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Huang J, Siyar S, Sharma R, Herrig I, Wise L, Aidt S, List E, Kopchick JJ, Puri V, Lee KY. Adipocyte Subpopulations Mediate Growth Hormone-induced Lipolysis and Glucose Tolerance in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad151. [PMID: 37897489 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
In adipose tissue, growth hormone (GH) stimulates lipolysis, leading to an increase in plasma free fatty acid levels and a reduction in insulin sensitivity. In our previous studies, we have found that GH increases lipolysis by reducing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) transcription activity, leading to a reduction of tat-specific protein 27 (FSP27, also known as CIDEC) expression. In previous studies, our laboratory uncovered 3 developmentally distinct subpopulations of white adipocytes. In this manuscript, we show that one of the subpopulations, termed type 2 adipocytes, has increased GH-induced signaling and lipolysis compared to other adipocyte subtypes. To assess the physiological role of GH-mediated lipolysis mediated by this adipocyte subpopulation, we specifically expressed human FSP27 (hFSP27) transgene in type 2 adipocytes (type2Ad-hFSP27tg mice). Systemically, male type2Ad-hFSP27tg mice displayed reduced serum glycerol release and nonesterified fatty acids levels after acute GH treatment, and improvement in acute, but not chronic, GH-induced glucose intolerance. Furthermore, we demonstrate that type2Ad-hFSP27tg mice displayed improved hepatic insulin signaling. Taken together, these results indicate that this adipocyte subpopulation is a critical regulator of the GH-mediated lipolytic and metabolic response. Thus, further investigation of adipocyte subpopulations may provide novel treatment strategies to regulate GH-induced glucose intolerance in patients with growth and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Sohana Siyar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Rita Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Isabella Herrig
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Lauren Wise
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Spencer Aidt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Edward List
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Vishwajeet Puri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Kevin Y Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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Collotta D, Franchina MP, Carlucci V, Collino M. Recent advances in JAK inhibitors for the treatment of metabolic syndrome. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1245535. [PMID: 37701031 PMCID: PMC10494544 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1245535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
With an epidemic spread, metabolic syndrome represents an increasingly emerging risk for the population globally, and is currently recognized as a pathological entity. It is represented by a cluster of different conditions including increased blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat around the waist and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels. These conditions lead directly to several disorders, including obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance and hypertension causing an increase in cardiovascular risk and in particular atherosclerotic disease. Despite efforts to promote healthier lifestyles through exercise, reduced caloric intake, and improved dietary choices, the incidence and prevalence of metabolic syndrome continue to rise worldwide. Recent research has highlighted the involvement of signaling pathways in chronic inflammatory conditions like obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, revealing the significance of the JAK/STAT pathway in atherosclerotic events. This pathway serves as a rapid membrane-to-nucleus signaling module that regulates the expression of critical mediators. Consequently, JAK inhibitors (JAKi) have emerged as potential therapeutic options for metabolic diseases, offering a promising avenue for intervention. The aim of this review is to shed light on the emerging indications of JAK inhibitors in metabolic syndrome, emphasizing their potential role in attenuating associated inflammatory processes, improving insulin sensitivity, and addressing cross-talk with the insulin pathway, with the intention of contributing to efforts in the field of inflammation pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Collotta
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi-Montalcini”, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Franchina
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi-Montalcini”, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Collino
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi-Montalcini”, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Cao R, Tian H, Zhang Y, Liu G, Xu H, Rao G, Tian Y, Fu X. Signaling pathways and intervention for therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e283. [PMID: 37303813 PMCID: PMC10248034 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents one of the fastest growing epidemic metabolic disorders worldwide and is a strong contributor for a broad range of comorbidities, including vascular, visual, neurological, kidney, and liver diseases. Moreover, recent data suggest a mutual interplay between T2DM and Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). T2DM is characterized by insulin resistance (IR) and pancreatic β cell dysfunction. Pioneering discoveries throughout the past few decades have established notable links between signaling pathways and T2DM pathogenesis and therapy. Importantly, a number of signaling pathways substantially control the advancement of core pathological changes in T2DM, including IR and β cell dysfunction, as well as additional pathogenic disturbances. Accordingly, an improved understanding of these signaling pathways sheds light on tractable targets and strategies for developing and repurposing critical therapies to treat T2DM and its complications. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the history of T2DM and signaling pathways, and offer a systematic update on the role and mechanism of key signaling pathways underlying the onset, development, and progression of T2DM. In this content, we also summarize current therapeutic drugs/agents associated with signaling pathways for the treatment of T2DM and its complications, and discuss some implications and directions to the future of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Cao
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduSichuanChina
| | - Huimin Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China Medical School, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China Medical School, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Geng Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduSichuanChina
| | - Haixia Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduSichuanChina
| | - Guocheng Rao
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China Medical School, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Yan Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduSichuanChina
