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Wu K, Yin K, Cai W, Luo G. Choroidal vascularity index in patients with computer vision syndrome combined with accommodative lead. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 48:104277. [PMID: 39004111 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the choroidal vascularity index (CVI) in patients with computer vision syndrome (CVS) combined with accommodative lead. METHODS This retrospective case-control study enrolled patients diagnosed with CVS and accommodative lead at University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University between July 2022 and May 2023. The control group included individuals without any ocular diseases. Ophthalmic assessments included basic visual acuity, refraction, ocular biometric parameters, and CVI. RESULTS A total of 85 participants were included in the study, with 45 in the CVS group and 40 in the control group. The central corneal thickness of CVS group was found to be significantly thinner compared to the control group in both the right eye (532.40±30.93 vs. 545.78±19.99 µm, P = 0.019) and left eye (533.96±29.57 vs. 547.56±20.39, P = 0.014). In comparison to the control group, the CVS group exhibited lower CVI in the superior (0.40±0.08 vs. 0.43±0.09, P = 0.001), temporal (0.40±0.08 vs. 0.44±0.10, P < 0.001), inferior (0.41±0.08 vs. 0.46±0.08, P < 0.001), and nasal (0.41±0.08 vs. 0.44±0.08, P = 0.001) quadrants. Similar differences were observed in all four quadrants within the 1-3 mm radius, and in the temporal (P = 0.004) and inferior (P = 0.002) quadrants within the 1-6 mm and 3-6 mm radii (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Compared to individuals without ocular issues, patients with CVS and accommodative lead were found to have thinner corneal central thickness and lower CVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaishou Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University-Town Hospital affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Kaimei Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University-Town Hospital affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology, University-Town Hospital affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Guangyan Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University-Town Hospital affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, China
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Poh SSJ, Sia JT, Yip MYT, Tsai ASH, Lee SY, Tan GSW, Weng CY, Kadonosono K, Kim M, Yonekawa Y, Ho AC, Toth CA, Ting DSW. Artificial Intelligence, Digital Imaging, and Robotics Technologies for Surgical Vitreoretinal Diseases. Ophthalmol Retina 2024; 8:633-645. [PMID: 38280425 DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2024.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review recent technological advancement in imaging, surgical visualization, robotics technology, and the use of artificial intelligence in surgical vitreoretinal (VR) diseases. BACKGROUND Technological advancements in imaging enhance both preoperative and intraoperative management of surgical VR diseases. Widefield imaging in fundal photography and OCT can improve assessment of peripheral retinal disorders such as retinal detachments, degeneration, and tumors. OCT angiography provides a rapid and noninvasive imaging of the retinal and choroidal vasculature. Surgical visualization has also improved with intraoperative OCT providing a detailed real-time assessment of retinal layers to guide surgical decisions. Heads-up display and head-mounted display utilize 3-dimensional technology to provide surgeons with enhanced visual guidance and improved ergonomics during surgery. Intraocular robotics technology allows for greater surgical precision and is shown to be useful in retinal vein cannulation and subretinal drug delivery. In addition, deep learning techniques leverage on diverse data including widefield retinal photography and OCT for better predictive accuracy in classification, segmentation, and prognostication of many surgical VR diseases. CONCLUSION This review article summarized the latest updates in these areas and highlights the importance of continuous innovation and improvement in technology within the field. These advancements have the potential to reshape management of surgical VR diseases in the very near future and to ultimately improve patient care. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley S J Poh
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Josh T Sia
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Michelle Y T Yip
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Andrew S H Tsai
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Shu Yen Lee
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Gavin S W Tan
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Christina Y Weng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Min Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoshihiro Yonekawa
- Wills Eye Hospital, Mid Atlantic Retina, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Allen C Ho
- Wills Eye Hospital, Mid Atlantic Retina, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cynthia A Toth
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Daniel S W Ting
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
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Si Y, Pang K, Song Y, Zhang X, Yang H, Cui Y. Observation of structural and vascular features of retina and choroid in myopia using ultra-widefield SS-OCTA. BMC Ophthalmol 2024; 24:208. [PMID: 38715011 PMCID: PMC11075211 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-024-03473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To find the relationship between the changes of retinal and choriodal structure/ vascular densities (VD) and the myopia progress. METHODS 126 eyes of 126 age-matched young participants were divided into three groups: Emmetropia and Low Myopia (EaLM) (33 eyes), Moderate Myopia (MM) (39 eyes), and High Myopia (HM) (54 eyes). Fundus images measuring 12 × 12 mm were captured using ultra-widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA). Each image was uniformly divided into nine regions: supra-temporal (ST), temporal (T), infra-temporal (IT), superior (S), central macular area (C), inferior (I), supra-nasal (SN), nasal (N), and infra-nasal (IN). Various structural parameters, including inner retina thickness (IRT), outer retina thickness (ORT), and choroid thickness (CT), were assessed, and the VD of the superficial capillary plexus (SCP), deep capillary plexus (DCP), choriocapillaries (CC), and choroid vessels (ChdV) were quantified. RESULTS CT in upper fundus exhibited a significant reduction from EaLM to MM. Additionally, ORT (ST, S. SN, C, N, IT, I, IN), CT (ST, S, SN, T, C, N, IT, I, IN) and VDs of SCP (ST, S, C, I, IN), DCP (ST, S, T, C, I) and ChdV (T, N, I, IN) were statistically diminished in EaLM compared to HM. Furthermore, IRT (N), ORT (N, IN), CT (S, SN, T, C, IT, I) and VDs of SCP (I, IN) and DCP (I) exhibited significant decreases as MM progressed towards HM. Intriguingly, there was a notable increase in the VD of CC (ST, S, T, C, N) as myopia progressed from MM to HM. CONCLUSION Significant changes in retinal and choroid structure and vascular density occur as moderate myopia advances to high myopia. Efforts to curb myopia progression to this stage are essential, as the failure to do so may lead to the development of corresponding retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Si
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of shandong University, Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250063, Shandong Province, China
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Kunpeng Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of shandong University, Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250063, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yanling Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of shandong University, Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250063, Shandong Province, China
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of shandong University, Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250063, Shandong Province, China
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Hongling Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of shandong University, Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250063, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of shandong University, Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250063, Shandong Province, China.
