
- Flaum Eye Institute and Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14604, USA; , ,
| | - Jesse B Schallek
- Flaum Eye Institute and Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14604, USA; , ,
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14604, USA
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14
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Kuhn P, Kalariya HM, Poulev A, Ribnicky DM, Jaja-Chimedza A, Roopchand DE, Raskin I. Grape polyphenols reduce gut-localized reactive oxygen species associated with the development of metabolic syndrome in mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198716. [PMID: 30308002 PMCID: PMC6181265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD)-induced leaky gut syndrome combined with low-grade inflammation increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the intestine and may contribute to dysbiosis and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Poorly bioavailable and only partially metabolizable dietary polyphenols, such as proanthocyanidins (PACs), may exert their beneficial effects on metabolic health by scavenging intestinal ROS. To test this hypothesis, we developed and validated a novel, noninvasive, in situ method for visualizing intestinal ROS using orally administered ROS-sensitive indocyanine green (ICG) dye. C57BL/6J mice fed HFD for 10 weeks accumulated high levels of intestinal ROS compared to mice fed low-fat diet (LFD). Oral administration of poorly bioavailable grape polyphenol extract (GPE) and β-carotene decreased HFD-induced ROS in the gut to levels comparable to LFD-fed mice, while administration of more bioavailable dietary antioxidants (α-lipoic acid, vitamin C, vitamin E) did not. Forty percent of administered GPE antioxidant activity was measured in feces collected over 24 h, confirming poor bioavailability and persistence in the gut. The bloom of beneficial anaerobic gut bacteria, such as Akkermansia muciniphila, associated with improved metabolic status in rodents and humans may be directly linked to protective antioxidant activity of some dietary components. These findings suggest a possible mechanistic explanation for the beneficial effects of poorly bioavailable polyphenols on metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kuhn
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Plant Biology, Foran Hall, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
| | - Hetalben M. Kalariya
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Plant Biology, Foran Hall, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
| | - Alexander Poulev
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Plant Biology, Foran Hall, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
| | - David M. Ribnicky
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Plant Biology, Foran Hall, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
| | - Asha Jaja-Chimedza
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Plant Biology, Foran Hall, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
| | - Diana E. Roopchand
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Food Science, Institute for Food Nutrition and Health, Center for Digestive Health, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
| | - Ilya Raskin
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Plant Biology, Foran Hall, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
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15
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Anti‐Flt1 peptide and cyanine‐conjugated gold nanoparticles for the concurrent antiangiogenic and endothelial cell proton treatment. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2018; 107:1272-1283. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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16
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Jiang X, Wang L, Carroll SL, Chen J, Wang MC, Wang J. Challenges and Opportunities for Small-Molecule Fluorescent Probes in Redox Biology Applications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:518-540. [PMID: 29320869 PMCID: PMC6056262 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The concentrations of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) are critical to various biochemical processes. Small-molecule fluorescent probes have been widely used to detect and/or quantify ROS/RNS in many redox biology studies and serve as an important complementary to protein-based sensors with unique applications. Recent Advances: New sensing reactions have emerged in probe development, allowing more selective and quantitative detection of ROS/RNS, especially in live cells. Improvements have been made in sensing reactions, fluorophores, and bioavailability of probe molecules. CRITICAL ISSUES In this review, we will not only summarize redox-related small-molecule fluorescent probes but also lay out the challenges of designing probes to help redox biologists independently evaluate the quality of reported small-molecule fluorescent probes, especially in the chemistry literature. We specifically highlight the advantages of reversibility in sensing reactions and its applications in ratiometric probe design for quantitative measurements in living cells. In addition, we compare the advantages and disadvantages of small-molecule probes and protein-based probes. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The low physiological relevant concentrations of most ROS/RNS call for new sensing reactions with better selectivity, kinetics, and reversibility; fluorophores with high quantum yield, wide wavelength coverage, and Stokes shifts; and structural design with good aqueous solubility, membrane permeability, low protein interference, and organelle specificity. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 518-540.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiqian Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Lingfei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Shaina L. Carroll
