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Hwang TC, Yeh JT, Zhang J, Yu YC, Yeh HI, Destefano S. Structural mechanisms of CFTR function and dysfunction. J Gen Physiol 2018; 150:539-570. [PMID: 29581173 PMCID: PMC5881446 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201711946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hwang et al. integrate new structural insights with prior functional studies to reveal the functional anatomy of CFTR chloride channels. Cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channel plays a critical role in regulating transepithelial movement of water and electrolyte in exocrine tissues. Malfunction of the channel because of mutations of the cftr gene results in CF, the most prevalent lethal genetic disease among Caucasians. Recently, the publication of atomic structures of CFTR in two distinct conformations provides, for the first time, a clear overview of the protein. However, given the highly dynamic nature of the interactions among CFTR’s various domains, better understanding of the functional significance of these structures requires an integration of these new structural insights with previously established biochemical/biophysical studies, which is the goal of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzyh-Chang Hwang
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO .,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.,Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Jiunn-Tyng Yeh
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Jingyao Zhang
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.,Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Ying-Chun Yu
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Han-I Yeh
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Samantha Destefano
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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2
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Effects of Small Molecule Calcium-Activated Chloride Channel Inhibitors on Structure and Function of Accessory Cholera Enterotoxin (Ace) of Vibrio cholerae. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141283. [PMID: 26540279 PMCID: PMC4634967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera pathogenesis occurs due to synergistic pro-secretory effects of several toxins, such as cholera toxin (CTX) and Accessory cholera enterotoxin (Ace) secreted by Vibrio cholerae strains. Ace activates chloride channels stimulating chloride/bicarbonate transport that augments fluid secretion resulting in diarrhea. These channels have been targeted for drug development. However, lesser attention has been paid to the interaction of chloride channel modulators with bacterial toxins. Here we report the modulation of the structure/function of recombinant Ace by small molecule calcium-activated chloride channel (CaCC) inhibitors, namely CaCCinh-A01, digallic acid (DGA) and tannic acid. Biophysical studies indicate that the unfolding (induced by urea) free energy increases upon binding CaCCinh-A01 and DGA, compared to native Ace, whereas binding of tannic acid destabilizes the protein. Far-UV CD experiments revealed that the α-helical content of Ace-CaCCinh-A01 and Ace-DGA complexes increased relative to Ace. In contrast, binding to tannic acid had the opposite effect, indicating the loss of protein secondary structure. The modulation of Ace structure induced by CaCC inhibitors was also analyzed using docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Functional studies, performed using mouse ileal loops and Ussing chamber experiments, corroborate biophysical data, all pointing to the fact that tannic acid destabilizes Ace, inhibiting its function, whereas DGA stabilizes the toxin with enhanced fluid accumulation in mouse ileal loop. The efficacy of tannic acid in mouse model suggests that the targeted modulation of Ace structure may be of therapeutic benefit for gastrointestinal disorders.
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3
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Moon C, Zhang W, Sundaram N, Yarlagadda S, Reddy VS, Arora K, Helmrath MA, Naren AP. Drug-induced secretory diarrhea: A role for CFTR. Pharmacol Res 2015; 102:107-112. [PMID: 26429773 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Many medications induce diarrhea as a side effect, which can be a major obstacle to therapeutic efficacy and also a life-threatening condition. Secretory diarrhea can be caused by excessive fluid secretion in the intestine under pathological conditions. The cAMP/cGMP-regulated cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is the primary chloride channel at the apical membrane of intestinal epithelial cells and plays a major role in intestinal fluid secretion and homeostasis. CFTR forms macromolecular complexes at discreet microdomains at the plasma membrane, and its chloride channel function is regulated spatiotemporally through protein-protein interactions and cAMP/cGMP-mediated signaling. Drugs that perturb CFTR-containing macromolecular complexes in the intestinal epithelium and upregulate intracellular cAMP and/or cGMP levels can hyperactivate the CFTR channel, causing excessive fluid secretion and secretory diarrhea. Inhibition of CFTR chloride-channel activity may represent a novel approach to the management of drug-induced secretory diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsuk Moon
