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Deguine J, Xavier RJ. B cell tolerance and autoimmunity: Lessons from repertoires. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20231314. [PMID: 39093312 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20231314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immune cell function is regulated by a highly diverse receptor recombined from variable germline-encoded segments that can recognize an almost unlimited array of epitopes. While this diversity enables the recognition of any pathogen, it also poses a risk of self-recognition, leading to autoimmunity. Many layers of regulation are present during both the generation and activation of B cells to prevent this phenomenon, although they are evidently imperfect. In recent years, our ability to analyze immune repertoires at scale has drastically increased, both through advances in sequencing and single-cell analyses. Here, we review the current knowledge on B cell repertoire analyses, focusing on their implication for autoimmunity. These studies demonstrate that a failure of tolerance occurs at multiple independent checkpoints in different autoimmune contexts, particularly during B cell maturation, plasmablast differentiation, and within germinal centers. These failures are marked by distinct repertoire features that may be used to identify disease- or patient-specific therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Deguine
- Immunology Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard , Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Immunology Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard , Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Fiske BE, Wemlinger SM, Crute BW, Getahun A. The Src-family kinase Lyn plays a critical role in establishing and maintaining B cell anergy by suppressing PI3K-dependent signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.21.595208. [PMID: 38826354 PMCID: PMC11142063 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.21.595208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Although the Src family kinase (SFK) Lyn is known to be involved in induction and maintenance of peripheral B cell tolerance, the molecular basis of its action in this context remains unclear. This question has been approached using conventional as well as B cell-targeted knockouts of Lyn, with varied conclusions likely confused by collateral loss of Lyn functions in B cell and myeloid cell development and activation. Here we utilized a system in which Lyn gene deletion is tamoxifen inducible and B cell restricted. This system allows acute elimination of Lyn in B cells without off-target effects. This genetic tool was employed in conjunction with immunoglobulin transgenic mice in which peripheral B cells are autoreactive. DNA reactive Ars/A1 B cells require continuous inhibitory signaling, mediated by the inositol phosphatase SHIP-1 and the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1, to maintain an unresponsive (anergic) state. Here we show that Ars/A1 B cells require Lyn to establish and maintain B cell unresponsiveness. Lyn primarily functions by restricting PI3K-dependent signaling pathways. This Lyn-dependent mechanism complements the impact of reduced mIgM BCR expression to restrict BCR signaling in Ars/A1 B cells. Our findings suggest that a subset of autoreactive B cells requires Lyn to become anergic and that the autoimmunity associated with dysregulated Lyn function may, in part, be due to an inability of these autoreactive B cells to become tolerized.
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Fiske BE, Getahun A. Failed Downregulation of PI3K Signaling Makes Autoreactive B Cells Receptive to Bystander T Cell Help. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1150-1160. [PMID: 38353615 PMCID: PMC10948302 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The role of T cell help in autoantibody responses is not well understood. Because tolerance mechanisms govern both T and B cell responses, one might predict that both T cell tolerance and B cell tolerance must be defeated in autoantibody responses requiring T cell help. To define whether autoreactive B cells depend on T cells to generate autoantibody responses, we studied the role of T cells in murine autoantibody responses resulting from acute B cell-specific deletion of regulatory phosphatases. Ars/A1 B cells are DNA reactive and require continuous inhibitory signaling by the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 and the inositol phosphatases SHIP-1 and PTEN to maintain unresponsiveness. Acute B cell-restricted deletion of any of these phosphatases results in an autoantibody response. In this study, we show that CD40-CD40L interactions are required to support autoantibody responses of B cells whose anergy has been compromised. If the B cell-intrinsic driver of loss of tolerance is failed negative regulation of PI3K signaling, bystander T cells provide sufficient CD40-mediated signal 2 to support an autoantibody response. However, although autoantibody responses driven by acute B cell-targeted deletion of SHP-1 also require T cells, bystander T cell help does not suffice. These results demonstrate that upregulation of PI3K signaling in autoreactive B cells, recapitulating the effect of multiple autoimmunity risk alleles, promotes autoantibody responses both by increasing B cells' cooperation with noncognate T cell help and by altering BCR signaling. Receptiveness to bystander T cell help enables autoreactive B cells to circumvent the fail-safe of T cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigita E. Fiske
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado SOM, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado SOM, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
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Alleva DG, Delpero AR, Sathiyaseelan T, Murikipudi S, Lancaster TM, Atkinson MA, Wasserfall CH, Yu L, Ragupathy R, Bonami RH, Zion TC. An antigen-specific immunotherapeutic, AKS-107, deletes insulin-specific B cells and prevents murine autoimmune diabetes. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1367514. [PMID: 38515750 PMCID: PMC10954819 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1367514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The antigen-presenting cell function of insulin-reactive B cells promotes type 1 diabetes (T1D) in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice by stimulating pathogenic T cells leading to destruction of insulin-producing β-cells of pancreatic islets. Methods/Results To target insulin-reactive B cells, AKS-107, a human IgG1 Fc molecule fused with human insulin A and B chains, was engineered to retain conformational insulin epitopes that bound mouse and human B cell receptors but prevented binding to the insulin metabolic receptor. AKS-107 Fc-mediated deletion of insulin-reactive B cells was demonstrated via ex vivo and in vivo experiments with insulin-reactive B cell receptor transgenic mouse strains, VH125Tg/NOD and Tg125(H+L)/NOD. As an additional immune tolerance feature, the Y16A mutation of the insulin B(9-23) dominant T cell epitope was engineered into AKS-107 to suppress activation of insulin-specific T cells. In mice and non-human primates, AKS-107 was well-tolerated, non-immunogenic, did not cause hypoglycemia even at high doses, and showed an expectedly protracted pharmacokinetic profile. AKS-107 reproducibly prevented spontaneous diabetes from developing in NOD and VH125Tg/NOD mice that persisted for months after cessation of treatment, demonstrating durable immune tolerance. Discussion These preclinical outcomes position AKS-107 for clinical development in T1D prevention settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Alleva
- Department of Pharmacology, Akston Biosciences, Inc., Beverly, MA, United States
| | - Andrea R. Delpero
- Department of Pharmacology, Akston Biosciences, Inc., Beverly, MA, United States
| | | | - Sylaja Murikipudi
- Department of Pharmacology, Akston Biosciences, Inc., Beverly, MA, United States
| | - Thomas M. Lancaster
- Department of Pharmacology, Akston Biosciences, Inc., Beverly, MA, United States
| | - Mark A. Atkinson
- Departments of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, and Diabetes Institute, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Clive H. Wasserfall
- Departments of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, and Diabetes Institute, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Liping Yu
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Ramya Ragupathy
- Department of Pharmacology, Akston Biosciences, Inc., Beverly, MA, United States
| | - Rachel H. Bonami
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Todd C. Zion
- Department of Pharmacology, Akston Biosciences, Inc., Beverly, MA, United States
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Neys SFH, Heutz JW, van Hulst JAC, Vink M, Bergen IM, de Jong PHP, Lubberts E, Hendriks RW, Corneth OBJ. Aberrant B cell receptor signaling in circulating naïve and IgA + memory B cells from newly-diagnosed autoantibody-positive rheumatoid arthritis patients. J Autoimmun 2024; 143:103168. [PMID: 38350168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Altered B cell receptor (BCR) signaling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here we aimed to identify signaling aberrations in autoantibody-positive and autoantibody-negative RA patients by performing a comprehensive analysis of the BCR signaling cascade in different B cell subsets. METHODS We first optimized phosphoflow cytometry for an in-depth analysis of BCR signaling across immunoglobulin isotypes in healthy donors. Subsequently, we compared BCR signaling in circulating B cell subsets from treatment-naïve, newly-diagnosed autoantibody-positive RA and autoantibody-negative RA patients and healthy controls (HCs). RESULTS We observed subset-specific phosphorylation patterns of the BCR signalosome in circulating B cells from healthy donors. Compared with HCs, autoantibody-positive RA patients displayed enhanced responses to BCR stimulation for multiple signaling proteins, specifically in naïve and IgA+ memory B cells. Whereas in unstimulated healthy donor B cells, the phosphorylation status of individual signaling proteins showed only limited correlation, BCR stimulation enhanced the interconnectivity in phosphorylation within the BCR signalosome. However, this strong interconnectivity within the BCR signalosome in stimulated B cells from HCs was lost in RA, especially in autoantibody-positive RA patients. Finally, we observed strong correlations between SYK and BTK protein expression, and IgA and IgG anti-citrullinated protein antibody concentrations in serum from autoantibody-positive RA patients. CONCLUSION Collectively, the isotype-specific analysis of multiple key components of the BCR signalosome identified aberrant BCR signaling responses in treatment-naïve autoantibody-positive RA patients, particularly in naïve B cells and IgA+ memory B cells. Our findings support differential involvement of dysregulated BCR signaling in the pathogenesis of autoantibody-positive and autoantibody-negative RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F H Neys
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Judith W Heutz
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Madelief Vink
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M Bergen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pascal H P de Jong
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erik Lubberts
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Odilia B J Corneth
