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Matsumoto T, Nagano T, Taguchi K, Kobayashi T, Tanaka-Totoribe N. Toll-like receptor 3 involvement in vascular function. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 979:176842. [PMID: 39033837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Maintaining endothelial cell (EC) and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) integrity is an important component of human health and disease because both EC and VSMC regulate various functions, including vascular tone control, cellular adhesion, homeostasis and thrombosis regulation, proliferation, and vascular inflammation. Diverse stressors affect functions in both ECs and VSMCs and abnormalities of functions in these cells play a crucial role in cardiovascular disease initiation and progression. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important detectors of pathogen-associated molecular patterns derived from various microbes and viruses as well as damage-associated molecular patterns derived from damaged cells and perform innate immune responses. Among TLRs, several studies reveal that TLR3 plays a key role in initiation, development and/or protection of diseases, and an emerging body of evidence indicates that TLR3 presents components of the vasculature, including ECs and VSMCs, and plays a functional role. An agonist of TLR3, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly (I:C)], affects ECs, including cell death, inflammation, chemoattractant, adhesion, permeability, and hemostasis. Poly (I:C) also affects VSMCs including inflammation, proliferation, and modulation of vascular tone. Moreover, alterations of vascular function induced by certain molecules and/or interventions are exerted through TLR3 signaling. Hence, we present the association between TLR3 and vascular function according to the latest studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Matsumoto
- Second Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University of Medical Science, Nobeoka, Miyazaki, 882-8508, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Nagano
- Second Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University of Medical Science, Nobeoka, Miyazaki, 882-8508, Japan
| | - Kumiko Taguchi
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Kobayashi
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Naoko Tanaka-Totoribe
- First Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University of Medical Science, Nobeoka, Miyazaki, 882-8508, Japan
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2
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Guo H, Chen LQ, Zou ZR, Cheng S, Hu Y, Mao L, Tian H, Mei XF. Zinc remodels mitochondrial network through SIRT3/Mfn2-dependent mitochondrial transfer in ameliorating spinal cord injury. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 968:176368. [PMID: 38316246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a traumatic neuropathic condition that results in motor, sensory and autonomic dysfunction. Mitochondrial dysfunction caused by primary trauma is one of the critical pathogenic mechanisms. Moderate levels of zinc have antioxidant effects, promote neurogenesis and immune responses. Zinc normalises mitochondrial morphology in neurons after SCI. However, how zinc protects mitochondria within neurons is unknown. In the study, we used transwell culture, Western blot, Quantitative Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (QRT-PCR), ATP content detection, reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity assay, flow cytometry and immunostaining to investigate the relationship between zinc-treated microglia and injured neurons through animal and cell experiments. We found that zinc promotes mitochondrial transfer from microglia to neurons after SCI through Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) regulation of Mitofusin 2 protein (Mfn2). It can rescue mitochondria in damaged neurons and inhibit oxidative stress, increase ATP levels and promote neuronal survival. Therefore, it can improve the recovery of motor function in SCI mice. In conclusion, our work reveals a potential mechanism to describe the communication between microglia and neurons after SCI, which may provide a new idea for future therapeutic approaches to SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Guo
- School of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China; Liaoning Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Medical Testing and Drug Research, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China.
| | - Li-Qing Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China.
| | - Zhi-Ru Zou
- Pharmacy School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China.
| | - Shuai Cheng
- School of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China; Liaoning Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Medical Testing and Drug Research, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China.
| | - Yu Hu
- School of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China.
| | - Liang Mao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China.
| | - He Tian
- School of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China; Liaoning Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Medical Testing and Drug Research, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China.
| | - Xi-Fan Mei
- Liaoning Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Medical Testing and Drug Research, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China.