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jianwei Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Meng C. Wang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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17
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Bhatia V, Valdés-Sánchez L, Rodriguez-Martinez D, Bhattacharya SS. Formation of 53BP1 foci and ATM activation under oxidative stress is facilitated by RNA:DNA hybrids and loss of ATM-53BP1 expression promotes photoreceptor cell survival in mice. F1000Res 2018; 7:1233. [PMID: 30345028 PMCID: PMC6171737 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15579.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Photoreceptors, light-sensing neurons in retina, are central to vision. Photoreceptor cell death (PCD) is observed in most inherited and acquired retinal dystrophies. But the underlying molecular mechanism of PCD is unclear. Photoreceptors are sturdy neurons that survive high oxidative and phototoxic stress, which are known threats to genome stability. Unexpectedly, DNA damage response in mice photoreceptors is compromised; mainly due to loss of crucial DNA repair proteins, ATM and 53BP1. We tried to understand the molecular function of ATM and 53BP1 in response to oxidative stress and how suppression of DNA repair response in mice retina affect photoreceptor cell survival. Methods: We use the state of art cell biology methods and structure-function analysis of mice retina. RNA:DNA hybrids (S9.6 antibody and Hybrid-binding domain of RNaseH1) and DNA repair foci (gH2AX and 53BP1) are quantified by confocal microscopy, in retinal sections and cultured cell lines. Oxidative stress, DNA double strand break, RNaseH1 expression and small-molecule kinase-inhibitors were used to understand the role of ATM and RNA:DNA hybrids in DNA repair. Lastly, retinal structure and function of ATM deficient mice, in Retinal degeneration 1 (Pde6brd1) background, is studied using Immunohistochemistry and Electroretinography. Results: Our work has three novel findings: firstly, both human and mice photoreceptor cells specifically accumulate RNA:DNA hybrids, a structure formed by re-hybridization of nascent RNA with template DNA during transcription. Secondly, RNA:DNA-hybrids promote ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) activation during oxidative stress and 53BP1-foci formation during downstream DNA repair process. Thirdly, loss of ATM -in murine photoreceptors- protract DNA repair but also promote their survival. Conclusions: We propose that due to high oxidative stress and accumulation of RNA:DNA-hybrids in photoreceptors, expression of ATM is tightly regulated to prevent PCD. Inefficient regulation of ATM expression could be central to PCD and inhibition of ATM-activation could suppress PCD in retinal dystrophy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Bhatia
- CABIMER (Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa), (FPS) Fundacion Progreso y Salud, Sevilla, Andalucia, 41092, Spain
| | - Lourdes Valdés-Sánchez
- CABIMER (Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa), (FPS) Fundacion Progreso y Salud, Sevilla, Andalucia, 41092, Spain
| | - Daniel Rodriguez-Martinez
- CABIMER (Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa), (FPS) Fundacion Progreso y Salud, Sevilla, Andalucia, 41092, Spain
| | - Shom Shankar Bhattacharya
- CABIMER (Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa), (FPS) Fundacion Progreso y Salud, Sevilla, Andalucia, 41092, Spain
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18
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Berkowitz BA. Oxidative stress measured in vivo without an exogenous contrast agent using QUEST MRI. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2018; 291:94-100. [PMID: 29705036 PMCID: PMC5963509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Decades of experimental studies have implicated excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the decline of tissue function during normal aging, and as a pathogenic factor in a vast array of fatal or debilitating morbidities. This massive body of work has important clinical implications since many antioxidants are FDA approved, readily cross blood-tissue barriers, and are effective at improving disease outcomes. Yet, the potential benefits of antioxidants have remained largely unrealized in patients because conventional methods cannot determine the dose, timing, and drug combinations to be used in clinical trials to localize and decrease oxidative stress. To address this major problem and improve translational success, new methods are urgently needed that non-invasively measure the same ROS biomarker both in animal models and patients with high spatial resolution. Here, we summarize a transformative solution based on a novel method: QUEnch-assiSTed MRI (QUEST MRI). The QUEST MRI index is a significant antioxidant-induced improvement in pathophysiology, or a reduction in 1/T1 (i.e., R1). The latter form of QUEST MRI provides a unique measure of uncontrolled production of endogenous, paramagnetic reactive oxygen species (ROS). QUEST MRI results to-date have been validated by gold standard oxidative stress assays. QUEST MRI has high translational potential because it does not use an exogenous contrast agent and requires only standard MRI equipment. Summarizing, QUEST MRI is a powerful non-invasive approach with unprecedented potential for (i) bridging antioxidant treatment in animal models and patients, (ii) identifying tissue subregions exhibiting oxidative stress, and (iii) coupling oxidative stress localization with behavioral dysfunction, disease pathology, and genetic vulnerabilities to serve as a marker of susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Berkowitz
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States.
