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Schott C, Germain A, Lacombe J, Pata M, Faubert D, Boulais J, Carmeliet P, Côté JF, Ferron M. GAS6 and AXL Promote Insulin Resistance by Rewiring Insulin Signaling and Increasing Insulin Receptor Trafficking to Endosomes. Diabetes 2024; 73:1648-1661. [PMID: 39046834 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Growth arrest-specific 6 (GAS6) is a secreted protein that acts as a ligand for TAM receptors (TYRO3, AXL, and MERTK). In humans, GAS6 circulating levels and genetic variations in GAS6 are associated with hyperglycemia and increased risk of type 2 diabetes. However, the mechanisms by which GAS6 influences glucose metabolism are not understood. Here, we show that Gas6 deficiency in mice increases insulin sensitivity and protects from diet-induced insulin resistance. Conversely, increasing GAS6 circulating levels is sufficient to reduce insulin sensitivity in vivo. GAS6 inhibits the activation of the insulin receptor (IR) and reduces insulin response in muscle cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, AXL and IR form a complex, while GAS6 reprograms signaling pathways downstream of IR. This results in increased IR endocytosis following insulin treatment. This study contributes to a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which GAS6 and AXL influence insulin sensitivity. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Schott
- Molecular Physiology Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Programme de Biologie Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amélie Germain
- Molecular Physiology Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Programme de Biologie Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julie Lacombe
- Molecular Physiology Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Monica Pata
- Molecular Physiology Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Denis Faubert
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Platform, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jonathan Boulais
- Cytoskeletal Organization and Cell Migration Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jean-François Côté
- Programme de Biologie Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Cytoskeletal Organization and Cell Migration Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Médicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mathieu Ferron
- Molecular Physiology Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Programme de Biologie Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Médicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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2
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Lacombe J, Ferron M. Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation in β-cells and diabetes. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024; 35:661-673. [PMID: 38429160 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Vitamin K is an essential micronutrient and a cofactor for the enzyme γ-glutamyl carboxylase, which adds a carboxyl group to specific glutamic acid residues in proteins transiting through the secretory pathway. Higher vitamin K intake has been linked to a reduced incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in humans. Preclinical work suggests that this effect depends on the γ-carboxylation of specific proteins in β-cells, including endoplasmic reticulum Gla protein (ERGP), implicated in the control of intracellular Ca2+ levels. In this review we discuss these recent advances linking vitamin K and glucose metabolism, and argue that identification of γ-carboxylated proteins in β-cells is pivotal to better understand how vitamin K protects from T2D and to design targeted therapies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lacombe
- Molecular Physiology Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada.
| | - Mathieu Ferron
- Molecular Physiology Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada; Programme de Biologie Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada; Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
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3
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Aydin N, Ouliass B, Ferland G, Hafizi S. Modification of Gas6 Protein in the Brain by a Functional Endogenous Tissue Vitamin K Cycle. Cells 2024; 13:873. [PMID: 38786095 PMCID: PMC11119062 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The TAM receptor ligand Gas6 is known for regulating inflammatory and immune pathways in various organs including the brain. Gas6 becomes fully functional through the post-translational modification of multiple glutamic acid residues into γ-carboxyglutamic in a vitamin K-dependent manner. However, the significance of this mechanism in the brain is not known. We report here the endogenous expression of multiple components of the vitamin K cycle within the mouse brain at various ages as well as in distinct brain glial cells. The brain expression of all genes was increased in the postnatal ages, mirroring their profiles in the liver. In microglia, the proinflammatory agent lipopolysaccharide caused the downregulation of all key vitamin K cycle genes. A secreted Gas6 protein was detected in the medium of both mouse cerebellar slices and brain glial cell cultures. Furthermore, the endogenous Gas6 γ-carboxylation level was abolished through incubation with the vitamin K antagonist warfarin and could be restored through co-incubation with vitamin K1. Finally, the γ-carboxylation level of the Gas6 protein within the brains of warfarin-treated rats was found to be significantly reduced ex vivo compared to the control brains. In conclusion, we demonstrated for the first time the existence of a functional vitamin K cycle within rodent brains, which regulates the functional modification of endogenous brain Gas6. These results indicate that vitamin K is an important nutrient for the brain. Furthermore, the measurement of vitamin K-dependent Gas6 functionality could be an indicator of homeostatic or disease mechanisms in the brain, such as in neurological disorders where Gas6/TAM signalling is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadide Aydin