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Weiqiang Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Nambirajan Sundaram
- Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Sunitha Yarlagadda
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Vadde Sudhakar Reddy
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kavisha Arora
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Michael A Helmrath
- Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,Department of General Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Anjaparavanda P Naren
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Jin BJ, Thiagarajah JR, Verkman AS. Convective washout reduces the antidiarrheal efficacy of enterocyte surface-targeted antisecretory drugs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 141:261-72. [PMID: 23359285 PMCID: PMC3557305 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201210885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Secretory diarrheas such as cholera are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. We previously introduced the concept of antisecretory therapy for diarrhea using chloride channel inhibitors targeting the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator channel pore on the extracellular surface of enterocytes. However, a concern with this strategy is that rapid fluid secretion could cause convective drug washout that would limit the efficacy of extracellularly targeted inhibitors. Here, we developed a convection-diffusion model of washout in an anatomically accurate three-dimensional model of human intestine comprising cylindrical crypts and villi secreting fluid into a central lumen. Input parameters included initial lumen flow and inhibitor concentration, inhibitor dissociation constant (K(d)), crypt/villus secretion, and inhibitor diffusion. We modeled both membrane-impermeant and permeable inhibitors. The model predicted greatly reduced inhibitor efficacy for high crypt fluid secretion as occurs in cholera. We conclude that the antisecretory efficacy of an orally administered membrane-impermeant, surface-targeted inhibitor requires both (a) high inhibitor affinity (low nanomolar K(d)) to obtain sufficiently high luminal inhibitor concentration (>100-fold K(d)), and (b) sustained high luminal inhibitor concentration or slow inhibitor dissociation compared with oral administration frequency. Efficacy of a surface-targeted permeable inhibitor delivered from the blood requires high inhibitor permeability and blood concentration (relative to K(d)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Ju Jin
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Nanda Kumar NS, Singh SK, Rajendran VM. Mucosal potassium efflux mediated via Kcnn4 channels provides the driving force for electrogenic anion secretion in colon. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 299:G707-14. [PMID: 20616305 PMCID: PMC2950693 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00101.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intermediate conductance K(+) (Kcnn4) channels are present in both mucosal and serosal membranes of colon. However, only serosal Kcnn4 channels have been shown to be essential for agonist-induced (cAMP and Ca(2+)) anion secretion. The present study sought to determine whether mucosal Kcnn4 channels also play a role in colonic anion secretion. Mucosal-to-serosal and serosal-to-mucosal unidirectional (86)Rb (K(+) surrogate) fluxes as well as short-circuit current (I(sc); a measure of anion secretion) were measured under voltage-clamp conditions in distal colon from rats fed either a standard or K(+)-free diet. 5,6-Dichloro-1-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazole-2-one (DC-EBIO) was used to activate Kcnn4 channels. Mucosal DC-EBIO both induced K(+) secretion and enhanced anion secretion in normal rat distal colon. The DC-EBIO-induced K(+) secretion was completely blocked by nonspecific (Ba(2+)) and Kcnn4-specific (TRAM-34) inhibitors, but was not blocked by the large-conductance K(+) (iberiotoxin), small-conductance K(+) (apamin), or KCNQ1 (chromanol 293B) specific blockers. Ba(2+) and TRAM-34 also inhibited DC-EBIO-enhanced anion secretion. The DC-EBIO-enhanced anion secretion was completely inhibited by the nonspecific anion channel blocker 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropyl-amino)benzoic acid, whereas it was only partially inhibited by CFTR [CFTR(inh)-172, glibenclamide]- and CaCC (niflumic acid)-specific Cl(-) channel blockers. In contrast, mucosal DC-EBIO-enhanced K(+) and anion secretion was not present in distal colon of dietary K-depleted rats, indicating absence of mucosal Kcnn4 channels. These observations indicate that mucosal Kcnn4 channels are capable of driving agonist-induced anion secretion mediated via CFTR and CaCC and likely contribute to stool K(+) losses that accompany diarrheal illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Satish K. Singh
- 2Departments of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vazhaikkurichi M. Rajendran
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and ,3Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia; and
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Leleiko NS, Gee MS, Sadow PM. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 13-2010. An 18.5-month-old girl with watery diarrhea and poor weight gain. N Engl J Med 2010; 362:1619-26. [PMID: 20427811 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcpc0910932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neal S Leleiko