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19
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20
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Roles of miRNAs and long noncoding RNAs in the progression of diabetic retinopathy. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20171157. [PMID: 29074557 PMCID: PMC5705777 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness in working-age adults across the world. The pathogenesis of DR is multifactorial and the molecular mechanisms are still not fully understood. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) may be aberrantly expressed and may play vital roles in the development of DR. Amongst ncRNAs, miRNAs and long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) are known for their regulatory functions. Here, we summarize the functions and mechanisms of known aberrantly expressed miRNAs and lncRNAs in DR. Additionally, a novel lncRNA–mRNA–miRNA network is included in this review. We highlight original studies that provide detailed data about the mechanisms of miRNAs and lncRNAs, their applications as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers, and their potential therapeutic targets. In conclusion, this review will help us gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which miRNAs and lncRNAs perform their functions in DR, and provide general strategies and directions for future research.
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21
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Wong P, Markey M, Rapp CM, Darrow RM, Ziesel A, Organisciak D. Enhancing the efficacy of AREDS antioxidants in light-induced retinal degeneration. Mol Vis 2017; 23:718-739. [PMID: 29062223 PMCID: PMC5640517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Light-induced photoreceptor cell degeneration and disease progression in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) involve oxidative stress and visual cell loss, which can be prevented, or slowed, by antioxidants. Our goal was to test the protective efficacy of a traditional Age-related Eye Disease Study antioxidant formulation (AREDS) and AREDS combined with non-traditional antioxidants in a preclinical animal model of photooxidative retinal damage. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were reared in a low-intensity (20 lux) or high-intensity (200 lux) cyclic light environment for 6 weeks. Some animals received a daily dietary supplement consisting of a small cracker infused with an AREDS antioxidant mineral mixture, AREDS antioxidants minus zinc, or zinc oxide alone. Other rats received AREDS combined with a detergent extract of the common herb rosemary, AREDS plus carnosic acid, zinc oxide plus rosemary, or rosemary alone. Antioxidant efficacy was determined by measuring retinal DNA levels 2 weeks after 6 h of intense exposure to white light (9,000 lux). Western blotting was used to determine visual cell opsin and arrestin levels following intense light treatment. Rhodopsin regeneration was determined after 1 h of exposure to light. Gene array analysis was used to determine changes in the expression of retinal genes resulting from light rearing environment or from antioxidant supplementation. RESULTS Chronic high-intensity cyclic light rearing resulted in lower levels of rod and cone opsins, retinal S-antigen (S-ag), and medium wavelength cone arrestin (mCAR) than found for rats maintained in low cyclic light. However, as determined by retinal DNA, and by residual opsin and arrestin levels, 2 weeks after acute photooxidative damage, visual cell loss was greater in rats reared in low cyclic light. Retinal damage decreased with AREDS plus rosemary, or with zinc oxide plus rosemary whereas AREDS alone and zinc oxide alone (at their daily recommended levels) were both ineffective. One week of supplemental AREDS plus carnosic acid resulted in higher levels of rod and cone cell proteins, and higher levels of retinal DNA than for AREDS alone. Rhodopsin regeneration was unaffected by the rosemary treatment. Retinal gene array analysis showed reduced expression of medium- wavelength opsin 1 and arrestin C in the high-light reared rats versus the low-light rats. The transition of rats from low cyclic light to a high cyclic light environment resulted in the differential expression of 280 gene markers, enriched for genes related to inflammation, apoptosis, cytokine, innate immune response, and receptors. Rosemary, zinc oxide plus rosemary, and AREDS plus rosemary suppressed 131, 241, and 266 of these genes (respectively) in high-light versus low-light animals and induced a small subset of changes in gene expression that were independent of light rearing conditions. CONCLUSIONS Long-term environmental light intensity is a major determinant of retinal gene and protein expression, and of visual cell survival following acute photooxidative insult. Rats preconditioned by high-light rearing exhibit lower levels of cone opsin mRNA and protein, and lower mCAR protein, than low-light reared animals, but greater retention of retinal DNA and proteins following photooxidative damage. Rosemary enhanced the protective efficacy of AREDS and led to the greatest effect on the retinal genome in animals reared in high environmental light. Chronic administration of rosemary antioxidants may be a useful adjunct to the therapeutic benefit of AREDS in slowing disease progression in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - M. Markey
- Center for Genomics Research; Wright State University, Dayton, OH
| | - C. M. Rapp
- Petticrew Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
| | - R. M. Darrow
- Petticrew Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
| | - A. Ziesel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - D.T. Organisciak
- Petticrew Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
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22