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3
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Huang M, Shao H, Zhang S, Gao H, Feng S, Sun L, Yu C, Du X, Chen J, Li Y. Single-Dose Radial Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy Modulates Inflammation During Meniscal Tear Healing in the Avascular Zone. Am J Sports Med 2024; 52:710-720. [PMID: 38353544 DOI: 10.1177/03635465231221725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) promotes tissue healing by modulating inflammation, which has implications for meniscal tear healing in the avascular zone. PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of a single dose of radial ESWT on the healing process and inflammation of the meniscus and knee joints after meniscal tears in the avascular zone. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Avascular tears were induced in the medial meniscus (MM) of 72 Sprague-Dawley rats. One week postoperatively, the rats received a single session of radial ESWT with a Power+ handpiece (ESWT group; n = 36) or with a fake handpiece (sham-ESWT group; n = 36). The rats were then euthanized at 2, 4, or 8 weeks postoperatively. The MMs were harvested for analysis of healing (hematoxylin-eosin, safranin O-Fast Green, and collagen type 2 staining) and inflammation (interleukin [IL]-1β and IL-6 staining). Lateral menisci and synovia were obtained to evaluate knee joint inflammation (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of IL-1β and IL-6). Cartilage degeneration was assessed in the femurs and tibial plateaus using safranin O-Fast Green staining. RESULTS The ESWT group showed significantly better meniscal healing scores than the sham-ESWT group at 4 (P = .0066) and 8 (P = .0050) weeks postoperatively. The IL-1β level was significantly higher in the sham-ESWT group than in the ESWT group at 2 (MM: P = .0009; knee joint: P = .0160) and 8 (MM: P = .0399; knee joint: P = .0001) weeks. The IL-6 level was significantly lower in the sham-ESWT group than in the ESWT group at 2 (knee joint: P = .0184) and 4 (knee joint: P = .0247) weeks but higher at 8 weeks (MM: P = .0169; knee joint: P = .0038). The sham group had significantly higher osteoarthritis scores than the ESWT group at 4 (tibial plateau: P = .0157) and 8 (femur: P = .0048; tibial plateau: P = .0359) weeks. CONCLUSION A single dose of radial ESWT promoted meniscal tear healing in the avascular zone, modulated inflammatory factors in the menisci and knee joints in rats, and alleviated cartilage degeneration. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Radial ESWT can be considered a potential option for improving meniscal tear healing in the avascular zone because of its ability to modulate inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingru Huang
- Sports Medicine Institute of Fudan University, Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Shao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shurong Zhang
- Sports Medicine Institute of Fudan University, Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Gao
- Sports Medicine Institute of Fudan University, Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sijia Feng
- Sports Medicine Institute of Fudan University, Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Luyi Sun
- Sports Medicine Institute of Fudan University, Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengxuan Yu
- Sports Medicine Institute of Fudan University, Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiner Du
- Sports Medicine Institute of Fudan University, Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Sports Medicine Institute of Fudan University, Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunxia Li
- Sports Medicine Institute of Fudan University, Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Underwood KL, Walker WJ, Garrett PI, Linch S, Rynes TP, Mruk K. Optimizing spinal cord injury in zebrafish larvae: effects of age on the injury response. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.18.541337. [PMID: 37292959 PMCID: PMC10245662 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.18.541337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish are an increasingly popular model to study spinal cord injury (SCI) regeneration. The transparency of larval zebrafish makes them ideal to study cellular processes in real time. Standardized approaches, including age of injury, are not readily available making comparisons of the results with other models challenging. In this study, we systematically examined the response to spinal cord transection of larval zebrafish at three different ages (3-7 days post fertilization or dpf) to determine whether the developmental complexity of the central nervous system affects the overall response to SCI. We then used imaging and behavioral analysis to evaluate whether differences existed based on the age of injury. All ages of larval zebrafish upregulated the required genes for glial bridge formation, ctgfa and gfap, at the site of injury, consistent with studies from adult zebrafish. Though all larval ages upregulated factors required to promote glial bridging, young larval zebrafish (3 dpf) were better able to regenerate axons independent of the glial bridge, unlike older zebrafish (7 dpf). Consistent with this data, locomotor experiments demonstrated that some swimming behavior occurs independent of glial bridge formation, further highlighting the need for standardization of this model and recovery assays. Overall, we found subtle cellular differences based on the age of transection in zebrafish, underlining the importance of considering age when designing experiments aimed at understanding regeneration.
