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Mainali R, Buechler N, Otero C, Edwards L, Key CC, Furdui C, Quinn MA. Itaconate stabilizes CPT1a to enhance lipid utilization during inflammation. eLife 2024; 12:RP92420. [PMID: 38305778 PMCID: PMC10945551 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
One primary metabolic manifestation of inflammation is the diversion of cis-aconitate within the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to synthesize the immunometabolite itaconate. Itaconate is well established to possess immunomodulatory and metabolic effects within myeloid cells and lymphocytes, however, its effects in other organ systems during sepsis remain less clear. Utilizing Acod1 knockout mice that are deficient in synthesizing itaconate, we aimed to understand the metabolic role of itaconate in the liver and systemically during sepsis. We find itaconate aids in lipid metabolism during sepsis. Specifically, Acod1 KO mice develop a heightened level of hepatic steatosis when induced with polymicrobial sepsis. Proteomics analysis reveals enhanced expression of enzymes involved in fatty acid oxidation in following 4-octyl itaconate (4-OI) treatment in vitro. Downstream analysis reveals itaconate stabilizes the expression of the mitochondrial fatty acid uptake enzyme CPT1a, mediated by its hypoubiquitination. Chemoproteomic analysis revealed itaconate interacts with proteins involved in protein ubiquitination as a potential mechanism underlying its stabilizing effect on CPT1a. From a systemic perspective, we find itaconate deficiency triggers a hypothermic response following endotoxin stimulation, potentially mediated by brown adipose tissue (BAT) dysfunction. Finally, by use of metabolic cage studies, we demonstrate Acod1 KO mice rely more heavily on carbohydrates versus fatty acid sources for systemic fuel utilization in response to endotoxin treatment. Our data reveal a novel metabolic role of itaconate in modulating fatty acid oxidation during polymicrobial sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabina Mainali
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, United States
| | - Nancy Buechler
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, United States
| | - Cristian Otero
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, United States
| | - Laken Edwards
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, United States
| | - Chia-Chi Key
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, United States
| | - Cristina Furdui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, United States
| | - Matthew A Quinn
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, United States
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2
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Schoenmann N, Tannenbaum N, Hodgeman RM, Raju RP. Regulating mitochondrial metabolism by targeting pyruvate dehydrogenase with dichloroacetate, a metabolic messenger. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166769. [PMID: 37263447 PMCID: PMC10776176 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dichloroacetate (DCA) is a naturally occurring xenobiotic that has been used as an investigational drug for over 50 years. Originally found to lower blood glucose levels and alter fat metabolism in diabetic rats, this small molecule was found to serve primarily as a pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase inhibitor. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, the catalyst for oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to produce acetyl coenzyme A. Several congenital and acquired disease states share a similar pathobiology with respect to glucose homeostasis under distress that leads to a preferential shift from the more efficient oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. By reversing this process, DCA can increase available energy and reduce lactic acidosis. The purpose of this review is to examine the literature surrounding this metabolic messenger as it presents exciting opportunities for future investigation and clinical application in therapy including cancer, metabolic disorders, cerebral ischemia, trauma, and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Schoenmann
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Tannenbaum
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Ryan M Hodgeman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Raghavan Pillai Raju
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America.
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3
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Long DL, McCall CE, Poole LB. Glutathionylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E2 and inflammatory cytokine production during acute inflammation are magnified by mitochondrial oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2023; 65:102841. [PMID: 37566945 PMCID: PMC10440583 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a known inducer of inflammatory signaling which triggers generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death in responsive cells like THP-1 promonocytes and freshly isolated human monocytes. A key LPS-responsive metabolic pivot point is the 9 MDa mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC), which provides pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), lipoamide-linked transacetylase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) activities to produce acetyl-CoA from pyruvate. While phosphorylation-dependent decreases in PDC activity following LPS treatment or sepsis have been deeply investigated, redox-linked processes have received less attention. Data presented here demonstrate that LPS-induced reversible oxidation within PDC occurs in PDCE2 in both THP-1 cells and primary human monocytes. Knockout of PDCE2 by CRISPR and expression of FLAG-tagged PDCE2 in THP-1 cells demonstrated that LPS-induced glutathionylation is associated with wild type PDCE2 but not mutant protein lacking the lipoamide-linking lysine residues. Moreover, the mitochondrially-targeted electrophile MitoCDNB, which impairs both glutathione- and thioredoxin-based reductase systems, elevates ROS similar to LPS but does not cause PDCE2 glutathionylation. However, LPS and MitoCDNB together are highly synergistic for PDCE2 glutathionylation, ROS production, and cell death. Surprisingly, the two treatments together had differential effects on cytokine production; pro-inflammatory IL-1β production was enhanced by the co-treatment, while IL-10, an important anti-inflammatory cytokine, dropped precipitously compared to LPS treatment alone. This new information may expand opportunities to understand and modulate PDC redox status and activity and improve the outcomes of pathological inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Long
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Charles E McCall
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Leslie B Poole
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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4