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Shen L, Ji HF. Is antioxidant supplement beneficial? New avenue to explore. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Xie J, Gong Q, Liu X, Liu Z, Tian R, Cheng Y, Su G. Transcription factor SP1 mediates hyperglycemia-induced upregulation of roundabout4 in retinal microvascular endothelial cells. Gene 2017; 616:31-40. [PMID: 28341181 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Roundabout4 (Robo4) is a gene that is expressed specifically in vasculature and is involved in the angiogenesis and integrity of blood vessels. The expression level of Robo4 increases gradually along with the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR). In this study, we explored the mechanism of transcriptional regulation of Robo4 in retinal endothelial cells, and investigated the effects of this regulation on cellular functions under hyperglycemic conditions. Human retinal endothelial cells (HREC) exposed to hyperglycemia were used to detect the expression levels of specificity protein 1 (SP1) and Robo4 by RT-qPCR and western blotting. Small interfering RNA (SiRNA) transfection technology was used to analyze the regulatory relationship between SP1 and Robo4. The effect of transcription factor SP1 on Robo4 promoter activity and the location of SP1 binding sites were investigated using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and luciferase assay. Cell migration, monolayer permeability and tube formation assays were performed to demonstrate the role of SP1/Robo4 in regulating HREC functions in hyperglycemic conditions. The results showed that hyperglycemia upregulated the mRNA and protein levels of SP1 and Robo4 in HREC. Depletion of SP1 by siRNA transfection inhibited the hyperglycemia induced overexpression of Robo4. ChIP combined with luciferase assay showed that under hyperglycemic conditions, SP1 significantly increased the transcriptional level of Robo4 via an additional SP1 binding site at -1912/-1908 in the Robo4 promoter. Repressing the SP1/Robo4 pathway effectively mitigated the abnormity in HREC migration, permeability and angiogenesis induced by hyperglycemia. All these findings indicate that hyperglycemia-induced upregulation of Robo4 is mediated by enhanced transcription of SP1. The SP1/Robo4 signaling pathway can regulate the migratory ability, monolayer permeability and angiogenesis of HREC under hyperglycemic conditions, suggesting that it may play an important role in microvascular dysfunction during DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia'nan Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qiaoyun Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zaoxia Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Rui Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guanfang Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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24
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Fan N, Silverman SM, Liu Y, Wang X, Kim BJ, Tang L, Clark AF, Liu X, Pang IH. Rapid repeatable in vivo detection of retinal reactive oxygen species. Exp Eye Res 2017; 161:71-81. [PMID: 28603016 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative injuries, such as those related to reactive oxygen species (ROS), have been implicated in various retinal and optic nerve disorders. Many ROS detection methods have been developed. Although widely utilized, many of these methods are useful only in post mortem tissues, or require relatively expensive equipment, or involve intraocular injection. In the present study, we demonstrated and characterized a chemiluminescent probe L-012 as a noninvasive, in vivo ROS detection agent in the mouse retina. Using optic nerve crush (ONC) and retinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) as injury models, we show that L-012 produced intensive luminescent signals specifically in the injured eyes. Histological examination showed that L-012 administration was safe to the retina. Additionally, compounds that reduce tissue superoxide levels, apocynin and TEMPOL, decreased injury-induced L-012 chemiluminescence. The decrease in L-012 signals correlated with their protective effects against retinal I/R-induced morphological and functional changes in the retina. Together, these data demonstrate the feasibility of a fast, simple, reproducible, and non-invasive detection method to monitor in vivo ROS in the retina. Furthermore, the results also show that reduction of ROS is a potential therapeutic approach for protection from these retinal injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Fan
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China; North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Sean M Silverman
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Xizhen Wang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Byung-Jin Kim
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Liping Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Abbot F Clark
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Xuyang Liu
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Iok-Hou Pang
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
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25