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Jiang Z, Lin T, Lin A, Liu X, Mai X, Lin J, Cheung CYL, Chen H. Inter-Individual Topographic Variation of Choroidal Thickness in Healthy Eyes on Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2024; 13:24. [PMID: 38630469 PMCID: PMC11037496 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.13.4.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the topographic characters of inter-individual variations of the macular choroidal thickness (CT). Methods This was a retrospective study. Macular CT data for 900 0.2 × 0.2-mm grids from 410 healthy eyes were collected from swept-source optical coherence tomography. Following the analysis of factors associated with mean CT, the β-coefficients of the included associated factors in each grid were summarized for choroidal thickness changes analysis. Additionally, the coefficient of variance (CoV), coefficient of determination (CoD), and coefficient of variance unexplained (CoVU) for CT were calculated in each individual grid to investigate the inter-individual choroidal variations pattern. Results Sex (β = -17.26, female vs. male), age (β = -1.61, per 1 year), and axial length (β = -18.62, per 1 mm) were associated with mean macular CT. Females had a thinner choroid in all 900 grids (0.5-26.9 µm). As age increased, the CT noticeably decreased (8.74-19.87 µm per 10 years) in the temporal regions. With axial length elongation, the thinning (7.94-24.91 µm per 1 mm) was more evident in subfoveal and nasal regions. Both the CoV (34.69%-58.00%) and CoVU (23.05%-40.78%) were lower in the temporal regions, whereas the CoD (18.41%-39.66%) was higher in the temporal regions. Conclusions Choroidal thinning is more predominant in the subfoveal and nasal regions with axial length elongation, but in the temporal region with aging. The inter-individual variation of CT is higher and less determined by sex, age, or axial length in the nasal regions. Translational Relevance Topographic variation should be considered when interpreting choroidal thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Jiang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Tian Lin
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Aidi Lin
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Xujia Liu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Xiaoting Mai
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Jianwei Lin
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Carol Y. L. Cheung
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Haoyu Chen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, China
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Dan YS, Cheong KX, Lim SY, Wong QY, Chong RS, Wong CW, Hoang QV. Quantitative assessment of the choroidal vasculature in myopic macular degeneration with optical coherence tomographic angiography. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2023; 3:1202445. [PMID: 38983085 PMCID: PMC11182253 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2023.1202445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Background To assess and compare choroidal morphometric vascular parameters, using optical coherence tomographic angiography (OCTA), in highly myopic adults with and without myopic macular degeneration (MMD). Methods This is a clinic-based observational study of 148 eyes with axial length (AL) ≥25mm, enrolled from the high myopia clinic of the Singapore National Eye Centre. MMD was graded from fundus photographs. Swept source OCT (SS-OCT) and OCTA were performed and assessed for choroidal layer thickness (CT) and choroidal vasculature (choroidal vessel density (CVD), choroidal branch area (CBA) and mean choroidal vessel width (MCVW)) in the different choroidal layers (overall choroidal layer (CL), medium-vessel choroidal layer (MVCL), large-vessel choroidal layer (LVCL)). Results CTCL (r=-0.58, p<0.001), CTMVCL (r=-0.22, p=0.04), MCVWCL (r=-0.58, p<0.001), and CVDCL (r=-0.19, p=0.02) were negatively correlated with AL, while CBACL (r=0.61, p<0.001) was positively correlated. Compared to eyes with no MMD, eyes with MMD2 had lower CTCL (120.37±47.18µm vs 218.33±92.70µm, p<0.001), CTMVCL (70.57±15.28µm vs 85.32±23.71µm, p=0.04), CTLVCL (101.65±25.36µm vs 154.55±68.41µm, p=0.001) and greater CVDCL (71.10±3.97% vs 66.97±3.63%, p<0.001), CVDMVCL (66.96±2.35% vs 65.06±2.69%, p=0.002), CVDLVCL (68.36±2.56% vs 66.58±2.88%, p=0.012), MCVWMVCL (6.14±0.34µm vs 5.90±0.35µm, p=0.007), and CBACL (12.69±1.38% vs 11.34±1.18%, p<0.001). After adjusting for age, thicker CTCL (odds ratio (OR) 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.97-0.99, p<0.001), CTMVCL (OR 0.97 (0.94-0.99), p=0.002) and CTLVCL (OR 0.97 (0.96-0.98, p<0.001) were significantly associated with lower odds of MMD2, while increased CVDCL (OR 1.37 (1.20-1.55), p<0.001), CVDMVCL (OR 1.39 (1.12-1.73), p=0.003), CVDLVCL (OR 1.31 (1.07-1.60), p=0.009), CBACL (OR 2.19 (1.55-3.08), p<0.001) and MCVWMVCL (OR 6.97 (1.59-30.51), p=0.01) was significantly associated with higher odds of MMD2. Conclusion Decrease in choroidal vessel width, density and thickness, and an increase in vascular branching were observed in eyes with long AL. A thinner and denser choroid with greater branching area and vessel width, which may all be signs of hypoxia, were associated with greater odds of MMD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Shan Dan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kai Xiong Cheong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shen Yi Lim
