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Li M, Sorensen M, Johnson MA, Ingram SL, Andresen MC, Habecker BA. Hypertension increases sympathetic neuron activity by enhancing intraganglionic cholinergic collateral connections. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 39031543 DOI: 10.1113/jp286601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Autonomic dysregulation, including sympathetic hyperactivity, is a common feature of hypertension (HT) and other cardiovascular diseases. The CNS plays a role in driving chronic sympathetic activation in disease, but several lines of evidence suggest that neuroplasticity in the periphery may also contribute. The potential contribution of postganglionic sympathetic neurons to sustained sympathetic hyperactivity is not well understood. We recently discovered that noradrenergic sympathetic neurons in the stellate ganglion (SG) have excitatory cholinergic collateral connections to other neurons within the ganglion. We hypothesize that remodelling of these neurons and increased cholinergic collateral transmission contributes to sustained sympathetic hyperactivity in cardiovascular diseases, including HT. To test that hypothesis, we examined the activity of sympathetic neurons in isolated SG under control conditions and after 1 week of HT induced by peripheral angiotensin II infusion, using whole-cell patch clamp recordings. Despite the absence of central inputs, we observed elevated spontaneous activity and synaptic transmission in sympathetic SG neurons from hypertensive mice that required generation of action potentials. Genetically disrupting cholinergic transmission in noradrenergic neurons decreased basal neuronal activity and prevented angiotensin II-mediated enhancement of activity. Similar changes in activity, driven by increased collateral transmission, were identified in cardiac projecting neurons and neurons projecting to brown adipose tissue. These changes were not driven by altered A-type K+ currents. This suggests that HT stimulates increased activity throughout the intraganglionic network of collateral connections, contributing to the sustained sympathetic hyperactivity characteristic in cardiovascular disease. KEY POINTS: Sympathetic neurons in ganglia isolated from angiotensin II-treated hypertensive mice are more active than neurons from control mice despite the absence of central activation. The enhanced activity is the result of a ganglionic network of cholinergic collaterals, rather than altered intrinsic excitability. Increased neuronal activity was observed in both cardiac neurons and brown adipose tissue-projecting neurons, which are not involved in cardiovascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Li
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Michelle Sorensen
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Morgan A Johnson
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Susan L Ingram
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael C Andresen
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Beth A Habecker
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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2
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Tonko JB, Lambiase PD. The proarrhythmogenic role of autonomics and emerging neuromodulation approaches to prevent sudden death in cardiac ion channelopathies. Cardiovasc Res 2024; 120:114-131. [PMID: 38195920 PMCID: PMC10936753 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Ventricular arrhythmias in cardiac channelopathies are linked to autonomic triggers, which are sub-optimally targeted in current management strategies. Improved molecular understanding of cardiac channelopathies and cellular autonomic signalling could refine autonomic therapies to target the specific signalling pathways relevant to the specific aetiologies as well as the central nervous system centres involved in the cardiac autonomic regulation. This review summarizes key anatomical and physiological aspects of the cardiac autonomic nervous system and its impact on ventricular arrhythmias in primary inherited arrhythmia syndromes. Proarrhythmogenic autonomic effects and potential therapeutic targets in defined conditions including the Brugada syndrome, early repolarization syndrome, long QT syndrome, and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia will be examined. Pharmacological and interventional neuromodulation options for these cardiac channelopathies are discussed. Promising new targets for cardiac neuromodulation include inhibitory and excitatory G-protein coupled receptors, neuropeptides, chemorepellents/attractants as well as the vagal and sympathetic nuclei in the central nervous system. Novel therapeutic strategies utilizing invasive and non-invasive deep brain/brain stem stimulation as well as the rapidly growing field of chemo-, opto-, or sonogenetics allowing cell-specific targeting to reduce ventricular arrhythmias are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna B Tonko
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, London, UK
| | - Pier D Lambiase
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, London, UK
- Department for Cardiology, Bart’s Heart Centre, West Smithfield EC1A 7BE, London, UK
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3