- Department of Pediatrics, Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, and the Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nutrition, and Liver Diseases, Hasbro Children's Hospital-Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, USA
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Phenylalanine-508 mediates a cytoplasmic-membrane domain contact in the CFTR 3D structure crucial to assembly and channel function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:3256-61. [PMID: 18305154 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0800254105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deletion of phenylalanine-508 (Phe-508) from the N-terminal nucleotide-binding domain (NBD1) of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family, disrupts both its folding and function and causes most cystic fibrosis. Most mutant nascent chains do not pass quality control in the ER, and those that do remain thermally unstable, only partially functional, and are rapidly endocytosed and degraded. Although the lack of the Phe-508 peptide backbone diminishes the NBD1 folding yield, the absence of the aromatic side chain is primarily responsible for defective CFTR assembly and channel gating. However, the site of interdomain contact by the side chain is unknown as is the high-resolution 3D structure of the complete protein. Here we present a 3D structure of CFTR, constructed by molecular modeling and supported biochemically, in which Phe-508 mediates a tertiary interaction between the surface of NBD1 and a cytoplasmic loop (CL4) in the C-terminal membrane-spanning domain (MSD2). This crucial cytoplasmic membrane interface, which is dynamically involved in regulation of channel gating, explains the known sensitivity of CFTR assembly to many disease-associated mutations in CL4 as well as NBD1 and provides a sharply focused target for small molecules to treat CF. In addition to identifying a key intramolecular site to be repaired therapeutically, our findings advance understanding of CFTR structure and function and provide a platform for focused biochemical studies of other features of this unique ABC ion channel.
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Fuller MD, Thompson CH, Zhang ZR, Freeman CS, Schay E, Szakács G, Bakos E, Sarkadi B, McMaster D, French RJ, Pohl J, Kubanek J, McCarty NA. State-dependent inhibition of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator chloride channels by a novel peptide toxin. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:37545-55. [PMID: 17951250 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708079200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide toxins from animal venom have been used for many years for the identification and study of cation-permeable ion channels. However, no peptide toxins have been identified that interact with known anion-selective channels, including cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), the protein defective in cystic fibrosis and a member of the ABC transporter superfamily. Here, we describe the identification and initial characterization of a novel 3.7-kDa peptide toxin, GaTx1, which is a potent and reversible inhibitor of CFTR, acting from the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. Thus, GaTx1 is the first peptide toxin identified that inhibits a chloride channel of known molecular identity. GaTx1 exhibited high specificity, showing no effect on a panel of nine transport proteins, including Cl(-) and K(+) channels, and ABC transporters. GaTx1-mediated inhibition of CFTR channel activity is strongly state-dependent; both potency and efficacy are reduced under conditions of elevated [ATP], suggesting that GaTx1 may function as a non-competitive inhibitor of ATP-dependent channel gating. This tool will allow the application of new quantitative approaches to study CFTR structure and function, particularly with respect to the conformational changes that underlie transitions between open and closed states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Fuller
- Program in Molecular and Systems Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Sonawane ND, Zhao D, Zegarra-Moran O, Galietta LJV, Verkman AS. Lectin conjugates as potent, nonabsorbable CFTR inhibitors for reducing intestinal fluid secretion in cholera. Gastroenterology 2007; 132:1234-44. [PMID: 17408659 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Inhibitors of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channel are predicted to prevent intestinal fluid secretion in cholera. We previously discovered low- affinity glycine hydrazide (GlyH) CFTR inhibitors that block CFTR at its external pore. The goal of this study was to develop potent CFTR inhibitors that are minimally absorbed and washed out of the intestinal lumen for application as antisecretory agents in cholera. METHODS GlyH analogs (malonic hydrazides, MalH) were chemically conjugated to various lectins ("MalH-lectin") and purified. CFTR inhibition potency was measured by short-circuit current analysis, mechanism of action by patch-clamp, and antidiarrheal efficacy in closed-loop and suckling mouse models. RESULTS By lectin conjugation, we improved CFTR inhibitory potency by approximately 100-fold (to 