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Hryciw DH, Patten RK, Rodgers RJ, Proietto J, Hutchinson DS, McAinch AJ. GPR119 agonists for type 2 diabetes: past failures and future hopes for preclinical and early phase candidates. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2024; 33:183-190. [PMID: 38372052 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2024.2321271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is metabolic disorder associated with a decrease in insulin activity and/or secretion from the β-cells of the pancreas, leading to elevated circulating glucose. Current management practices for T2D are complex with varying long-term effectiveness. Agonism of the G protein-coupled receptor GPR119 has received a lot of recent interest as a potential T2D therapeutic. AREAS COVERED This article reviews studies focused on GPR119 agonism in animal models of T2D and in patients with T2D. EXPERT OPINION GPR119 agonists in vitro and in vivo can potentially regulate incretin hormone release from the gut, then pancreatic insulin release which regulates blood glucose concentrations. However, the success in controlling glucose homeostasis in rodent models of T2D and obesity, failed to translate to early-stage clinical trials in patients with T2D. However, in more recent studies, acute and chronic dosing with the GPR119 agonist DS-8500a had increased efficacy, although this compound was discontinued for further development. New trials on GPR119 agonists are needed, however it may be that the future of GPR119 agonists lie in the development of combination therapy with other T2D therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanne H Hryciw
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
- Griffith Institute of Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rhiannon K Patten
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Raymond J Rodgers
- Robinson Research Institute, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Joseph Proietto
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dana S Hutchinson
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew J McAinch
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Lindner T, Schmidl D, Peschorn L, Pai V, Popa-Cherecheanu A, Chua J, Schmetterer L, Garhöfer G. Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoids in Glaucoma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1149. [PMID: 37631064 PMCID: PMC10460067 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. To date, intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only modifiable risk factor in glaucoma treatment, but even in treated patients, the disease can progress. Cannabinoids, which have been known to lower IOP since the 1970s, have been shown to have beneficial effects in glaucoma patients beyond their IOP-lowering properties. In addition to the classical cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, knowledge of non-classical cannabinoid receptors and the endocannabinoid system has increased in recent years. In particular, the CB2 receptor has been shown to mediate anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and neuroprotective properties, which may represent a promising therapeutic target for neuroprotection in glaucoma patients. Due to their vasodilatory effects, cannabinoids improve blood flow to the optic nerve head, which may suggest a vasoprotective potential and counteract the altered blood flow observed in glaucoma patients. The aim of this review was to assess the available evidence on the effects and therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in glaucoma patients. The pharmacological mechanisms underlying the effects of cannabinoids on IOP, neuroprotection, and ocular hemodynamics have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Lindner
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (T.L.); (D.S.); (L.P.); (V.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Doreen Schmidl
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (T.L.); (D.S.); (L.P.); (V.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Laura Peschorn
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (T.L.); (D.S.); (L.P.); (V.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Viktoria Pai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (T.L.); (D.S.); (L.P.); (V.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Alina Popa-Cherecheanu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emergency University Hospital, 050098 Bucharest, Romania;
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jacqueline Chua
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore;
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Leopold Schmetterer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (T.L.); (D.S.); (L.P.); (V.P.); (L.S.)
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore;
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Garhöfer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (T.L.); (D.S.); (L.P.); (V.P.); (L.S.)