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Kim S, Kang SJ, Nguyen HS, Jeong SW. Store-operated calcium entry in the satellite glial cells of rat sympathetic ganglia. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 28:93-103. [PMID: 38154968 PMCID: PMC10762485 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2024.28.1.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Satellite glial cells (SGCs), a major type of glial cell in the autonomic ganglia, closely envelop the cell body and even the synaptic regions of a single neuron with a very narrow gap. This structurally unique organization suggests that autonomic neurons and SGCs may communicate reciprocally. Glial Ca2+ signaling is critical for controlling neural activity. Here, for the first time we identified the machinery of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) which is critical for cellular Ca2+ homeostasis in rat sympathetic ganglia under normal and pathological states. Quantitative realtime PCR and immunostaining analyses showed that Orai1 and stromal interaction molecules 1 (STIM1) proteins are the primary components of SOCE machinery in the sympathetic ganglia. When the internal Ca2+ stores were depleted in the absence of extracellular Ca2+, the number of plasmalemmal Orai1 puncta was increased in neurons and SGCs, suggesting activation of the Ca2+ entry channels. Intracellular Ca2+ imaging revealed that SOCE was present in SGCs and neurons; however, the magnitude of SOCE was much larger in the SGCs than in the neurons. The SOCE was significantly suppressed by GSK7975A, a selective Orai1 blocker, and Pyr6, a SOCE blocker. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) upregulated the glial fibrillary acidic protein and Toll-like receptor 4 in the sympathetic ganglia. Importantly, LPS attenuated SOCE via downregulating Orai1 and STIM1 expression. In conclusion, sympathetic SGCs functionally express the SOCE machinery, which is indispensable for intracellular Ca2+ signaling. The SOCE is highly susceptible to inflammation, which may affect sympathetic neuronal activity and thereby autonomic output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohyun Kim
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Molecular Neurophysiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea
| | - Seong Jun Kang
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Molecular Neurophysiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea
| | - Huu Son Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Molecular Neurophysiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea
| | - Seong-Woo Jeong
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Molecular Neurophysiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea
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4
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Chung WH, Lin YN, Wu MY, Chang KC. Sympathetic Modulation in Cardiac Arrhythmias: Where We Stand and Where We Go. J Pers Med 2023; 13:786. [PMID: 37240956 PMCID: PMC10221179 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13050786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuance of autonomic cardiac control has been studied for more than 400 years, yet little is understood. This review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding, clinical implications, and ongoing studies of cardiac sympathetic modulation and its anti-ventricular arrhythmias' therapeutic potential. Molecular-level studies and clinical studies were reviewed to elucidate the gaps in knowledge and the possible future directions for these strategies to be translated into the clinical setting. Imbalanced sympathoexcitation and parasympathetic withdrawal destabilize cardiac electrophysiology and confer the development of ventricular arrhythmias. Therefore, the current strategy for rebalancing the autonomic system includes attenuating sympathoexcitation and increasing vagal tone. Multilevel targets of the cardiac neuraxis exist, and some have emerged as promising antiarrhythmic strategies. These interventions include pharmacological blockade, permanent cardiac sympathetic denervation, temporal cardiac sympathetic denervation, etc. The gold standard approach, however, has not been known. Although neuromodulatory strategies have been shown to be highly effective in several acute animal studies with very promising results, the individual and interspecies variation between human autonomic systems limits the progress in this young field. There is, however, still much room to refine the current neuromodulation therapy to meet the unmet need for life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsin Chung
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Yen-Nien Lin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yao Wu
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Cheng Chang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
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5
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Truter N, Malan L, Essop MF. Glial cell activity in cardiovascular diseases and risk of acute myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023; 324:H373-H390. [PMID: 36662577 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00332.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that the pathophysiological link between the brain and heart underlies cardiovascular diseases, specifically acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system and provide support/protection for neurons. Astrocytes and peripheral glial cells are emerging as key modulators of the brain-heart axis in AMI, by affecting sympathetic nervous system activity (centrally and peripherally). This review, therefore, aimed to gain an improved understanding of glial cell activity and AMI risk. This includes discussions on the potential role of contributing factors in AMI risk, i.e., autonomic nervous system dysfunction, glial-neurotrophic and ischemic risk markers [glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), astrocytic S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B), silent myocardial ischemia, and cardiac troponin T (cTnT)]. Consideration of glial cell activity and related contributing factors in certain brain-heart disorders, namely, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, myocardial ischemia, and chronic psychological stress, may improve our understanding regarding the pathological role that glial dysfunction can play in the development/onset of AMI. Here, findings demonstrated perturbations in glial cell activity and contributing factors (especially sympathetic activity). Moreover, emerging AMI risk included sympathovagal imbalance, low GDNF levels reflecting prothrombic risk, hypertension, and increased ischemia due to perfusion deficits (indicated by S100B and cTnT levels). Such perturbations impacted blood-barrier function and perfusion that were exacerbated during psychological stress. Thus, greater insights and consideration regarding such biomarkers may help drive future studies investigating brain-heart axis pathologies to gain a deeper understanding of astrocytic glial cell contributions and unlock potential novel therapies for AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Truter