50 nmol/L) and retarded washout. High-affinity CFTR inhibition was abolished by MalH-lectin heat denaturation, protease digestion, or competition by mannose or unconjugated lectin. Patch-clamp analysis indicated CFTR inhibition by an external pore occlusion mechanism. Fluorescently labeled MalH-lectin remained membrane bound for >6 hours after washout, whereas washout occurred in a few minutes without the lectin. MalH-ConA and MalH-wheat (IC50 50-100 pmol) blocked cholera toxin-induced intestinal fluid secretion in closed intestinal loops in mice and greatly reduced mortality in a suckling mouse model of cholera. CONCLUSIONS The high potency of MalH-lectin conjugates results from "anchoring" the CFTR-blocking MalH to cell surface carbohydrates by the lectin. The high-affinity, slow washout, and external site of action of the MalH-lectin conjugates support their further development as antisecretory drugs for enterotoxin-mediated secretory diarrheas.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Sonawane
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Goodman BE, Percy WH. CFTR in cystic fibrosis and cholera: from membrane transport to clinical practice. ADVANCES IN PHYSIOLOGY EDUCATION 2005; 29:75-82. [PMID: 15905150 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00035.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We have used a brief analysis of transport via cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulators (CFTRs) in various organ systems to highlight the importance of basic membrane transport processes across epithelial cells for first-year medical students in physiology. Because CFTRs are involved in transport both physiologically and pathologically in various systems, we have used this clinical correlation to analyze how a defective gene leading to defective transport proteins can be directly involved in the symptoms of cholera and CF. This article is a "Staying Current" approach to transport via CFTRs including numerous helpful references with further information for a teaching faculty member. The article follows our normal presentation which begins with a discussion of the involvement of CFTR transport in the intestine and how cholera affects intestinal transport, extends to CFTR transport in various organ systems in CF, and concludes with the logic behind many of the treatments that improve CF. Student learning objectives are included to assist in assessment of student understanding of the basic concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara E Goodman
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069, USA.
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Sonawane ND, Muanprasat C, Nagatani R, Song Y, Verkman AS. In Vivo Pharmacology and Antidiarrheal Efficacy of a Thiazolidinone CFTR Inhibitor in Rodents. J Pharm Sci 2005; 94:134-43. [PMID: 15761937 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A small-molecule inhibitor of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), 3-[(3-trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-[(4-carboxyphenyl)methylene]-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone (CFTR(inh)-172), reduces enterotoxin-induced intestinal fluid secretion in rodents. Here, we study CFTR(inh)-172 pharmacology and antidiarrheal efficacy in rodents using (14)C-labeled CFTR(inh)-172, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, and a closed intestinal loop model of fluid secretion. CFTR(inh)-172 was cleared primarily by renal glomerular filtration without chemical modification. CFTR(inh)-172 accumulated in liver within 5 min after intravenous infusion in mice, and was concentrated fivefold in bile over blood. At 30-240 min, CFTR(inh)-172 was found mainly in liver, intestine, and kidney, with little detectable in the brain, heart, skeletal muscle, or lung. Pharmacokinetic analysis in rats following intravenous bolus infusion showed a distribution volume of 770 mL with redistribution and elimination half-times of 0.14 h and 10.3 h, respectively. CFTR(inh)-172 was stable in hepatic microsomes. Closed-loop studies in mice indicated that a single intraperitoneal injection of 20 microg CFTR(inh)-172 inhibited fluid accumulation at 6 h after cholera toxin by >90% in duodenum and jejunum, approximately 60% in ileum and <10% in colon. No toxicity was seen after high-dose CFTR(inh)-172 administration (3 mg/kg/day in two daily doses) in mice over the first 6 weeks of life. The metabolic stability, enterohepatic recirculation, slow renal elimination, and intestinal accumulation of CFTR(inh)-172 account for its efficacy as an antidiarrheal.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Sonawane
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, 1246 Health Sciences East Tower, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0521, USA
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12
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Sheppard DN. CFTR channel pharmacology: novel pore blockers identified by high-throughput screening. J Gen Physiol 2004; 124:109-13. [PMID: 15277572 PMCID: PMC2229622 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.200409135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2004] [Accepted: 06/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David N Sheppard
- Department of Physiology, University of Bristol, School of Medical Sciences, UK
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