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Marando CM, Chen TC. Evidence for Complementary and Alternative Therapies to Treat Glaucoma. Semin Ophthalmol 2023; 38:85-91. [PMID: 36469549 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2022.2152704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Complementary and alternative medicine is used by approximately 5% of patients with glaucoma, and examples include marijuana, Ginkgo biloba extract, bilberry fruit extract, and acupuncture. Systemic marijuana is not beneficial for glaucoma due to the short duration of action, the lack of evidence that it alters disease progression, and its negative side effect profile. Drops that affect the cannabinoid pathway are still being studied. Ginkgo biloba and bilberry fruit extracts have been shown to decrease oxidative stress and improve perfusion of the optic nerve head. However, these findings are inconsistent throughout the literature and the studies are small, which makes the overall evidence weak. There is no evidence that acupuncture alters glaucoma disease progression or causes a sustained decrease in intraocular pressure. In summary, the literature suggests that there are transient and/or theoretical benefits of complementary and alternative medicine for glaucoma care; however, the overall evidence to support their use is weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Marando
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye & Ear, Glaucoma Service, Boston, USA
| | - Teresa C Chen
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye & Ear, Glaucoma Service, Boston, USA
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Igarashi M, Hayakawa T, Tanabe H, Watanabe K, Nishida A, Kimura I. Intestinal GPR119 activation by microbiota-derived metabolites impacts feeding behavior and energy metabolism. Mol Metab 2022; 67:101649. [PMID: 36462626 PMCID: PMC9771719 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The gastrointestinal tract affects physiological activities and behavior by secreting hormones and generating signals through the activation of nutrient sensors. GPR119, a lipid sensor, is indirectly involved in the secretion of incretins, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, by enteroendocrine cells, while it directly stimulates insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells. Since GPR119 has the potential to modulate metabolic homeostasis in obesity and diabetes, it has attracted interest as a therapeutic target. However, previous studies have shown that the deletion of Gpr119 in mice does not affect glucose homeostasis and appetite in either basal or high-fat diet-fed conditions. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the role of GPR119 signaling system in energy metabolism and feeding behavior in mice. METHODS Gpr119 knockout (KO) mice were generated using CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing technology, and their feeding behavior and energy metabolism were evaluated and compared with those of wild type (WT) mice. RESULTS Upon inducing metabolic stress via food deprivation, Gpr119 KO mice exhibited lower blood glucose levels and a higher body weight reduction compared to WT mice. Although food intake in WT and KO mice were similar under free-feeding conditions, Gpr119 KO mice exhibited increased food intake when they were refed after 24 h of food deprivation. Further, food-deprived Gpr119 KO mice presented shorter post-meal intervals and lower satiety for second and later meals during refeeding, resulting in increased food intake. Associated with this meal pattern, levels of oleoylethanolamide (OEA), an endogenous agonist of GPR119, in the luminal contents of the distal gastrointestinal tract were elevated within 2 h after refeeding. The large-intestinal infusion of OEA prolonged post-meal intervals and increased satiety in the first meal, but not the second meal. On the other hand, infusion of oleic acid increased cecal OEA levels at 2 h from the beginning of infusion, while prolonging post-meal intervals and increasing satiety on the meals that occurred approximately 2 h after the infusion. Cecal OEA levels were low in antibiotic-treated mice, suggesting that the gut microbiota partially synthesizes OEA from oleic acid. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results indicate that the activation of gastrointestinal GPR119 by microbiota-produced OEA derived from oleic acid is associated with satiety control and energy homeostasis under energy shortage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Igarashi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu-City, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Neurological Disorders, 255 Furusawa-Tsuko, Asao-ku, Kanagawa 215-0026, Japan.
