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Zhang CJ, Wang Y, Jin YQ, Zhu YW, Zhu SG, Wang QM, Jing MR, Zhang YX, Cai CB, Feng ZF, Ji XY, Wu DD. Recent advances in the role of hydrogen sulfide in age-related diseases. Exp Cell Res 2024; 441:114172. [PMID: 39053869 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.114172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the impact of age-related diseases on human health has become increasingly severe, and developing effective drugs to deal with these diseases has become an urgent task. Considering the essential regulatory role of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in these diseases, it is regarded as a promising target for treatment. H2S is a novel gaseous transmitter involved in many critical physiological activities, including anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and angiogenesis. H2S also regulates cell activities such as cell proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and autophagy. These regulatory effects of H2S contribute to relieving and treating age-related diseases. In this review, we mainly focus on the pathogenesis and treatment prospects of H2S in regulating age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Jing Zhang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Kaifeng Municipal Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Kaifeng Municipal Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Yu-Qing Jin
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Kaifeng Municipal Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Yi-Wen Zhu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Kaifeng Municipal Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Shuai-Gang Zhu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Kaifeng Municipal Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Qi-Meng Wang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Kaifeng Municipal Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Mi-Rong Jing
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Kaifeng Municipal Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Yan-Xia Zhang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Kaifeng Municipal Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Chun-Bo Cai
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Kaifeng Municipal Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Zhi-Fen Feng
- School of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China.
| | - Xin-Ying Ji
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Kaifeng Municipal Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Faculty of Basic Medical Subjects, Shu-Qing Medical College of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450064, China.
| | - Dong-Dong Wu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Kaifeng Municipal Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Department of Stomatology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China.
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Li X, Zhou Z, Tao Y, He L, Zhan F, Li J. Linking homocysteine and ferroptosis in cardiovascular disease: insights and implications. Apoptosis 2024:10.1007/s10495-024-01999-6. [PMID: 39044092 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-024-01999-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) is a metabolic intermediate product derived from methionine. Hyperhomocysteinemia is a condition associated with various diseases. Hcy is recognized as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Ferroptosis, a novel form of cell death, is primarily characterized by substantial iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation. Recent research indicates a close association between ferroptosis and the pathophysiological processes of tumors, neurological diseases, CVD, and other ailments. However, limited research has been conducted on the impact of Hcy on ferroptosis. Therefore, this paper aimed to investigate the potential roles and mechanisms of homocysteine and ferroptosis in the context of cardiovascular disease. By conducting comprehensive literature research and analysis, we aimed to summarize recent advancements in understanding the effects of homocysteine on ferroptosis in cardiovascular diseases. This research contributes to a profound understanding of this critical domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhong Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yu Tao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Lei He
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Fenfang Zhan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Juxiang Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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A Abdel-Hamid H, Marey H, Fouli Gaber Ibrahim M. Hydrogen sulfide protects the endometrium in a rat model of type 1 diabetes via modulation of PPARγ/mTOR and Nrf-2/NF-κb pathways. Arch Physiol Biochem 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38685691 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2024.2347239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the leading causes of endometrial diseases in women. No study has addressed the influence of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) donors on endometrial injury on top of type 1 diabetes. This research was conducted to study either the effect of sodium hydrosulphide (NaHS), the H2S donor, or DL-propargylglycine (PAG), the inhibitor of endogenous H2S production, on the endometrium of diabetic rats. A total of 40 female Wistar rats were separated into control group, diabetic group, diabetic group treated with NaHS and diabetic group treated with PAG. Serum levels of insulin, glucose, total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) were assessed. Uterine tissue markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and cell proliferation were analysed. Diabetes-induced endometrial overgrowth associated with oxidative stress, inflammation and inhibition of apoptosis. NaHS administration reversed the previous conditions while PAG administration got them worse. We concluded that H2S prevented endometrial overgrowth in a rat model of type 1 diabetes through modulation of PPARγ/mTOR and Nrf-2/NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A Abdel-Hamid