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Baxter RM, Wang CS, Garcia-Perez JE, Kong DS, Coleman BM, Larchenko V, Schuyler RP, Jackson C, Ghosh T, Rudra P, Paul D, Claassen M, Rochford R, Cambier JC, Ghosh D, Cooper JC, Smith MJ, Hsieh EWY. Expansion of extrafollicular B and T cell subsets in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1208282. [PMID: 37965329 PMCID: PMC10641733 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1208282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Most childhood-onset SLE patients (cSLE) develop lupus nephritis (cLN), but only a small proportion achieve complete response to current therapies. The prognosis of children with LN and end-stage renal disease is particularly dire. Mortality rates within the first five years of renal replacement therapy may reach 22%. Thus, there is urgent need to decipher and target immune mechanisms that drive cLN. Despite the clear role of autoantibody production in SLE, targeted B cell therapies such as rituximab (anti-CD20) and belimumab (anti-BAFF) have shown only modest efficacy in cLN. While many studies have linked dysregulation of germinal center formation to SLE pathogenesis, other work supports a role for extrafollicular B cell activation in generation of pathogenic antibody secreting cells. However, whether extrafollicular B cell subsets and their T cell collaborators play a role in specific organ involvement in cLN and/or track with disease activity remains unknown. Methods We analyzed high-dimensional mass cytometry and gene expression data from 24 treatment naïve cSLE patients at the time of diagnosis and longitudinally, applying novel computational tools to identify abnormalities associated with clinical manifestations (cLN) and disease activity (SLEDAI). Results cSLE patients have an extrafollicular B cell expansion signature, with increased frequency of i) DN2, ii) Bnd2, iii) plasmablasts, and iv) peripheral T helper cells. Most importantly, we discovered that this extrafollicular signature correlates with disease activity in cLN, supporting extrafollicular T/B interactions as a mechanism underlying pediatric renal pathogenesis. Discussion This study integrates established and emerging themes of extrafollicular B cell involvement in SLE by providing evidence for extrafollicular B and peripheral T helper cell expansion, along with elevated type 1 IFN activation, in a homogeneous cohort of treatment-naïve cSLE patients, a point at which they should display the most extreme state of their immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Baxter
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Christine S. Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Josselyn E. Garcia-Perez
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Daniel S. Kong
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Brianne M. Coleman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Valentyna Larchenko
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Ronald P. Schuyler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Conner Jackson
- Center for Innovative Design and Analysis, School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Tusharkanti Ghosh
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Pratyaydipta Rudra
- Department of Statistics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Debdas Paul
- Clinical Bioinformatics & Machine Learning in Translational Single-Cell Biology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Manfred Claassen
- Clinical Bioinformatics & Machine Learning in Translational Single-Cell Biology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Rosemary Rochford
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - John C. Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Debashis Ghosh
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jennifer C. Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Mia J. Smith
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Elena W. Y. Hsieh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
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Li J, Zhao M, Luo W, Huang J, Zhao B, Zhou Z. B cell metabolism in autoimmune diseases: signaling pathways and interventions. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1232820. [PMID: 37680644 PMCID: PMC10481957 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1232820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are heterogeneous disorders believed to stem from the immune system's inability to distinguish between auto- and foreign- antigens. B lymphocytes serve a crucial role in humoral immunity as they generate antibodies and present antigens. Dysregulation of B cell function induce the onset of autoimmune disorders by generating autoantibodies and pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in an imbalance in immune regulation. New research in immunometabolism shows that cellular metabolism plays an essential role in controlling B lymphocytes immune reactions by providing the energy and substrates for B lymphocytes activation, differentiation, and function. However, dysregulated immunometabolism lead to autoimmune diseases by disrupting self-tolerance mechanisms. This review summarizes the latest research on metabolic reprogramming of B lymphocytes in autoimmune diseases, identifying crucial pathways and regulatory factors. Moreover, we consider the potential of metabolic interventions as a promising therapeutic strategy. Understanding the metabolic mechanisms of B cells brings us closer to developing novel therapies for autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mingjiu Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenjun Luo
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiaqi Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Furong Laboratory, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Stensland ZC, Magera CA, Broncucia H, Gomez BD, Rios-Guzman NM, Wells KL, Nicholas CA, Rihanek M, Hunter MJ, Toole KP, Gottlieb PA, Smith MJ. Identification of an anergic BND cell-derived activated B cell population (BND2) in young-onset type 1 diabetes patients. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20221604. [PMID: 37184563 PMCID: PMC10192302 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests a role for B cells in the pathogenesis of young-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D), wherein rapid progression occurs. However, little is known regarding the specificity, phenotype, and function of B cells in young-onset T1D. We performed a cross-sectional analysis comparing insulin-reactive to tetanus-reactive B cells in the blood of T1D and controls using mass cytometry. Unsupervised clustering revealed the existence of a highly activated B cell subset we term BND2 that falls within the previously defined anergic BND subset. We found a specific increase in the frequency of insulin-reactive BND2 cells in the blood of young-onset T1D donors, which was further enriched in the pancreatic lymph nodes of T1D donors. The frequency of insulin-binding BND2 cells correlated with anti-insulin autoantibody levels. We demonstrate BND2 cells are pre-plasma cells and can likely act as APCs to T cells. These findings identify an antigen-specific B cell subset that may play a role in the rapid progression of young-onset T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C. Stensland
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christopher A. Magera
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Hali Broncucia
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Brittany D. Gomez
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nasha M. Rios-Guzman
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kristen L. Wells
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Catherine A. Nicholas
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Marynette Rihanek
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Maya J. Hunter
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kevin P. Toole
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Peter A. Gottlieb
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mia J. Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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Bajnok A, Serény-Litvai T, Temesfői V, Nörenberg J, Herczeg R, Kaposi A, Berki T, Mezosi E. An Optimized Flow Cytometric Method to Demonstrate the Differentiation Stage-Dependent Ca 2+ Flux Responses of Peripheral Human B Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109107. [PMID: 37240453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) flux acts as a central signaling pathway in B cells, and its alterations are associated with autoimmune dysregulation and B-cell malignancies. We standardized a flow-cytometry-based method using various stimuli to investigate the Ca2+ flux characteristics of circulating human B lymphocytes from healthy individuals. We found that different activating agents trigger distinct Ca2+ flux responses and that B-cell subsets show specific developmental-stage dependent Ca2+ flux response patterns. Naive B cells responded with a more substantial Ca2+ flux to B cell receptor (BCR) stimulation than memory B cells. Non-switched memory cells responded to anti-IgD stimulation with a naive-like Ca2+ flux pattern, whereas their anti-IgM response was memory-like. Peripheral antibody-secreting cells retained their IgG responsivity but showed reduced Ca2+ responses upon activation, indicating their loss of dependence on Ca2+ signaling. Ca2+ flux is a relevant functional test for B cells, and its alterations could provide insight into pathological B-cell activation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bajnok
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Timea Serény-Litvai
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Viktória Temesfői
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Jasper Nörenberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Róbert Herczeg
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ambrus Kaposi
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Programming Languages and Compilers, Faculty of Informatics, Eötvös Loránd University, 1053 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Timea Berki
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Emese Mezosi
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
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Fiske BE, Getahun A. Failed down-regulation of PI3K signaling makes autoreactive B cells receptive to bystander T cell help. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.23.525206. [PMID: 36747655 PMCID: PMC9900797 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.23.525206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The role of T cell help in autoantibody responses is not well understood. Since tolerance mechanisms govern both T and B cell responses, one might predict that both T cell tolerance and B cell tolerance must be defeated in autoantibody responses requiring T cell help. To define whether autoreactive B cells depend on T cells to generate autoantibody responses, we studied the role of T cells in autoantibody responses resulting from acute cell-specific deletion of regulatory phosphatases. Ars/A1 B cells are DNA-reactive and require continuous inhibitory signaling by the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 and the inositol phosphatases SHIP-1 and PTEN to maintain unresponsiveness. Acute B cell-restricted deletion of any of these phosphatases results in an autoantibody response. Here we show that CD40-CD40L interactions are required to support autoantibody responses of B cells whose anergy has been compromised. If the B cell-intrinsic driver of loss of tolerance is failed negative regulation of PI3K signaling, bystander T cells provide sufficient CD40-mediated signal 2 to support an autoantibody response. However, while autoantibody responses driven by acute B cell-targeted deletion of SHP-1 also require T cells, bystander T cell help does not suffice. These results demonstrate that upregulation of PI3K signaling in autoreactive B cells, recapitulating the effect of multiple autoimmunity risk alleles, promotes autoantibody responses both by increasing B cells’ cooperation with non-cognate T cell help, as well as by altering BCR signaling. Receptiveness to bystander T cell help enables autoreactive B cells to circumvent the fail-safe of T cell tolerance. Significance Phosphatase suppression of PI3K signaling is an important mechanism by which peripheral autoreactive B cells are kept in an unresponsive/anergic state. Loss of this suppression, due to genetic alleles that confer risk of autoimmunity, often occurs in autoreactive B cells of individuals who develop autoimmune disease. Here we demonstrate that de-repression of PI3K signaling promotes autoantibody responses of a DNA-reactive B cell clone by relaxing dependence of autoantibody responses on T cell-derived helper signals. These results suggest that impaired regulation of PI3K signaling can promote autoantibody responses in two ways: by restoring antigen receptor signaling and by enabling autoreactive B cells to circumvent restrictions imposed by T cell tolerance mechanisms.