- Centre for Cardio-metabolic Research in Africa, Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Leoné Malan
- Technology Transfer and Innovation-Support Office, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - M Faadiel Essop
- Centre for Cardio-metabolic Research in Africa, Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Mapps AA, Boehm E, Beier C, Keenan WT, Langel J, Liu M, Thomsen MB, Hattar S, Zhao H, Tampakakis E, Kuruvilla R. Satellite glia modulate sympathetic neuron survival, activity, and autonomic function. eLife 2022; 11:74295. [PMID: 35997251 PMCID: PMC9433091 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite glia are the major glial cells in sympathetic ganglia, enveloping neuronal cell bodies. Despite this intimate association, the extent to which sympathetic functions are influenced by satellite glia in vivo remains unclear. Here, we show that satellite glia are critical for metabolism, survival, and activity of sympathetic neurons and modulate autonomic behaviors in mice. Adult ablation of satellite glia results in impaired mTOR signaling, soma atrophy, reduced noradrenergic enzymes, and loss of sympathetic neurons. However, persisting neurons have elevated activity, and satellite glia-ablated mice show increased pupil dilation and heart rate, indicative of enhanced sympathetic tone. Satellite glia-specific deletion of Kir4.1, an inward-rectifying potassium channel, largely recapitulates the cellular defects observed in glia-ablated mice, suggesting that satellite glia act in part via K+-dependent mechanisms. These findings highlight neuron–satellite glia as functional units in regulating sympathetic output, with implications for disorders linked to sympathetic hyper-activity such as cardiovascular disease and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia A Mapps
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Erica Boehm
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Corinne Beier
- Section on Light and Circadian Rhythms (SLCR), National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - William T Keenan
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Jennifer Langel
- Section on Light and Circadian Rhythms (SLCR), National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Michael Liu
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Michael B Thomsen
- Section on Light and Circadian Rhythms (SLCR), National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Samer Hattar
- Section on Light and Circadian Rhythms (SLCR), National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Haiqing Zhao
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | | | - Rejji Kuruvilla
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
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7
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Zou L, Liu S, Li L, Yang R, Xu X, Li G, Zhang C, Li G, Liang S. Implication of P2Y 12 receptor in uc.48+-mediated abnormal sympathoexcitatory reflex via superior cervical ganglia in myocardial ischemic rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 927:175049. [PMID: 35644421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Purinergic 2Y12 (P2Y12) receptor antagonists are used as platelet aggregation inhibitors. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in neuropathological events. Satellite glial cells (SGCs) in the superior cervical ganglia (SCGs) encircle the somata of neurons. This study explored if the upregulated P2Y12 receptor in SCGs was relevant to lncRNA uc.48+ during myocardial ischemia (MI). The results showed that upregulation of P2Y12 receptor was accompanied by increased expression of uc.48+ in the SCGs of MI rats which displayed abnormal changes in cervical sympathetic nerve activity, blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiograms and cardiac tissue structure. The P2Y12 antagonist clopidogrel improved abnormal alterations in cardiac function and tissue structure in MI rats. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against uc.48+ significantly inhibited P2Y12 receptor upregulation and its co-expression with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in SCGs, and ameliorated the cardiac dysfunction in MI rats. By contrast, overexpression of uc.48+ increased the expression of P2Y12 in SCGs and enhanced cervical sympathetic nerve activity in control rats. Direct interaction between uc.48+ and the P2Y12 receptor was predicted using the bioinformatic tool CatRAPID and confirmed by RNA immunoprecipitation. Moreover, overexpression of the P2Y12 receptor reversed the protective effect of uc.48+ shRNA on cardiac dysfunction in MI rats. Uc.48 shRNA treatment also inhibited the enhanced rise of intracellular free Ca2+ level ([Ca2+]i) evoked by the P2Y12 agonist 2-methylthio-adenosine-5'-diphosphate (2-MeSADP) in SGCs of SCGs after oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) treatment. These data demonstrated that uc.48+ shRNA could counteract the P2Y12 upregulation and improve P2Y12-implicated cardiac dysfunction due to MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Zou
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China; Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Shuangmei Liu
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China
| | - Lin Li
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China
| | - Runan Yang
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China
| | - Xiumei Xu
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China
| | - Guilin Li
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China
| | - Chunping Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China
| | - Guodong Li
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China
| | - Shangdong Liang
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China.