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Baha University, KSA
| | - Heba Marey
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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Mhatre S, Rai A, Ali H, Patil A, Singh N, Verma R, Auden J, Chandler C, Dash A, Opere C, Singh S. Comparison of colorimetric, spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques for quantification of hydrogen sulfide. Biotechniques 2024; 76:71-80. [PMID: 38059376 PMCID: PMC10910492 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2023-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an endogenous gasotransmitter, has potential applications in several conditions. However, its quantification in simulated physiological solutions is a major challenge due to its gaseous nature and other physicochemical properties. Aim: This study was designed to compare four commonly used H2S detection and quantification methods in aqueous solutions. Methods: The four techniques compared were one colorimetric, one chromatographic and two electrochemical methods. Results: Colorimetric and chromatographic methods quantified H2S in millimolar and micromole ranges, respectively. The electrochemical methods quantified H2S in the nanomole and picomole ranges and were less time-consuming. Conclusion: The H2S quantification method should be selected based on the specific requirements of a research project in terms of sensitivity, response time and cost-effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmit Mhatre
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Anjali Rai
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Hatim Ali
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
- Hikma Pharmaceuticals, Bedford, OH 44146, USA
| | - Akash Patil
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
- Large Molecule Product Development, Johnson & Johnson Greater Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19355, USA
| | - Neetu Singh
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Richa Verma
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Research Unit, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - John Auden
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, College of Arts & Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Cole Chandler
- Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Alekha Dash
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Catherine Opere
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Somnath Singh
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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Malaviya P, Kowluru RA. Homocysteine and mitochondrial quality control in diabetic retinopathy. EYE AND VISION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 11:5. [PMID: 38229140 PMCID: PMC10790378 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-023-00362-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy is a progressive disease, and one of the key metabolic abnormalities in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, mitochondrial damage, is also influenced by the duration of hyperglycemia. Mitochondrial quality control involves a coordination of mitochondrial dynamics, biogenesis and removal of the damaged mitochondria. In diabetes, these processes are impaired, and the damaged mitochondria continue to produce free radicals. Diabetic patients also have high homocysteine and reduced levels of hydrogen sulfide, and hyperhomocysteinemia is shown to exacerbate diabetes-induced mitochondrial damage and worsen their dynamics. This study aims to investigate the temporal relationship between hyperhomocysteinemia and retinal mitochondrial quality control in diabetic retinopathy. METHODS Human retinal endothelial cells incubated in 20 mM D-glucose for 24 to 96 h, in the absence or presence of 100 µM homocysteine, with/without a hydrogen sulfide donor GYY4137, were analyzed for mitochondrial ROS (MitoSox fluorescence), DNA damage (transcripts of mtDNA-encoded ND6 and CytB), copy numbers, oxygen consumption rate (Seahorse XF analyzer) and mitophagy (mitophagosomes immunofluorescence labeling and flow cytometry). Results were confirmed in the retina from mice genetically manipulated for hyperhomocysteinemia (cystathionine β-synthase deficient mice, Cbs+/-), streptozotocin-induced diabetic for 8 to 24 weeks. At 24 weeks of diabetes, vascular health was evaluated by counting acellular capillaries in the trypsin digested retinal vasculature and by fluorescein angiography. RESULTS Homocysteine, in high glucose medium, exacerbated mitochondrial ROS production, mtDNA damage and impaired mitochondrial respiration within 24 h, and slowed down/worsened mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy, as compared to 48 to 96 h in high glucose alone. GYY4137 supplementation ameliorated homocysteine + high glucose-induced mitochondrial damage and impairment in biogenesis and mitophagy. Similar results were obtained from Cbs+/- mice-mitochondrial ROS, mtDNA damage and decline in biogenesis and mitophagy were observed within eight weeks of diabetes vs. 16 to 24 weeks of diabetes in Cbs+/+ mice, and at 24 weeks of diabetes, Cbs+/- mice had significantly higher acellular capillaries and vascular leakage. CONCLUSIONS Hyperhomocysteinemia, in a hyperglycemic environment, overwhelms the mitochondria, accelerating and exacerbating their dysfunction, and also delays/worsens their removal, augmenting the development of diabetic retinopathy. Thus, our results strengthen the importance of maintaining homocysteine-hydrogen sulfide balance during the early stages of diabetes for a patient to prevent/retard vision loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Malaviya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual Sciences and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, 4717 St. Antoine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Renu A Kowluru