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Graber M, Nägele F, Röhrs BT, Hirsch J, Pölzl L, Moriggl B, Mayr A, Troger F, Kirchmair E, Wagner JF, Nowosielski M, Mayer L, Voelkl J, Tancevski I, Meyer D, Grimm M, Knoflach M, Holfeld J, Gollmann-Tepeköylü C. Prevention of Oxidative Damage in Spinal Cord Ischemia Upon Aortic Surgery: First-In-Human Results of Shock Wave Therapy Prove Safety and Feasibility. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e026076. [PMID: 36216458 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.026076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Spinal cord ischemia (SCI) remains a devastating complication after aortic dissection or repair. A primary hypoxic damage is followed by a secondary damage resulting in further cellular loss via apoptosis. Affected patients have a poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Shock wave therapy (SWT) improves functional outcome, neuronal degeneration and survival in murine spinal cord injury. In this first-in-human study we treated 5 patients with spinal cord ischemia with SWT aiming to prove safety and feasibility. Methods and Results Human neurons were subjected to ischemic injury with subsequent SWT. Reactive oxygen species and cellular apoptosis were quantified using flow cytometry. Signaling of the antioxidative transcription factor NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) and immune receptor Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) were analyzed. To assess whether SWT act via a conserved mechanism, transgenic tlr3-/- zebrafish created via CRISPR/Cas9 were subjected to spinal cord injury. To translate our findings into a clinical setting, 5 patients with SCI underwent SWT. Baseline analysis and follow-up (6 months) included assessment of American Spinal Cord Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale, evaluation of Spinal Cord Independence Measure score and World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire. SWT reduced the number of reactive oxygen species positive cells and apoptosis upon ischemia via induction of the antioxidative factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. Inhibition or deletion of tlr3 impaired axonal growth after spinal cord lesion in zebrafish, whereas tlr3 stimulation enhanced spinal regeneration. In a first-in-human study, we treated 5 patients with SCI using SWT (mean age, 65.3 years). Four patients presented with acute aortic dissection (80%), 2 of them exhibited preoperative neurological symptoms (40%). Impairment was ASIA A in 1 patient (20%), ASIA B in 3 patients (60%), and ASIA D in 1 patient (20%) at baseline. At follow-up, 2 patients were graded as ASIA A (40%) and 3 patients as ASIA B (60%). Spinal cord independence measure score showed significant improvement. Examination of World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaires revealed increased scores at follow-up. Conclusions SWT reduces oxidative damage upon SCI via immune receptor TLR3. The first-in-human application proved safety and feasibility in patients with SCI. SWT could therefore become a powerful regenerative treatment option for this devastating injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Graber
- Department of Cardiac Surgery Medical University of Innsbruck Austria
| | - Felix Nägele
- Department of Cardiac Surgery Medical University of Innsbruck Austria
| | | | - Jakob Hirsch
- Department of Cardiac Surgery Medical University of Innsbruck Austria
| | - Leo Pölzl
- Department of Cardiac Surgery Medical University of Innsbruck Austria
| | - Bernhard Moriggl
- Division of Clinical and Functional Anatomy Medical University of Innsbruck Austria
| | - Agnes Mayr
- Department of Radiology Medical University of Innsbruck Austria
| | - Felix Troger
- Department of Radiology Medical University of Innsbruck Austria
| | - Elke Kirchmair
- Department of Cardiac Surgery Medical University of Innsbruck Austria
| | | | | | - Lukas Mayer
- Department of Neurology Medical University of Innsbruck Austria
| | - Jakob Voelkl
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology Johannes Kepler University Linz Linz Austria.,Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Ivan Tancevski
- Department of Internal Medicine II Medical University of Innsbruck Austria
| | - Dirk Meyer
- Institute of Molecular Biology/CMBI University of Innsbruck Austria
| | - Michael Grimm
- Department of Cardiac Surgery Medical University of Innsbruck Austria
| | | | - Johannes Holfeld
- Department of Cardiac Surgery Medical University of Innsbruck Austria
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6
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Alper SR, Dorsky RI. Unique advantages of zebrafish larvae as a model for spinal cord regeneration. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:983336. [PMID: 36157068 PMCID: PMC9489991 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.983336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The regenerative capacity of the spinal cord in mammals ends at birth. In contrast, teleost fish and amphibians retain this capacity throughout life, leading to the use of the powerful zebrafish model system to identify novel mechanisms that promote spinal cord regeneration. While adult zebrafish offer an effective comparison with non-regenerating mammals, they lack the complete array of experimental approaches that have made this animal model so successful. In contrast, the optical transparency, simple anatomy and complex behavior of zebrafish larvae, combined with the known conservation of pro-regenerative signals and cell types between larval and adult stages, suggest that they may hold even more promise as a system for investigating spinal cord regeneration. In this review, we highlight characteristics and advantages of the larval model that underlie its potential to provide future therapeutic approaches for treating human spinal cord injury.