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Bouchra Ouliass
- Département de Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Guylaine Ferland
- Département de Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Sassan Hafizi
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
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4
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Zhang M, Zhang Q, Zhao W, Chen X, Zhang Y. The mechanism of blood coagulation induced by sodium dehydroacetate via the regulation of the mTOR/ERK pathway in rats. Toxicol Lett 2024; 392:1-11. [PMID: 38103582 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Sodium dehydroacetate (DHA-S), a potent antifungal and antibacterial agent, is widely used in food, feed and cosmetics. However, recent studies have shown that DHA-S could pose a risk for human and animal health. We had previously reported that DHA-S could cause coagulation disorders in rats and chicken. In the present study, we further confirmed that DHA-S induced blood coagulation via VKORC1 and VKORC1L1 in rats, and elucidated the role played by mTOR/ERK signaling. The in vivo studies demonstrated that PT, APTT, and DHA-S content and relative protein expressions in tissues rebounded after drug withdrawal. In BRL-3A cells, 1.0 mM DHA-S increased the expression levels of mTOR, p-mTOR and p-ERK and decreased the levels of VKORC1, VKORC1L1 and Vitamin K. Rapamycin significantly decreased the expression levels of p-mTOR and p-ERK, while FR180204 (p-ERK Inhibition) lead to a decrease in p-ERK level. Rapamycin and FR180202 attenuated the inhibitory effect of DHA-S on VKORC1, VKORC1L1 and vitamin K levels. In addition, DHA-S increased the expression levels of mTOR, p-mTOR and p-ERK in male and female rat livers and prolonged PT and APTT. In summary, this study indicated that DHA-S induced blood coagulation via the modulation of the mTOR/ERK pathway in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Qingqi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Weiya Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Yumei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
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5
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Yang X, Wang Z, Zandkarimi F, Liu Y, Duan S, Li Z, Kon N, Zhang Z, Jiang X, Stockwell BR, Gu W. Regulation of VKORC1L1 is critical for p53-mediated tumor suppression through vitamin K metabolism. Cell Metab 2023; 35:1474-1490.e8. [PMID: 37467745 PMCID: PMC10529626 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Here, we identified vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 like 1 (VKORC1L1) as a potent ferroptosis repressor. VKORC1L1 protects cells from ferroptosis by generating the reduced form of vitamin K, a potent radical-trapping antioxidant, to counteract phospholipid peroxides independent of the canonical GSH/GPX4 mechanism. Notably, we found that VKORC1L1 is also a direct transcriptional target of p53. Activation of p53 induces downregulation of VKORC1L1 expression, thus sensitizing cells to ferroptosis for tumor suppression. Interestingly, a small molecular inhibitor of VKORC1L1, warfarin, is widely prescribed as an FDA-approved anticoagulant drug. Moreover, warfarin represses tumor growth by promoting ferroptosis in both immunodeficient and immunocompetent mouse models. Thus, by downregulating VKORC1L1, p53 executes the tumor suppression function by activating an important ferroptosis pathway involved in vitamin K metabolism. Our study also reveals that warfarin is a potential repurposing drug in cancer therapy, particularly for tumors with high levels of VKORC1L1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhe Wang
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fereshteh Zandkarimi
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yanqing Liu
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shoufu Duan
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhiming Li
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ning Kon
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Genetics and Development, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brent R Stockwell
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wei Gu
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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6
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Lacombe J, Guo K, Bonneau J, Faubert D, Gioanni F, Vivoli A, Muir SM, Hezzaz S, Poitout V, Ferron M. Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation regulates Ca 2+ flux and adaptation to metabolic stress in β cells. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112500. [PMID: 37171959 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K is a micronutrient necessary for γ-carboxylation of glutamic acids. This post-translational modification occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and affects secreted proteins. Recent clinical studies implicate vitamin K in the pathophysiology of diabetes, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown. Here, we show that mouse β cells lacking γ-carboxylation fail to adapt their insulin secretion in the context of age-related insulin resistance or diet-induced β cell stress. In human islets, γ-carboxylase expression positively correlates with improved insulin secretion in response to glucose. We identify endoplasmic reticulum Gla protein (ERGP) as a γ-carboxylated ER-resident Ca2+-binding protein expressed in β cells. Mechanistically, γ-carboxylation of ERGP protects cells against Ca2+ overfilling by diminishing STIM1 and Orai1 interaction and restraining store-operated Ca2+ entry. These results reveal a critical role of vitamin K-dependent carboxylation in regulation of Ca2+ flux in β cells and in their capacity to adapt to metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lacombe
- Molecular Physiology Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada.