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Long DL, McCall CE, Poole LB. Glutathionylation of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex E2 and Inflammatory Cytokine Production During Acute Inflammation Are Magnified By Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.26.525791. [PMID: 36747682 PMCID: PMC9900926 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.26.525791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a known inducer of inflammatory signaling which triggers generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death in responsive cells like THP-1 promonocytes and freshly isolated human monocytes. A key LPS-responsive metabolic pivot point is the 9 megadalton mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC), which provides pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), lipoamide-linked transacetylase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) activities to produce acetyl-CoA from pyruvate. While phosphorylation-dependent decreases in PDC activity following LPS treatment or sepsis have been deeply investigated, redox-linked processes have received less attention. Data presented here demonstrate that LPS-induced reversible oxidation within PDC occurs in PDCE2 in both THP-1 cells and primary human monocytes. Knockout of PDCE2 by CRISPR and expression of FLAG-tagged PDCE2 in THP-1 cells demonstrated that LPS-induced glutathionylation is associated with wild type PDCE2 but not mutant protein lacking the lipoamide-linking lysine residues. Moreover, the mitochondrially-targeted electrophile MitoCDNB, which impairs both glutathione- and thioredoxin-based reductase systems, elevates ROS similar to LPS but does not cause PDCE2 glutathionylation. However, LPS and MitoCDNB together are highly synergistic for PDCE2 glutathionylation, ROS production, and cell death. Surprisingly, the two treatments together had differential effects on cytokine production; pro-inflammatory IL-1β production was enhanced by the co-treatment, while IL-10, an important anti-inflammatory cytokine, dropped precipitously compared to LPS treatment alone. This new information may expand opportunities to understand and modulate PDC redox status and activity and improve the outcomes of pathological inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Long
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 USA
| | - Charles E. McCall
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 USA
| | - Leslie B. Poole
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 USA
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5
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Stacpoole PW, McCall CE. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: Life's essential, vulnerable and druggable energy homeostat. Mitochondrion 2023; 70:59-102. [PMID: 36863425 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Found in all organisms, pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes (PDC) are the keystones of prokaryotic and eukaryotic energy metabolism. In eukaryotic organisms these multi-component megacomplexes provide a crucial mechanistic link between cytoplasmic glycolysis and the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. As a consequence, PDCs also influence the metabolism of branched chain amino acids, lipids and, ultimately, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). PDC activity is an essential determinant of the metabolic and bioenergetic flexibility of metazoan organisms in adapting to changes in development, nutrient availability and various stresses that challenge maintenance of homeostasis. This canonical role of the PDC has been extensively probed over the past decades by multidisciplinary investigations into its causal association with diverse physiological and pathological conditions, the latter making the PDC an increasingly viable therapeutic target. Here we review the biology of the remarkable PDC and its emerging importance in the pathobiology and treatment of diverse congenital and acquired disorders of metabolic integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Stacpoole
- Department of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| | - Charles E McCall
- Department of Internal Medicine and Translational Sciences, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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6
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Meyers AK, Wang Z, Han W, Zhao Q, Zabalawi M, Duan L, Liu J, Zhang Q, Manne RK, Lorenzo F, Quinn MA, Song Q, Fan D, Lin HK, Furdui CM, Locasale JW, McCall CE, Zhu X. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase supports macrophage NLRP3 inflammasome activation during acute inflammation. Cell Rep 2023; 42:111941. [PMID: 36640341 PMCID: PMC10117036 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating the macrophage NLRP3 inflammasome can promote excessive inflammation with severe cell and tissue damage and organ dysfunction. Here, we show that pharmacological or genetic inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDHK) significantly attenuates NLRP3 inflammasome activation in murine and human macrophages and septic mice by lowering caspase-1 cleavage and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) secretion. Inhibiting PDHK reverses NLRP3 inflammasome-induced metabolic reprogramming, enhances autophagy, promotes mitochondrial fusion over fission, preserves crista ultrastructure, and attenuates mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The suppressive effect of PDHK inhibition on the NLRP3 inflammasome is independent of its canonical role as a pyruvate dehydrogenase regulator. Our study suggestsa non-canonical role of mitochondrial PDHK in promoting mitochondrial stress and supporting NLRP3 inflammasome activation during acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison K Meyers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Zhan Wang
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Wenzheng Han
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Cardiology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Qingxia Zhao
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Manal Zabalawi
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Likun Duan
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Qianyi Zhang
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Rajesh K Manne
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Felipe Lorenzo
- Section on Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Matthew A Quinn
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Qianqian Song
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Daping Fan
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Hui-Kuan Lin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Cristina M Furdui
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Jason W Locasale
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Charles E McCall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Xuewei Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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