| | - Xianghui Fu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduSichuanChina
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China Medical School, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
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4
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Gancheva S, Kahl S, Herder C, Strassburger K, Sarabhai T, Pafili K, Szendroedi J, Schlensak M, Roden M. Metabolic surgery-induced changes of the growth hormone system relate to improved adipose tissue function. Int J Obes (Lond) 2023; 47:505-511. [PMID: 36959287 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01292-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Body weight loss improves insulin resistance and growth hormone secretion in obesity, which may be regulated by leptin according to preclinical studies. How changes in leptin, lipids and insulin sensitivity after bariatric (metabolic) surgery affect the human growth hormone system is yet unclear. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS People with obesity (OBE, n = 79, BMI 50.8 ± 6.3 kg/m2) were studied before, 2, 12, 24 and 52 weeks after metabolic surgery and compared to lean healthy humans (control; CON, n = 24, BMI 24.3 ± 3.1 kg/m2). Tissue-specific insulin sensitivity was assessed by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps with D-[6,6-2H2]glucose. Fasting leptin, growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP1, IGFBP3) were measured using ELISA. RESULTS At baseline, OBE exhibited higher glycemia and leptinemia as well as pronounced peripheral, adipose tissue and hepatic insulin resistance compared to CON. GH and IGFBP1 were lower, while IGF1 was comparable between groups. At 52 weeks, OBE had lost 33% body weight and doubled their peripheral insulin sensitivity, which was paralleled by continuous increases in GH, IGF-1 and IGFBP1 as well as decrease in leptin. The rise in GH correlated with reductions in free fatty acids, adipose tissue insulin resistance and insulinemia, but not with changes in body weight, peripheral insulin sensitivity, glycemia or leptinemia. The rise in IGF-1 correlated with reduction in high-sensitive C-reactive protein. CONCLUSION Reversal of alterations of the GH-IGF-1 axis after surgically-induced weight loss is unlikely related to improved leptin secretion and/or insulin sensitivity, but is rather associated with restored adipose tissue function and reduced low-grade inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiya Gancheva
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, Munich-Neuherberg, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sabine Kahl
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, Munich-Neuherberg, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Herder
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, Munich-Neuherberg, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Strassburger
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, Munich-Neuherberg, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Theresia Sarabhai
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, Munich-Neuherberg, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kalliopi Pafili
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, Munich-Neuherberg, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Szendroedi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, Munich-Neuherberg, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Michael Roden
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, Munich-Neuherberg, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Rodriguez BC, Astudillo M, Tosur M, Rafaey A, McKay S, Bacha F, Balasubramanyam A, Redondo MJ. Characteristics of Type 2 Diabetes in Female and Male Youth. Clin Diabetes 2022; 41:239-243. [PMID: 37092145 PMCID: PMC10115763 DOI: 10.2337/cd22-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of type 2 diabetes in children is rising and carries a worse prognosis than in adults. The influence of sex on pediatric type 2 diabetes outcomes has not been well investigated. We studied 715 youth with type 2 diabetes diagnosed at a median age of 13.7 years and compared sex differences in demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics within the first year of diagnosis. Females diagnosed with type 2 diabetes were younger and at a higher stage of pubertal development than males, yet presented with lower A1Cs, a lower prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis, and higher HDL cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcela Astudillo
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Mustafa Tosur
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Ahmad Rafaey
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Siripoom McKay
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Fida Bacha
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Ashok Balasubramanyam
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Maria J. Redondo
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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Wang CR, Tsai HW. Immediate-release tofacitinib reduces insulin resistance in non-diabetic active rheumatoid arthritis patients: A single-center retrospective study. World J Diabetes 2022; 13:454-465. [PMID: 35800413 PMCID: PMC9210542 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v13.i6.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increased risk of insulin resistance (IR) has been identified in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory disorder with elevated levels of pathogenic cytokines. Biologics targeting proinflammatory cytokines can control the disease and improve insulin sensitivity in RA. Although Janus kinase (JAK) signaling can regulate cytokine receptors and participate in RA pathogenesis, it remains to be elucidated whether there is a reduction of IR in such patients under JAK inhibitor (JAKi) therapy.
AIM To study the effect of JAKi treatment on the reduction of IR in RA patients with active disease.
METHODS A retrospective study was carried out from April 1, 2017 to March 31, 2021 in a population of non-diabetic patients with active RA who were undergoing tofacitinib (TOF) therapy with 5 mg twice-daily immediate-release formulation.
RESULTS Fifty-six RA patients, aged 30 years to 75 years (mean ± SD: 52.3 ± 11.1) with disease activity score 28 values ranging from 4.54 to 7.37 (5.82 ± 0.74), were classified into high-IR (> 2.0) and low-IR (≤ 2.0) groups based on their baseline homeostatic model assessment (HOMA)-IR levels. They had no previous exposure to JAKi, and received TOF therapy for no less than 6 mo. In 30 patients who were naïve to biologics, after a 24-week therapeutic period, the high-IR group showed reduced HOMA-IR levels (3.331 ± 1.036 vs 2.292 ± 0.707, P < 0.001). In another 26 patients who were exposed to tumor necrosis factor-α or interleukin-6 blockers, the high-IR group, despite having achieved a decrease but with lower magnitude than in naïve patients, showed reduced HOMA-IR levels (2.924 ± 0.790 vs 2.545 ± 1.080, P = 0.018).