| | - Tetsuhiko Hayakawa
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu-City, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Haruka Tanabe
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Keita Watanabe
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akari Nishida
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kimura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu-City, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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Jordan E, Nguyen GN, Piechot A, Kayser O. Cannabinoids as New Drug Candidates for the Treatment of Glaucoma. PLANTA MEDICA 2022; 88:1267-1274. [PMID: 35299275 DOI: 10.1055/a-1665-3100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a blinding eye disease that affects about 70 million patients globally today. The cannabinoid receptors and the endocannabinoid system have found attention for new drug concepts. This review will analyze the potential of cannabinoids, primarily tetrahydrocannabinol, THCVS, and cannabinol, as drug candidates and the role of CB1/CB2 receptors with regard to the pathophysiology of glaucoma. The mode of action of cannabinoids as innovative drug candidates and recent formulations for topical delivery will be discussed. Cannabinoid receptors with associated TRPV channels will be evaluated for their potential as drug targets. Especially the role of the endocannabinoid system (fatty acid amide hydrolase, monoacylglycerol lipase) impacting the prostaglandin network (cyclooxygenase, PGE, PGF) and neuroprotection by inhibition of nitric oxide radical formation is in the focus of this review. Delivery systems, including recent clinical trials, will be analyzed to evaluate the potential for innovative future ophthalmological drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Jordan
- Technical Biochemistry, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gia-Nam Nguyen
- Technical Biochemistry, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
- MINDbioscience GmbH, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Oliver Kayser
- Technical Biochemistry, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
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Andreis K, Billingsley J, Naimi Shirazi K, Wager-Miller J, Johnson C, Bradshaw H, Straiker A. Cannabinoid CB1 receptors regulate salivation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14182. [PMID: 35986066 PMCID: PMC9391487 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17987-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Saliva serves multiple important functions within the body that we typically take for granted, such as helping prepare food for swallowing and defense against oral pathogens. Dry mouth is a primary symptom of Sjӧgren’s syndrome and is a side effect of many drug treatments. Cannabis users frequently report dry mouth, but the basis for this is still unknown. If the effects occur via the endogenous cannabinoid signaling system, then this may represent a novel mechanism for the regulation of salivation. We examined expression of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in submandibular salivary gland using immunohistochemistry and tested regulation of salivation by THC and cannabinoid-related ligands. We now report that CB1 receptors are expressed in the axons of cholinergic neurons innervating the submandibular gland. No staining is seen in submandibular gland epithelial cells (acinar and ductal), or myoepithelial cells (MECs). Treatment with THC (4 mg/kg, IP) or the cannabinoid receptor agonist CP55940 (0.5 mg/kg) reduced salivation in both male and female mice 1 h after treatment. CBD had no effect on its own but reversed the effect of THC in a concentration-dependent manner. Neither the CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716 (4 mg/kg) nor the CB2-selective agonist JWH133 (4 mg/kg) had an effect on salivation. We also found that fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the enzyme that metabolizes the endocannabinoid anandamide and related lipids, regulates salivation. Salivation was reduced in FAAH knockout mice as well as mice treated with the FAAH blocker URB597 (4 mg/kg). URB597 had no effect in CB1 knockout mice. FAAH protein is detected intracellularly in acinar but not ductal epithelial cells. In lipidomics experiments, we found that FAAH knockout mice chiefly had elevated levels of acylethanolamines, including anandamide, and reduced levels of acyglycines. Our results are consistent with a model wherein endocannabinoids activate CB1 receptors on cholinergic axons innervating the submandibular gland. THC likely acts by plugging into this system, activating CB1 receptors to reduce salivation, thus offering a mechanism underlying the dry mouth reported by cannabis users.
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Chetoni P, Burgalassi S, Zucchetti E, Granchi C, Minutolo F, Tampucci S, Monti D. MAGL inhibitor NanoMicellar formulation (MAGL-NanoMicellar) for the development of an antiglaucoma eye drop. Int J Pharm 2022; 625:122078. [PMID: 35932931 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The ocular endocannabinoid system (ECS) including enzymes and CB1/CB2 receptors determines various substantial effects, such as anti-inflammatory activity and reduction of the intraocular pressure (IOP). The modulation of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) levels obtained via MAGL inhibition is considered as a promising pharmacological strategy to activate the ECS. Within the scope of this study, the effect of a selective monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitor (MAGL17b) was investigated by measuring the IOP reduction in normotensive rabbits after performing a solubilisation process of the molecule with non-ionic surfactants, to produce suitable eye drops containing the highest possible concentration of the drug. Furthermore, the study involved the evaluation of cytotoxicity and of in vitro/ex vivo corneal permeation of MAG17b of selected formulations based on polyoxyl(35)castor oil (C-EL) and polyethylene glycol (80) sorbitan monolaurate (TW80). The solubilisation of 0.5 mM MAGL17b with 3% w/w TW80 (TW80/3-17b), through the formation of NanoMicellar structures (diameter of 12.3 nm), determined a significant permeation of MAGL17b, both through excised rabbits corneas and reconstituted corneal epithelium, with a limited corneal epithelial cells death. The blockade of MAGL activity induced a IOP reduction up to 4 mmHg in albino and pigmented rabbits after topical instillation, thus confirming the potential efficacy of the MAGL inhibition approach in the treatment of ocular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Chetoni