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qiu Ying Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rachel S. Chong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chee Wai Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Quan V. Hoang
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, NY, United States
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Liu X, Chen S, Leng H, Wang Y, Liu Y, Shen Y, Liu S, Yi H, Li J, Zhong J. New findings on choroidal features in healthy people by ultra-widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9215. [PMID: 37280302 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36374-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the distribution of choroidal thickness (CT) and its trend with age in healthy people using 120° ultra-wide field swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (UWF SS-OCTA). In this cross-sectional observational study, healthy volunteers underwent single imaging of the fundus with UWF SS-OCTA at a field of view (FOV) of 120° (24 mm × 20 mm) centered on the macula. The characteristics of CT distribution in different regions and its changes with age were analyzed. A total of 128 volunteers with a mean age of 34.9 ± 20.1 years and 210 eyes were enrolled in the study. The thickest mean choroid thickness (MCT) was located at the macular region and supratemporal region, followed by the nasal side of the optic disc, and thinnest below the optic disc. The maximum MCT was: 213.40 ± 36.65 μm for the group aged 20-29, and the minimum MCT was: 162.11 ± 31.96 μm for the group aged ≥ 60. After the age of 50, MCT was significantly and negatively correlated decreased with age (r = - 0.358, p = 0.002), and the MCT in the macular region decreased more remarkably compared to other regions. The 120° UWF SS-OCTA can observe the distribution of choroidal thickness in the range of 24 mm × 20 mm and its variation with age. It was revealed that MCT decreased more rapidly in the macular region relative to other regions after 50 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Liu
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.23, West Section 2, 1St Ring Road, Qing Yang District, Chengdu City, 610072, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Sizhu Chen
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.23, West Section 2, 1St Ring Road, Qing Yang District, Chengdu City, 610072, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongmei Leng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiya Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.23, West Section 2, 1St Ring Road, Qing Yang District, Chengdu City, 610072, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Yadan Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Sanmei Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Hangjin Yi
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.23, West Section 2, 1St Ring Road, Qing Yang District, Chengdu City, 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.23, West Section 2, 1St Ring Road, Qing Yang District, Chengdu City, 610072, Sichuan Province, China.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jie Zhong
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.23, West Section 2, 1St Ring Road, Qing Yang District, Chengdu City, 610072, Sichuan Province, China.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China.
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Sex- and Age-Dependent Wide-Field Choroidal Thickness Differences in Healthy Eyes. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12041505. [PMID: 36836042 PMCID: PMC9959021 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to map and characterize the choroidal thickness over a wide area from the posterior pole to the vortex vein in normal eyes. This observational study included 146 healthy eyes (63 male). Three-dimensional volume data were acquired to create a choroidal thickness map using swept-source optical coherence tomography. The map was classified as type A if an area with a choroidal thickness >250 µm in the vertical direction from the optic disc, and the area corresponding to the watershed was not observed, or as type B if such an area was observed. The relationship between the ratio of groups A to B and age was compared by classifying the age for three age groups: <40, 40-60, and >60 years in men and women. In men and women, 69.8% and 49.4% were classified as type A, respectively, with significant sex differences (p = 0.013). The proportion of type B decreased with increasing age in both the sexes. There was a significant difference between ≤60 and >60 years in men and between ≤40 and >40 years in women (p < 0.05). To conclude, the wide-area choroidal thickness and the age-dependent changes in healthy eyes differed between the sexes.
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