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8
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Claes M, De Groef L, Moons L. The DREADDful Hurdles and Opportunities of the Chronic Chemogenetic Toolbox. Cells 2022; 11:1110. [PMID: 35406674 PMCID: PMC8998042 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The chronic character of chemogenetics has been put forward as one of the assets of the technique, particularly in comparison to optogenetics. Yet, the vast majority of chemogenetic studies have focused on acute applications, while repeated, long-term neuromodulation has only been booming in the past few years. Unfortunately, together with the rising number of studies, various hurdles have also been uncovered, especially in relation to its chronic application. It becomes increasingly clear that chronic neuromodulation warrants caution and that the effects of acute neuromodulation cannot be extrapolated towards chronic experiments. Deciphering the underlying cellular and molecular causes of these discrepancies could truly unlock the chronic chemogenetic toolbox and possibly even pave the way for chemogenetics towards clinical application. Indeed, we are only scratching the surface of what is possible with chemogenetic research. For example, most investigations are concentrated on behavioral read-outs, whereas dissecting the underlying molecular signature after (chronic) neuromodulation could reveal novel insights in terms of basic neuroscience and deregulated neural circuits. In this review, we highlight the hurdles associated with the use of chemogenetic experiments, as well as the unexplored research questions for which chemogenetics offers the ideal research platform, with a particular focus on its long-term application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Claes
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Lies De Groef
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication and Neurodegeneration, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
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9
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Mapps AA, Thomsen MB, Boehm E, Zhao H, Hattar S, Kuruvilla R. Diversity of satellite glia in sympathetic and sensory ganglia. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110328. [PMID: 35108545 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite glia are the major glial type found in sympathetic and sensory ganglia in the peripheral nervous system, and specifically, contact neuronal cell bodies. Sympathetic and sensory neurons differ in morphological, molecular, and electrophysiological properties. However, the molecular diversity of the associated satellite glial cells remains unclear. Here, using single-cell RNA sequencing analysis, we identify five different populations of satellite glia from sympathetic and sensory ganglia. We define three shared populations of satellite glia enriched in immune-response genes, immediate-early genes, and ion channels/ECM-interactors, respectively. Sensory- and sympathetic-specific satellite glia are differentially enriched for modulators of lipid synthesis and metabolism. Sensory glia are also specifically enriched for genes involved in glutamate turnover. Furthermore, satellite glia and Schwann cells can be distinguished by unique transcriptional signatures. This study reveals the remarkable heterogeneity of satellite glia in the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia A Mapps
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, 200 Mudd Hall, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Michael B Thomsen
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, 200 Mudd Hall, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Section on Light and Circadian Rhythms (SLCR), National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Erica Boehm
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, 200 Mudd Hall, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Haiqing Zhao
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, 200 Mudd Hall, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Samer Hattar
- Section on Light and Circadian Rhythms (SLCR), National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rejji Kuruvilla
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, 200 Mudd Hall, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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10
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Xie AX, Iguchi N, Clarkson TC, Malykhina AP. Pharmacogenetic inhibition of lumbosacral sensory neurons alleviates visceral hypersensitivity in a mouse model of chronic pelvic pain. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262769. [PMID: 35077502 PMCID: PMC8789164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study investigated the cellular and molecular mechanisms in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) underlying the symptoms of urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome (UCPPS) in mice. This work also aimed to test the feasibility of reversing peripheral sensitization in vivo in alleviating UCPPS symptoms. Intravesical instillation of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) was used to induce UCPPS-like symptoms in mice. Spontaneous voiding spot assays and manual Von Frey tests were used to evaluate the severity of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and visceral hypersensitivity in VEGFA-instilled mice. Bladder smooth muscle strip contractility recordings (BSMSC) were used to identify the potential changes in myogenic and neurogenic detrusor muscle contractility at the tissue-level. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and fluorescent immunohistochemistry were performed to compare the expression levels of VEGF receptors and nociceptors in lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia (DRG) between VEGFA-instilled mice and saline-instilled controls. To manipulate primary afferent activity, Gi-coupled Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (Gi-DREADD) were expressed in lumbosacral DRG neurons of TRPV1-Cre-ZGreen mice via targeted adeno-associated viral vector (AAVs) injections. A small molecule agonist of Gi-DREADD, clozapine-N-oxide (CNO), was injected into the peritoneum (i. p.) in awake animals to silence TRPV1 expressing sensory neurons in vivo during physiological and behavioral recordings of bladder function. Intravesical instillation of VEGFA in the urinary bladders increased visceral mechanical sensitivity and enhanced RTX-sensitive detrusor contractility. Sex differences were identified in the baseline detrusor contractility responses and VEGF-induced visceral hypersensitivity. VEGFA instillations in the urinary bladder led to significant increases in the mRNA and protein expression of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1 (TRPA1) in lumbosacral DRG, whereas the expression levels of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) and VEGF receptors (VEGFR1 and VEGFR2) remained unchanged when compared to saline-instilled animals. Importantly, the VEGFA-induced visceral hypersensitivity was reversed by Gi-DREADD-mediated neuronal silencing in lumbosacral sensory neurons. Activation of bladder VEGF signaling causes sensory neural plasticity and visceral hypersensitivity in mice, confirming its role of an UCPPS biomarker as identified by the Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Chronic Pelvic Pain (MAPP) research studies. Pharmacogenetic inhibition of lumbosacral sensory neurons in vivo completely reversed VEGFA-induced pelvic hypersensitivity in mice, suggesting the strong therapeutic potential for decreasing primary afferent activity in the treatment of pain severity in UCPPS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Xiaoqiao Xie
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nao Iguchi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Taylor C. Clarkson
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Anna P. Malykhina
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
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11
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van Weperen VYH, Vos MA, Ajijola OA. Autonomic modulation of ventricular electrical activity: recent developments and clinical implications. Clin Auton Res 2021; 31:659-676. [PMID: 34591191 PMCID: PMC8629778 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-021-00823-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review aimed to provide a complete overview of the current stance and recent developments in antiarrhythmic neuromodulatory interventions, focusing on lifethreatening vetricular arrhythmias. METHODS Both preclinical studies and clinical studies were assessed to highlight the gaps in knowledge that remain to be answered and the necessary steps required to properly translate these strategies to the clinical setting. RESULTS Cardiac autonomic imbalance, characterized by chronic sympathoexcitation and parasympathetic withdrawal, destabilizes cardiac electrophysiology and promotes ventricular arrhythmogenesis. Therefore, neuromodulatory interventions that target the sympatho-vagal imbalance have emerged as promising antiarrhythmic strategies. These strategies are aimed at different parts of the cardiac neuraxis and directly or indirectly restore cardiac autonomic tone. These interventions include pharmacological blockade of sympathetic neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, cardiac sympathetic denervation, thoracic epidural anesthesia, and spinal cord and vagal nerve stimulation. CONCLUSION Neuromodulatory strategies have repeatedly been demonstrated to be highly effective and very promising anti-arrhythmic therapies. Nevertheless, there is still much room to gain in our understanding of neurocardiac physiology, refining the current neuromodulatory strategic options and elucidating the chronic effects of many of these strategic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Y H van Weperen
- Department of Medical Physiology, Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, UCLA Neurocardiology Research Center, UCLA Neurocardiology Research Program of Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, 100 Medical Plaza, Suite 660, Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1679, USA
| | - Marc A Vos
- Department of Medical Physiology, Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Olujimi A Ajijola
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, UCLA Neurocardiology Research Center, UCLA Neurocardiology Research Program of Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, 100 Medical Plaza, Suite 660, Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1679, USA.
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12
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Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses and maintains homeostasis during daily activities such as exercise, eating a meal or regulation of body temperature. Sympathetic regulation of bodily functions requires the establishment and refinement of anatomically and functionally precise connections between postganglionic sympathetic neurons and peripheral organs distributed widely throughout the body. Mechanistic studies of key events in the formation of postganglionic sympathetic neurons during embryonic and early postnatal life, including axon growth, target innervation, neuron survival, and dendrite growth and synapse formation, have advanced the understanding of how neuronal development is shaped by interactions with peripheral tissues and organs. Recent progress has also been made in identifying how the cellular and molecular diversity of sympathetic neurons is established to meet the functional demands of peripheral organs. In this Review, we summarize current knowledge of signalling pathways underlying the development of the sympathetic nervous system. These findings have implications for unravelling the contribution of sympathetic dysfunction stemming, in part, from developmental perturbations to the pathophysiology of peripheral neuropathies and cardiovascular and metabolic disorders.
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13
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Rajendran PS, Stavrakis S. The Intricate Role of Spinal Cord Glial Cells in Sympathoexcitation and Arrhythmogenesis: The Plot Thickens. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2021; 7:1226-1228. [PMID: 34674836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep S Rajendran
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stavros Stavrakis
- Heart Rhythm Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.
