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Goto S, Zhang Y, Vyas SA, Zhu Q, Wildsoet CF. Changes in Expression in BMP2 and Two Closely Related Genes in Guinea Pig Retinal Pigment Epithelium during Induction and Recovery from Myopia. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1373. [PMID: 37759773 PMCID: PMC10526436 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We previously reported differential gene expression of the bone morphogenetic protein 2 (Bmp2) in guinea pig retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) after 1 day of hyperopic defocus, imposed with a negative contact lens (CLs). The study reported here sought to obtain insights into the temporal profiles of gene expression changes in Bmp2, as well as those of two closely related genes, the inhibitor of DNA binding 3 (Id3) and Noggin (Nog), both during myopia induction and when the CL treatment was terminated to allow recovery from induced myopia. METHODS To induce myopia, 2-week-old pigmented guinea pigs (New Zealand strain, n = 8) wore monocular -10 diopter (D) rigid gas-permeable (RGP) CLs for one week, while the other eye served as a control. Ocular measurements were made at baseline, 3 days, and 7 days after the initiation of CL wear, with treatment then being terminated and additional measurements being made after a further 3 days, 1 week, and 2 weeks. Spherical equivalent refractive errors (SERs), axial length (AL), choroidal thickness (ChT), and scleral thickness (ScT) data were collected using retinoscopy, optical biometry (Lenstar), and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), respectively. RPE samples were collected from both eyes of the guinea pigs after either 1 day or 1 week of CL wear or 1 day or 2 weeks after its termination, and RNA was subsequently isolated and subjected to quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses, targeting the Bmp2, Id3, and Nog genes. RESULTS Mean interocular differences (treated-control) in AL and SER were significantly different from baseline after 3 and 7 days of CL wear, consistent with induced myopia (p < 0.001 for all cases). Termination of CL wear resulted in the normalization (i.e., recovery) of the ALs and SERs of the treated eyes within 7 days, and the earlier significant ChT thinning with CL wear (p = 0004, day 7) was replaced by rapid thickening, which remained significant on day 7 (p = 0.009) but had normalized by day 14. The ChT changes were much smaller in magnitude than the AL changes in both phases. Interocular differences in the ScT showed no significant changes. The Bmp2 and Id3 genes were both significantly downregulated with CL wear, after 1 day (p = 0.012 and 0.016) and 7 days (p = 0.002 and 0.005), while Bmp2 gene expression increased and Nog gene expression decreased after the termination of CL wear, albeit transiently, which was significant on 1 day (p = 0.004 and 0.04) but not 2 weeks later. No change in Id3 gene expression was observed over the latter period. Conclusions: The above patterns of myopia induction and recovery validate this negative RGP-CL model as an alternative to traditional spectacle lens models for guinea pigs. The defocus-driven, sign-dependent changes in the expression of the Bmp2 gene in guinea pig RPE are consistent with observations in chicks and demonstrate the important role of BMP2 in eye growth regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Goto
- Herbert Wertheim School Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Hospital Organization, Tokyo Medical Center, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan
| | - Yan Zhang
- Herbert Wertheim School Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sonal Aswin Vyas
- Herbert Wertheim School Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Qiurong Zhu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Christine F. Wildsoet
- Herbert Wertheim School Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Yang Y, Chen M, Yao X, Wang J, Shi J, Wang Y, Tian J, Zhou X, Qu J, Zhang S. Choroidal blood perfusion could predict the sensitivity of myopia formation in Guinea pigs. Exp Eye Res 2023; 232:109509. [PMID: 37247833 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we explored the predictive role of choroidal blood perfusion (ChBP) and choroidal thickness (ChT) on the development of myopia in guinea pigs. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA) was used to assess the baseline choroidal blood perfusion (ChBP) and choroidal thickness (ChT) in 4-week-old guinea pigs. Refraction and axial length (AL) were measured at baseline. Myopia was induced for one week using form-deprivation (FD) or negative lenses followed by measurements of refraction, axial length and choroidal parameters (ChT and ChBP). The correlations were evaluated between the baseline choroidal values and the magnitude of myopia induced, along with the magnitude of changes in ChT and ChBP after myopia induction. There was a significant correlation between the baseline choroidal parameters and ocular refraction. Myopia induction led to choroidal thinning and less ChBP as well as longer eyes. On the other hand, following exposure to the same non-obstructed visual induction period, the myopic shift was less, and it was associated with thicker choroids and more ChBP at baseline. One week of myopia induction also resulted in thinner choroids and less ChBP, and these declines also correlated with their baseline values. In conclusion, the present study shows that the changes in the baseline choroidal ChT and ChBP parameters are proportional to the magnitude of myopia development and axial elongation in guinea pigs. These significant correlations between baseline ChBP and ChT and myopia development suggest that they may be a viable predictor of this process in guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaozhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU025, China.