CONCLUSION In this retrospective study, reduced IR was achieved in non-diabetic active RA patients following 24 wk of TOF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrong-Reen Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wen Tsai
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
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Mohsin MA, Yu H, He R, Wang P, Gan L, Du Y, Huang Y, Abro MB, Sohaib S, Pierzchala M, Sobiech P, Miętkiewska K, Pareek CS, He BX. Differentiation of Subclinical Ketosis and Liver Function Test Indices in Adipose Tissues Associated With Hyperketonemia in Postpartum Dairy Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:796494. [PMID: 35187139 PMCID: PMC8850981 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.796494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Past studies suggested that during early lactation and the transition period, higher plasma growth hormone (GH) levels in subclinical ketosis (SCK) might involve the initiation of body adipose tissues mobilization, resulting in metabolic disorders in ruminants particularly hyperketonemia. The upregulated GH mRNA expression in adipose tissue may take part in the adipolysis process in SCK-affected cows that paves a way for study further. This study aimed to characterize the plasma levels of GH, β-hydroxybutyrate acid (BHBA) and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and glucose (GLu) in ketotic cows and healthy control (CON) cows; to measure the liver function test (LFT) indices in ketotic and healthy CON cows, and finally the quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assay of candidate genes expressed in adipose tissues of ketotic and healthy CON cows during 0 to 7 week postpartum. Three experiments were conducted. Experiment-1 involved 21 Holstein cows weighing 500–600 kg with 2–5 parities. Results showed that GH, BHBA, and NEFA levels in ketotic cows were significantly higher and the GLu level significantly lower. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation of GH with BHBA, NEFA, and GLu in ketotic and healthy CON cows. In experiment-2, dynamic monitoring of LFT indices namely, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLOB) and albumin/globulin (A/G) were examined. The TBIL, DBIL, and GGT indices were significantly higher in ketotic cows and TP was significantly lower. In experiment-3, mRNA expression levels of GHR and peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) genes in adipose tissue were significantly upregulated in ketotic cows. However, the mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-1R), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) genes in adipose tissue were downregulated in ketotic cows. Our study concluded that during postpartum, higher plasma GH levels in SCK cows might involve the initiation of body adipose tissue mobilization, resulting in hyperketonemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Mohsin
- Laboratory of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Huiru Yu
- Laboratory of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Shanghai Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongze He
- Laboratory of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Laboratory of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Linli Gan
- Laboratory of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yulan Du
- Laboratory of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yunfei Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Muhammad Bakhsh Abro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water, and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Pakistan
| | - Sarmad Sohaib
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water, and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Pakistan
| | - Mariusz Pierzchala
- Department of Genomics and Biodiversity, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Przemysław Sobiech
- Internal Disease Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Klaudia Miętkiewska
- Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
- Division of Functional Genomics in Biological and Biomedical Research, Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Chandra S. Pareek
- Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
- Division of Functional Genomics in Biological and Biomedical Research, Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Bao Xiang He
- Laboratory of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Bao Xiang He
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8
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Richard AJ, Hang H, Allerton TD, Zhao P, Mendoza T, Ghosh S, Elks CM, Stephens JM. Loss of Adipocyte STAT5 Confers Increased Depot-Specific Adiposity in Male and Female Mice That Is Not Associated With Altered Adipose Tissue Lipolysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:812802. [PMID: 35464049 PMCID: PMC9022209 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.812802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
STATs (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) 5A and 5B are induced during adipocyte differentiation and are primarily activated by growth hormone (GH) and prolactin in fat cells. Previous studies in mice lacking adipocyte GH receptor or STAT5 support their roles in lipolysis-mediated reduction of adipose tissue mass. Male and female mice harboring adipocyte-specific deletion of both STAT5 genes (STAT5AKO) exhibit increased subcutaneous or inguinal adipose tissue mass, but no changes in visceral or gonadal fat mass. Both depots display substantial increases in adipocyte size with no changes in lipolysis in adipose tissue explants. RNA sequencing analysis of subcutaneous adipose tissue and indirect calorimetry experiments reveal sex-dependent differences in adipose gene expression and whole-body energy expenditure, respectively, resulting from the loss of adipocyte STAT5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J. Richard
- Adipocyte Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Hardy Hang
- Adipocyte Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Timothy D. Allerton
- Adipocyte Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Peng Zhao
- Adipocyte Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Tamra Mendoza
- Adipocyte Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Program and Center for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carrie M. Elks
- Adipocyte Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Jacqueline M. Stephens
- Adipocyte Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jacqueline M. Stephens,
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9
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Tong Y, Xu S, Huang L, Chen C. Obesity and insulin resistance: Pathophysiology and treatment. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:822-830. [PMID: 34767960 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity is a major cause of many chronic metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer. Insulin resistance is often associated with metabolic unhealthy obesity (MUO). Therapeutic approaches aiming to improve insulin sensitivity are believed to be central for the prevention and treatment of MUO. However, current antiobesity drugs are reported as multitargeted and their insulin-sensitizing effects remain unclear. In this review, we discuss current understanding of the mechanisms of insulin resistance from the aspects of endocrine disturbance, inflammation, oxidative, and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). We then summarize the antiobesity drugs, focusing on their effects on insulin sensitivity. Finally, we discuss strategies for obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Tong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Sai Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lili Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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10
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Wang CR, Tsai HW. Anti- and non-tumor necrosis factor-α-targeted therapies effects on insulin resistance in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:238-260. [PMID: 33758645 PMCID: PMC7958474 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i3.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to β-cell failure with inadequate insulin secretion, the crucial mechanism leading to establishment of diabetes mellitus (DM) is the resistance of target cells to insulin, i.e. insulin resistance (IR), indicating a requirement of beyond-normal insulin concentrations to maintain euglycemic status and an ineffective strength of transduction signaling from the receptor, downstream to the substrates of insulin action. IR is a common feature of most metabolic disorders, particularly type II DM as well as some cases of type I DM. A variety of human inflammatory disorders with increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β, have been reported to be associated with an increased risk of IR. Autoimmune-mediated arthritis conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS), with the involvement of proinflammatory cytokines as their central pathogenesis, have been demonstrated to be associated with IR, especially during the active disease state. There is an increasing trend towards using biologic agents and small molecule-targeted drugs to treat such disorders. In this review, we focus on the effects of anti-TNF-α- and non-TNF-α-targeted therapies on IR in patients with RA, PsA and AS. Anti-TNF-α therapy, IL-1 blockade, IL-6 antagonist, Janus kinase inhibitor and phospho-diesterase type 4 blocker can reduce IR and improve diabetic hyper-glycemia in autoimmune-mediated arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrong-Reen Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wen Tsai
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
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11
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Frank SJ. Classical and novel GH receptor signaling pathways. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:110999. [PMID: 32835785 PMCID: PMC7799394 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this review, I summarize historical and recent features of the classical pathways activated by growth hormone (GH) through the cell surface GH receptor (GHR). GHR is a cytokine receptor superfamily member that signals by activating the non-receptor tyrosine kinase, JAK2, and members of the Src family kinases. Activation of the GHR engages STATs, PI3K, and ERK pathways, among others, and details of these now-classical pathways are presented. Modulating elements, including the SOCS proteins, phosphatases, and regulated GHR metalloproteolysis, are discussed. In addition, a novel physical and functional interaction of GHR with IGF-1R is summarized and discussed in terms of its mechanisms, consequences, and physiological and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Frank
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, 1720 2nd Avenue South, BDB 485, AL, 35294-0012, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Endocrinology Section, Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.