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11
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Hodgson R, Xu X, Anzilotti C, Deobagkar-Lele M, Crockford TL, Kepple JD, Cawthorne E, Bhandari A, Cebrian-Serrano A, Wilcock MJ, Davies B, Cornall RJ, Bull KR. NDRG1 is induced by antigen-receptor signaling but dispensable for B and T cell self-tolerance. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1216. [PMID: 36357486 PMCID: PMC9649591 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04118-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral tolerance prevents the initiation of damaging immune responses by autoreactive lymphocytes. While tolerogenic mechanisms are tightly regulated by antigen-dependent and independent signals, downstream pathways are incompletely understood. N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1), an anti-cancer therapeutic target, has previously been implicated as a CD4+ T cell clonal anergy factor. By RNA-sequencing, we identified Ndrg1 as the third most upregulated gene in anergic, compared to naïve follicular, B cells. Ndrg1 is upregulated by B cell receptor activation (signal one) and suppressed by co-stimulation (signal two), suggesting that NDRG1 may be important in B cell tolerance. However, though Ndrg1-/- mice have a neurological defect mimicking NDRG1-associated Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT4d) disease, primary and secondary immune responses were normal. We find that B cell tolerance is maintained, and NDRG1 does not play a role in downstream responses during re-stimulation of in vivo antigen-experienced CD4+ T cells, demonstrating that NDGR1 is functionally redundant for lymphocyte anergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Hodgson
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xijin Xu
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Consuelo Anzilotti
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mukta Deobagkar-Lele
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tanya L Crockford
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jessica D Kepple
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleanor Cawthorne
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aneesha Bhandari
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alberto Cebrian-Serrano
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin J Wilcock
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Benjamin Davies
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard J Cornall
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Katherine R Bull
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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12
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Corneth OBJ, Neys SFH, Hendriks RW. Aberrant B Cell Signaling in Autoimmune Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213391. [PMID: 36359789 PMCID: PMC9654300 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant B cell signaling plays a critical in role in various systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases. This is supported by genetic evidence by many functional studies in B cells from patients or specific animal models and by the observed efficacy of small-molecule inhibitors. In this review, we first discuss key signal transduction pathways downstream of the B cell receptor (BCR) that ensure that autoreactive B cells are removed from the repertoire or functionally silenced. We provide an overview of aberrant BCR signaling that is associated with inappropriate B cell repertoire selection and activation or survival of peripheral B cell populations and plasma cells, finally leading to autoantibody formation. Next to BCR signaling, abnormalities in other signal transduction pathways have been implicated in autoimmune disease. These include reduced activity of several phosphates that are downstream of co-inhibitory receptors on B cells and increased levels of BAFF and APRIL, which support survival of B cells and plasma cells. Importantly, pathogenic synergy of the BCR and Toll-like receptors (TLR), which can be activated by endogenous ligands, such as self-nucleic acids, has been shown to enhance autoimmunity. Finally, we will briefly discuss therapeutic strategies for autoimmune disease based on interfering with signal transduction in B cells.
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13
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Harley ITW, Allison K, Scofield RH. Polygenic autoimmune disease risk alleles impacting B cell tolerance act in concert across shared molecular networks in mouse and in humans. Front Immunol 2022; 13:953439. [PMID: 36090990 PMCID: PMC9450536 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.953439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Most B cells produced in the bone marrow have some level of autoreactivity. Despite efforts of central tolerance to eliminate these cells, many escape to periphery, where in healthy individuals, they are rendered functionally non-responsive to restimulation through their antigen receptor via a process termed anergy. Broad repertoire autoreactivity may reflect the chances of generating autoreactivity by stochastic use of germline immunoglobulin gene segments or active mechanisms may select autoreactive cells during egress to the naïve peripheral B cell pool. Likewise, it is unclear why in some individuals autoreactive B cell clones become activated and drive pathophysiologic changes in autoimmune diseases. Both of these remain central questions in the study of the immune system(s). In most individuals, autoimmune diseases arise from complex interplay of genetic risk factors and environmental influences. Advances in genome sequencing and increased statistical power from large autoimmune disease cohorts has led to identification of more than 200 autoimmune disease risk loci. It has been observed that autoantibodies are detectable in the serum years to decades prior to the diagnosis of autoimmune disease. Thus, current models hold that genetic defects in the pathways that control autoreactive B cell tolerance set genetic liability thresholds across multiple autoimmune diseases. Despite the fact these seminal concepts were developed in animal (especially murine) models of autoimmune disease, some perceive a disconnect between human risk alleles and those identified in murine models of autoimmune disease. Here, we synthesize the current state of the art in our understanding of human risk alleles in two prototypical autoimmune diseases – systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and type 1 diabetes (T1D) along with spontaneous murine disease models. We compare these risk networks to those reported in murine models of these diseases, focusing on pathways relevant to anergy and central tolerance. We highlight some differences between murine and human environmental and genetic factors that may impact autoimmune disease development and expression and may, in turn, explain some of this discrepancy. Finally, we show that there is substantial overlap between the molecular networks that define these disease states across species. Our synthesis and analysis of the current state of the field are consistent with the idea that the same molecular networks are perturbed in murine and human autoimmune disease. Based on these analyses, we anticipate that murine autoimmune disease models will continue to yield novel insights into how best to diagnose, prognose, prevent and treat human autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac T. W. Harley
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative (HI3), Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Rheumatology Section, Medicine Service, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: Isaac T. W. Harley,
| | - Kristen Allison
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative (HI3), Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - R. Hal Scofield
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Medical/Research Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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14
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Castleman MJ, Stumpf MM, Therrien NR, Smith MJ, Lesteberg KE, Palmer BE, Maloney JP, Janssen WJ, Mould KJ, Beckham JD, Pelanda R, Torres RM. SARS-CoV-2 infection relaxes peripheral B cell tolerance. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20212553. [PMID: 35420627 PMCID: PMC9014793 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20212553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with strong inflammation and autoantibody production against diverse self-antigens, suggesting a system-wide defect in B cell tolerance. BND cells are a B cell subset in healthy individuals harboring autoreactive but anergic B lymphocytes. In vitro evidence suggests inflammatory stimuli can breach peripheral B cell tolerance in this subset. We asked whether SARS-CoV-2-associated inflammation impairs BND cell peripheral tolerance. To address this, PBMCs and plasma were collected from healthy controls, individuals immunized against SARS-CoV-2, or subjects with convalescent or severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. We demonstrate that BND cells from severely infected individuals are significantly activated, display reduced inhibitory receptor expression, and restored BCR signaling, indicative of a breach in anergy during viral infection, supported by increased levels of autoreactive antibodies. The phenotypic and functional BND cell alterations significantly correlate with increased inflammation in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, autoreactive BND cells are released from peripheral tolerance with SARS-CoV-2 infection, likely as a consequence of robust systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriah J. Castleman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Megan M. Stumpf
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Nicholas R. Therrien
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Mia J. Smith
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Kelsey E. Lesteberg
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Brent E. Palmer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - James P. Maloney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - William J. Janssen
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Kara J. Mould
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - J. David Beckham
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA, Medical Center, Aurora, CO