| | - Kevin Guo
- Molecular Physiology Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Jessica Bonneau
- Molecular Physiology Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Programme de Biologie Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Denis Faubert
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Platform, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Florian Gioanni
- Molecular Physiology Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Alexis Vivoli
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Sarah M Muir
- Molecular Physiology Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Soraya Hezzaz
- Molecular Physiology Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Vincent Poitout
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Mathieu Ferron
- Molecular Physiology Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; Programme de Biologie Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
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7
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Xu J, Hao F, Wang C, Zhao Z, Zhang M, Chen X, Zhang Y. Sodium dehydroacetate-induced disorder of coagulation function in broiler chickens and the protective effect afforded by vitamin K. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102482. [PMID: 36706663 PMCID: PMC10014351 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium dehydroacetate (S-DHA) is used widely as a preservative in several products, including poultry feed. The anticoagulation effect of 200 mg/kg S-DHA in rats has been reported to accompany a reduction in hepatic expression of vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1 (VKORC1). Poultry and mammals have different physiology and coagulation systems, and species differences in VKORC1 expression have been found. The effect of S-DHA on blood clotting of poultry has not been studies deeply. S-DHA was given to yellow-plumage broilers (YBs) as single and multiple administrations. Vitamin K3 (VK3) was injected into YBs 2 wk after S-DHA administration. Then, the prothrombin time (PT), partial activated prothrombin time (APTT), plasma levels of vitamin K (VK), factor IX (FIX), and S-DHA, and hepatic expression of VKORC1 were obtained. Chicken hepatocellular carcinoma (LMH) cells were also exposed to S-DHA, and the cell activity, VK level, and FIX level were measured. S-DHA prolonged the PT or APTT significantly, decreased levels of VK and FIX in blood, and inhibited hepatic expression of VKORC1. The maximum changes were 1.15-fold in the PT, 1.42-fold in the APTT, 0.8-fold in the VK level, 0.7-fold in the FIX level, and 0.35-fold in VKORC1 expression compared with controls. The cell activity, VK level, FIX level, and VKORC1/VKORC1L1 expression of LMH cells were reduced significantly at S-DHA doses of 2.0 to 10.0 mM. Prolongation of the PT/APTT and lower levels of VK/FIX in YBs or the lower cell activity and VK/FIX levels in LMH cells induced by S-DHA therapy were resisted significantly by VK3 treatment. We demonstrated that S-DHA could induce a disorder in coagulation function in YBs or in LMH cells via reduction of VKORC1/VKORC1L1 expression, and that VK could resist this anticoagulation effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinge Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Guizhou Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Fuxing Hao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, China
| | - Cunkai Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zeting Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yumei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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8
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Zhou Z, Chen B, Zhang M, Chen X, Zhang Y. Mechanism of VKORC1 and VKORC1L1 signaling in the effects of sodium dehydroacetate on coagulation factors in rat hepatocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 87:105518. [PMID: 36403723 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sodium dehydroacetate (Na-DHA) is widely used as an antibacterial and preservative additive in food and cosmetics. Previously, we reported that repeated oral administration of Na-DHA induces coagulation disorders, and inhibited liver vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) and VKORC1-like protein 1 (VKORC1L1) in rats. However, the effects of Na-DHA on coagulation factors in rat hepatocytes and the mechanism of VKORC1 and VKORC1L1 signaling in that process are unclear. Here, we constructed stable Vkorc1 and Vkorc1l1 overexpressing cell lines using lentiviruses and transfected small interfering RNAs into buffalo rat liver BRL3A cells for Vkorc1 and Vkorc1l1 overexpression and silencing, respectively. After treatment with 5 mmol/L Na-DHA for 24 h, VKORC1 and VKORC1L1 expression levels were detected by real-time PCR and western blotting. Vitamin K (VK) and factor IX (FIX) contents were detected using enzyme linked immunosorbent assays. We observed that Na-DHA inhibited VKORC1 and VKORC1L1 expression levels and reduced VK and FIX levels in rat hepatocytes. Overexpression or silencing of Vkorc1 and Vkorc1l1 increased or decreased, respectively, the production and secretion of VK and FIX in rat hepatocytes, and alleviated or aggravated the inhibitory effects of Na-DHA on VKORC1 and VKORC1L1 expression levels. Taken together, the results indicated that both VKORC1 and VKORC1L1 signaling play regulatory roles in the effects of Na-DHA on coagulation factors in rat hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zhou
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation of New Drugs & Hunan Provincial Research Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Changsha 410329, PR China
| | - Binlin Chen
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Xin Chen
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Yumei Zhang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
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9
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Li W. Distinct enzymatic strategies for de novo generation of disulfide bonds in membranes. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 58:36-49. [PMID: 37098102 PMCID: PMC10460286 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2023.2201404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Disulfide bond formation is a catalyzed reaction essential for the folding and stability of proteins in the secretory pathway. In prokaryotes, disulfide bonds are generated by DsbB or VKOR homologs that couple the oxidation of a cysteine pair to quinone reduction. Vertebrate VKOR and VKOR-like enzymes have gained the epoxide reductase activity to support blood coagulation. The core structures of DsbB and VKOR variants share the architecture of a four-transmembrane-helix bundle that supports the coupled redox reaction and a flexible region containing another cysteine pair for electron transfer. Despite considerable similarities, recent high-resolution crystal structures of DsbB and VKOR variants reveal significant differences. DsbB activates the cysteine thiolate by a catalytic triad of polar residues, a reminiscent of classical cysteine/serine proteases. In contrast, bacterial VKOR homologs create a hydrophobic pocket to activate the cysteine thiolate. Vertebrate VKOR and VKOR-like maintain this hydrophobic pocket and further evolved two strong hydrogen bonds to stabilize the reaction intermediates and increase the quinone redox potential. These hydrogen bonds are critical to overcome the higher energy barrier required for epoxide reduction. The electron transfer process of DsbB and VKOR variants uses slow and fast pathways, but their relative contribution may be different in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The quinone is a tightly bound cofactor in DsbB and bacterial VKOR homologs, whereas vertebrate VKOR variants use transient substrate binding to trigger the electron transfer in the slow pathway. Overall, the catalytic mechanisms of DsbB and VKOR variants have fundamental differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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10
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Welsh J, Bak MJ, Narvaez CJ. New insights into vitamin K biology with relevance to cancer. Trends Mol Med 2022; 28:864-881. [PMID: 36028390 PMCID: PMC9509427 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Phylloquinone (vitamin K1) and menaquinones (vitamin K2 family) are essential for post-translational γ-carboxylation of a small number of proteins, including clotting factors. These modified proteins have now been implicated in diverse physiological and pathological processes including cancer. Vitamin K intake has been inversely associated with cancer incidence and mortality in observational studies. Newly discovered functions of vitamin K in cancer cells include activation of the steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR) and regulation of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy. We provide an update of vitamin K biology, non-canonical mechanisms of vitamin K actions, the potential functions of vitamin K-dependent proteins in cancer, and observational trials on vitamin K intake and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoEllen Welsh
- Cancer Research Center and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA.