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14
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Nwachukwu KN, Evans WA, Sides TR, Trevisani CP, Davis A, Marshall SA. Chemogenetic manipulation of astrocytic signaling in the basolateral amygdala reduces binge-like alcohol consumption in male mice. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:1957-1972. [PMID: 33844860 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Binge drinking is a common occurrence in the United States, but a high concentration of alcohol in the blood has been shown to have reinforcing and reciprocal effects on the neuroimmune system in both dependent and non-dependent scenarios. The first part of this study examined alcohol's effects on the astrocytic response in the central amygdala and basolateral amygdala (BLA) in a non-dependent model. C57BL/6J mice were given access to either ethanol, water, or sucrose during a "drinking in the dark" paradigm, and astrocyte number and astrogliosis were measured using immunohistochemistry. Results indicate that non-dependent consumption increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) density but not the number of GFAP+ cells, suggesting that non-dependent ethanol is sufficient to elicit astrocyte activation. The second part of this study examined how astrocytes impacted behaviors and the neurochemistry related to alcohol using the chemogenetic tool, DREADDs (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs). Transgenic GFAP-hM3Dq mice were administered clozapine N-oxide both peripherally, affecting the entire central nervous system (CNS), or directly into the BLA. In both instances, GFAP-Gq-signaling activation significantly reduced ethanol consumption and correlating blood ethanol concentrations. However, GFAP-Gq-DREADD activation throughout the CNS had more broad effects resulting in decreased locomotor activity and sucrose consumption. More targeted GFAP-Gq-signaling activation in the BLA only impacted ethanol consumption. Finally, a glutamate assay revealed that after GFAP-Gq-signaling activation glutamate concentrations in the amygdala were partially normalized to control levels. Altogether, these studies support the theory that astrocytes represent a viable target for alcohol use disorder therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kala N Nwachukwu
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - William A Evans
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred P. Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
| | - Tori R Sides
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christopher P Trevisani
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred P. Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
| | - Ambryia Davis
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred P. Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
| | - S Alex Marshall
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred P. Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA.,Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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15
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van Weperen VYH, Littman RJ, Arneson DV, Contreras J, Yang X, Ajijola OA. Single-cell transcriptomic profiling of satellite glial cells in stellate ganglia reveals developmental and functional axial dynamics. Glia 2021; 69:1281-1291. [PMID: 33432730 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stellate ganglion neurons, important mediators of cardiopulmonary neurotransmission, are surrounded by satellite glial cells (SGCs), which are essential for the function, maintenance, and development of neurons. However, it remains unknown whether SGCs in adult sympathetic ganglia exhibit any functional diversity, and what role this plays in modulating neurotransmission. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing of mouse stellate ganglia (n = 8 animals), focusing on SGCs (n = 11,595 cells). SGCs were identified by high expression of glial-specific transcripts, S100b and Fabp7. Microglia and Schwann cells were identified by expression of C1qa/C1qb/C1qc and Ncmap/Drp2, respectively, and excluded from further analysis. Dimensionality reduction and clustering of SGCs revealed six distinct transcriptomic subtypes, one of which was characterized the expression of pro-inflammatory markers and excluded from further analyses. The transcriptomic profiles and corresponding biochemical pathways of the remaining subtypes were analyzed and compared with published astrocytic transcriptomes. This revealed gradual shifts of developmental and functional pathways across the subtypes, originating from an immature and pluripotent subpopulation into two mature populations of SGCs, characterized by upregulated functional pathways such as cholesterol metabolism. As SGCs aged, these functional pathways were downregulated while genes and pathways associated with cellular stress responses were upregulated. These findings were confirmed and furthered by an unbiased pseudo-time analysis, which revealed two distinct trajectories involving the five subtypes that were studied. These findings demonstrate that SGCs in mouse stellate ganglia exhibit transcriptomic heterogeneity along maturation or differentiation axes. These subpopulations and their unique biochemical properties suggest dynamic physiological adaptations that modulate neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Y H van Weperen
- UCLA Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Russell J Littman
- UCLA Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA Integrative Biology and Physiology, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Douglas V Arneson
- UCLA Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA Integrative Biology and Physiology, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCSF Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jaime Contreras
- UCLA Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xia Yang
- UCLA Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA Integrative Biology and Physiology, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Olujimi A Ajijola
- UCLA Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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16
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Tedoldi A, Argent L, Montgomery JM. The role of the tripartite synapse in the heart: how glial cells may contribute to the physiology and pathophysiology of the intracardiac nervous system. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 320:C1-C14. [PMID: 33085497 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00363.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the major roles of the intracardiac nervous system (ICNS) is to act as the final site of signal integration for efferent information destined for the myocardium to enable local control of heart rate and rhythm. Multiple subtypes of neurons exist in the ICNS where they are organized into clusters termed ganglionated plexi (GP). The majority of cells in the ICNS are actually glial cells; however, despite this, ICNS glial cells have received little attention to date. In the central nervous system, where glial cell function has been widely studied, glia are no longer viewed simply as supportive cells but rather have been shown to play an active role in modulating neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity. Pioneering studies have demonstrated that in addition to glia within the brain stem, glial cells within multiple autonomic ganglia in the peripheral nervous system, including the ICNS, can also act to modulate cardiovascular function. Clinically, patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing catheter ablation show high plasma levels of S100B, a protein produced by cardiac glial cells, correlated with decreased AF recurrence. Interestingly, S100B also alters GP neuron excitability and neurite outgrowth in the ICNS. These studies highlight the importance of understanding how glial cells can affect the heart by modulating GP neuron activity or synaptic inputs. Here, we review studies investigating glia both in the central and peripheral nervous systems to discuss the potential role of glia in controlling cardiac function in health and disease, paying particular attention to the glial cells of the ICNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Tedoldi