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7
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Guo J, Hai H, Ma Y. Application of extracorporeal shock wave therapy in nervous system diseases: A review. Front Neurol 2022; 13:963849. [PMID: 36062022 PMCID: PMC9428455 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.963849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and their therapeutic options remain limited. Recent animal and clinical studies have shown the potential of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) as an innovative, safe, and cost-effective option to treat neurological disorders. Moreover, the cellular and molecular mechanism of ESWT has been proposed to better understand the regeneration and repairment of neurological disorders by ESWT. In this review, we discuss the principles of ESWT, the animal and clinical studies involving the use of ESWT to treat central and peripheral nervous system diseases, and the proposed cellular and molecular mechanism of ESWT. We also discuss the challenges encountered when applying ESWT to the human brain and spinal cord and the new potential applications of ESWT in treating neurological disorders.
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Effects of Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy on Functional Recovery and Circulating miR-375 and miR-382-5p after Subacute and Chronic Spinal Cord Contusion Injury in Rats. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071630. [PMID: 35884935 PMCID: PMC9313454 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) can stimulate processes to promote regeneration, including cell proliferation and modulation of inflammation. Specific miRNA expression panels have been established to define correlations with regulatory targets within these pathways. This study aims to investigate the influence of low-energy ESWT—applied within the subacute and chronic phase of SCI (spinal cord injury) on recovery in a rat spinal cord contusion model. Outcomes were evaluated by gait analysis, µCT and histological analysis of spinal cords. A panel of serum-derived miRNAs after SCI and after ESWT was investigated to identify injury-, regeneration- and treatment-associated expression patterns. Rats receiving ESWT showed significant improvement in motor function in both a subacute and a chronic experimental setting. This effect was not reflected in changes in morphology, µCT-parameters or histological markers after ESWT. Expression analysis of various miRNAs, however, revealed changes after SCI and ESWT, with increased miR-375, indicating a neuroprotective effect, and decreased miR-382-5p potentially improving neuroplasticity via its regulatory involvement with BDNF. We were able to demonstrate a functional improvement of ESWT-treated animals after SCI in a subacute and chronic setting. Furthermore, the identification of miR-375 and miR-382-5p could potentially provide new targets for therapeutic intervention in future studies.
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9
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Chuangsuwanich A, Kongkunnavat N, Kamanamool M, Maipeng G, Kamanamool N, Tonaree W. Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy for Hypertrophic Scars. Arch Plast Surg 2022; 49:554-560. [PMID: 35919551 PMCID: PMC9340180 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1751027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Hypertrophic scars cause aesthetic concerns and negatively affect the quality of life. A gold standard treatment for hypertrophic scars has not been established due to various responses of modalities. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) is a noninvasive and affects scar remodeling by fibroblast regulation. This study investigated the effectiveness of ESWT for hypertrophic scars.