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Raul M. Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
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15
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Wemlinger SM, Parker Harp CR, Yu B, Hardy IR, Seefeldt M, Matsuda J, Mingueneau M, Spilker KA, Cameron TO, Larrick JW, Getahun A, Cambier JC. Preclinical Analysis of Candidate Anti-Human CD79 Therapeutic Antibodies Using a Humanized CD79 Mouse Model. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1566-1584. [PMID: 35321883 PMCID: PMC8976721 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The BCR comprises a membrane-bound Ig that is noncovalently associated with a heterodimer of CD79A and CD79B. While the BCR Ig component functions to sense extracellular Ag, CD79 subunits contain cytoplasmic ITAMs that mediate intracellular propagation of BCR signals critical for B cell development, survival, and Ag-induced activation. CD79 is therefore an attractive target for Ab and chimeric Ag receptor T cell therapies for autoimmunity and B cell neoplasia. Although the mouse is an attractive model for preclinical testing, due to its well-defined immune system, an obstacle is the lack of cross-reactivity of candidate therapeutic anti-human mAbs with mouse CD79. To overcome this problem, we generated knockin mice in which the extracellular Ig-like domains of CD79A and CD79B were replaced with human equivalents. In this study, we describe the generation and characterization of mice expressing chimeric CD79 and report studies that demonstrate their utility in preclinical analysis of anti-human CD79 therapy. We demonstrate that human and mouse CD79 extracellular domains are functionally interchangeable, and that anti-human CD79 lacking Fc region effector function does not cause significant B cell depletion, but induces 1) decreased expression of plasma membrane-associated IgM and IgD, 2) uncoupling of BCR-induced tyrosine phosphorylation and calcium mobilization, and 3) increased expression of PTEN, consistent with the levels observed in anergic B cells. Finally, anti-human CD79 treatment prevents disease development in two mouse models of autoimmunity. We also present evidence that anti-human CD79 treatment may inhibit Ab secretion by terminally differentiated plasmablasts and plasma cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Wemlinger
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Bo Yu
- Panorama Research Institute, Sunnyvale, CA
| | | | | | - Jennifer Matsuda
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO; and
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - John C Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO;
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16
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Getahun A. Role of inhibitory signaling in peripheral B cell tolerance*. Immunol Rev 2022; 307:27-42. [PMID: 35128676 PMCID: PMC8986582 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
At least 20% of B cells in the periphery expresses an antigen receptor with a degree of self-reactivity. If activated, these autoreactive B cells pose a risk as they can contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases. To prevent their activation, both B cell-intrinsic and extrinsic tolerance mechanisms are in place in healthy individuals. In this review article, I will focus on B cell-intrinsic mechanisms that prevent the activation of autoreactive B cells in the periphery. I will discuss how inhibitory signaling circuits are established in autoreactive B cells, focusing on the Lyn-SHIP-1-SHP-1 axis, how they contribute to peripheral immune tolerance, and how disruptions of these circuits can contribute to the development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology University of Colorado SOM Aurora Colorado USA
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine National Jewish Health Denver Colorado USA
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17
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Peterson JN, Boackle SA, Taitano SH, Sang A, Lang J, Kelly M, Rahkola JT, Miranda AM, Sheridan RM, Thurman JM, Rao VK, Torres RM, Pelanda R. Elevated Detection of Dual Antibody B Cells Identifies Lupus Patients With B Cell-Reactive VH4-34 Autoantibodies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:795209. [PMID: 35185888 PMCID: PMC8854503 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.795209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
About 5% of B cells in healthy mice and humans are allelically or isotypically included and hence co-express two different antibodies. In mice, dual antibody B cells (B2R) expand with systemic autoimmunity, co-express autoreactive and non-autoreactive antibodies, and participate in immune responses, but this phenomenon is strain dependent. This study was developed with two goals: 1) to establish the contribution of TLR and IFN receptor signaling to the development of germinal center B cells that express two antibodies in MRL/lpr mice; and 2) to determine whether B2R B cells are increased and particularly activated in a subset of adult patients diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Results from the MRL/lpr studies indicate that the enhanced differentiation of dual-κ B cells into germinal center B cells is due to a heightened response to TLR7 and TLR9 signaling, further fueled by an increased response to type II IFN. To understand the clinical and translational implications of our observations in mouse B2R B cells, cohorts of SLE patients and healthy controls were recruited and evaluated for expression of dual BCRs. Results from flow cytometry and microscopy revealed supraphysiological frequencies of κ+λ+ B2R cells in one fourth of the SLE patients. Abnormal numbers of κ+λ+ B cells correlated with higher frequencies of activated naïve B cells and age-associated B cells, and a lower proportion of "B cells that are naïve IgD+" (BND). However, results from single cell V(D)J sequencing demonstrated that these high κ+λ+ SLE patients harbored normal frequencies of κ+λ+ and other B2R B cells. and we further show that their B cells were instead decorated by κ and λ VH4-34 autoantibodies. Thus, our findings indicate that elevated flow cytometric detection of isotypically-included B cells can identify patients with high titers of B cell-reactive VH4-34 autoantibodies and abnormal distribution of B cell subsets relevant to autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob N. Peterson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Susan A. Boackle
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Sophina H. Taitano
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Allison Sang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Julie Lang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Margot Kelly
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jeremy T. Rahkola
- Mucosa and Vaccine Research Program Colorado, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Anjelica M. Miranda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Ryan M. Sheridan
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Joshua M. Thurman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - V. Koneti Rao
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Raul M. Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
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18
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Bier J, Deenick EK. The role of dysregulated PI3Kdelta signaling in human autoimmunity*. Immunol Rev 2022; 307:134-144. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.13067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bier
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research Darlinghurst New South Wales Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School Faculty of Medicine and Health UNSW Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Elissa K. Deenick
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research Darlinghurst New South Wales Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health UNSW Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
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19
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Stensland ZC, Coleman BM, Rihanek M, Baxter RM, Gottlieb PA, Hsieh EW, Sarapura VD, Simmons KM, Cambier JC, Smith MJ. Peripheral immunophenotyping of AITD subjects reveals alterations in immune cells in pediatric vs adult-onset AITD. iScience 2022; 25:103626. [PMID: 35005561 PMCID: PMC8718984 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is caused by aberrant activation of the immune system allowing autoreactive B and T cells to target the thyroid gland leading to disease. Although AITD is more frequently diagnosed in adults, children are also affected but rarely studied. Here, we performed phenotypic and functional characterization of peripheral blood immune cells from pediatric and adult-onset AITD patients and age-matched controls using mass cytometry. Major findings indicate that unlike adult-onset AITD patients, pediatric AITD patients exhibit a decrease in anergic B cells (BND) and DN2 B cells and an increase in immature B cells compared to age-matched controls. These results indicate alterations in peripheral blood immune cells seen in pediatric-onset AITD could lead to rapid progression of disease. Hence, this study demonstrates diversity of AITD by showing differences in immune cell phenotypes and function based on age of onset, and may inform future therapies. Penetrance of high-risk HLA-DR3 haplotype is higher in pediatric AITD patients Pediatric AITD patients display altered frequency of autoreactive B cell subsets Immune cell subset frequency and function is similar in adult AITD and controls
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C. Stensland
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Brianne M. Coleman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Marynette Rihanek
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ryan M. Baxter
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Peter A. Gottlieb
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Elena W.Y. Hsieh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Virginia D. Sarapura
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kimber M. Simmons
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - John C. Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Mia J. Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Corresponding author
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20