| | - Mengxi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU025, China.
| | - Xinyuan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU025, China.
| | - Jiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU025, China.
| | - Jiajia Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU025, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU025, China.
| | - Jinmin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU025, China.
| | - Xiangtian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU025, China.
| | - Jia Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU025, China.
| | - Sen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU025, China.
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El-Nimri NW, Jiang L, Dahanayake D, Sweidan S, Smith BE, Wildsoet CF. Effect of topical latanoprost on choroidal thickness and vessel area in Guinea pigs. Exp Eye Res 2022; 225:109286. [PMID: 36283475 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of latanoprost, an ocular hypotensive agent and prostaglandin analog, on choroidal thickness and structure in young adult guinea pigs. Young (three-month-old) guinea pigs (n = 10) underwent daily monocular treatment with topical 0.005% latanoprost for 2 weeks, followed by a washout period of 2 weeks. Tonometry (iCare) and retinoscopy were undertaken to monitor intraocular pressure (IOP) and refractive error (recorded as spherical equivalent refractive error; SER), respectively. Axial length (AL) and choroidal thickness (ChT) were measured using high frequency A-scan ultrasonography, with additional ChT data, as well as choroidal vessel (ChV) areas obtained from posterior segment imaging using Spectral Domain-Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT). Image J was used to analyze SD-OCT images. As expected, latanoprost significantly reduced IOP in treated eyes. Mean interocular IOP difference (±SE) changed from -0.40 ± 0.31 mmHg at baseline to -2.23 ± 0.43 mmHg after 2 weeks of treatment (p = 0.05). However, SER and AL were unaffected; interocular difference changed from 0.41 ± 0.58 to 0.38 ± 0.43 D and from -0.002 ± 0.02 mm to -0.007 ± 0.01 mm (p > 0.05), respectively. Latanoprost had minimal effect on ChT. Interocular ChT differences were 0.01 ± 0.06 μm at baseline and 0.04 ± 0.06 μm after 2 weeks of treatment (SD-OCT; p > 0.05). However, treated eyes had significant increased ChV areas; interocular differences changed from -0.76 ± 69.2 to 100.78 ± 66.9 μm2 after treatment (p = 0.04). While this study was limited to otherwise untreated young adult guinea pigs, the possibility that choroidal vessel enlargement contributes to the previously reported inhibitory effect of topical latanoprost on myopia progression in young guinea pigs warrants investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevin W El-Nimri
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.
| | - Liqin Jiang
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Dinasha Dahanayake
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Sami Sweidan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Benjamin E Smith
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Christine F Wildsoet
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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Jiang L, Liu X, Zhou L, Busoy JMF, Khine MT, Dan YS, Ke M, Brennan NA, Catbagan KJV, Schmetterer L, Barathi VA, Hoang QV. Choroidal Thickness in Early Postnatal Guinea Pigs Predicts Subsequent Naturally Occurring and Form-Deprivation Myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:10. [PMID: 36239975 PMCID: PMC9586133 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.11.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To identify choroidal characteristics associated with susceptibility to development of naturally occurring and experimentally induced myopia. Methods We compared choroidal properties between pigmented and albino guinea pig (GP) strains. Biometry, cycloplegic refractive error (RE), and eye wall sublayer thickness were measured from 171 GPs at postnatal day (P)6, 14, and 28. Forty-three P14 GPs underwent two-week monocular form-deprivation myopia (FDM). En face images of choroidal vasculature were obtained with a customized swept-source optical coherence tomography. Multivariate regression analyses were performed, with P28 RE as the outcome and P14 choroidal thickness (ChT) as the main predictor variable. Proteomic analysis was performed on choroidal tissue from P14 albino and pigmented GPs. Results At P14, RE was correlated with thickness of the choroid (β = 0.06), sclera (β = 0.12), and retina (β = 0.27; all P < 0.001). P14 ChT was correlated with P28 RE both with (β = 0.06, P = 0.0007) and without FDM (β = 0.05, P = 0.008). Multivariate regression analysis, taking into account FDM (versus physiological growth) and strain, revealed that for every 10-µm greater ChT at P14, P28 RE was 0.50D more positive (P = 0.005, n = 70). En face images of choroidal sublayers showed that albino choroids were relatively underdeveloped, with frequent avascular regions. Consistent with this finding, proteomic analysis suggested abnormalities of the nitric oxide system in the albino GP choroid. Conclusions Current results are consistent with the notion that greater ChT could protect from or delay the onset of myopia, while lower ChT is associated with greater susceptibility to myopia development. The underlying mechanism could be related to dysfunction of the choroidal vascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Jiang
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Lei Zhou
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joanna M Fianza Busoy