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12
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Sharma R, Kopchick JJ, Puri V, Sharma VM. Effect of growth hormone on insulin signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:111038. [PMID: 32966863 PMCID: PMC7606590 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is a pleiotropic hormone that coordinates an array of physiological processes, including effects on bone, muscle, and fat, ultimately resulting in growth. Metabolically, GH promotes anabolic action in most tissues except adipose, where its catabolic action causes the breakdown of stored triglycerides into free fatty acids (FFA). GH antagonizes insulin action via various molecular pathways. Chronic GH secretion suppresses the anti-lipolytic action of insulin and increases FFA flux into the systemic circulation; thus, promoting lipotoxicity, which causes pathophysiological problems, including insulin resistance. In this review, we will provide an update on GH-stimulated adipose lipolysis and its consequences on insulin signaling in liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. Furthermore, we will discuss the mechanisms that contribute to the diabetogenic action of GH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA; Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA; Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Vishwajeet Puri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA; Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Vishva M Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA; Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
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13
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin shares a limited physiological concentration range with other endocrine hormones. Not only too low, but also too high systemic insulin levels are detrimental for body functions. MAIN BODY The physiological function and clinical relevance of insulin are usually seen in association with its role in maintaining glucose homeostasis. However, insulin is an anabolic hormone which stimulates a large number of cellular responses. Not only too low, but also excess insulin concentrations are detrimental to the physiological balance. Although the glucoregulatory activity of insulin is mitigated during hyperinsulinemia by dampening the efficiency of insulin signaling ("insulin resistance"), this is not the case for most other hormonal actions of insulin, including the promotion of protein synthesis, de novo lipogenesis, and cell proliferation; the inhibition of lipolysis, of autophagy-dependent cellular turnover, and of nuclear factor E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2)-dependent antioxidative; and other defense mechanisms. Hence, there is no general insulin resistance but selective impairment of insulin signaling which causes less glucose uptake from the blood and reduced activation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). Because of the largely unrestricted insulin signaling, hyperinsulinemia increases the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease and decreases health span and life expectancy. In epidemiological studies, high-dose insulin therapy is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Randomized controlled trials of insulin treatment did not observe any effect on disease risk, but these trials only studied low insulin doses up to 40 IU/day. Proof for a causal link between elevated insulin levels and cardiovascular disease risk comes from Mendelian randomization studies comparing individuals with genetically controlled low or high insulin production. CONCLUSIONS The detrimental actions of prolonged high insulin concentrations, seen also in cell culture, argue in favor of a lifestyle that limits circadian insulin levels. The health risks associated with hyperinsulinemia may have implications for treatment regimens used in type 2 diabetes.
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14
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Latest advances in STAT signaling and function in adipocytes. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:629-639. [PMID: 32219346 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adipocytes and adipose tissue are not inert and make substantial contributions to systemic metabolism by influencing energy homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, and lipid storage. In addition to well-studied hormones such as insulin, there are numerous hormones, cytokines, and growth factors that modulate adipose tissue function. Many endocrine mediators utilize the JAK-STAT pathway to mediate dozens of biological processes, including inflammation and immune responses. JAKs and STATs can modulate both adipocyte development and mature adipocyte function. Of the seven STAT family members, four STATs are expressed in adipocytes and regulated during adipogenesis (STATs 1, 3, 5A, and 5B). These STATs have been shown to play influential roles in adipose tissue development and function. STAT6, in contrast, is highly expressed in both preadipocytes and mature adipocytes, but is not considered to play a major role in regulating adipose tissue function. This review will summarize the latest research that pertains to the functions of STATs in adipocytes and adipose tissue.