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Pelanda R, Greaves SA, Alves da Costa T, Cedrone LM, Campbell ML, Torres RM. B-cell intrinsic and extrinsic signals that regulate central tolerance of mouse and human B cells. Immunol Rev 2022; 307:12-26. [PMID: 34997597 PMCID: PMC8986553 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The random recombination of immunoglobulin V(D)J gene segments produces unique IgM antibodies that serve as the antigen receptor for each developing B cell. Hence, the newly formed B cell repertoire is comprised of a variety of specificities that display a range of reactivity with self-antigens. Newly generated IgM+ immature B cells that are non-autoreactive or that bind self-antigen with low avidity are licensed to leave the bone marrow with their intact antigen receptor and to travel via the blood to the peripheral lymphoid tissue for further selection and maturation. In contrast, clones with medium to high avidity for self-antigen remain within the marrow and undergo central tolerance, a process that revises their antigen receptor or eliminates the autoreactive B cell altogether. Thus, central B cell tolerance is critical for reducing the autoreactive capacity and avidity for self-antigen of our circulating B cell repertoire. Bone marrow cultures and mouse models have been instrumental for understanding the mechanisms that regulate the selection of bone marrow B cells. Here, we review recent studies that have shed new light on the contribution of the ERK, PI3K, and CXCR4 signaling pathways in the selection of mouse and human immature B cells that either bind or do not bind self-antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Sarah A Greaves
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Thiago Alves da Costa
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Lena M Cedrone
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Margaret L Campbell
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Raul M Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
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21
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Deenick EK, Bier J, Lau A. PI3K Isoforms in B Cells. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022; 436:235-254. [PMID: 36243847 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06566-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases (PI3K) control many aspects of cellular activation and differentiation and play an important role in B cells biology. Three different classes of PI3K have been described, all of which are expressed in B cells. However, it is the class IA PI3Ks, and the p110δ catalytic subunit in particular, which seem to play the most critical role in B cells. Here we discuss the important role that class IA PI3K plays in B cell development, activation and differentiation, as well as examine what is known about the other classes of PI3Ks in B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa K Deenick
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Julia Bier
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anthony Lau
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
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22
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Tanaka S, Ise W, Baba Y, Kurosaki T. Silencing and activating anergic B cells. Immunol Rev 2021; 307:43-52. [PMID: 34908172 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the existence of central tolerance mechanisms, including clonal deletion and receptor editing to eliminate self-reactive B cells, moderately self-reactive cells still survive in the periphery (about 20% of peripheral B cells). These cells normally exist in a functionally silenced state called anergy; thus, anergy has been thought to contribute to tolerance by active-silencing of potentially dangerous B cells. However, a positive rationale for the existence of these anergic B cells has recently been suggested by discoveries that broadly neutralizing antibodies for HIV and influenza virus possess poly- and/or auto-reactivity. Given the conundrum of generating inherent holes in the immune repertoire, retaining weakly self-reactive BCRs on anergic B cells could allow these antibodies to serve as an effective defense against pathogens, particularly in the case of pathogens that mimic forbidden self-epitopes to evade the host immune system. Thus, anergic B cells should be brought into a silenced or activated state, depending on their contexts. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of how the anergic B cell state is controlled in B cell-intrinsic and B cell-extrinsic ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Tanaka
- Division of Immunology and Genome Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Wataru Ise
- Team of Host Defense, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Baba
- Division of Immunology and Genome Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
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23
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Kim SS, Hudgins AD, Yang J, Zhu Y, Tu Z, Rosenfeld MG, DiLorenzo TP, Suh Y. A comprehensive integrated post-GWAS analysis of Type 1 diabetes reveals enhancer-based immune dysregulation. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257265. [PMID: 34529725 PMCID: PMC8445446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease, whereby immune cell-mediated killing leads to loss of the insulin-producing β cells in the pancreas. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified over 200 genetic variants associated with risk for T1D. The majority of the GWAS risk variants reside in the non-coding regions of the genome, suggesting that gene regulatory changes substantially contribute to T1D. However, identification of causal regulatory variants associated with T1D risk and their affected genes is challenging due to incomplete knowledge of non-coding regulatory elements and the cellular states and processes in which they function. Here, we performed a comprehensive integrated post-GWAS analysis of T1D to identify functional regulatory variants in enhancers and their cognate target genes. Starting with 1,817 candidate T1D SNPs defined from the GWAS catalog and LDlink databases, we conducted functional annotation analysis using genomic data from various public databases. These include 1) Roadmap Epigenomics, ENCODE, and RegulomeDB for epigenome data; 2) GTEx for tissue-specific gene expression and expression quantitative trait loci data; and 3) lncRNASNP2 for long non-coding RNA data. Our results indicated a prevalent enhancer-based immune dysregulation in T1D pathogenesis. We identified 26 high-probability causal enhancer SNPs associated with T1D, and 64 predicted target genes. The majority of the target genes play major roles in antigen presentation and immune response and are regulated through complex transcriptional regulatory circuits, including those in HLA (6p21) and non-HLA (16p11.2) loci. These candidate causal enhancer SNPs are supported by strong evidence and warrant functional follow-up studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Soo Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Adam D. Hudgins
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jiping Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yizhou Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Zhidong Tu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Rosenfeld
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Teresa P. DiLorenzo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- The Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Yousin Suh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Abstract
B cells are central to the pathogenesis of multiple autoimmune diseases, through antigen presentation, cytokine secretion, and the production of autoantibodies. During development and differentiation, B cells undergo drastic changes in their physiology. It is emerging that these are accompanied by equally significant shifts in metabolic phenotype, which may themselves also drive and enforce the functional properties of the cell. The dysfunction of B cells during autoimmunity is characterised by the breaching of tolerogenic checkpoints, and there is developing evidence that the metabolic state of B cells may contribute to this. Determining the metabolic phenotype of B cells in autoimmunity is an area of active study, and is important because intervention by metabolism-altering therapeutic approaches may represent an attractive treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwan G. A. Raza
- Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J. Clarke
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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25
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Neys SFH, Heukels P, van Hulst JAC, Rip J, Wijsenbeek MS, Hendriks RW, Corneth OBJ. Aberrant B Cell Receptor Signaling in Naïve B Cells from Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061321. [PMID: 34073225 PMCID: PMC8226954 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and ultimately fatal disease in which an impaired healing response to recurrent micro-injuries is thought to lead to fibrosis. Recent findings hint at a role for B cells and autoimmunity in IPF pathogenesis. We previously reported that circulating B cells from a fraction of patients, compared with healthy controls, express increased levels of the signaling molecule Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK). However, it remains unclear whether B cell receptor (BCR) signaling is altered in IPF. Here, we show that the response to BCR stimulation is enhanced in peripheral blood B cells from treatment-naïve IPF patients. We observed increased anti-immunoglobulin-induced phosphorylation of BTK and its substrate phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2) in naïve but not in memory B cells of patients with IPF. In naïve B cells of IPF patients enhanced BCR signaling correlated with surface expression of transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) but not B cell activating factor receptor (BAFFR), both of which provide pro-survival signals. Interestingly, treatment of IPF patients with nintedanib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor with anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory activity, induced substantial changes in BCR signaling. These findings support the involvement of B cells in IPF pathogenesis and suggest that targeting BCR signaling has potential value as a treatment option.