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), Pisa, Italy
| | - Susi Burgalassi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Silvia Tampucci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniela Monti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), Pisa, Italy
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CB 1R, CB 2R and TRPV1 expression and modulation in in vivo, animal glaucoma models: A systematic review. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:112981. [PMID: 35468582 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a complex biological regulatory system. Its expression and functionality have been widely investigated in ocular tissues. Recent data have reported its modulation to be valid in determining an ocular hypotensive and a neuroprotective effect in preclinical animal models of glaucoma. AIM This study aimed to explore the available literature on cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R), cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R), and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) expression in the trabecular meshwork (TM), ciliary body (CB), and retina as well as their ocular hypotensive and neuroprotective effects in preclinical, in vivo, animal glaucoma models. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study adhered to both PRISMA and SYRCLE guidelines. Sixty-nine full-length articles were included in the final analysis. RESULTS Preclinical studies indicated a widespread distribution of CB1R, CB2R, and TRPV1 in the TM, CB, and retina, although receptor-, age-, and species-dependent differences were observed. CB1R and CB2R modulation have been shown to exert ocular hypotensive effects in preclinical models via the regulation of inflow and outflow pathways. Retinal cell neuroprotection has been achieved in several experimental models, mediated by agonists and antagonists of CB1R, CB2R, and TRPV1. DISCUSSION Despite the growing body of preclinical data regarding the expression and modulation of ECS in ocular tissues, the mechanisms responsible for the hypotensive and neuroprotective efficacy exerted by this system remain largely elusive. Research on this topic is advocated to further substantiate the hypothesis that the ECS is a new potential therapeutic target in the context of glaucoma.
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Rebibo L, Frušić-Zlotkin M, Ofri R, Nassar T, Benita S. The dose-dependent effect of a stabilized cannabidiol nanoemulsion on ocular surface inflammation and intraocular pressure. Int J Pharm 2022; 617:121627. [PMID: 35245638 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a phytocannabinoid that has a great clinical therapeutic potential. Few studies have been published on its efficacy in ocular inflammations while its impact on intraocular pressure (IOP), a major risk factor for glaucoma, remains unclear. Moreover, due to its lability and high lipophilicity, its formulation within a prolonged stable topical ophthalmic solution or emulsion able to penetrate the highly selective corneal barrier is challenging. Therefore, various CBD nanoemulsions (NEs) were designed and evaluated for stability in accelerated conditions. Further, the optimal formulation was tested on a murine LPS-induced keratitis inflammation model. Lastly, increasing CBD concentrations were topically applied, for two weeks, on mice eyes, for IOP measurement. CBD NEs exhibited optimal physicochemical characteristics for ocular delivery. A specific antioxidant was required to obtain the stable, final, formulation. In vivo, 0.4 to 1.6% CBD w/v reduced the levels of key inflammatory cytokines, depending on the concentration applied. These concentrations decreased or did not affect the IOP. Our results showed that a well-designed CBD ocular dosage form can be stabilized for an extended shelf life. Furthermore, the significant decrease in inflammatory cytokines levels could be exploited, provided that an adequate therapeutic dosage regimen is identified in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Rebibo
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Marina Frušić-Zlotkin
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Ron Ofri
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agricultural, Food & Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Taher Nassar
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Simon Benita
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel.
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Biringer RG. Endocannabinoid signaling pathways: beyond CB1R and CB2R. J Cell Commun Signal 2021; 15:335-360. [PMID: 33978927 PMCID: PMC8222499 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-021-00622-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for cannabinoid receptors other than CB1R and CB2R has been ongoing for over a decade. A number of orphan receptors have been proposed as potential cannabinoid receptors primarily based on phylogenic arguments and reactivity towards known endocannabinoids and phytocannabinoids. Seven putative cannabinoid receptors are described and discussed, and evidence for and against their inclusion in this category are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Gregory Biringer
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, 34211, USA.