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual Sciences and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, 4717 St. Antoine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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Upreti S, Nag TC, Ghosh MP. Trolox aids coenzyme Q 10 in neuroprotection against NMDA induced damage via upregulation of VEGF in rat model of glutamate excitotoxicity. Exp Eye Res 2024; 238:109740. [PMID: 38056553 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate induced damage to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) requires tight physiological regulation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Previously, studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective abilities of antioxidants like coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and vitamin E analogs like α-tocopherol against neuropathies resulting from NMDA insult, but have failed to shed light on the effect of CoQ10 and trolox, a hydrophilic analog of vitamin E, on glaucomatous neurodegeneration. In the current study, we wanted to investigate whether the combined effect of trolox with CoQ10 could alleviate NMDA-induced death of retinal cells while also trying to elucidate the underlying mechanism in relation to the yet unexplained role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in NMDA-mediated excitotoxicity. After successful NMDA-induced degeneration, we followed it up with the treatment of combination of Trolox and CoQ10. The structural damage by NMDA was repaired significantly and retina retained structural integrity comparable to levels of control in the treatment group of Trolox and CoQ10. Detection of ROS generation after NMDA insult showed that together, Trolox and CoQ10 could significantly bring down the high levels of free radicals while also rescuing mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). A significant increase in NMDA receptor Grin2A by CoQ10 alone as well as by CoQ10 and trolox was accompanied by a lowered Grin2B receptor expression, suggesting neuroprotective action of Trolox and CoQ10. Subsequently, lowered VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 receptor expression by NMDA treatment also recovered when subjected to combined treatment of Trolox and CoQ10. Western blot analyses also indicated the same whereby Trolox and CoQ10 could increase the diminished levels of phosphorylated VEGFR2. Immunofluorescence studies also indicated a positive correlation between recovered VEGFR2 and NMDAR2A levels and diminished levels of NMDAR2D, confirming the results obtained by RT-PCR analysis. This is the first report in our knowledge that demonstrates the efficacy of trolox in combination with CoQ10 highlighting the importance of maintaining VEGF levels that are lowered in ocular diseases due to NMDA-related toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Upreti
- Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics Lab, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India.
| | - Tapas Chandra Nag
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Madhumita P Ghosh
- Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics Lab, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India.
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Cornwell A, Badiei A. The role of hydrogen sulfide in the retina. Exp Eye Res 2023; 234:109568. [PMID: 37460081 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and the transsulfuration pathway (TSP) responsible for its synthesis in the mammalian retina has highlighted this molecule's wide range of physiological processes that influence cellular signaling, redox homeostasis, and cellular metabolism. The multi-level regulatory program that influences H2S levels in the retina depends on the relative expression and activity of TSP enzymes, which regulate the abundance of competitive substrates that support or abrogate H2S synthesis. In addition, and apart from TSP, intracellular H2S levels are regulated by mitochondrial sulfide oxidizing pathways. Retinal layers natively express differing levels of TSP enzymes, which highlight the differences in the metabolite and substrate requirement. Recent studies indicate that these systems are susceptible to pathophysiologies affecting the retina. Dysregulation at any level can upset the balance of redox and signaling processes and possibly upset oxidative stress, apoptotic signaling, ion channels, and immune response within this sensitive tissue. H2S donors are a potential therapeutic in such cases and have been demonstrated to bridge the gap, positively impacting the damaged retina. Here, we review the recent findings of H2S, how its multi-level regulation impacts the retina, and how its dysregulation is implicated in retinal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Cornwell
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, 99775, AK, USA
| | - Alireza Badiei
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, 99775, AK, USA.