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Myo Thu Khine
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Yee Shan Dan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Mengyuan Ke
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Noel A Brennan
- Johnson & Johnson Vision, Jacksonville, Florida, United States
| | - Karen J V Catbagan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Leopold Schmetterer
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Veluchamy A Barathi
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Quan V Hoang
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
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Zhu Q, Goto S, Singh S, Torres JA, Wildsoet CF. Daily or Less Frequent Topical 1% Atropine Slows Defocus-Induced Myopia Progression in Contact Lens-Wearing Guinea Pigs. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:26. [PMID: 35323888 PMCID: PMC8963669 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.3.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study compared the efficacy of topical 1% atropine applied daily versus every 3 days for controlling myopia progression in guinea pigs. Methods To induce myopia, pigmented guinea pigs (New Zealand strain, n = 38) wore monocular −10 D rigid gas-permeable (RGP) contact lenses, which were replaced after 3 weeks with −15 diopter (D) contact lenses. Animals were treated with 1% atropine either daily (Atr-QD; n = 12), or every 3 days (Atr-Q3D; n = 11), or with artificial tears (control group; n = 15). Spherical equivalent refractive error (SER) and axial length (AL) data, as well as retinal and choroidal thickness data were collected weekly. Results Whereas mean (±SEM) interocular differences (treated - fellow) in both SER and AL at week 0 (baseline) were similar for all groups, significant differences between the atropine-treated and control groups were evident by week 6 (SER and AL, P < 0.001). The treated eyes of the control group showed relatively more axial elongation and myopia progression than both the Atr-QD and Atr-Q3D groups. Choroidal blood vessel area also decreased over time in the treated eyes of the control group, coupled with choroidal thinning overall, with these changes being attenuated by atropine. Retinal thickness showed a developmental decrease over the treatment period but was unaffected by atropine. Conclusions For this defocus-induced guinea pig model of myopia, application of 1% topical atropine slows myopia progression, even when applied every 3 days. Translational Relevance The results from this study suggest that the frequency of dosing for topical atropine may be reduced from the widely used daily dosing regimen without loss of myopia control efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiurong Zhu
- Herbert Wertheim School Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.,Department of Optometry and Visual Science, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - So Goto
- Herbert Wertheim School Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Sarah Singh
- Herbert Wertheim School Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Josue A Torres
- Herbert Wertheim School Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Christine F Wildsoet
- Herbert Wertheim School Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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Yang Q, Tan QQ, Lan CJ, Lv BZ, Zhou GM, Zhong WQ, Gu ZM, Mao YM, Liao X. The Changes of KCNQ5 Expression and Potassium Microenvironment in the Retina of Myopic Guinea Pigs. Front Physiol 2021; 12:790580. [PMID: 35002772 PMCID: PMC8733613 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.790580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
KCNQ5 is suggestively associated with myopia, but its specific role in the myopic process has not been studied further. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of potassium channel gene KCNQ5 and the changes of K+ microenvironment within the retina of form deprivation myopia (FDM) guinea pigs. A total of 60 guinea pigs were randomly divided into the normal control (NC) group, the self-control (SC) group, and the form-deprivation (FD) group for different treatments. Molecular assays and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were conducted to measure the expression and distribution of KCNQ5-related gene and protein in the retina. We determined the K+ concentration in the retina. In addition, the possible effects of form deprivation on potassium ionic currents and the pharmacological sensitivity of KCNQ5 activator Retigabine and inhibitor XE991 to the M-current in RPE cells were investigated using the patch-clamp technique. As a result, FD eyes exhibited more myopic refraction and longer AL. The mRNA and protein levels of KCNQ5 significantly decreased in the FD eyes, but the K+ concentration increased. In addition, the M-type K+ current [IK(M)] density decreased in FD RPE cells, and were activated or inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner due to the addition of Retigabine or XE991. Overall, KCNQ5 was significantly downregulated in the retina of FD guinea pigs, which may be associated with the increasing K+ concentration, decreasing IK(M) density, and elongating ocular axis. It suggested that KCNQ5 may play a role in the process of myopia, and the intervention of potassium channels may contribute to the prevention and control of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
- The Translational Medicine Research Center and the Hepatobiliary Research Institute (North Sichuan Medical College), Nanchong, China