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11
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Vallée A, Lecarpentier Y, Vallée JN. Cannabidiol and the Canonical WNT/β-Catenin Pathway in Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073798. [PMID: 33917605 PMCID: PMC8038773 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a progressive neurodegenerative disease which constitutes the main frequent cause of irreversible blindness. Recent findings have shown that oxidative stress, inflammation and glutamatergic pathway play key roles in the causes of glaucoma. Recent studies have shown a down regulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway in glaucoma, associated with overactivation of the GSK-3β signaling. WNT/β-catenin pathway is mainly associated with oxidative stress, inflammation and glutamatergic pathway. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychotomimetic phytocannabinoid derived from Cannabis sativa plant which possesses many therapeutic properties across a range of neuropsychiatric disorders. Since few years, CBD presents an increased interest as a possible drug in anxiolytic disorders. CBD administration is associated with increase of the WNT/β-catenin pathway and decrease of the GSK-3β activity. CBD has a lower affinity for CB1 but can act through other signaling in glaucoma, including the WNT/β-catenin pathway. CBD downregulates GSK3-β activity, an inhibitor of WNT/β-catenin pathway. Moreover, CBD was reported to suppress pro-inflammatory signaling and neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and glutamatergic pathway. Thus, this review focuses on the potential effects of cannabidiol, as a potential therapeutic strategy, on glaucoma and some of the presumed mechanisms by which this phytocannabinoid provides its possible benefit properties through the WNT/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- Department of Clinical Research and Innovation (DRCI), Foch Hospital, 92150 Suresnes, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l’Est Francilien (GHEF), 6-8 rue Saint-Fiacre, 77100 Meaux, France;
| | - Jean-Noël Vallée
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Amiens Picardie, Université Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), 80054 Amiens, France;
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Applications (LMA), UMR CNRS 7348, Université de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France
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Miller S, Daily L, Dharla V, Gertsch J, Malamas MS, Ojima I, Kaczocha M, Ogasawara D, Straiker A. Endocannabinoid metabolism and transport as targets to regulate intraocular pressure. Exp Eye Res 2020; 201:108266. [PMID: 32979397 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids are part of an endogenous signaling system found throughout the body, including the eye. Hepler and Frank showed in the early 1970s that plant cannabinoids can lower intraocular pressure (IOP), an effect since shown to occur via cannabinoid CB1 and GPR18 receptors. Endocannabinoids are synthesized and metabolized enzymatically. Enzymes implicated in endocannabinoids breakdown include monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), but also ABHD12, NAAA, and COX-2. Inhibition of MAGL activity raises levels of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol and substantially lowers IOP. Blocking other cannabinoid metabolizing enzymes or cannabinoid transporters may similarly contribute to lowering IOP and so serve as therapeutic targets for treating glaucoma. We have tested blockers for several cannabinoid-metabolizing enzymes and transporters (FABP5 and membrane reuptake) for their ability to alter ocular pressure in a murine model of IOP. Of FAAH, ABHD12, NAAA, and COX2, only FAAH was seen to play a role in regulation of IOP. Only the FAAH blocker URB597 lowered IOP, but in a temporally, diurnally, and sex-specific manner. We also tested two blockers of cannabinoid transport (SBFI-26 and WOBE437), finding that each lowered IOP in a CB1-dependent manner. Though we see a modest, limited role for FAAH, our results suggest that MAGL is the primary cannabinoid-metabolizing enzyme in regulating ocular pressure, thus pointing towards a role of 2-arachidonoyl glycerol. Interestingly, inhibition of cannabinoid transport mechanisms independent of hydrolysis may prove to be an alternative strategy to lower ocular pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Miller
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Laura Daily
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Vijai Dharla
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Juerg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael S Malamas
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Iwao Ojima
- Department of Chemistry, USA; Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, USA
| | - Martin Kaczocha
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Daisuke Ogasawara
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Alex Straiker
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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Evidence that cannabinoid CB1 receptors regulate intraocular pressure via two opposing mechanisms. Exp Eye Res 2020; 200:108241. [PMID: 32941875 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cannabinoid signaling system regulates intraocular pressure (IOP) in the mouse via a complex system that includes three receptors: CB1, GPR18 and GPR119. In each case, activating the receptor lowers IOP, but CB1 receptors are found both at sites of aqueous humor inflow and outflow. As such, knockout mice for any of these receptors would be expected to have higher-than average, or at least unchanged, intraocular pressure. The current study investigates the unexpected observation that CB1 knockout mice have lower pressure than wild type counterparts by testing various regulators of cannabinoid signaling in murine models of IOP. We now report that a CB1 antagonist has differential effects on IOP: SR141716 raises IOP in standard light cycle (SLC) but lowers IOP in reverse light cycle (RLC). This is mimicked by ABD1085, a negative allosteric modulator of CB1. CB1 inhibitors lower IOP in both normotensive and hypertensive mouse eyes. The pressure-lowering effect is absent in CB1 knockout mice. IOP rebounds after the end of treatment but shows no sign of desensitization with daily treatment for a week. Unlike the positive cannabinoid effect, antagonist effects are not sex-dependent. We propose that there are two mechanisms of action for CB1, one that lowers IOP upon activation and a second with inverse sign that lowers IOP when CB1 is antagonized. The relatively lower pressure in CB1 knockout mouse eyes suggests that this second negative regulation of IOP is dominant.