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Alka K, Kumar J, Kowluru RA. Impaired mitochondrial dynamics and removal of the damaged mitochondria in diabetic retinopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1160155. [PMID: 37415667 PMCID: PMC10320727 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1160155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mitochondrial dynamic plays a major role in their quality control, and the damaged mitochondrial components are removed by autophagy. In diabetic retinopathy, mitochondrial fusion enzyme, mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), is downregulated and mitochondrial dynamic is disturbed resulting in depolarized and dysfunctional mitochondria. Our aim was to investigate the mechanism of inhibition of Mfn2, and its role in the removal of the damaged mitochondria, in diabetic retinopathy. Methods Using human retinal endothelial cells, effect of high glucose (20mM) on the GTPase activity of Mfn2 and its acetylation were determined. Role of Mfn2 in the removal of the damaged mitochondria was confirmed by regulating its acetylation, or by Mfn2 overexpression, on autophagosomes- autolysosomes formation and the mitophagy flux. Results High glucose inhibited GTPase activity and increased acetylation of Mfn2. Inhibition of acetylation, or Mfn2 overexpression, attenuated decrease in GTPase activity and mitochondrial fragmentation, and increased the removal of the damaged mitochondria. Similar phenomenon was observed in diabetic mice; overexpression of sirtuin 1 (a deacetylase) ameliorated diabetes-induced inhibition of retinal Mfn2 and facilitated the removal of the damaged mitochondria. Conclusions Acetylation of Mfn2 has dual roles in mitochondrial homeostasis in diabetic retinopathy, it inhibits GTPase activity of Mfn2 and increases mitochondrial fragmentation, and also impairs removal of the damaged mitochondria. Thus, protecting Mfn2 activity should maintain mitochondrial homeostasis and inhibit the development/progression of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Renu A. Kowluru
- Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
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Yuan D, Chu J, Lin H, Zhu G, Qian J, Yu Y, Yao T, Ping F, Chen F, Liu X. Mechanism of homocysteine-mediated endothelial injury and its consequences for atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 9:1109445. [PMID: 36727029 PMCID: PMC9884709 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1109445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) is an intermediate amino acid formed during the conversion from methionine to cysteine. When the fasting plasma Hcy level is higher than 15 μmol/L, it is considered as hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy). The vascular endothelium is an important barrier to vascular homeostasis, and its impairment is the initiation of atherosclerosis (AS). HHcy is an important risk factor for AS, which can promote the development of AS and the occurrence of cardiovascular events, and Hcy damage to the endothelium is considered to play a very important role. However, the mechanism by which Hcy damages the endothelium is still not fully understood. This review summarizes the mechanism of Hcy-induced endothelial injury and the treatment methods to alleviate the Hcy induced endothelial dysfunction, in order to provide new thoughts for the diagnosis and treatment of Hcy-induced endothelial injury and subsequent AS-related diseases.
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Zhang Z, Huang Q, Zhao D, Lian F, Li X, Qi W. The impact of oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction on diabetic microvascular complications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1112363. [PMID: 36824356 PMCID: PMC9941188 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1112363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia, with absolute insulin deficiency or insulin resistance as the main cause, and causes damage to various target organs including the heart, kidney and neurovascular. In terms of the pathological and physiological mechanisms of DM, oxidative stress is one of the main mechanisms leading to DM and is an important link between DM and its complications. Oxidative stress is a pathological phenomenon resulting from an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the scavenging of antioxidant systems. The main site of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is the mitochondria, which are also the main organelles damaged. In a chronic high glucose environment, impaired electron transport chain within the mitochondria leads to the production of ROS, prompts increased proton leakage and altered mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), which in turn releases cytochrome c (cyt-c), leading to apoptosis. This subsequently leads to a vicious cycle of impaired clearance by the body's antioxidant system, impaired transcription and protein synthesis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which is responsible for encoding mitochondrial proteins, and impaired DNA repair systems, contributing to mitochondrial dysfunction. This paper reviews the dysfunction of mitochondria in the environment of high glucose induced oxidative stress in the DM model, and looks forward to providing a new treatment plan for oxidative stress based on mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Qingxia Huang
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Fengmei Lian
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Fengmei Lian, ; Xiangyan Li, ; Wenxiu Qi,
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Fengmei Lian, ; Xiangyan Li, ; Wenxiu Qi,
| | - Wenxiu Qi
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Fengmei Lian, ; Xiangyan Li, ; Wenxiu Qi,