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Berkowitz BA, Lenning J, Khetarpal N, Tran C, Wu JY, Berri AM, Dernay K, Haacke EM, Shafie-Khorassani F, Podolsky RH, Gant JC, Maimaiti S, Thibault O, Murphy GG, Bennett BM, Roberts R. In vivo imaging of prodromal hippocampus CA1 subfield oxidative stress in models of Alzheimer disease and Angelman syndrome. FASEB J 2017; 31:4179-4186. [PMID: 28592637 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700229r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampus oxidative stress is considered pathogenic in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer disease (AD), and in neurodevelopmental disorders, such as Angelman syndrome (AS). Yet clinical benefits of antioxidant treatment for these diseases remain unclear because conventional imaging methods are unable to guide management of therapies in specific hippocampus subfields in vivo that underlie abnormal behavior. Excessive production of paramagnetic free radicals in nonhippocampus brain tissue can be measured in vivo as a greater-than-normal 1/T1 that is quenchable with antioxidant as measured by quench-assisted (Quest) MRI. Here, we further test this approach in phantoms, and we present proof-of-concept data in models of AD-like and AS hippocampus oxidative stress that also exhibit impaired spatial learning and memory. AD-like models showed an abnormal gradient along the CA1 dorsal-ventral axis of excessive free radical production as measured by Quest MRI, and redox-sensitive calcium dysregulation as measured by manganese-enhanced MRI and electrophysiology. In the AS model, abnormally high free radical levels were observed in dorsal and ventral CA1. Quest MRI is a promising in vivo paradigm for bridging brain subfield oxidative stress and behavior in animal models and in human patients to better manage antioxidant therapy in devastating neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases.-Berkowitz, B. A., Lenning, J., Khetarpal, N., Tran, C., Wu, J. Y., Berri, A. M., Dernay, K., Haacke, E. M., Shafie-Khorassani, F., Podolsky, R. H., Gant, J. C., Maimaiti, S., Thibault, O., Murphy, G. G., Bennett, B. M., Roberts, R. In vivo imaging of prodromal hippocampus CA1 subfield oxidative stress in models of Alzheimer disease and Angelman syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Berkowitz
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA; .,Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jacob Lenning
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Nikita Khetarpal
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Catherine Tran
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Johnny Y Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Ali M Berri
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Kristin Dernay
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - E Mark Haacke
- Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Fatema Shafie-Khorassani
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Robert H Podolsky
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - John C Gant
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Shaniya Maimaiti
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Olivier Thibault
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Geoffrey G Murphy
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Molecular Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Brian M Bennett
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robin Roberts
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Billaud M, Phillippi JA, Kotlarczyk MP, Hill JC, Ellis BW, St Croix CM, Cantu-Medéllin N, Kelley EE, Gleason TG. Elevated oxidative stress in the aortic media of patients with bicuspid aortic valve. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017; 154:1756-1762. [PMID: 28651938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Congenital bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is distinctly associated with the development of ascending aortopathy in adulthood, portending risk of both ascending aortic aneurysm and dissection. Our previous work implicated deficiency in oxidative stress response as a mediator of the BAV-associated aortopathy. We hypothesize that reactive oxygen species generation invokes elevated local oxidative tissue damage in ascending aorta of patients with BAV. METHODS Ascending aortic specimens were obtained from patients undergoing elective aortic replacement and/or aortic valve replacement and during heart transplant operations. Levels of superoxide anion were measured via high-pressure liquid chromatography-based detection of 2-hydroxyethidium in aortic specimens. Lipid peroxidation and enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase were quantified in aortic specimens. RESULTS Superoxide anion production was elevated in aortic specimens from patients with nonaneurysmal BAV (n = 59) compared with specimens from patients with the morphologically normal tricuspid aortic valve (TAV, n = 38). Total superoxide dismutase activity was similar among aortic specimens from patients with TAV versus BAV (n = 27 and 26, respectively), whereas peroxidase activity was increased in aortic specimens from patients with BAV compared with specimens from patients with TAV (n = 14 for both groups). Lipid peroxidation was elevated in aortic specimens from BAV patients compared with TAV patients (n = 14 and 11, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Superoxide anion accumulation and increased lipid peroxidation demonstrate that, despite increased peroxidase activity, the ascending aortopathy of patients with BAV involves oxidative stress. In addition, the absence of increased superoxide dismutase activity in BAV specimens indicates a deficiency in antioxidant defense. This suggests that the characteristic smooth muscle cell loss observed in BAV aortopathy may be a consequence of superoxide-mediated cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Billaud
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa; Center for Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Julie A Phillippi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa; Center for Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Mary P Kotlarczyk
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa; Center for Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Jennifer C Hill
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa; Center for Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Bradley W Ellis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Claudette M St Croix
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | | | - Eric E Kelley
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WVa
| | - Thomas G Gleason
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa; Center for Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa.