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Thayer A, Murataeva N, Delcroix V, Wager-Miller J, Makarenkova HP, Straiker A. THC Regulates Tearing via Cannabinoid CB1 Receptors. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:48. [PMID: 32852544 PMCID: PMC7452851 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.10.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Aqueous deficiency dry eye (ADDE) is a chronic condition affecting millions, with symptoms ranging from a dry itchiness to blurred vision and accompanied by an increased risk of eye infections. ADDE typically arises from disorders of the lacrimal gland that produces tears necessary for eye lubrication. Cannabis users frequently report dry eye, but the basis for this is unknown. If the effects occur via the endogenous cannabinoid signaling system, then this may represent a novel mechanism for the regulation of tearing. Methods We examined expression of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the lacrimal gland using immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and PCR and tested tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) regulation of tearing in wild-type and CB1-null mice. Results We now report that CB1 receptors are expressed in the axons of cholinergic neurons innervating the lacrimal gland. Little if any staining is seen in lacrimal gland epithelial cells (acinar and ductal) or myoepithelial cells (MECs). Activation of CB1 receptors by THC or the cannabinoid agonist CP55940 reduces tearing in male mice. In female mice, THC has no effect, but CP55940 increases tearing. In both sexes, the effect of CP55940 is absent in CB1 knockout mice. CB1 mRNA and protein levels are approximately four- to fivefold higher in males than females. In male knockouts, THC increases tearing, suggesting that THC also acts through different receptors. Conclusions Our results suggest a novel, albeit sex-dependent, physiologic basis for the dry eye symptoms experienced by cannabis users: activation of neuronal CB1 receptors in the lacrimal gland reduces tearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Thayer
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Natalia Murataeva
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Vanessa Delcroix
- Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Jim Wager-Miller
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Helen P Makarenkova
- Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Alex Straiker
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
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15
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Markovics A, Angyal Á, Tóth KF, Ádám D, Pénzes Z, Magi J, Pór Á, Kovács I, Törőcsik D, Zouboulis CC, Bíró T, Oláh A. GPR119 Is a Potent Regulator of Human Sebocyte Biology. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:1909-1918.e8. [PMID: 32142797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We have shown previously that endocannabinoids promote sebaceous lipogenesis, and sebocytes are involved in the metabolism of the endocannabinoid-like substance oleoylethanolamide (OEA). OEA is an endogenous activator of GPR119, a recently deorphanized receptor, which currently is being investigated as a promising antidiabetic drug target. In this study, we investigated the effects of OEA as well as the expression and role of GPR119 in human sebocytes. We found that OEA promoted differentiation of human SZ95 sebocytes (elevated lipogenesis, enhanced granulation, and the induction of early apoptotic events), and it switched the cells to a proinflammatory phenotype (increased expression and release of several proinflammatory cytokines). Moreover, we could also demonstrate that GPR119 was expressed in human sebocytes, and its small interfering RNA-mediated gene silencing suppressed OEA-induced sebaceous lipogenesis, which was mediated via c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, protein kinase B, and CRE-binding protein activation. Finally, our pilot data demonstrated that GPR119 was downregulated in the sebaceous glands of patients with acne, arguing that GPR119 signaling may indeed be disturbed in acne. Collectively, our findings introduce the OEA/GPR119 signaling as a positive regulator of sebocyte differentiation and highlight the possibility that dysregulation of this pathway may contribute to the development of seborrhea and acne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Markovics
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; University of Debrecen, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Angyal
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; University of Debrecen, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Kinga Fanni Tóth
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; University of Debrecen, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Ádám
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; University of Debrecen, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Pénzes
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; University of Debrecen, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - József Magi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Pór
- Department of Pathology, Gyula Kenézy University Hospital, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ilona Kovács
- Department of Pathology, Gyula Kenézy University Hospital, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dániel Törőcsik