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Wu Y, Zou H. Research Progress on Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Diabetic Retinopathy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2250. [PMID: 36421435 PMCID: PMC9686704 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is one of the most important microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus, which can lead to blindness in severe cases. Mitochondria are energy-producing organelles in eukaryotic cells, which participate in metabolism and signal transduction, and regulate cell growth, differentiation, aging, and death. Metabolic changes of retinal cells and epigenetic changes of mitochondria-related genes under high glucose can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and induce mitochondrial pathway apoptosis. In addition, mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics also change adaptively. These mechanisms may be related to the occurrence and progression of DR, and also provide valuable clues for the prevention and treatment of DR. This article reviews the mechanism of DR induced by mitochondrial dysfunction, and the prospects for related treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Wu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Haidong Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
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Potential effects of Alliaceae and Brassicaceae edible plants on blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Pharmacol Res 2022; 185:106519. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Mohammad G, Kowluru RA. Involvement of High Mobility Group Box 1 Protein in Optic Nerve Damage in Diabetes. Eye Brain 2022; 14:59-69. [PMID: 35586662 PMCID: PMC9109986 DOI: 10.2147/eb.s352730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diabetic patients routinely have high levels of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein in their plasma, vitreous and ocular membranes, which is strongly correlated with subclinical chronic inflammation in the eye. Our previous work has suggested that high HMGB1 in diabetes plays a role in retinal inflammation and angiogenesis, but its role in the optic nerve damage is unclear. Therefore, our goal is to examine the role of HMGB1 in optic nerve damage in diabetes. Methods Gene expression of HMGB1 was quantified in the optic nerve from streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice by qRT-PCR, and their protein expressions by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining. Using immunohistochemical technique, expression of reactive astrogliosis (indicator of neuroinflammation) and nerve demyelination/damage were determined by quantifying glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) and myelin basic protein (MBP), respectively. The role of HMGB1 in the optic nerve damage and alteration visual pathways was confirmed in mice receiving glycyrrhizin, a HMGB1 inhibitor. Similar parameters were measured in the optic nerve from human donors with diabetes. Results Compared to normal mice, diabetic mice exhibited increased levels of HMGB1, higher GFAP expression, and decreased MBP in the optic nerve. Double immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that diabetes induced increased HMGB1 immunoreactivities were significantly colocalized with GFAP in the optic nerve. Glycyrrhizin supplementation effectively reduced HMGB1 and maintained normal axonal myelination and visual conduction. Results from mice optic nerve confirmed the results obtained from human donors with diabetes. Discussions Thus, diabetes-induced HMGB1 upregulation promotes optic nerve demyelination and inflammation. The regulation of HMGB1 activation has potential to protect optic nerve damage and the abnormalities of visual pathways in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Mohammad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Correspondence: Ghulam Mohammad, Tel +1 313-577-0744, Email
| | - Renu A Kowluru
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
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Mitochondrial Fragmentation in a High Homocysteine Environment in Diabetic Retinopathy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020365. [PMID: 35204246 PMCID: PMC8868328 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic patients routinely have elevated homocysteine levels, and due to increase in oxidative stress, hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with increased mitochondrial damage. Mitochondrial homeostasis is directly related to the balance between their fission and fusion, and in diabetes this balance is disturbed. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of homocysteine in mitochondrial fission in diabetic retinopathy. Human retinal endothelial cells, either untransfected or transfected with siRNA of a fission protein (dynamin-related protein 1, Drp1) and incubated in the presence of 100 μM homocysteine, were analyzed for mitochondrial fragmentation by live-cell microscopy and GTPase activity of Drp1. Protective nucleoids and mtDNA damage were evaluated by SYBR DNA stain and by transcripts of mtDNA-encoded ND6 and cytochrome b. The role of nitrosylation of Drp1 in homocysteine-mediated exacerbation of mitochondrial fragmentation was determined by supplementing incubation medium with nitric-oxide inhibitor. Homocysteine exacerbated glucose-induced Drp1 activation and its nitrosylation, mitochondrial fragmentation and cell apoptosis, and further decreased nucleoids and mtDNA transcription. Drp1-siRNA or nitric-oxide inhibitor prevented glucose- and homocysteine-induced mitochondrial fission, damage and cell apoptosis. Thus, elevated homocysteine in a hyperglycemic environment increases Drp1 activity via increasing its nitrosylation, and this further fragments the mitochondria and increases apoptosis, ultimately leading to the development of diabetic retinopathy.