| | - Qing Qing Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Chang Jun Lan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Bo Zhen Lv
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Gui Mei Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Wei Qi Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
- The Translational Medicine Research Center and the Hepatobiliary Research Institute (North Sichuan Medical College), Nanchong, China
| | - Zhi Ming Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
- The Translational Medicine Research Center and the Hepatobiliary Research Institute (North Sichuan Medical College), Nanchong, China
| | - Yu Mei Mao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuan Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
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Dong L, Li YF, Jiang X, Lan YJ, Shao L, Jonas JB, Wei WB. In vivo Imaging of Retina and Choroid in Guinea Pigs. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:730494. [PMID: 34926491 PMCID: PMC8674580 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.730494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of in-vivo imaging of the retina and choroid using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) in guinea pigs. Methods: The study included 19 pigmented guinea pigs (age: 3-4 weeks) which underwent sonographic axial length measurements and OCT imaging. At study end, the animals were sacrificed and histomorphometric examinations of the retina and choroid were performed. We assessed the reproducibility of the OCT measurements and compared in-vivo measurements to histomorphometric data. Results: The mean thickness of the retina and choroid near the optic nerve head was 175.6 ± 25.8 and 63.4 ± 16.5 μm, respectively, and mean Bruch's membrane opening (BMO) diameter was 831 ± 121 μm. The intra-observer comparison of measurements of retinal thickness (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.86-0.96; P < 0.001), choroidal thickness (ICC = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.86-0.96; P < 0.001), and BMO diameter (ICC = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.86-0.96; P < 0.001) showed a high correlation. A high agreement was present also for the inter-observer reproducibility of the measurements of retinal thickness (Pearson correlation coefficient (R) = 0.98; P < 0.001), choroidal thickness (R = 0.96; P < 0.001), and BMO diameter (R = 0.98; P < 0.001). The Bland-Altman plots showed that 2.6% (1/38), 5.3% (2/38), and 7.9% (3/38) of the measurement points of retinal thickness, choroidal thickness and BMO diameter, respectively, were located outside of the 95% limits of agreement. The OCT-based thickness measurements of retina and choroid were significantly higher than those measured by histomorphometry (both P-values <0.01). Conclusion: OCT-based in-vivo morphometric imaging of the retina and choroid in guinea pigs is feasible with an acceptable intra-observer repeatability and inter-observer reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Lab, Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Fan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Lab, Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Lab, Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Jun Lan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Lab, Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Shao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Lab, Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jost B Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Privatpraxis Prof Jonas und Dr Panda-Jonas, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wen Bin Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Lab, Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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8
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Liu Y, Wang L, Xu Y, Pang Z, Mu G. The influence of the choroid on the onset and development of myopia: from perspectives of choroidal thickness and blood flow. Acta Ophthalmol 2021; 99:730-738. [PMID: 33550704 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Myopia is the most common type of refractive errors characterized by excessive elongation of the ocular globe. With the increasing prevalence of myopia, improved knowledge of factors involved in myopia development is of particular importance. There are growing evidence suggesting that the choroid plays an important role in the regulation of eye growth and the development of myopia. Studies have demonstrated that thinning choroid is a structural feature of myopia, with a negative correlation between choroidal thickness and axial length, suggesting that the change in choroidal thickness may be a predictive biomarker for long-term changes in ocular elongation. Given the fact that the choroid is primarily a vascular structure capable of rapidly changing blood flow, variations of choroidal thickness might be primarily caused by changes in choroidal blood flow. Considering that hypoxia is associated with myopia and choroidal blood flow is the main source of oxygen and nourishment supply, apart from the effect on myopia possibly by changing choroidal thickness, decreasing choroidal blood flow may contribute to scleral ischaemia and hypoxia, resulting in alterations in the scleral structure and thus leading to myopia. This review aims to provide an overview of recent work exploring the influence of the choroid on myopia from perspectives of choroidal thickness and blood flow, which may present new predictive indicators for the onset of myopia and new targets for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University Jinan China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology Binzhou Medical University Hospital Binzhou China