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26
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A Germline-Encoded Structural Arginine Trap Underlies the Anti-DNA Reactivity of a Murine V Gene Segment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094541. [PMID: 33926148 PMCID: PMC8123574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmunity may have its origins of early repertoire selection in developmental B cells. Such a primary repertoire is probably shaped by selecting B cells that can efficiently perform productive signaling, stimulated by self-antigens in the bone marrow, such as DNA. In support of that idea, we previously found a V segment from VH10 family that can form antibodies that bind to DNA independent of CDR3 usage. In this paper we designed four antibody fragments in a novel single-chain pre-BCR (scpre-BCR) format containing germinal V gene segments from families known to bind DNA (VH10) or not (VH4) connected to a murine surrogate light chain (SLC), lacking the highly charged unique region (UR), by a hydrophilic peptide linker. We also tested the influence of CDR2 on DNA reactivity by shuffling the CDR2 loop. The scpre-BCRs were expressed in bacteria. VH10 bearing scpre-BCR could bind DNA, while scpre-BCR carrying the VH4 segment did not. The CDR2 loop shuffling hampered VH10 reactivity while displaying a gain-of-function in the nonbinding VH4 germline. We modeled the binding sites demonstrating the conservation of a positivity charged pocket in the VH10 CDR2 as the possible cross-reactive structural element. We presented evidence of DNA reactivity hardwired in a V gene, suggesting a structural mechanism for innate autoreactivity. Therefore, while autoreactivity to DNA can lead to autoimmunity, efficiently signaling for B cell development is likely a trade-off mechanism leading to the selection of potentially autoreactive repertoires.
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27
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Heinicke F, Zhong X, Flåm ST, Breidenbach J, Leithaug M, Mæhlen MT, Lillegraven S, Aga AB, Norli ES, Mjaavatten MD, Haavardsholm EA, Zucknick M, Rayner S, Lie BA. MicroRNA Expression Differences in Blood-Derived CD19+ B Cells of Methotrexate Treated Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Front Immunol 2021; 12:663736. [PMID: 33897713 PMCID: PMC8062711 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.663736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex disease with a wide range of underlying susceptibility factors. Recently, dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) in RA have been reported in several immune cell types from blood. However, B cells have not been studied in detail yet. Given the autoimmune nature of RA with the presence of autoantibodies, CD19+ B cells are a key cell type in RA pathogenesis and alterations in CD19+ B cell subpopulations have been observed in patient blood. Therefore, we aimed to reveal the global miRNA repertoire and to analyze miRNA expression profile differences in homogenous RA patient phenotypes in blood-derived CD19+ B cells. Small RNA sequencing was performed on CD19+ B cells of newly diagnosed untreated RA patients (n=10), successfully methotrexate (MTX) treated RA patients in remission (MTX treated RA patients, n=18) and healthy controls (n=9). The majority of miRNAs was detected across all phenotypes. However, significant expression differences between MTX treated RA patients and controls were observed for 27 miRNAs, while no significant differences were seen between the newly diagnosed patients and controls. Several of the differentially expressed miRNAs were previously found to be dysregulated in RA including miR-223-3p, miR-486-3p and miR-23a-3p. MiRNA target enrichment analysis, using the differentially expressed miRNAs and miRNA-target interactions from miRTarBase as input, revealed enriched target genes known to play important roles in B cell activation, differentiation and B cell receptor signaling, such as STAT3, PRDM1 and PTEN. Interestingly, many of those genes showed a high degree of correlated expression in CD19+ B cells in contrast to other immune cell types. Our results suggest important regulatory functions of miRNAs in blood-derived CD19+ B cells of MTX treated RA patients and motivate for future studies investigating the interactive mechanisms between miRNA and gene targets, as well as the possible predictive power of miRNAs for RA treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Heinicke
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Xiangfu Zhong
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Siri T Flåm
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johannes Breidenbach
- Norwegian Institute for Bioeconomy Research, National Forest Inventory, Ås, Norway
| | - Magnus Leithaug
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marthe T Mæhlen
- Division of Rheumatology and Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Siri Lillegraven
- Division of Rheumatology and Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna-Birgitte Aga
- Division of Rheumatology and Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ellen S Norli
- Department of Rheumatology, Martina Hansens Hospital, Bærum, Norway
| | - Maria D Mjaavatten
- Division of Rheumatology and Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Manuela Zucknick
- Department of Biostatistics, Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Simon Rayner
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Benedicte A Lie
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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28
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Rincón-Arévalo H, Rojas M, Vanegas-García A, Muñoz-Vahos C, Orejuela-Erazo J, Vásquez G, Castaño D. Atypical phenotype and response of B cells in patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 204:221-238. [PMID: 33459349 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may be classified as seropositive or seronegative according to the presence of autoantibodies. An abnormal B cell phenotype and function could be one of the main components of the immunopathology of seropositive patients; however, there is little information regarding B cell defects in these patients. This study shows a broad characterization of the B cell phenotype and function in patients with seropositive RA. We focused mainly on the evaluation of subsets, the expression of modulatory molecules of cell activation (CD22, FcɣRIIb and FcµR), calcium mobilization, global tyrosine phosphorylation, expression of activation markers, cytokine and immunoglobulin (Ig) production, proliferation and the in-vitro generation of plasma cells. Increased frequency of CD27- IgM- IgD- and CD21- B cells was observed in patients with seropositive RA compared with healthy donors (HD). Decreased expression of CD22 was primarily found in memory B cells of patients with RA regardless of seropositivity. B cells from seropositive patients exhibited normal proliferation, calcium mobilization kinetics and global tyrosine phosphorylation, but showed an increased frequency of CD86+ B cells compared with HD. B cells of seropositive patients secrete less interleukin-10 after in-vitro activation and showed a decreased frequency of plasma cell differentiation and IgM production compared with HD. Our data indicate that patients with seropositive RA have an increased frequency of atypical B cell populations previously associated with chronic activation and antigen exposure. This may result in the observed low responsiveness of these cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rincón-Arévalo
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - M Rojas
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia.,Unidad de Citometría, Facultad de Medicina, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - A Vanegas-García
- Unidad Reumatología, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Medellín, Colombia
| | - C Muñoz-Vahos
- Unidad Reumatología, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Medellín, Colombia
| | - J Orejuela-Erazo
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - G Vásquez
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - D Castaño
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
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29
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Anaparti V, Smolik I, Meng X, O'Neil L, Jantz MA, Fritzler MJ, El-Gabalawy H. Expansion of Alternative Autoantibodies Does Not Follow the Evolution of Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibodies in Preclinical Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Analysis in At-Risk First Degree Relatives. Arthritis Rheumatol 2021; 73:740-749. [PMID: 33538122 DOI: 10.1002/art.41675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Co-occurrence of autoantibodies specific for ≥1 autoimmune disease is widely prevalent in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. To understand the prevalence of polyautoimmunity in preclinical RA, we performed a comprehensive autoantibody assessment in a First Nations cohort of at-risk first-degree relatives (FDR) of RA patients, a subset of whom subsequently developed RA (progressors). METHODS Venous blood was collected from all study participants (n = 50 RA patients and 64 FDR) at scheduled visits, and serum was stored at -20°C. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein level, anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) status, and autoantibody status were determined using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Rheumatoid factor (RF) was detected by nephelometry. Antinuclear autoantibodies (ANA) were identified using Hep-2 indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and classified according to international consensus nomenclature as various anti-cell (AC) patterns. RESULTS Of our study cohort, 78.9% had positive ANA reactivity (≥1:80), which was either a homogenous, fine-speckled (AC-1 and AC-4) or mixed IFA pattern. Importantly, the AC-4 and mixed ANA patterns were also observed in progressors at the time of disease onset. While all of the RA patients showed a high prevalence of arthritis-associated autoantibodies, they also had a high prevalence of extractable nuclear antigen-positive autoantibodies to other autoantigens. In FDR, we did not observe any increase in serum autoreactivity to nonarthritis autoantigens, either cross-sectionally or in samples collected longitudinally from progressors prior to RA onset. CONCLUSION While alternative autoimmunity and ANA positivity are widely prevalent in First Nations populations, including asymptomatic, seronegative FDR, expansion of alternative autoimmunity does not occur in parallel with ACPA expansion in FDR and is restricted to patients with established RA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene Smolik
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Xiaobo Meng
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Liam O'Neil