| | - Min Ji Bak
- Cancer Research Center and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Carmen J Narvaez
- Cancer Research Center and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
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11
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Liu S, Shen G, Li W. Structural and cellular basis of vitamin K antagonism. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:1971-1983. [PMID: 35748323 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), such as warfarin, are oral anticoagulants widely used to treat and prevent thromboembolic diseases. Therapeutic use of these drugs requires frequent monitoring and dose adjustments, whereas overdose often causes severe bleeding. Addressing these drawbacks requires mechanistic understandings at cellular and structural levels. As the target of VKAs, vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR) generates the active, hydroquinone form of vitamin K, which in turn drives the γ-carboxylation of several coagulation factors required for their activity. Crystal structures revealed that VKAs inhibit VKOR via mimicking its catalytic process. At the active site, two strong hydrogen bonds that facilitate the catalysis also afford the binding specificity for VKAs. Binding of VKAs induces a global change from open to closed conformation. Similar conformational change is induced by substrate binding to promote an electron transfer process that reduces the VKOR active site. In the cellular environment, reducing partner proteins or small reducing molecules may afford electrons to maintain the VKOR activity. The catalysis and VKA inhibition require VKOR in different cellular redox states, explaining the complex kinetics behavior of VKAs. Recent studies also revealed the mechanisms underlying warfarin resistance, warfarin dose variation, and antidoting by vitamin K. These mechanistic understandings may lead to improved anticoagulation strategies targeting the vitamin K cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixuan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Guomin Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Weikai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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12
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Berkner KL, Runge KW. Vitamin K-Dependent Protein Activation: Normal Gamma-Glutamyl Carboxylation and Disruption in Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5759. [PMID: 35628569 PMCID: PMC9146348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K-dependent (VKD) proteins undergo an unusual post-translational modification, which is the conversion of specific Glu residues to carboxylated Glu (Gla). Gla generation is required for the activation of VKD proteins, and occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum during their secretion to either the cell surface or from the cell. The gamma-glutamyl carboxylase produces Gla using reduced vitamin K, which becomes oxygenated to vitamin K epoxide. Reduced vitamin K is then regenerated by a vitamin K oxidoreductase (VKORC1), and this interconversion of oxygenated and reduced vitamin K is referred to as the vitamin K cycle. Many of the VKD proteins support hemostasis, which is suppressed during therapy with warfarin that inhibits VKORC1 activity. VKD proteins also impact a broad range of physiologies beyond hemostasis, which includes regulation of calcification, apoptosis, complement, growth control, signal transduction and angiogenesis. The review covers the roles of VKD proteins, how they become activated, and how disruption of carboxylation can lead to disease. VKD proteins contain clusters of Gla residues that form a calcium-binding module important for activity, and carboxylase processivity allows the generation of multiple Glas. The review discusses how impaired carboxylase processivity results in the pseudoxanthoma elasticum-like disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L. Berkner
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at CWRU, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Kurt W. Runge
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at CWRU, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
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13
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Aksoy A, Al Zaidi M, Repges E, Becher MU, Müller C, Oldenburg J, Zimmer S, Nickenig G, Tiyerili V. Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase Complex Subunit 1-Like 1 (VKORC1L1) Inhibition Induces a Proliferative and Pro-inflammatory Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:708946. [PMID: 34778390 PMCID: PMC8578699 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.708946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Vitamin K antagonists (VKA) are known to promote adverse cardiovascular remodeling. Contrarily, vitamin K supplementation has been discussed to decelerate cardiovascular disease. The recently described VKOR-isoenzyme Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1-like 1 (VKORC1L1) is involved in vitamin K maintenance and exerts antioxidant properties. In this study, we sought to investigate the role of VKORC1L1 in neointima formation and on vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) function. Methods and Results: Treatment of wild-type mice with Warfarin, a well-known VKA, increased maladaptive neointima formation after carotid artery injury. This was accompanied by reduced vascular mRNA expression of VKORC1L1. In vitro, Warfarin was found to reduce VKORC1L1 mRNA expression in VSMC. VKORC1L1-downregulation by siRNA promoted viability, migration and formation of reactive oxygen species. VKORC1L1 knockdown further increased expression of