| | - Yanyun Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital Jinan China
| | - Zuoxiang Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology Weifang People's Hospital Weifang China
| | - Guoying Mu
- Department of Ophthalmology Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University Jinan China
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Jong M, Jonas JB, Wolffsohn JS, Berntsen DA, Cho P, Clarkson-Townsend D, Flitcroft DI, Gifford KL, Haarman AEG, Pardue MT, Richdale K, Sankaridurg P, Tedja MS, Wildsoet CF, Bailey-Wilson JE, Guggenheim JA, Hammond CJ, Kaprio J, MacGregor S, Mackey DA, Musolf AM, Klaver CCW, Verhoeven VJM, Vitart V, Smith EL. IMI 2021 Yearly Digest. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:7. [PMID: 33909031 PMCID: PMC8088231 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.5.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The International Myopia Institute (IMI) Yearly Digest highlights new research considered to be of importance since the publication of the first series of IMI white papers. Methods A literature search was conducted for articles on myopia between 2019 and mid-2020 to inform definitions and classifications, experimental models, genetics, interventions, clinical trials, and clinical management. Conference abstracts from key meetings in the same period were also considered. Results One thousand articles on myopia have been published between 2019 and mid-2020. Key advances include the use of the definition of premyopia in studies currently under way to test interventions in myopia, new definitions in the field of pathologic myopia, the role of new pharmacologic treatments in experimental models such as intraocular pressure-lowering latanoprost, a large meta-analysis of refractive error identifying 336 new genetic loci, new clinical interventions such as the defocus incorporated multisegment spectacles and combination therapy with low-dose atropine and orthokeratology (OK), normative standards in refractive error, the ethical dilemma of a placebo control group when myopia control treatments are established, reporting the physical metric of myopia reduction versus a percentage reduction, comparison of the risk of pediatric OK wear with risk of vision impairment in myopia, the justification of preventing myopic and axial length increase versus quality of life, and future vision loss. Conclusions Large amounts of research in myopia have been published since the IMI 2019 white papers were released. The yearly digest serves to highlight the latest research and advances in myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Jong
- Discipline of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jost B. Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - James S. Wolffsohn
- Optometry and Vision Science Research Group, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Berntsen
- The Ocular Surface Institute, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Pauline Cho
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Danielle Clarkson-Townsend
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Healthcare System, Decatur, Georgia, United States
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Daniel I. Flitcroft
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kate L. Gifford
- Myopia Profile Pty Ltd, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT) School of Optometry and Vision Science, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Annechien E. G. Haarman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Machelle T. Pardue
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Healthcare System, Decatur, Georgia, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Kathryn Richdale
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Padmaja Sankaridurg
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Milly S. Tedja
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Joan E. Bailey-Wilson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Jeremy A. Guggenheim
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Hammond
- Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David A. Mackey
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Menzies Institute of Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony M. Musolf
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Caroline C. W. Klaver
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Virginie J. M. Verhoeven
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Veronique Vitart
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Earl L. Smith
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
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Mathis U, Feldkaemper MP, Schaeffel F. Effects of Single and Repeated Intravitreal Applications of Atropine on Choroidal Thickness in Alert Chickens. Ophthalmic Res 2021; 64:664-674. [PMID: 33774636 DOI: 10.1159/000515755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Atropine, a muscarinic antagonist, is known since the 19th century to inhibit myopia development in children. One of its effects is that it stimulates choroidal thickening. Thicker choroids, in turn, have been linked to myopia inhibition. We used the atropine-stimulated choroidal response in the chicken to learn more about the time courses and amplitudes of the effects of atropine, as well as whether repeated applications lead to accumulation or desensitization. METHODS Intravitreal injections containing 250 µg atropine sulfate were performed in 1 eye around 10:00 in the morning, the fellow eye