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15
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Baricitinib counteracts metaflammation, thus protecting against diet-induced metabolic abnormalities in mice. Mol Metab 2020; 39:101009. [PMID: 32413585 PMCID: PMC7267733 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent evidence suggests the substantial pathogenic role of the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway in the development of low-grade chronic inflammatory response, known as "metaflammation," which contributes to obesity and type 2 diabetes. In this study, we investigated the effects of the JAK1/2 inhibitor baricitinib, recently approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, in a murine high-fat-high sugar diet model. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were fed with a control normal diet (ND) or a high-fat-high sugar diet (HD) for 22 weeks. A sub-group of HD fed mice was treated with baricitinib (10 mg/kg die, p.o.) for the last 16 weeks (HD + Bar). RESULTS HD feeding resulted in obesity, insulin-resistance, hypercholesterolemia and alterations in gut microbial composition. The metabolic abnormalities were dramatically reduced by chronic baricitinib administration. Treatment of HD mice with baricitinib did not change the diet-induced alterations in the gut, but restored insulin signaling in the liver and skeletal muscle, resulting in improvements of diet-induced myosteatosis, mesangial expansion and associated proteinuria. The skeletal muscle and renal protection were due to inhibition of the local JAK2-STAT2 pathway by baricitinib. We also demonstrated that restored tissue levels of JAK2-STAT2 activity were associated with a significant reduction in cytokine levels in the blood. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our data suggest that the JAK2-STAT2 pathway may represent a novel candidate for the treatment of diet-related metabolic derangements, with the potential for EMA- and FDA-approved JAK inhibitors to be repurposed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and/or its complications.
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16
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Fellinger P, Wolf P, Pfleger L, Krumpolec P, Krssak M, Klavins K, Wolfsberger S, Micko A, Carey P, Gürtl B, Vila G, Raber W, Fürnsinn C, Scherer T, Trattnig S, Kautzky-Willer A, Krebs M, Winhofer Y. Increased ATP synthesis might counteract hepatic lipid accumulation in acromegaly. JCI Insight 2020; 5:134638. [PMID: 32106111 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.134638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with active acromegaly (ACRO) exhibit low hepatocellular lipids (HCL), despite pronounced insulin resistance (IR). This contrasts the strong association of IR with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the general population. Since low HCL levels in ACRO might be caused by changes in oxidative substrate metabolism, we investigated mitochondrial activity and plasma metabolomics/lipidomics in active ACRO. Fifteen subjects with ACRO and seventeen healthy controls, matched for age, BMI, sex, and body composition, underwent 31P/1H-7-T MR spectroscopy of the liver and skeletal muscle as well as plasma metabolomic profiling and an oral glucose tolerance test. Subjects with ACRO showed significantly lower HCL levels, but the ATP synthesis rate was significantly increased compared with that in controls. Furthermore, a decreased ratio of unsaturated-to-saturated intrahepatocellular fatty acids was found in subjects with ACRO. Within assessed plasma lipids, lipidomics, and metabolomics, decreased carnitine species also indicated increased mitochondrial activity. We therefore concluded that excess of growth hormone (GH) in humans counteracts HCL accumulation by increased hepatic ATP synthesis. This was accompanied by a decreased ratio of unsaturated-to-saturated lipids in hepatocytes and by a metabolomic profile, reflecting the increase in mitochondrial activity. Thus, these findings help to better understanding of GH-regulated antisteatotic pathways and provide a better insight into potentially novel therapeutic targets for treating NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Fellinger
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, and
| | - Peter Wolf
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, and
| | - Lorenz Pfleger
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, and.,Centre of Excellence - High Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrik Krumpolec
- Centre of Excellence - High Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Krssak
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, and.,Centre of Excellence - High Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristaps Klavins
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Wolfsberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Micko
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patricia Carey
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Gürtl
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Greisa Vila
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, and
| | - Wolfgang Raber
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, and
| | - Clemens Fürnsinn
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, and
| | - Thomas Scherer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, and
| | - Siegfried Trattnig
- Centre of Excellence - High Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Michael Krebs
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, and
| | - Yvonne Winhofer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, and
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17
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Zatterale F, Longo M, Naderi J, Raciti GA, Desiderio A, Miele C, Beguinot F. Chronic Adipose Tissue Inflammation Linking Obesity to Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1607. [PMID: 32063863 PMCID: PMC7000657 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 124.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the major health burdens of the 21st century as it contributes to the growing prevalence of its related comorbidities, including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Growing evidence suggests a critical role for overnutrition in the development of low-grade inflammation. Specifically, chronic inflammation in adipose tissue is considered a crucial risk factor for the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in obese individuals. The triggers for adipose tissue inflammation are still poorly defined. However, obesity-induced adipose tissue expansion provides a plethora of intrinsic signals (e.g., adipocyte death, hypoxia, and mechanical stress) capable of initiating the inflammatory response. Immune dysregulation in adipose tissue of obese subjects results in a chronic low-grade inflammation characterized by increased infiltration and activation of innate and adaptive immune cells. Macrophages are the most abundant innate immune cells infiltrating and accumulating into adipose tissue of obese individuals; they constitute up to 40% of all adipose tissue cells in obesity. In obesity, adipose tissue macrophages are polarized into pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages and secrete many pro-inflammatory cytokines capable of impairing insulin signaling, therefore promoting the progression of insulin resistance. Besides macrophages, many other immune cells (e.g., dendritic cells, mast cells, neutrophils, B cells, and T cells) reside in adipose tissue during obesity, playing a key role in the development of adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. The association of obesity, adipose tissue inflammation, and metabolic diseases makes inflammatory pathways an appealing target for the treatment of obesity-related metabolic complications. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms responsible for the obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation and progression toward obesity-associated comorbidities and highlight the current therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Zatterale