Methods
Twenty-nine patients were enrolled. All patients underwent ESWT once a week for 6 consecutive weeks. Their scars were assessed using the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS), erythema index, melanin index, and scar pliability before treatment and again 4 weeks after treatment completion.
Results
Thirty-four hypertrophic scars in this study had persisted for between 6 months and 30 years. Most scars developed after surgical incision (55.88%). The chest and upper extremities were the predominant areas of occurrence (35.29% each). Most of the POSAS subscales and total scores were significantly improved 4 weeks after treatment (
p
< 0.05). Furthermore, the pain, itching, and pigmentation subscale were improved. The pliability, melanin index, and erythema index were also improved, but without significance. The patients were satisfied with the results and symptoms alleviation, although subjective score changes were insignificant. No serious adverse events were found. The patients reported pruritus in 62.5% and good pain tolerance in 37.5%. Subgroup analyses found no differences in scar etiologies or properties at different parts of the body.
Conclusion
The ESWT is a modality for hypertrophic scar treatment with promising results. Most of POSAS subscales were significantly improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apirag Chuangsuwanich
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natthapong Kongkunnavat
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Malika Kamanamool
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Gulradar Maipeng
- Perioperative Nurse Division, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nanticha Kamanamool
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Srinakharinwirot University, Ongkharak, Thailand
| | - Warangkana Tonaree
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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10
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Abbaszadeh F, Jorjani M, Joghataei MT, Mehrabi S. Astaxanthin Modulates Autophagy, Apoptosis, and Neuronal Oxidative Stress in a Rat Model of Compression Spinal Cord Injury. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:2043-2051. [PMID: 35435619 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03593-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of astaxanthin (AST) were evaluated on oxidative mediators, neuronal apoptosis, and autophagy in functional motor recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). Rats were divided into three groups of sham, SCI + DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), and SCI + AST. Rats in the sham group only underwent a laminectomy at thoracic 8-9. While, the SCI + DMSO and SCI + AST groups had a compression SCI with an aneurysm clip. Then, this groups received an intrathecal (i.t.) injection of 5% DMSO and AST (10 μl of 0.005 mg/kg), respectively. The rat motor functions were assessed weekly until the 28th day using a combined behavioral score (CBS). Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured in spinal tissue to evaluate oxidative stress-related parameters. Besides, autophagy-related proteins (P62, LC3B, and Beclin1) and apoptosis-associated proteins (Bax and Bcl2) were determined using western blotting on the 1st and 7th days after surgery. Hematoxylin-eosin and Fluoro-Jade B staining were performed to detect the histological alterations and neuronal degeneration. As the result, treatment with AST potentially attenuated rat CBS scores (p < 0.001) towards a better motor performance. AST significantly reduced the spinal level of oxidative stress by increasing TAC, SOD, and GPx, while decreasing MDA (p < 0.001). Furthermore, AST treatment remarkably upregulated expression of LC3B (p < 0.001), and Beclin1 (p < 0.05) in the spinal cord, but downregulated P62 (p < 0.05) and the Bax/Bcl2 ratio (p < 0.001). Consequently, AST reduced SCI-induced histological alterations and neuronal degeneration (p < 0.001). In conclusion, AST can improve motor function after SCI by reducing oxidative stress/apoptosis and increasing neuronal autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Abbaszadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Jorjani
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Taghi Joghataei
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Soraya Mehrabi
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Becker T, Becker CG. Regenerative neurogenesis: the integration of developmental, physiological and immune signals. Development 2022; 149:275248. [PMID: 35502778 PMCID: PMC9124576 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In fishes and salamanders, but not mammals, neural stem cells switch back to neurogenesis after injury. The signalling environment of neural stem cells is strongly altered by the presence of damaged cells and an influx of immune, as well as other, cells. Here, we summarise our recently expanded knowledge of developmental, physiological and immune signals that act on neural stem cells in the zebrafish central nervous system to directly, or indirectly, influence their neurogenic state. These signals act on several intracellular pathways, which leads to changes in chromatin accessibility and gene expression, ultimately resulting in regenerative neurogenesis. Translational approaches in non-regenerating mammals indicate that central nervous system stem cells can be reprogrammed for neurogenesis. Understanding signalling mechanisms in naturally regenerating species show the path to experimentally promoting neurogenesis in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Becker