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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30
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Bacalao MA, Satterthwaite AB. Recent Advances in Lupus B Cell Biology: PI3K, IFNγ, and Chromatin. Front Immunol 2021; 11:615673. [PMID: 33519824 PMCID: PMC7841329 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.615673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the autoimmune disease Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), autoantibodies are formed that promote inflammation and tissue damage. There has been significant interest in understanding the B cell derangements involved in SLE pathogenesis. The past few years have been particularly fruitful in three domains: the role of PI3K signaling in loss of B cell tolerance, the role of IFNγ signaling in the development of autoimmunity, and the characterization of changes in chromatin accessibility in SLE B cells. The PI3K pathway coordinates various downstream signaling molecules involved in B cell development and activation. It is governed by the phosphatases PTEN and SHIP-1. Murine models lacking either of these phosphatases in B cells develop autoimmune disease and exhibit defects in B cell tolerance. Limited studies of human SLE B cells demonstrate reduced expression of PTEN or increased signaling events downstream of PI3K in some patients. IFNγ has long been known to be elevated in both SLE patients and mouse models of lupus. New data suggests that IFNγR expression on B cells is required to develop autoreactive germinal centers (GC) and autoantibodies in murine lupus. Furthermore, IFNγ promotes increased transcription of BCL6, IL-6 and T-bet in B cells, which also promote GC and autoantibody formation. IFNγ also induces epigenetic changes in human B cells. SLE B cells demonstrate significant epigenetic reprogramming, including enhanced chromatin accessibility at transcription factor motifs involved in B cell activation and plasma cell (PC) differentiation as well as alterations in DNA methylation and histone modifications. Histone deacetylase inhibitors limit disease development in murine lupus models, at least in part via their ability to prevent B cell class switching and differentiation into plasma cells. This review will discuss relevant discoveries of the past several years pertaining to these areas of SLE B cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Bacalao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Anne B. Satterthwaite
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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31
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Jani PK, Kubagawa H, Melchers F. A rheostat sets B-cell receptor repertoire selection to distinguish self from non-self. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 67:42-49. [PMID: 32916645 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In bone marrow VDJ-recombination continuously generates original repertoires of immature B cells expressing IgM-B cell receptor (BcR), in which each cell recognizes the wide variety of self and non-self antigens with an individually different spectrum of avidities. High avidity self-reactive B cells try to edit their BcRs by secondary or multiple VL-rearrangements to JL-rearrangements. If they do not manage to change their self reactivity, they are deleted by apoptosis. Low avidity self-reactive B cells are anergized, while B cells with no avidity to self are ignored. A rheostat crosslinking antigen-binding BcRs, self antigen complexed with pentameric IgM and Fcμ-receptor monitors high, low or no binding. PI3K and PTEN are the effectors of this self antigen-sensing device. In mature B cells this rheostat continues to function in the activation of resting B cells by foreign antigens which crosslink BcR, antigen and pentameric IgM with Fcμ-receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Jani
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hiromi Kubagawa
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fritz Melchers
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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32
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Lau A, Avery DT, Jackson K, Lenthall H, Volpi S, Brigden H, Russell AJ, Bier J, Reed JH, Smart JM, Cole T, Choo S, Gray PE, Berglund LJ, Hsu P, Wong M, O'Sullivan M, Boztug K, Meyts I, Uzel G, Notarangelo LD, Brink R, Goodnow CC, Tangye SG, Deenick EK. Activated PI3Kδ breaches multiple B cell tolerance checkpoints and causes autoantibody production. J Exp Med 2020; 217:132760. [PMID: 31841125 PMCID: PMC7041712 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients, gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in PIK3CD break tolerance, causing highly penetrant secretion of autoreactive IgM. Mouse models reveal that Pik3cd GOF subverts the response to self-antigen, preventing the induction of anergy and instead stimulating plasmablast and GC formation. Antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases are a major health burden. However, our understanding of how self-reactive B cells escape self-tolerance checkpoints to secrete pathogenic autoantibodies remains incomplete. Here, we demonstrate that patients with monogenic immune dysregulation caused by gain-of-function mutations in PIK3CD, encoding the p110δ catalytic subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), have highly penetrant secretion of autoreactive IgM antibodies. In mice with the corresponding heterozygous Pik3cd activating mutation, self-reactive B cells exhibit a cell-autonomous subversion of their response to self-antigen: instead of becoming tolerized and repressed from secreting autoantibody, Pik3cd gain-of-function B cells are activated by self-antigen to form plasmablasts that secrete high titers of germline-encoded IgM autoantibody and hypermutating germinal center B cells. However, within the germinal center, peripheral tolerance was still enforced, and there was selection against B cells with high affinity for self-antigen. These data show that the strength of PI3K signaling is a key regulator of pregerminal center B cell self-tolerance and thus represents a druggable pathway to treat antibody-mediated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Lau
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Danielle T Avery
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katherine Jackson
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Helen Lenthall
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stefano Volpi
- Clinica Pediatrica e Reumatologia, Centro per le malattie Autoinfiammatorie e Immunodeficienze, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Giannina Gaslini and Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, riabilitazione, oftalmologia, genetica e scienze materno-infantili (DINOGMI), Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Henry Brigden
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amanda J Russell
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julia Bier
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joanne H Reed
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joanne M Smart
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Theresa Cole
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharon Choo
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul E Gray
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lucinda J Berglund
- Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia, Sydney, Australia.,Immunopathology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Hsu
- Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia, Sydney, Australia.,Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melanie Wong
- Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia, Sydney, Australia.,Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael O'Sullivan
- Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Allergy, Princess Margaret Hospital, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kaan Boztug
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,St. Anna Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gulbu Uzel
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Robert Brink
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia, Sydney, Australia.,UNSW Cellular Genomics Futures Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Elissa K Deenick
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by destruction of the pancreatic beta cells by self-reactive T cells, it has become increasingly evident that B cells also play a major role in disease development, likely functioning as antigen-presenting cells. Here we review the biology of islet antigen-reactive B cells and their participation in autoimmune diabetes. RECENT FINDINGS Relative to late onset, individuals who develop T1D at an early age display increased accumulation of insulin-reactive B cells in islets. This B-cell signature is also associated with rapid progression of disease and responsiveness to B-cell depletion therapy. Also suggestive of B-cell participation in disease is loss of anergy in high-affinity insulin-reactive B cells. Importantly, loss of anergy is seen in patient's healthy first-degree relatives carrying certain T1D risk alleles, suggesting a role early in disease development. SUMMARY Recent studies indicate that islet-reactive B cells may play a pathogenic role very early in T1D development in young patients, and suggest utility of therapies that target these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia J. Smith
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - John C. Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Peter A. Gottlieb
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