received vehicle. Chickens with bilateral vehicle injections served as controls. Choroidal thickness was measured over the day for every 2-3 h in alert animals, using spectral domain optical coherence tomography, with 3-5 independent measurements in each eye. Three experiments were done - (1) single injection and time course measured over 1 day, (2) single injection and time course measured over 4 days, and (3) daily injections and time course measured over 4 days for measuring the effects of atropine on vitreal, retinal, and choroidal dopamine, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid levels by using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. RESULTS Atropine induced an increase in choroidal thickness by about 60 percent, with a peak amplitude after about 2 h. The effect persisted only for a few hours and had nearly disappeared by evening. Initially, similar amounts of choroidal thickening were observed in vehicle-injected fellow eyes but recovery to baseline was faster. When atropine was injected daily for 4 days, choroids thickened every day with similar amplitudes and time courses, with no signs of either accumulation or desensitization effects. Interestingly, while dopamine release from the retina was stimulated by atropine and followed approximately, the time course of choroidal thickening, its tissue concentration dropped in the choroid. CONCLUSIONS Even at relatively high intravitreal doses, effects of atropine on choroidal thickness remained transient, similar to its effects on retinal dopamine. With repeated application every day, the diurnal patterns of choroidal thickening could be reproduced for 4 days with similar amplitudes and time courses. The transient nature of the effects of atropine on the choroid may be relevant for application protocols of atropine against myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Mathis
- Ophthalmic Research Institute, Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marita Pauline Feldkaemper
- Ophthalmic Research Institute, Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Frank Schaeffel
- Ophthalmic Research Institute, Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Institute for Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), Basel, Switzerland.,Zeiss Vision Lab, Ophthalmic Research Institute, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Pucker AD, Jackson AR, McHugh KM, Mutti DO. Morphological ciliary muscle changes associated with form deprivation-induced myopia. Exp Eye Res 2020; 193:107963. [PMID: 32045599 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.107963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Myopic children have larger ciliary muscles than non-myopic children, suggesting that the ciliary muscle may have an impact on or be affected by refractive error development. The guinea pig represents an attractive model organism for myopia development research. The purpose of the study was to investigate whether form deprivation-induced myopia in one or more strains of guinea pig causes thickening of the ciliary muscle as seen in human myopia. Thirty-nine guinea pigs were bred from in-house progenitors obtained from Cincinnati Children's Hospital (Cincinnati) and the United States Army (Strain 13). At 2-4 days of age the right eyes of animals were exposed to form deprivation for 7 days while the fellow eyes served as controls. Refractive error was determined with retinoscopy while vitreous chamber depth (VCD) and axial length (AL) were determined with A-scan ultrasound. Ciliary muscle characteristics (ciliary muscle length, cross-sectional area, volume, cell number, cell size, and smooth muscle actin concentration) were determined histologically with antibody labeling and analyzed according to whether the animal developed axial myopia (anisometropia > -2.00 D with VCD and/or AL differences > 0.1 mm) or was unresponsive. This analysis method yielded four groups with Group 1 having no induced myopia but with axial elongation (n = 11), Group 2 having myopia without vitreous or axial elongation (n = 8), Group 3 having myopia with either vitreous or axial elongation (n = 11), and Group 4 having myopia with both vitreous and axial elongation (n = 8). There were no post-treatment inter-ocular differences between strains or for the overall group of animals for any ciliary muscle variable; however, a higher response group number in multivariate ordinal regression was related to having a treated compared to fellow eye that had a lower smooth muscle actin concentration (p = 0.006), with a shorter ciliary muscle length (p = 0.042), and a less oblate eye shape (p = 0.010). Guinea pig ciliary muscle length and smooth muscle actin concentration were significantly less in the treated eyes of axially myopic animals suggesting that 7 days of form deprivation induced ciliary muscle cellular atrophy or inhibited ciliary muscle growth. Form deprivation myopia in the guinea pig does not result in the increase in ciliary muscle thickness associated with human juvenile and adult myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Pucker
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Optometry, 1716 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Ashley R Jackson
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, 700 Childrens Drive, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Kirk M McHugh
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, 700 Childrens Drive, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Donald O Mutti
- The Ohio State University, College of Optometry, 338 W 10th Ave, Columbus, OH, USA.
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