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT Genomic of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Longo
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT Genomic of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Jamal Naderi
- URT Genomic of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,Department of Environmental, Biological, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Gregory Alexander Raciti
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT Genomic of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Desiderio
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT Genomic of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Miele
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT Genomic of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Beguinot
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT Genomic of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
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18
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Corbit KC, Wilson CG, Lowe D, Tran JL, Vera NB, Clasquin M, Mattis AN, Weiss EJ. Adipocyte JAK2 mediates spontaneous metabolic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. JCI Insight 2019; 5:131310. [PMID: 31393852 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.131310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and steatohepatitis (NASH) are liver manifestations of the metabolic syndrome and can progress to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Loss of Growth Hormone (GH) signaling is reported to predispose to NAFLD and NASH through direct actions on the liver. Here, we report that aged mice lacking hepatocyte Jak2 (JAK2L), an obligate transducer of Growth Hormone (GH) signaling, spontaneously develop the full spectrum of phenotypes found in patients with metabolic liver disease, beginning with insulin resistance and lipodystrophy and manifesting as NAFLD, NASH and even HCC, independent of dietary intervention. Remarkably, insulin resistance, metabolic liver disease, and carcinogenesis are prevented in JAK2L mice via concomitant deletion of adipocyte Jak2 (JAK2LA). Further, we demonstrate that GH increases hepatic lipid burden but does so indirectly via signaling through adipocyte JAK2. Collectively, these data establish adipocytes as the mediator of GH-induced metabolic liver disease and carcinogenesis. In addition, we report a new spontaneous model of NAFLD, NASH, and HCC that recapitulates the natural sequelae of human insulin resistance-associated disease progression. The work presented here suggests a attention be paid towards inhibition of adipocyte GH signaling as a therapeutic target of metabolic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Corbit
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Camella G Wilson
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Dylan Lowe
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jennifer L Tran
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nicholas B Vera
- Cambridge Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michelle Clasquin
- Cambridge Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aras N Mattis
- Department of Pathology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ethan J Weiss
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
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19
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Friesen M, Cowan CA. Adipocyte Metabolism and Insulin Signaling Perturbations: Insights from Genetics. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:396-406. [PMID: 31072658 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is a rapidly growing pandemic. It poses an enormous health burden given its comorbidity with obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and other metabolic and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Adipose tissue has been established as a key regulator of whole-body metabolic homeostasis, with interest growing rapidly. Emerging evidence suggests that adipocytes play an important role in these afflictions and contribute to IR. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have begun to illuminate the genetics underlying obesity, T2D, and IR, and this will allow further study into the disease mechanisms of the genes implicated in these metabolic diseases. Progress towards understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying diseased adipocytes will be discussed here, with an eye towards the future in developing novel therapeutics to combat metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Friesen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Chad A Cowan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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20
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Chhabra Y, Nelson CN, Plescher M, Barclay JL, Smith AG, Andrikopoulos S, Mangiafico S, Waxman DJ, Brooks AJ, Waters MJ. Loss of growth hormone-mediated signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) signaling in mice results in insulin sensitivity with obesity. FASEB J 2019; 33:6412-6430. [PMID: 30779881 PMCID: PMC6463913 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802328r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) has an important function as an insulin antagonist with elevated insulin sensitivity evident in humans and mice lacking a functional GH receptor (GHR). We sought the molecular basis for this sensitivity by utilizing a panel of mice possessing specific deletions of GHR signaling pathways. Metabolic clamps and glucose homeostasis tests were undertaken in these obese adult C57BL/6 male mice, which indicated impaired hepatic gluconeogenesis. Insulin sensitivity and glucose disappearance rate were enhanced in muscle and adipose of mice lacking the ability to activate the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)5 via the GHR (Ghr-391-/-) as for GHR-null (GHR-/-) mice. These changes were associated with a striking inhibition of hepatic glucose output associated with altered glycogen metabolism and elevated hepatic glycogen content during unfed state. The enhanced hepatic insulin sensitivity was associated with increased insulin receptor β and insulin receptor substrate 1 activation along with activated downstream protein kinase B signaling cascades. Although phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Pck)-1 expression was unchanged, its inhibitory acetylation was elevated because of decreased sirtuin-2 expression, thereby promoting loss of PCK1. Loss of STAT5 signaling to defined chromatin immunoprecipitation targets would further increase lipogenesis, supporting hepatosteatosis while lowering glucose output. Finally, up-regulation of IL-15 expression in muscle, with increased secretion of adiponectin and fibroblast growth factor 1 from adipose tissue, is expected to promote insulin sensitivity.-Chhabra, Y., Nelson, C. N., Plescher, M., Barclay, J. L., Smith, A. G., Andrikopoulos, S., Mangiafico, S., Waxman, D. J., Brooks, A. J., Waters, M. J. Loss of growth hormone-mediated signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) signaling in mice results in insulin sensitivity with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Chhabra