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Christos C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Dessau, Germany
| | - Tamás Bíró
- DE-MTA Lendület Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Oláh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Straiker
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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17
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Murataeva N, Daily L, Taylor X, Dhopeshwarkar A, Shu-Jung Hu S, Miller S, McHugh D, Oehler O, Li S, Bonanno JA, Mackie K, Straiker A. Evidence for a GPR18 Role in Chemotaxis, Proliferation, and the Course of Wound Closure in the Cornea. Cornea 2019; 38:905-913. [PMID: 30969262 PMCID: PMC6554050 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000001934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We previously showed that cannabinoid-related GPR18 receptors are present in the murine corneal epithelium, but their function remains unknown. The related CB1 receptors regulate corneal healing, possibly via chemotaxis. We therefore examined a potential role for GPR18 in corneal epithelial chemotaxis and wound healing. METHODS We examined GPR18 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression in the cornea. We additionally examined GPR18 action in cultured bovine corneal epithelial cells (bCECs) using Boyden and tracking assays, as well as proliferation and signaling. Finally, we examined wound closure in murine corneal explants. RESULTS GPR18 mRNA was upregulated with injury in the mouse cornea. GPR18 protein was present in basal epithelial cells of the mouse and cow and redistributed to the wound site upon injury. GPR18 ligand N-arachidonoylglycine induced bCEC chemotaxis. The endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamine also induced chemotaxis via fatty acid amide hydrolase-mediated metabolism to N-arachidonoylglycine. GPR18 receptor activation additionally induced bCEC proliferation. In an explant model, the GPR18 antagonist O-1918 slowed corneal epithelial cell migration and the rate of corneal wound closure. CONCLUSIONS Corneal GPR18 activation induced both chemotaxis and proliferation in corneal epithelial cells in vitro and impacted wound healing. GPR18 may contribute to the maintenance of corneal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Murataeva
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Laura Daily
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Xavier Taylor
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Amey Dhopeshwarkar
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Sherry Shu-Jung Hu
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sally Miller
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Douglas McHugh
- Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, North Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Olivia Oehler
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Shimin Li
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Joseph A. Bonanno
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Ken Mackie
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Alex Straiker
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
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18
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Miller S, Daily L, Leishman E, Bradshaw H, Straiker A. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol Differentially Regulate Intraocular Pressure. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:5904-5911. [PMID: 30550613 PMCID: PMC6295937 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose It has been known for nearly 50 years that cannabis and the psychoactive constituent Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) reduce intraocular pressure (IOP). Elevated IOP remains the chief hallmark and therapeutic target for glaucoma, a major cause of blindness. THC likely acts via one of the known cannabinoid-related receptors (CB1, CB2, GPR18, GPR119, GPR55) but this has never been determined explicitly. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a second major constituent of cannabis that has been found to be without effect on IOP in most studies. Methods Effects of topically applied THC and CBD were tested in living mice by using tonometry and measurements of mRNA levels. In addition the lipidomic consequences of CBD treatment were tested by using lipid analysis. Results We now report that a single topical application of THC lowered IOP substantially (∼28%) for 8 hours in male mice. This effect is due to combined activation of CB1 and GPR18 receptors each of which has been shown to lower ocular pressure when activated. We also found that the effect was sex-dependent, being stronger in male mice, and that mRNA levels of CB1 and GPR18 were higher in males. Far from inactive, CBD was found to have two opposing effects on ocular pressure, one of which involved antagonism of tonic signaling. CBD prevents THC from lowering ocular pressure. Conclusions We conclude that THC lowers IOP by activating two receptors—CB1 and GPR18—but in a sex-dependent manner. CBD, contrary to expectation, has two opposing effects on IOP and can interfere with the effects of THC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Miller
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Laura Daily