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Siu JH, Motallebzadeh R, Pettigrew GJ. Humoral autoimmunity after solid organ transplantation: Germinal ideas may not be natural. Cell Immunol 2020; 354:104131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Agazio A, Cimons J, Shotts KM, Guo K, Santiago ML, Pelanda R, Torres RM. Histone H2A-Reactive B Cells Are Functionally Anergic in Healthy Mice With Potential to Provide Humoral Protection Against HIV-1. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1565. [PMID: 32849530 PMCID: PMC7396680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral tolerance is essential for silencing weakly autoreactive B cells that have escaped central tolerance, but it is unclear why these potentially pathogenic B cells are retained rather than being eliminated entirely. Release from peripheral tolerance restraint can occur under certain circumstances (i.e., strong TLR stimulus), that are present during infection. In this regard, we hypothesized that autoreactive B cells could function as a reserve population that can be activated to contribute to the humoral immune response, particularly with pathogens, such as HIV-1, that exploit immune tolerance to avoid host defense. In this study, we identify a population of autoreactive B cells with the potential to neutralize HIV-1 and experimentally release them from the functional restrictions of peripheral tolerance. We have previously identified murine monoclonal antibodies that displayed autoreactivity against histone H2A and neutralized HIV-1 in vitro. Here, we identify additional H2A-reactive IgM monoclonal antibodies and demonstrate that they are both autoreactive and polyreactive with self and foreign antigens and are able to neutralize multiple clades of tier 2 HIV-1. Flow cytometric analysis of H2A-reactive B cells in naïve wildtype mice revealed that these B cells are present in peripheral B cell populations and we further document that murine H2A-reactive B cells are restrained by peripheral tolerance mechanisms. Specifically, we show endogenous H2A-reactive B cells display increased expression of the inhibitory mediators CD5 and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) phosphatase and fail to mobilize calcium upon immunoreceptor stimulation; all characterized markers of anergy. Moreover, we show that toll-like receptor stimulation or provision of CD4 T cell help induces the in vitro production of H2A-reactive antibodies, breaking tolerance. Thus, we have identified a novel poly/autoreactive B cell population that has the potential to neutralize HIV-1 but is silenced by immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Agazio
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jennifer Cimons
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kristin M. Shotts
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kejun Guo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Mario L. Santiago
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Raul M. Torres
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
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Turner JS, Benet ZL, Grigorova IL. Signals 1, 2 and B cell fate or: Where, when and for how long? Immunol Rev 2020; 296:9-23. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jackson S. Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor MichiganUSA
| | - Zachary L. Benet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor MichiganUSA
| | - Irina L. Grigorova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor MichiganUSA
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Wang M, Chen H, Qiu J, Yang HX, Zhang CY, Fei YY, Zhao LD, Zhou JX, Wang L, Wu QJ, Zhou YZ, Zhang W, Zhang FC, Zhang X, Lipsky PE. Antagonizing miR-7 suppresses B cell hyperresponsiveness and inhibits lupus development. J Autoimmun 2020; 109:102440. [PMID: 32201226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to address the biological function of miR-7 in an animal model of systemic lupus erythematosus. METHODS MRLlpr/lpr lupus mice were administrated antagomiR-7 or a scramble control by tail vein for 5weeks. Three groups of animals' tissues were assessed for lupus manifestations by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry, and serum was examined for levels of autoantibodies and inflammatory cytokines. Splenic B cell subsets were assessed for intracellular expression of PI3K signaling by FACS. Finally, the ability of the miR-7 antagomir to regulate the expansion of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and B cell hyperresponsiveness was further explored. RESULTS We found that miR-7 was up-regulated in MRLlpr/lpr lupus mice and directly targeted PTEN mRNA in B cells. Up-regulated miR-7 in MRLlpr/lpr lupus B cells was negatively correlated with PTEN expression. Notably, miR-7 antagomir treatment reduced lupus manifestations in MRLlpr/lpr lupus mice. miR-7-mediated down-regulation of PTEN/AKT signaling promoted B cell differentiation into plasmablasts/plasma cells and spontaneous germinal center (GC) formation, whereas miR-7 antagomir normalized splenic B cell subtypes. Besides suppressing the activation of B cells, miR-7 antagomir intervention also down-regulated STAT3 phosphorylation and production of IL-21 and reduced Tfh expansion. CONCLUSION The above data have demonstrated the critical roles of miR-7 not only in regulating PTEN expression and also B cell and Tfh cell function in lupus-prone MRLlpr/lpr lupus mice. Furthermore, the disease manifestations in MRLlpr/lpr lupus mice are efficiently improved by miR-7 antagomir, indicating miR-7 as a potential treatment strategy in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China; Clinical Immunology Centre, Medical Epigenetics Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jia Qiu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Henan, 471003, China
| | - Hua-Xia Yang
- Department of Rheumatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Chun-Yan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yun-Yun Fei
- Department of Rheumatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Li-Dan Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jia-Xin Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Qing-Jun Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yang-Zhong Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Feng-Chun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China; Clinical Immunology Centre, Medical Epigenetics Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China; National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Peter E Lipsky
- RILITE Research Institute and AMPEL BioSolutions, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Cashman KS, Jenks SA, Woodruff MC, Tomar D, Tipton CM, Scharer CD, Lee EH, Boss JM, Sanz I. Understanding and measuring human B-cell tolerance and its breakdown in autoimmune disease. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:76-89. [PMID: 31755562 PMCID: PMC6935423 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of immunological tolerance of B lymphocytes is a complex and critical process that must be implemented as to avoid the detrimental development of autoreactivity and possible autoimmunity. Murine models have been invaluable to elucidate many of the key components in B-cell tolerance; however, translation to human homeostatic and pathogenic immune states can be difficult to assess. Functional autoreactive, flow cytometric, and single-cell cloning assays have proven to be critical in deciphering breaks in B-cell tolerance within autoimmunity; however, newer approaches to assess human B-cell tolerance may prove to be vital in the further exploration of underlying tolerance defects. In this review, we supply a comprehensive overview of human immune tolerance checkpoints with associated mechanisms of enforcement, and highlight current and future methodologies which are likely to benefit future studies into the mechanisms that become defective in human autoimmune conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S. Cashman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Scott A. Jenks
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Matthew C. Woodruff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Deepak Tomar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher M. Tipton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher D. Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eun-Hyung Lee
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jeremy M. Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Moss J. Gulf War Illnesses are autoimmune conditions caused by the direct effect of the nerve gas prophylaxis drug (pyridostigmine bromide) on anergic immune system lymphocytes. Med Hypotheses 2019; 132:109373. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tan C, Noviski M, Huizar J, Zikherman J. Self-reactivity on a spectrum: A sliding scale of peripheral B cell tolerance. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:37-60. [PMID: 31631352 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Efficient mechanisms of central tolerance, including receptor editing and deletion, prevent highly self-reactive B cell receptors (BCRs) from populating the periphery. Despite this, modest self-reactivity persists in (and may even be actively selected into) the mature B cell repertoire. In this review, we discuss new insights into mechanisms of peripheral B cell tolerance that restrain mature B cells from mounting inappropriate responses to endogenous antigens, and place recent work into historical context. In particular, we discuss new findings that have arisen from application of a novel in vivo reporter of BCR signaling, Nur77-eGFP, expression of which scales with the degree of self-reactivity in both monoclonal and polyclonal B cell repertoires. We discuss new and historical evidence that self-reactivity is not just tolerated, but actively selected into the peripheral repertoire. We review recent progress in understanding how dual expression of the IgM and IgD BCR isotypes on mature naive follicular B cells tunes responsiveness to endogenous antigen recognition, and discuss how this may be integrated with other features of clonal anergy. Finally, we discuss how expression of Nur77 itself couples chronic antigen stimulation with B cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Tan
- Biomedical Sciences (BMS) Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark Noviski
- Biomedical Sciences (BMS) Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John Huizar
- School of Medicine, HHMI Medical Fellows Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Franks SE, Getahun A, Cambier JC. A Precision B Cell-Targeted Therapeutic Approach to Autoimmunity Caused by Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Pathway Dysregulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:3381-3393. [PMID: 31076529 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The inositol lipid phosphatases PTEN and SHIP-1 play a crucial role in maintaining B cell anergy and are reduced in expression in B cells from systemic lupus erythematosus and type 1 diabetes patients, consequent to aberrant regulation by miRNA-7 and 155. With an eye toward eventual use in precision medicine therapeutic approaches in autoimmunity, we explored the ability of p110δ inhibition to compensate for PI3K pathway dysregulation in mouse models of autoimmunity. Low dosages of the p110δ inhibitor idelalisib, which spare the ability to mount an immune response to exogenous immunogens, are able to block the development of autoimmunity driven by compromised PI3K pathway regulation resultant from acutely induced B cell-targeted haploinsufficiency of PTEN and SHIP-1. These conditions do not block autoimmunity driven by B cell loss of the regulatory tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1. Finally, we show that B cells in NOD mice express reduced PTEN, and low-dosage p110δ inhibitor therapy blocks disease progression in this model of type 1 diabetes. These studies may aid in the development of precision treatments that act by enforcing PI3K pathway regulation in patients carrying specific risk alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Elizabeth Franks
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - John C Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
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