- Center for Regenerative Therapies at the TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Science, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland
| | - Catherina G Becker
- Center for Regenerative Therapies at the TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Science, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland
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12
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Lobenwein D, Huber R, Kerbler L, Gratl A, Wipper S, Gollmann-Tepeköylü C, Holfeld J. Neuronal Pre- and Postconditioning via Toll-like Receptor 3 Agonist or Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy as New Treatment Strategies for Spinal Cord Ischemia: An In Vitro Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11082115. [PMID: 35456206 PMCID: PMC9027844 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11082115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord ischemia (SCI) is a devastating and unpredictable complication of thoracoabdominal aortic repair. Postischemic Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) activation through either direct agonists or shock wave therapy (SWT) has been previously shown to ameliorate damage in SCI models. Whether the same applies for pre- or postconditioning remains unclear. In a model of cultured SHSY-5Y cells, preconditioning with either poly(I:C), a TLR3 agonist, or SWT was performed before induction of hypoxia, whereas postconditioning treatment was performed after termination of hypoxia. We measured cytokine expression via RT-PCR and utilized Western blot analysis for the analysis of signaling and apoptosis. TLR3 activation via poly(I:C) significantly reduced apoptotic markers in both pre- and postconditioning, the former yielding more favorable results through an additional suppression of TLR4 and its downstream signaling. On the contrary, SWT showed slightly more favorable effects in the setting of postconditioning with significantly reduced markers of apoptosis. Pre- and post-ischemic direct TLR3 activation as well as post-ischemic SWT can decrease apoptosis and proinflammatory cytokine expression significantly in vitro and might therefore pose possible new treatment strategies for ischemic spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Lobenwein
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (A.G.); (S.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Rosalie Huber
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (R.H.); (C.G.-T.); (J.H.)
| | - Lars Kerbler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Alexandra Gratl
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (A.G.); (S.W.)
| | - Sabine Wipper
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (A.G.); (S.W.)
| | - Can Gollmann-Tepeköylü
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (R.H.); (C.G.-T.); (J.H.)
| | - Johannes Holfeld
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (R.H.); (C.G.-T.); (J.H.)
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13
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Chen PY, Cheng JH, Wu ZS, Chuang YC. New Frontiers of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Medicine in Urology from Bench to Clinical Studies. Biomedicines 2022; 10:675. [PMID: 35327477 PMCID: PMC8945448 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A shock wave (SW), which carries energy and propagates through a medium, is a type of continuous transmitted sonic wave that can achieve rapid energy transformations. SWs have been applied for many fields of medical science in various treatment settings. In urology, high-energy extracorporeal SWs have been used to disintegrate urolithiasis for 30 years. However, at lower energy levels, SWs enhance the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), chemoattractant factors, and the recruitment of progenitor cells, and inhibit inflammatory molecules. Low energy extracorporeal shock wave (LESW) therapy has been used in urology for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS), interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), overactive bladder, stress urinary incontinence, and erectile dysfunction through the mechanisms of anti-inflammation, neovascularization, and tissue regeneration. Additionally, LESW have been proven to temporarily increase tissue permeability and facilitate intravesical botulinum toxin delivery for treating overactive bladders in animal studies and in a human clinical trial. LESW assisted drug delivery was also suggested to have a synergistic effect in combination with cisplatin to improve the anti-cancer effect for treating urothelial cancer in an in vitro and in vivo study. LESW assisted drug delivery in uro-oncology is an interesting suggestion, but no comprehensive clinical trials have been conducted as of yet. Taken together, LESW is a promising method for the treatment of various diseases in urology. However, further investigation with a large scale of clinical studies is necessary to confirm the real role of LESW in clinical use. This article provides information on the basics of SW physics, mechanisms of action on biological systems, and new frontiers of SW medicine in urology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yen Chen
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; (P.-Y.C.); (Z.-S.W.)