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Manaaki Mānawa Centre for Heart Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Liam Argent
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Manaaki Mānawa Centre for Heart Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Johanna M Montgomery
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Manaaki Mānawa Centre for Heart Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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17
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King AC, Wood TE, Rodriguez E, Parpura V, Gray M. Differential effects of SNARE-dependent gliotransmission on behavioral phenotypes in a mouse model of Huntington's disease. Exp Neurol 2020; 330:113358. [PMID: 32387649 PMCID: PMC7313419 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the widely expressed huntingtin protein. Multiple studies have indicated the importance of mutant huntingtin (mHTT) in astrocytes to HD pathogenesis. Astrocytes exhibit SNARE-dependent exocytosis and gliotransmission, which can be hampered by transgenic expression of dominant negative SNARE (dnSNARE) in these glial cells. We used BACHD mice and crossed them with the dnSNARE model to determine if pan-astrocytic SNARE-dependent exocytosis plays an important role in vivo in the progression of HD behavioral phenotypes. We assessed motor and neuropsychiatric behaviors in these mice. At 12 months of age there was a significant improvement in motor coordination (rotarod test) in BACHD/dnSNARE mice when compared to BACHD mice. Analyses of open field performance revealed significant worsening of center entry (at 9 and 12 months), but not distance traveled in BACHD/dnSNARE when compared to BACHD mice, and variable/inconclusive results on vertical plane entry. While no differences between BACHD and BACHD/dnSNARE mice at 12 months of age in the forced swim test were found, we did observe a significant decrease in performance of BACHD/dnSNARE mice in the light-dark box paradigm. Thus, reduction of astrocytic SNARE-dependent exocytosis has differential effects on the psychiatric-like and motor phenotypes observed in BACHD mice. These data suggest broadly targeting SNARE-dependent exocytosis in astrocytes throughout the brain as a means to modulate gliotransmission in HD may contribute to worsening of specific behavioral deficits and perhaps a brain-region specific approach would be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annesha C King
- Graduate Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience Theme, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tara E Wood
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Efrain Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Michelle Gray
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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18
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Enes J, Haburčák M, Sona S, Gerard N, Mitchell AC, Fu W, Birren SJ. Satellite glial cells modulate cholinergic transmission between sympathetic neurons. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0218643. [PMID: 32017764 PMCID: PMC6999876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Postganglionic sympathetic neurons and satellite glial cells are the two major cell types of the peripheral sympathetic ganglia. Sympathetic neurons project to and provide neural control of peripheral organs and have been implicated in human disorders ranging from cardiovascular disease to peripheral neuropathies. Here we show that satellite glia regulate synaptic activity of cultured postnatal sympathetic neurons, providing evidence for local ganglionic control of sympathetic drive. In addition to modulating neuron-to-neuron cholinergic neurotransmission, satellite glia promote synapse formation and contribute to neuronal survival. Examination of the cellular architecture of the rat sympathetic ganglia in vivo shows this regulation of neuronal properties takes place during a developmental period in which neuronal morphology and density are actively changing and satellite glia enwrap sympathetic neuronal somata. Cultured satellite glia make and release factors that promote neuronal activity and that can partially rescue the neurons from cell death following nerve growth factor deprivation. Thus, satellite glia play an early and ongoing role within the postnatal sympathetic ganglia, expanding our understanding of the contributions of local and target-derived factors in the regulation of sympathetic neuron function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Enes
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
- Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
| | - Marián Haburčák
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
- Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
| | - Surbhi Sona
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
- Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
| | - Nega Gerard
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
- Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
| | - Alexander C. Mitchell
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
- Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
| | - Wenqi Fu
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
- Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
| | - Susan J. Birren
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
- Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Santhosh D, Sherman J, Chowdhury S, Huang Z. Harnessing region-specific neurovascular signaling to promote germinal matrix vessel maturation and hemorrhage prevention. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm.041228. [PMID: 31601549 PMCID: PMC6899033 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.041228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH), affecting about 1 in 300 births, is a major perinatal disease with lifelong neurological consequences. Yet despite advances in neonatal medicine, there is no effective intervention. GMH is characterized by localized bleeding in the germinal matrix (GM), due to inherent vessel fragility unique to this developing brain region. Studies have shown that reduced TGFβ signaling contributes to this vascular immaturity. We have previously shown that a region-specific G-protein-coupled receptor pathway in GM neural progenitor cells regulates integrin β8, a limiting activator of pro-TGFβ. In this study, we use mice to test whether this regional pathway can be harnessed for GMH intervention. We first examined the endogenous dynamics of this pathway and found that it displays specific patterns of activation. We then investigated the functional effects of altering these dynamics by chemogenetics and found that there is a narrow developmental window during which this pathway is amenable to manipulation. Although high-level activity in this time window interferes with vessel growth, moderate enhancement promotes vessel maturation without compromising growth. Furthermore, we found that enhancing the activity of this pathway in a mouse model rescues all GMH phenotypes. Altogether, these results demonstrate that enhancing neurovascular signaling through pharmacological targeting of this pathway may be a viable approach for tissue-specific GMH intervention. They also demonstrate that timing and level are likely two major factors crucial for success. These findings thus provide critical new insights into both brain neurovascular biology and the intervention of GMH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi Santhosh
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.,Program in Genetics and Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Joe Sherman
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Shafi Chowdhury
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Zhen Huang
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA .,Program in Genetics and Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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20
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Feldman-Goriachnik R, Hanani M. The effects of sympathetic nerve damage on satellite glial cells in the mouse superior cervical ganglion. Auton Neurosci 2019; 221:102584. [PMID: 31494528 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2019.102584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurons in sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic ganglia are surrounded by satellite glial cell (SGCs). There is little information on the effects of nerve damage on SGCs in autonomic ganglia. We studied the consequences of damage to sympathetic nerve terminals by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on SGCs in the mouse superior cervical ganglia (Sup-CG). Immunostaining revealed that at 1-30 d post-6-OHDA injection, SGCs in Sup-CG were activated, as assayed by upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein. Intracellular labeling showed that dye coupling between SGCs around different neurons increased 4-6-fold 1-14 d after 6-OHDA injection. Behavioral testing 1-7 d post-6-OHDA showed that withdrawal threshold to tactile stimulation of the hind paws was reduced by 65-85%, consistent with hypersensitivity. A single intraperitoneal injection of the gap junction blocker carbenoxolone restored normal tactile thresholds in 6-OHDA-treated mice, suggesting a contribution of SGC gap junctions to pain. Using calcium imaging we found that after 6-OHDA treatment responses of SGCs to ATP were increased by about 30% compared with controls, but responses to ACh were reduced by 48%. The same experiments for SGCs in trigeminal ganglia from 6-OHDA injected mice showed no difference from controls, confirming that 6-OHDA acted selectively on sympathetic nerves. However, systemic inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide did not affect SGCs of Sup-CG, but did influence SGCs in trigeminal ganglia in the same manner as 6-OHDA did on SGCs in Sup-CG. We conclude that even though SGCs in sympathetic and sensory ganglia are morphologically similar, they are quite different functionally, particularly after damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Feldman-Goriachnik
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 91240, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Menachem Hanani
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 91240, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
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21
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Delvalle NM, Fried DE, Rivera-Lopez G, Gaudette L, Gulbransen BD. Cholinergic activation of enteric glia is a physiological mechanism that contributes to the regulation of gastrointestinal motility. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G473-G483. [PMID: 29927320 PMCID: PMC6230698 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00155.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The reflexive activities of the gastrointestinal tract are regulated, in part, by precise interactions between neurons and glia in the enteric nervous system (ENS). Intraganglionic enteric glia are a unique type of peripheral glia that surround enteric neurons and regulate neuronal function, activity, and survival. Enteric glia express numerous neurotransmitter receptors that allow them to sense neuronal activity, but it is not clear if enteric glia monitor acetylcholine (ACh), the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the ENS. Here, we tested the hypothesis that enteric glia detect ACh and that glial activation by ACh contributes to the physiological regulation of gut functions. Our results show that myenteric enteric glia express both the M3 and M5 subtypes of muscarinic receptors (MRs) and that muscarine drives intracellular calcium (Ca2+) signaling predominantly through M3R activation. To elucidate the functional effects of activation of glial M3Rs, we used GFAP::hM3Dq mice that express a modified human M3R (hM3Dq) exclusively on glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) positive glia to directly activate glial hM3Dqs using clozapine- N-oxide. Using spatiotemporal mapping analysis, we found that the activation of glial hM3Dq receptors enhances motility reflexes ex vivo. Continuous stimulation of hM3Dq receptors in vivo, drove changes in gastrointestinal motility without affecting neuronal survival in the ENS and glial muscarinic receptor activation did not alter neuron survival in vitro. Our results provide the first evidence that GFAP intraganglionic enteric glia express functional muscarinic receptors and suggest that the activation of glial muscarinic receptors contributes to the physiological regulation of functions. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Enteric glia are emerging as novel regulators of enteric reflex circuits, but little is still known regarding the effects of specific transmitter pathways on glia and the resulting consequences on enteric reflexes. Here, we provide the first evidence that enteric glia monitor acetylcholine in the enteric nervous system and that glial activation by acetylcholine is a physiological mechanism that contributes to the functional regulation of intestinal reflexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David E. Fried
- 2Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | | | - Luke Gaudette
- 1Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Brian D. Gulbransen
- 1Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan,2Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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