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Emma Leishman
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Heather Bradshaw
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Alex Straiker
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
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19
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Murataeva N, Miller S, Dhopeshwarkar A, Leishman E, Daily L, Taylor X, Morton B, Lashmet M, Bradshaw H, Hillard CJ, Romero J, Straiker A. Cannabinoid CB2R receptors are upregulated with corneal injury and regulate the course of corneal wound healing. Exp Eye Res 2019; 182:74-84. [PMID: 30905716 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CB2R receptors have demonstrated beneficial effects in wound healing in several models. We therefore investigated a potential role of CB2R receptors in corneal wound healing. We examined the functional contribution of CB2R receptors to the course of wound closure in an in vivo murine model. We additionally examined corneal expression of CB2R receptors in mouse and the consequences of their activation on cellular signaling, migration and proliferation in cultured bovine corneal epithelial cells (CECs). Using a novel mouse model, we provide evidence that corneal injury increases CB2R receptor expression in cornea. The CB2R agonist JWH133 induces chemorepulsion in cultured bovine CECs but does not alter CEC proliferation. The signaling profile of CB2R activation is activating MAPK and increasing cAMP accumulation, the latter perhaps due to Gs-coupling. Lipidomic analysis in bovine cornea shows a rise in acylethanolamines including the endocannabinoid anandamide 1 h after injury. In vivo, CB2R deletion and pharmacological block result in a delayed course of wound closure. In summary, we find evidence that CB2R receptor promoter activity is increased by corneal injury and that these receptors are required for the normal course of wound closure, possibly via chemorepulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Murataeva
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Sally Miller
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Amey Dhopeshwarkar
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Emma Leishman
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Laura Daily
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Xavier Taylor
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Brian Morton
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Matthew Lashmet
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Heather Bradshaw
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Cecilia J Hillard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Julian Romero
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alex Straiker
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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20
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Toguri J, Leishman E, Szczesniak A, Laprairie R, Oehler O, Straiker A, Kelly M, Bradshaw H. Inflammation and CB2 signaling drive novel changes in the ocular lipidome and regulate immune cell activity in the eye. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2018; 139:54-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Patent highlights from December 2017 to January 2018. Pharm Pat Anal 2018; 7:111-119. [PMID: 29676211 DOI: 10.4155/ppa-2018-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A snapshot of noteworthy recent developments in the patent literature of relevance to pharmaceutical and medical research and development.
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22
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Hansen HS, Vana V. Non-endocannabinoid N-acylethanolamines and 2-monoacylglycerols in the intestine. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:1443-1454. [PMID: 29473944 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on recent findings of the physiological and pharmacological role of non-endocannabinoid N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) and 2-monoacylglycerols (2-MAGs) in the intestine and their involvement in the gut-brain signalling. Dietary fat suppresses food intake, and much research concerns the known gut peptides, for example, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and cholecystokinin (CCK). NAEs and 2-MAGs represent another class of local gut signals most probably involved in the regulation of food intake. We discuss the putative biosynthetic pathways and targets of NAEs in the intestine as well as their anorectic role and changes in intestinal levels depending on the dietary status. NAEs can activate the transcription factor PPARα, but studies to evaluate the role of endogenous NAEs are generally lacking. Finally, we review the role of diet-derived 2-MAGs in the secretion of anorectic gut peptides via activation of GPR119. Both PPARα and GPR119 have potential as pharmacological targets for the treatment of obesity and the former for treatment of intestinal inflammation. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on 8th European Workshop on Cannabinoid Research. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.10/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald S Hansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vasiliki Vana
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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