key markers of vascular inflammation (NFκB, IL-6). Additionally, downregulation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane resident VKORC1L1 increased expression of the main ER Stress moderator, glucose-regulated protein 78 kDa (GRP78). Moreover, treatment with the ER Stress inducer tunicamycin promoted VKORC1L1, but not VKORC1 expression. Finally, we sought to investigate, if treatment with vitamin K can exert protective properties on VSMC. Thus, we examined effects of menaquinone-7 (MK7) on VSMC phenotype switch. MK7 treatment dose-dependently alleviated PDGF-induced proliferation and migration. In addition, we detected a reduction in expression of inflammatory and ER Stress markers. Conclusion: VKA treatment promotes neointima formation after carotid wire injury. In addition, VKA treatment reduces aortal VKORC1L1 mRNA expression. VKORC1L1 inhibition contributes to an adverse VSMC phenotype, while MK7 restores VSMC function. Thus, MK7 supplementation might be a feasible therapeutic option to modulate vitamin K- and VKORC1L1-mediated vasculoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adem Aksoy
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Centre, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Muntadher Al Zaidi
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Centre, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Elena Repges
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Centre, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc Ulrich Becher
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Centre, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cornelius Müller
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Centre, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Johannes Oldenburg
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zimmer
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Centre, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Georg Nickenig
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Centre, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Vedat Tiyerili
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Centre, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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14
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Wang Y, Person MD, Bedford MT. Pan-methylarginine antibody generation using PEG linked GAR motifs as antigens. Methods 2021; 200:80-86. [PMID: 34107353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginine methylation is a prevalent posttranslational modification which is deposited by a family of protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs), and is found in three different forms in mammalian cells: monomethylarginine (MMA), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA). Pan-methylarginine antibodies are critical for identifying proteins that are methylated on arginine residues, and are also used for evaluating signaling pathways that modulate this methyltransferase activity. Although good pan-MMA, -ADMA and -SDMA antibodies have been developed over the years, there is still room for improvement. Here we use a novel antigen approach, which involves the separation of short methylated motifs with inert polyethylene glycol (PEG) linkers, to generate a set of pan antibodies to the full range of methylarginine marks. Using these antibodies, we observed substrate scavenging by PRMT1, when PRMT5 activity is blocked. Specifically, we find that the splicing factor SmD1 displays increased ADMA levels upon PRMT5 inhibitor treatment. Furthermore, when the catalysis of both SDMA and ADMA is blocked with small molecule inhibitors, we demonstrate that SmD1 and SMN no longer interact. This could partially explain the synergistic effect of PRMT5 and type I PRMT inhibition on RNA splicing and cancer cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalong Wang
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, United States
| | - Maria D Person
- Center for Biomedical Reseach Support, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Mark T Bedford
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, United States.
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15
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Fusaro M, Cianciolo G, Evenepoel P, Schurgers L, Plebani M. Vitamin K in CKD Bone Disorders. Calcif Tissue Int 2021; 108:476-485. [PMID: 33409597 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-020-00792-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin K is principally known because it is involved in blood coagulation. Furthermore, epidemiological studies showed that its deficit was associated with increased fragility fractures, vascular calcification and mortality. There are two main types of vitamin K vitamers: Phylloquinone (or PK) and Menaquinones (MKn). Vitamin K acts both as coenzyme of y-glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX) transforming undercarboxylated in carboxylated vitamin K-dependent proteins (e.g., Osteocalcin and Matrix Gla Protein) and as a ligand of the nuclear steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR) (in murine species Pregnane X Receptor: PXR), expressed in osteoblasts. It has been highlighted that the uremic state is a condition of greater vitamin K deficiency than the general population with resulting higher prevalence of bone fractures, vascular calcifications and mortality. The purpose of this literature review is to evaluate the protective role of Vitamin K in bone health in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fusaro
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), Pisa Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, PI, Italy.
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, PD, Italy.