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Caroline N Nelson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Monika Plescher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Johanna L Barclay
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Aaron G Smith
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sof Andrikopoulos
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - David J Waxman
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew J Brooks
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael J Waters
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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21
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Forrest L, Sedmak C, Sikder S, Grewal S, Harman SM, Blackman MR, Muniyappa R. Effects of growth hormone on hepatic insulin sensitivity and glucose effectiveness in healthy older adults. Endocrine 2019; 63:497-506. [PMID: 30617738 PMCID: PMC6420854 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-018-01834-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Growth hormone (GH) replacement decreases insulin sensitivity in healthy individuals. However, the effects of GH on organ-specific insulin sensitivity and glucose effectiveness are not well characterized. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of GH administration for 26 weeks on muscle and hepatic insulin sensitivity and glucose effectiveness in healthy older individuals. METHODS This report is from a 26-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel-group trial in healthy, ambulatory, community-dwelling older women and men. We compared surrogate indices of insulin sensitivity [quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index (QUICKI), muscle insulin sensitivity index (MISI), hepatic insulin resistance index (HIRI)] and glucose effectiveness [oral glucose effectiveness index (oGE)] derived from oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) in subjects before and after 26 weeks of administration of GH (n = 17) or placebo (n = 15) as an exploratory outcome. RESULTS GH administration for 26 weeks significantly increased fasting insulin concentrations and HIRI but did not significantly change MISI or oGE compared to placebo. CONCLUSIONS GH administration for 26 weeks in healthy older subjects impairs insulin sensitivity in the liver but not skeletal muscle and does not alter glucose effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lala Forrest
- Clinical Endocrine Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Caroline Sedmak
- Clinical Endocrine Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shanaz Sikder
- Clinical Endocrine Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shivraj Grewal
- Clinical Endocrine Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S Mitchell Harman
- Endocrinology Section, Department of Medicine, Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Marc R Blackman
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
- Department of Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Ranganath Muniyappa
- Clinical Endocrine Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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22
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Zhu Y, Liu G, Du X, Shi Z, Jin M, Sha X, Li X, Wang Z, Li X. Expression patterns of hepatic genes involved in lipid metabolism in cows with subclinical or clinical ketosis. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:1725-1735. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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List EO, Berryman DE, Buchman M, Parker C, Funk K, Bell S, Duran-Ortiz S, Qian Y, Young JA, Wilson C, Slyby J, McKenna S, Jensen EA, Kopchick JJ. Adipocyte-Specific GH Receptor-Null (AdGHRKO) Mice Have Enhanced Insulin Sensitivity With Reduced Liver Triglycerides. Endocrinology 2019; 160:68-80. [PMID: 30462209 PMCID: PMC6304108 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Global GH receptor-null or knockout (GHRKO) mice have been extensively studied owing to their unique phenotype (dwarf and obese but remarkably insulin sensitive and long-lived). To better understand the influence of adipose tissue (AT) on the GHRKO phenotype, we previously generated fat-specific GHRKO (FaGHRKO) mice using the adipocyte protein-2 (aP2) promoter driving Cre expression. Unlike global GHRKO mice, FaGHRKO mice are larger than control mice and have an increase in white AT (WAT) mass and adipocyte size as well as an increase in brown AT mass. FaGHRKO mice also have an unexpected increase in IGF-1, decrease in adiponectin, no change in insulin sensitivity or liver triglyceride content, and a decreased lifespan. Extensive analysis of the aP2 promoter/enhancer by multiple laboratories has revealed expression in nonadipose tissues, confounding interpretation of results. In the current study, we used the adiponectin promoter/enhancer to drive Cre expression, which better targets mature adipocytes, and generated a new line of adipocyte-specific GHRKO (AdGHRKO) mice. AdGHRKO mice have an increase in adipocyte size and WAT depot mass in all depots except male perigonadal, a WAT accumulation pattern similar to FaGHRKO mice. Likewise, adiponectin levels and WAT fibrosis are decreased in both tissue-specific mouse lines. However, unlike FaGHRKO mice, AdGHRKO mice have no change in IGF-1 levels, improved glucose homeostasis, and reduced liver triglycerides. Thus, AdGHRKO mice should be valuable for future studies assessing the contribution of adipocyte GHR signaling in long-term health and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio
- Correspondence: Edward O. List, PhD, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, 218 Konneker Research Labs, 172 Watertower Drive, Athens, Ohio 45701. E-mail:
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio
| | - Mathew Buchman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
- College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Caitlin Parker
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
- College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Kevin Funk
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Stephen Bell
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio
| | | | - Yanrong Qian
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | | | - Cody Wilson
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Julie Slyby
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | | | | | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio
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Kaltenecker D, Themanns M, Mueller KM, Spirk K, Suske T, Merkel O, Kenner L, Luís A, Kozlov A, Haybaeck J, Müller M, Han X, Moriggl R. Hepatic growth hormone - JAK2 - STAT5 signalling: Metabolic function, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma progression. Cytokine 2018; 124:154569. [PMID: 30389231 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The rising prevalence of obesity came along with an increase in associated metabolic disorders in Western countries. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome and is linked to primary stages of liver cancer development. Growth hormone (GH) regulates various vital processes such as energy supply and cellular regeneration. In addition, GH regulates various aspects of liver physiology through activating the Janus kinase (JAK) 2- signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 5 pathway. Consequently, disrupted GH - JAK2 - STAT5 signaling in the liver alters hepatic lipid metabolism and is associated with NAFLD development in humans and mouse models. Interestingly, while STAT5 as well as JAK2 deficiency correlates with hepatic lipid accumulation, recent studies suggest that these proteins have unique ambivalent functions in chronic liver disease progression and tumorigenesis. In this review, we focus on the consequences of altered GH - JAK2 - STAT5 signaling for hepatic lipid metabolism and liver cancer development with an emphasis on lessons learned from genetic knockout models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Kaltenecker