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Dulull NK, Thrimawithana TR, Kwa FAA. Mimicking the ocular environment for the study of inflammatory posterior eye disorders. Drug Discov Today 2016; 22:440-446. [PMID: 27871941 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The common inflammatory posterior eye disorders, age-related degeneration and glaucoma often lead to irreversible vision loss. Current treatments do not target early stages or prevent disease progression. Consequently, the identification of biomarkers or early disease models that can accurately mimic the pathological processes involved is essential. Although none of the existing models can recapitulate all pathological aspects of these disorders, these models have revealed new therapeutic targets. Efforts to accurately phenotype eye disorders at various disease stages are warranted to generate a 'super' model that can replicate the microenvironment of the eye and associated pathological hallmarks effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeela K Dulull
- Discipline of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Thilini R Thrimawithana
- Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Faith A A Kwa
- Discipline of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
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Berkowitz BA, Lewin AS, Biswal MR, Bredell BX, Davis C, Roberts R. MRI of Retinal Free Radical Production With Laminar Resolution In Vivo. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57:577-85. [PMID: 26886890 PMCID: PMC4771178 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-18972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Recent studies have suggested the hypothesis that quench-assisted 1/T1 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures free radical production with laminar resolution in vivo without the need of a contrast agent. Here, we test this hypothesis further by examining the spatial and detection sensitivity of quench-assisted 1/T1 MRI to strain, age, or retinal cell layer-specific genetic manipulations. Methods We studied: adult wild-type mice; mice at postnatal day 7 (P7); cre dependent retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-specific MnSOD knockout mice; doxycycline-treated Sod2flox/flox mice lacking the cre transgene; and α-transducin knockout (Gnat1−/−) mice on a C57Bl/6 background. Transretinal 1/T1 profiles were mapped in vivo in the dark without or with antioxidant treatment, or followed by light exposure. We calibrated profiles spatially using optical coherence tomography. Results Dark-adapted RPE-specific MnSOD knockout mice had greater than normal 1/T1 in the RPE and outer nuclear layers that was corrected to wild-type levels by antioxidant treatment. Dark and light Gnat1−/− mice also had greater than normal outer retinal 1/T1 values. In adult wild-type mice, dark values of 1/T1 in the ellipsoid region and in the outer segment were suppressed by 13 minutes of light. By 29 minutes of light, 1/T1 reduction extended to the outer nuclear layer. Gnat1−/− mice demonstrated a faster light-evoked suppression of 1/T1 values in the outer retina. In P7 mice, transretinal 1/T1 profiles were the same in dark and light. Conclusions Quench-assisted MRI has the laminar resolution and detection sensitivity to evaluate normal and pathologic production of free radicals in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Berkowitz
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Alfred S Lewin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Manas R Biswal
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Bryce X Bredell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Christopher Davis
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Robin Roberts
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
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Berkowitz BA, Bredell BX, Davis C, Samardzija M, Grimm C, Roberts R. Measuring In Vivo Free Radical Production by the Outer Retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 56:7931-8. [PMID: 26670830 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-18420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Excessive and continuously produced free radicals in the outer retina are implicated in retinal aging and the pathogenesis of sight-threatening retinopathies, yet measuring outer retinal oxidative stress in vivo remains a challenge. Here, we test the hypothesis that continuously produced paramagnetic free radicals from the outer retina can be measured in vivo using high-resolution (22-μm axial resolution) 1/T1magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) without and with a confirmatory quench (quench-assisted MRI). METHODS Low-dose sodium iodate-treated and diabetic C57Bl6/J mice (and their controls), and rod-dominated (129S6) or cone-only R91W;Nrl-/- mice were studied. In dark-adapted groups, 1/T1 was mapped transretinally in vivo without or with (1) the antioxidant combination of methylene blue (MB) and α-lipoic acid (LPA), or (2) light exposure; in subgroups, retinal superoxide production was measured ex vivo (lucigenin). RESULTS In the sodium iodate model, retinal superoxide production and outer retina-specific 1/T1 values were both significantly greater than normal and corrected to baseline with MB+LPA therapy. Nondiabetic mice at two ages and 1.2-month diabetic mice (before the appearance of oxidative stress) had similar transretinal 1/T1 profiles. By 2.3 months of diabetes, only outer retinal 1/T1 values were significantly greater than normal and were corrected to baseline with MB+LPA therapy. In mice with healthy photoreceptors, a light quench caused 1/T1 of rods, but not cones, to significantly decrease from their values in the dark. CONCLUSIONS Quench-assisted MRI is a feasible method for noninvasively measuring normal and pathologic production of free radicals in photoreceptors/RPE in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Berkowitz
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Bryce X Bredell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Christopher Davis
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Marijana Samardzija
- Laboratory for Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Grimm
- Laboratory for Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robin Roberts
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
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