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Mohammad G, Kowluru RA. Nuclear Genome-Encoded Long Noncoding RNAs and Mitochondrial Damage in Diabetic Retinopathy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123271. [PMID: 34943778 PMCID: PMC8699566 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal mitochondria are damaged in diabetes-accelerating apoptosis of capillary cells, and ultimately, leading to degenerative capillaries. Diabetes also upregulates many long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs), including LncMALAT1 and LncNEAT1. These RNAs have more than 200 nucleotides and no open reading frame for translation. LncMALAT1 and LncNEAT1 are encoded by nuclear genome, but nuclear-encoded LncRNAs can also translocate in the mitochondria. Our aim was to investigate the role of LncMALAT1 and LncNEAT1 in mitochondrial homeostasis. Using human retinal endothelial cells, the effect of high glucose on LncMALAT1 and LncNEAT1 mitochondrial localization was examined by RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization. The role of these LncRNAs in mitochondrial membrane potential (by JC-I staining), mtDNA integrity (by extended length PCR) and in protective mtDNA nucleoids (by SYBR green staining) was examined in MALAT1- or NEAT1-siRNA transfected cells. High glucose increased LncMALAT1 and LncNEAT1 mitochondrial expression, and MALAT1-siRNA or NEAT1-siRNA ameliorated glucose-induced damage to mitochondrial membrane potential and mtDNA, and prevented decrease in mtDNA nucleoids. Thus, increased mitochondrial translocation of LncMALAT1 or LncNEAT1 in a hyperglycemic milieu plays a major role in damaging the mitochondrial structural and genomic integrity. Regulation of these LncRNAs can protect mitochondrial homeostasis, and ameliorate formation of degenerative capillaries in diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Mohammad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual & Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
| | - Renu A. Kowluru
- Kresge Eye Institute, 4717 St. Antoine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-313-993-6714
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Juin SK, Pushpakumar S, Sen U. GYY4137 Regulates Extracellular Matrix Turnover in the Diabetic Kidney by Modulating Retinoid X Receptor Signaling. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101477. [PMID: 34680110 PMCID: PMC8533431 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney is associated with an accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) leading to renal fibrosis. Dysregulation of retinoic acid metabolism involving retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs) has been shown to play a crucial role in diabetic nephropathy (DN). Furthermore, RARs and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) are known to control the RXR-mediated transcriptional regulation of several target genes involved in DN. Recently, RAR and RXR have been shown to upregulate plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), a major player involved in ECM accumulation and renal fibrosis during DN. Interestingly, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been shown to ameliorate adverse renal remodeling in DN. We investigated the role of RXR signaling in the ECM turnover in diabetic kidney, and whether H2S can mitigate ECM accumulation by modulating PPAR/RAR-mediated RXR signaling. We used wild-type (C57BL/6J), diabetic (C57BL/6-Ins2Akita/J) mice and mouse mesangial cells (MCs) as experimental models. GYY4137 was used as a H2S donor. Results showed that in diabetic kidney, the expression of PPARγ was decreased, whereas upregulations of RXRα, RXRβ, and RARγ1 expression were observed. The changes were associated with elevated PAI-1, MMP-9 and MMP-13. In addition, the expressions of collagen IV, fibronectin and laminin were increased, whereas elastin expression was decreased in the diabetic kidney. Excessive collagen deposition was observed predominantly in the peri-glomerular and glomerular regions of the diabetic kidney. Immunohistochemical localization revealed elevated expression of fibronectin and laminin in the glomeruli of the diabetic kidney. GYY4137 reversed the pathological changes. Similar results were observed in in vitro experiments. In conclusion, our data suggest that RXR signaling plays a significant role in ECM turnover, and GYY4137 modulates PPAR/RAR-mediated RXR signaling to ameliorate PAI-1-dependent adverse ECM turnover in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Utpal Sen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-502-852-2030; Fax: +1-502-852-6239
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