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Madeleine Themanns
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristina M Mueller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Spirk
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Suske
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Olaf Merkel
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria; Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Animal Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreia Luís
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrey Kozlov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Diagnostic & Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiaonan Han
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, the Ministry of Health; Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences (ILAS), Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, PR China; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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25
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Du X, Zhu Y, Peng Z, Cui Y, Zhang Q, Shi Z, Guan Y, Sha X, Shen T, Yang Y, Li X, Wang Z, Li X, Liu G. High concentrations of fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate impair the growth hormone-mediated hepatic JAK2-STAT5 pathway in clinically ketotic cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:3476-3487. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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26
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Corbit KC, Camporez JPG, Edmunds LR, Tran JL, Vera NB, Erion DM, Deo RC, Perry RJ, Shulman GI, Jurczak MJ, Weiss EJ. Adipocyte JAK2 Regulates Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity Independently of Body Composition, Liver Lipid Content, and Hepatic Insulin Signaling. Diabetes 2018; 67:208-221. [PMID: 29203511 PMCID: PMC5780061 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of hepatocyte growth hormone (GH) signaling through disruption of Jak2 (JAK2L) leads to fatty liver. Previously, we demonstrated that development of fatty liver depends on adipocyte GH signaling. We sought to determine the individual roles of hepatocyte and adipocyte Jak2 on whole-body and tissue insulin sensitivity and liver metabolism. On chow, JAK2L mice had hepatic steatosis and severe whole-body and hepatic insulin resistance. However, concomitant deletion of Jak2 in hepatocytes and adipocytes (JAK2LA) completely normalized insulin sensitivity while reducing liver lipid content. On high-fat diet, JAK2L mice had hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance despite protection from diet-induced obesity. JAK2LA mice had higher liver lipid content and no protection from obesity but retained exquisite hepatic insulin sensitivity. AKT activity was selectively attenuated in JAK2L adipose tissue, whereas hepatic insulin signaling remained intact despite profound hepatic insulin resistance. Therefore, JAK2 in adipose tissue is epistatic to liver with regard to insulin sensitivity and responsiveness, despite fatty liver and obesity. However, hepatocyte autonomous JAK2 signaling regulates liver lipid deposition under conditions of excess dietary fat. This work demonstrates how various tissues integrate JAK2 signals to regulate insulin/glucose and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Corbit
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Lia R Edmunds
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jennifer L Tran
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Nicholas B Vera
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer, Cambridge, MA
| | - Derek M Erion
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer, Cambridge, MA
| | - Rahul C Deo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Rachel J Perry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Michael J Jurczak
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Ethan J Weiss
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Dodington DW, Desai HR, Woo M. JAK/STAT - Emerging Players in Metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:55-65. [PMID: 29191719 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway is crucial for transducing signals from a variety of metabolically relevant hormones and cytokines including growth hormone, leptin, erythropoietin, IL4, IL6 and IFNγ. A growing body of evidence suggests that this pathway is dysregulated in the context of obesity and metabolic disease. Recent development of animal models has been instrumental in identifying the role of JAK/STAT signaling in the peripheral metabolic organs including adipose, liver, muscle, pancreas, and the immune system. In this review we summarize current knowledge about the function of JAK/STAT proteins in the regulation of metabolism, and highlight new potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Dodington
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Harsh R Desai
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Minna Woo
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 1L7, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 2C4, Canada.
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28
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Lee AP, Mulligan K, Schambelan M, Murphy EJ, Weiss EJ. Growth hormone receptor antagonism with pegvisomant in insulin resistant non-diabetic men: A phase II pilot study. F1000Res 2017; 6:614. [PMID: 28713554 PMCID: PMC5499778 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11359.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Growth hormone (GH) is known to affect insulin and glucose metabolism. Blocking its effects in acromegalic patients improves diabetes and glucose metabolism. We aimed to determine the effect of pegvisomant, a GH receptor antagonist, on insulin resistance, endogenous glucose production (EGP) and lipolysis in insulin resistant non-diabetic men. Methods: Four men between the ages of 18-62 with a BMI of 18-35kg/m 2, with insulin resistance as defined by a HOMA-IR > 2.77, were treated for four weeks with pegvisomant 20 mg daily. Inpatient metabolic assessments were performed before and after treatment. The main outcome measurements were: change after pegvisomant therapy in insulin sensitivity as measured by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp; and EGP and lipolysis assessed by stable isotope tracer techniques. Results: Insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations decreased from 134.0 ± 41.5 (mean ± SD) to 72.0 ± 11.7 ng/mL (p = 0.04) after 4 weeks of therapy. Whole body insulin sensitivity index (M/I 3.2 ± 1.3 vs. 3.4 ± 2.4; P = 0.82), as well as suppression of EGP (89.7 ± 26.9 vs. 83.5 ± 21.6%; p = 0.10) and Ra glycerol (59.4 ± 22.1% vs. 61.2 ± 14.4%; p = 0.67) during the clamp were not changed significantly with pegvisomant treatment. Conclusions: Blockade of the GH receptor with pegvisomant for four weeks had no significant effect on insulin/glucose metabolism in a small phase II pilot study of non-diabetic insulin resistant participants without acromegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada P. Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Kathleen Mulligan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
| | - Morris Schambelan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
| | - Elizabeth J. Murphy
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
| | - Ethan J. Weiss
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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