| | - G Cianciolo
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - P Evenepoel
- Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Schurgers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M Plebani
- Laboratory Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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16
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Beato S, Toledo-Solís FJ, Fernández I. Vitamin K in Vertebrates' Reproduction: Further Puzzling Pieces of Evidence from Teleost Fish Species. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1303. [PMID: 32917043 PMCID: PMC7564532 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K (VK) is a fat-soluble vitamin that vertebrates have to acquire from the diet, since they are not able to de novo synthesize it. VK has been historically known to be required for the control of blood coagulation, and more recently, bone development and homeostasis. Our understanding of the VK metabolism and the VK-related molecular pathways has been also increased, and the two main VK-related pathways-the pregnane X receptor (PXR) transactivation and the co-factor role on the γ-glutamyl carboxylation of the VK dependent proteins-have been thoroughly investigated during the last decades. Although several studies evidenced how VK may have a broader VK biological function than previously thought, including the reproduction, little is known about the specific molecular pathways. In vertebrates, sex differentiation and gametogenesis are tightly regulated processes through a highly complex molecular, cellular and tissue crosstalk. Here, VK metabolism and related pathways, as well as how gametogenesis might be impacted by VK nutritional status, will be reviewed. Critical knowledge gaps and future perspectives on how the different VK-related pathways come into play on vertebrate's reproduction will be identified and proposed. The present review will pave the research progress to warrant a successful reproductive status through VK nutritional interventions as well as towards the establishment of reliable biomarkers for determining proper nutritional VK status in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Beato
- Campus de Vegazana, s/n, Universidad de León (ULE), 24071 León, Spain;
| | - Francisco Javier Toledo-Solís
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT, México), Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Crédito Constructor, Alcaldía Benito Juárez, C.P. 03940 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico;
- Department of Biology and Geology, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Ignacio Fernández
- Center for Aquaculture Research, Agrarian Technological Institute of Castile and Leon, Ctra. Arévalo, s/n, 40196 Zamarramala, Segovia, Spain
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17
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Abu-Thuraia A, Goyette MA, Boulais J, Delliaux C, Apcher C, Schott C, Chidiac R, Bagci H, Thibault MP, Davidson D, Ferron M, Veillette A, Daly RJ, Gingras AC, Gratton JP, Côté JF. AXL confers cell migration and invasion by hijacking a PEAK1-regulated focal adhesion protein network. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3586. [PMID: 32681075 PMCID: PMC7368075 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17415-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of receptor tyrosine kinase AXL is linked to metastasis. AXL can be activated by its ligand GAS6 or by other kinases, but the signaling pathways conferring its metastatic activity are unknown. Here, we define the AXL-regulated phosphoproteome in breast cancer cells. We reveal that AXL stimulates the phosphorylation of a network of focal adhesion (FA) proteins, culminating in faster FA disassembly. Mechanistically, AXL phosphorylates NEDD9, leading to its binding to CRKII which in turn associates with and orchestrates the phosphorylation of the pseudo-kinase PEAK1. We find that PEAK1 is in complex with the tyrosine kinase CSK to mediate the phosphorylation of PAXILLIN. Uncoupling of PEAK1 from AXL signaling decreases metastasis in vivo, but not tumor growth. Our results uncover a contribution of AXL signaling to FA dynamics, reveal a long sought-after mechanism underlying AXL metastatic activity, and identify PEAK1 as a therapeutic target in AXL positive tumors. AXL receptor tyrosine kinase has a role in metastasis but the mechanism is unclear. In this study, the authors show that AXL activation can control focal adhesion dynamics via PEAK1 and that AXL-mediated PEAK1 phosphorylation is required for metastasis of triple negative breast cancer cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afnan Abu-Thuraia
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada.,Molecular Biology Programs, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Marie-Anne Goyette
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada.,Molecular Biology Programs, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Jonathan Boulais
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Carine Delliaux
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Chloé Apcher
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada.,Molecular Biology Programs, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Céline Schott
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada.,Molecular Biology Programs, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Rony Chidiac
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Halil Bagci
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada.,Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Dominique Davidson
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Mathieu Ferron
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada.,Molecular Biology Programs, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - André Veillette
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada.,Molecular Biology Programs, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Roger J Daly
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Gratton
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jean-François Côté
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada. .,Molecular Biology Programs, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada. .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada.
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18
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Li S, Liu S, Yang Y, Li W. Characterization of Warfarin Inhibition Kinetics Requires Stabilization of Intramembrane Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:5197-5208. [PMID: 32445640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Intramembrane enzymes are often difficult for biochemical characterization. Human vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR) is the target of warfarin. However, this intramembrane enzyme becomes insensitive to warfarin inhibition in vitro, preventing the characterization of inhibition kinetics for decades. Here we employ structural biology methods to identify stable VKOR and VKOR-like proteins and purify them to near homogeneity. We find that the key to maintain their warfarin sensitivity is to stabilize their native protein conformation in vitro. Reduced glutathione drastically increases the warfarin sensitivity of a VKOR-like protein from Takifugu rubripes, presumably through maintaining a disulfide-bonded conformation. Effective inhibition of human VKOR-like requires also the use of LMNG, a mild detergent developed for crystallography to increase membrane protein stability. Human VKOR needs to be preserved in ER-enriched microsomes to exhibit warfarin sensitivity, whereas human VKOR purified in LMNG is stable only with pre-bound warfarin. Under these optimal conditions, warfarin inhibits with tight-binding kinetics. Overall, our studies show that structural biology methods are ideal for stabilizing intramembrane enzymes. Optimizing toward their inhibitor-binding conformation enables the characterization of enzyme kinetics in difficult cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shixuan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yihu Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Weikai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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19
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Beato S, Marques C, Laizé V, Gavaia PJ, Fernández I. New Insights on Vitamin K Metabolism in Senegalese sole ( Solea senegalensis) Based on Ontogenetic and Tissue-Specific Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase Molecular Data. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3489. [PMID: 32429051 PMCID: PMC7278968 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K (VK) is a key nutrient for several biological processes (e.g., blood clotting and bone metabolism). To fulfill VK nutritional requirements, VK action as an activator of pregnane X receptor (Pxr) signaling pathway, and as a co-factor of γ-glutamyl carboxylase enzyme, should be considered. In this regard, VK recycling through vitamin K epoxide reductases (Vkors) is essential and should be better understood. Here, the expression patterns of vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (vkorc1) and vkorc1 like 1 (vkorc1l1) were determined during the larval ontogeny of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis), and in early juveniles cultured under different physiological conditions. Full-length transcripts for ssvkorc1 and ssvkorc1l1 were determined and peptide sequences were found to be evolutionarily conserved. During larval development, expression of ssvkorc1 showed a slight increase during absence or low feed intake. Expression of ssvkorc1l1 continuously decreased until 24 h post-fertilization, and remained constant afterwards. Both ssvkors were ubiquitously expressed in adult tissues, and highest expression was found in liver for ssvkorc1, and ovary and brain for ssvkorc1l1. Expression of ssvkorc1 and ssvkorc1l1 was differentially regulated under physiological conditions related to fasting and re-feeding, but also under VK dietary supplementation and induced deficiency. The present work provides new and basic molecular clues evidencing how VK metabolism in marine fish is sensitive to nutritional and environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Beato
- Campus de Vegazana, Universidad de León (ULE), s/n, 24071 León, Spain;
| | - Carlos Marques
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (C.M.); (V.L.); (P.J.G.)