- Center for Shock Wave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Human Sexuality, Shu-Te University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Jai-Hong Cheng
- Center for Shock Wave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
- Division of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Department of Leisure and Sports Management, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Zong-Sheng Wu
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; (P.-Y.C.); (Z.-S.W.)
- Center for Shock Wave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
| | - Yao-Chi Chuang
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; (P.-Y.C.); (Z.-S.W.)
- Center for Shock Wave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
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14
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Use of the Shock Wave Therapy in Basic Research and Clinical Applications-From Bench to Bedsite. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030568. [PMID: 35327369 PMCID: PMC8944950 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Shock Waves (SW) are acoustic disturbances that propagate through a medium carrying the energy. These specific sonic pulses are composed of two phases—high positive pressure, a rise time < 10 ns, and a tensile wave. Originally Shock Waves were introduced to clinical practice as a part of the lithotripsy therapy focused on disrupting calcific deposits in the body. Since that time, shock wave therapy (SWT) has gone far beyond the original application related to the destruction of kidney stones. In this narrative Review, we present basic clinical applications of the SWT along with the potential therapeutic application in clinical practice.
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15
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Jiang P, Ma X, Han S, Ma L, Ai J, Wu L, Zhang Y, Xiao H, Tian M, Tao WA, Zhang S, Chai R. Characterization of the microRNA transcriptomes and proteomics of cochlear tissue-derived small extracellular vesicles from mice of different ages after birth. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:154. [PMID: 35218422 PMCID: PMC11072265 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The cochlea is an important sensory organ for both balance and sound perception, and the formation of the cochlea is a complex developmental process. The development of the mouse cochlea begins on embryonic day (E)9 and continues until postnatal day (P)21 when the hearing system is considered mature. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), with a diameter ranging from 30 to 200 nm, have been considered a significant medium for information communication in both physiological and pathological processes. However, there are no studies exploring the role of sEVs in the development of the cochlea. Here, we isolated tissue-derived sEVs from the cochleae of FVB mice at P3, P7, P14, and P21 by ultracentrifugation. These sEVs were first characterized by transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and western blotting. Next, we used small RNA-seq and mass spectrometry to characterize the microRNA transcriptomes and proteomes of cochlear sEVs from mice at different ages. Many microRNAs and proteins were discovered to be related to inner ear development, anatomical structure development, and auditory nervous system development. These results all suggest that sEVs exist in the cochlea and are likely to be essential for the normal development of the auditory system. Our findings provide many sEV microRNA and protein targets for future studies of the roles of cochlear sEVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Xiangyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Shanying Han
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Leyao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Jingru Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Leilei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Hairong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Mengyao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - W Andy Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA.
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA.
| | - Shasha Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Renjie Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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16
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Tsata V, Wehner D. Know How to Regrow-Axon Regeneration in the Zebrafish Spinal Cord. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061404. [PMID: 34204045 PMCID: PMC8228677 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity for long-distance axon regeneration and functional recovery after spinal cord injury is poor in mammals but remarkable in some vertebrates, including fish and salamanders. The cellular and molecular basis of this interspecies difference is beginning to emerge. This includes the identification of target cells that react to the injury and the cues directing their pro-regenerative responses. Among existing models of successful spinal cord regeneration, the zebrafish is arguably the most understood at a mechanistic level to date. Here, we review the spinal cord injury paradigms used in zebrafish, and summarize the breadth of neuron-intrinsic and -extrinsic factors that have been identified to play pivotal roles in the ability of zebrafish to regenerate central nervous system axons and recover function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Tsata
- Experimental Surgery, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (V.T.); (D.W.)
| | - Daniel Wehner
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: (V.T.); (D.W.)
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