| | - Vincent Laizé
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (C.M.); (V.L.); (P.J.G.)
| | - Paulo J. Gavaia
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (C.M.); (V.L.); (P.J.G.)
- Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina (DCBM), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Ignacio Fernández
- Center for Aquaculture Research, Agrarian Technological Institute of Castile and Leon, Ctra. Arévalo, S/n. Zamarramala, 40196 Segovia, Spain
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20
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Lacombe J, Al Rifai O, Loter L, Moran T, Turcotte AF, Grenier-Larouche T, Tchernof A, Biertho L, Carpentier AC, Prud'homme D, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Karsenty G, Gagnon C, Jiang W, Ferron M. Measurement of bioactive osteocalcin in humans using a novel immunoassay reveals association with glucose metabolism and β-cell function. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E381-E391. [PMID: 31935114 PMCID: PMC7395472 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00321.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Osteocalcin (OCN) is a bone-derived hormone involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism. In serum, OCN exists in carboxylated and uncarboxylated forms (ucOCN), and studies in rodents suggest that ucOCN is the bioactive form of this hormone. Whether this is also the case in humans is unclear, because a reliable assay to measure ucOCN is not available. Here, we established and validated a new immunoassay (ELISA) measuring human ucOCN and used it to determine the level of bioactive OCN in two cohorts of overweight or obese subjects, with or without type 2 diabetes (T2D). The ELISA could specifically detect ucOCN concentrations ranging from 0.037 to 1.8 ng/mL. In a first cohort of overweight or obese postmenopausal women without diabetes (n = 132), ucOCN correlated negatively with fasting glucose (r = -0.18, P = 0.042) and insulin resistance assessed by the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (r = -0.18, P = 0.038) and positively with insulin sensitivity assessed by a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (r = 0.18, P = 0.043) or insulin sensitivity index derived from an oral glucose tolerance test (r = 0.26, P = 0.003). In a second cohort of subjects with severe obesity (n = 16), ucOCN was found to be lower in subjects with T2D compared with those without T2D (2.76 ± 0.38 versus 4.52 ± 0.06 ng/mL, P = 0.009) and to negatively correlate with fasting glucose (r = -0.50, P = 0.046) and glycated hemoglobin (r = -0.57, P = 0.021). Moreover, the subjects with ucOCN levels below 3 ng/mL had a reduced insulin secretion rate during a hyperglycemic clamp (P = 0.03). In conclusion, ucOCN measured with this novel and specific assay is inversely associated with insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lacombe
- Unité de Recherche en Physiologie Moléculaire, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Omar Al Rifai
- Unité de Recherche en Physiologie Moléculaire, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Thomas Moran
- Center for Therapeutic Antibody Development, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Anne-Frédérique Turcotte
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Thomas Grenier-Larouche
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Département de Médecine, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - André Tchernof
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Laurent Biertho
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - André C Carpentier
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Département de Médecine, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Denis Prud'homme
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Institut du Savoir Montfort, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rémi Rabasa-Lhoret
- Département de Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Unité de Recherche en Maladies Métaboliques, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gerard Karsenty
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Claudia Gagnon
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Mathieu Ferron
- Unité de Recherche en Physiologie Moléculaire, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Rishavy MA, Hallgren KW, Zhang H, Runge KW, Berkner KL. Exon 2 skipping eliminates γ-glutamyl carboxylase activity, indicating a partial splicing defect in a patient with vitamin K clotting factor deficiency. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:1053-1063. [PMID: 31009158 PMCID: PMC7181818 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Essentials A carboxylase mutation that impairs splicing to delete exon 2 sequences was previously reported. We found that the mutant was inactive for vitamin K-dependent (VKD) protein carboxylation. An incomplete splicing defect likely accounts for VKD clotting activity observed in the patient. The results indicate the importance of proper carboxylase embedment in the membrane for function. BACKGROUND Mutations in the γ-glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX), which is required for vitamin K-dependent (VKD) protein activation, can result in vitamin K clotting factor deficiency (VKCFD1). A recent report described a VKCFD1 patient with a homozygous carboxylase mutation that altered splicing and deleted exon 2 (Δ2GGCX). Only Δ2GGCX RNA was observed in the patient. OBJECTIVES Loss of exon 2 results in the deletion of carboxylase sequences thought to be important for membrane topology and consequent function. Carboxylase activity is required for life, and we therefore tested whether the Δ2GGCX mutant is active. METHODS HEK 293 cells were edited by the use of CRISPR-Cas9 to eliminate endogenous carboxylase. Recombinant wild-type GGCX and recombinant Δ2GGCX were then expressed and tested for carboxylation of the VKD protein factor IX. A second approach was used to monitor carboxylation biochemically, using recombinant carboxylases expressed in insect cells that lack endogenous carboxylase. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Δ2GGCX activity was undetectable in both assays, which is strikingly different from the low levels of carboxylase activity observed with other VKCFD1 mutants. The similarity in clotting function between patients with Δ2GGCX and these mutations must therefore arise from a novel mechanism. Low levels of properly spliced carboxylase RNA that produce full-length protein would not have been observed in the previous study. The results suggest that the splicing defect is incomplete. Δ2GGCX RNA has been detected in normal human liver, and has been designated carboxylase isoform 2; however, Δ2GGCX protein was not observed in normal human liver. The lack of activity and protein expression suggest that isoform 2 is not physiologically relevant to normal VKD protein carboxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Rishavy
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at CWRU, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kevin W Hallgren
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at CWRU, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at CWRU, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kurt W Runge
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at CWRU, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kathleen L Berkner
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at CWRU, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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New Aspects of Vitamin K Research with Synthetic Ligands: Transcriptional Activity via SXR and Neural Differentiation Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123006. [PMID: 31226734 PMCID: PMC6627468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K is classified into three homologs depending on the side-chain structure, with 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoqumone as the basic skeleton. These homologs are vitamin K1 (phylloquinone: PK), derived from plants with a phythyl side chain; vitamin K2 (menaquinone-n: MK-n), derived from intestinal bacteria with an isoprene side chain; and vitamin K3 (menadione: MD), a synthetic product without a side chain. Vitamin K homologs have physiological effects, including in blood coagulation and in osteogenic activity via γ-glutamyl carboxylase and are used clinically. Recent studies have revealed that vitamin K homologs are converted to MK-4 by the UbiA prenyltransferase domain-containing protein 1 (UBIAD1) in vivo and accumulate in all tissues. Although vitamin K is considered to have important physiological effects, its precise activities and mechanisms largely remain unclear. Recent research on vitamin K has suggested various new roles, such as transcriptional activity as an agonist of steroid and xenobiotic nuclear receptor and differentiation-inducing activity in neural stem cells. In this review, we describe synthetic ligands based on vitamin K and exhibit that the strength of biological activity can be controlled by modification of the side chain part.
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Lacombe J, Ferron M. VKORC1L1, An Enzyme Mediating the Effect of Vitamin K in Liver and Extrahepatic Tissues. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10080970. [PMID: 30050002 PMCID: PMC6116193 DOI: 10.3390/nu10080970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K is an essential nutrient involved in the regulation of blood clotting and tissue mineralization. Vitamin K oxidoreductase (VKORC1) converts vitamin K epoxide into reduced vitamin K, which acts as the co-factor for the γ-carboxylation of several proteins, including coagulation factors produced by the liver. VKORC1 is also the pharmacological target of warfarin, a widely used anticoagulant. Vertebrates possess a VKORC1 paralog, VKORC1-like 1 (VKORC1L1), but until very recently, the importance of VKORC1L1 for protein γ-carboxylation and hemostasis in vivo was not clear. Here, we first review the current knowledge on the structure, function and expression pattern of VKORC1L1, including recent data establishing that, in the absence of VKORC1, VKORC1L1 can support vitamin K-dependent carboxylation in the liver during the pre- and perinatal periods in vivo. We then provide original data showing that the partial redundancy between VKORC1 and VKORC1L1 also exists in bone around birth. Recent studies indicate that, in vitro and in cell culture models, VKORC1L1 is less sensitive to warfarin than VKORC1. Genetic evidence is presented here, which supports the notion that VKORC1L1 is not the warfarin-resistant vitamin K quinone reductase present in the liver. In summary, although the exact physiological function of VKORC1L1 remains elusive, the latest findings clearly established that this enzyme is a vitamin K oxidoreductase, which can support γ-carboxylation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lacombe
- Integrative and Molecular Physiology research unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada.
| | - Mathieu Ferron
- Integrative and Molecular Physiology research unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada.
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Programs of the Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
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