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Mathews N, Rivard GE, Bonnefoy A. Glanzmann Thrombasthenia: Perspectives from Clinical Practice on Accurate Diagnosis and Optimal Treatment Strategies. J Blood Med 2021; 12:449-463. [PMID: 34149292 PMCID: PMC8205616 DOI: 10.2147/jbm.s271744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of fibrinogen-mediated platelet aggregation due to a quantitative or qualitative deficit of the αIIbβ3 integrin at the platelet surface membrane resulting from mutation(s) in ITGA2B and/or ITGB3. Patients tend to present in early childhood with easy bruising and mucocutaneous bleeding. The diagnostic process requires consideration of more common disorders of haemostasis and coagulation prior to confirming the disorder with platelet light transmission aggregation, flow cytometry of CD41 and CD61 expression, and/or exon sequencing of ITGA2B and ITGB3. Antifibrinolytic therapy, recombinant activated factor VII, and platelet transfusions are the mainstay of therapy, although the latter may trigger formation of anti-platelet antibodies in GT patients and inadvertent platelet-refractory disease. The management of these patients therefore remains complex, particularly in the context of trauma, labour and delivery, and perioperative care. Bone marrow transplantation remains the sole curative option, although the venue of gene therapy is being increasingly explored as a future alternative for definitive treatment of GT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Mathews
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Georges-Etienne Rivard
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Arnaud Bonnefoy
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1C5, Canada
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Fiore M, d'Oiron R, Pillois X, Alessi MC. Anti-α IIb β 3 immunization in Glanzmann thrombasthenia: review of literature and treatment recommendations. Br J Haematol 2018; 181:173-182. [PMID: 29611179 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) is caused by inherited defects of the αIIb β3 platelet glycoprotein. This bleeding disorder can be treated with platelet transfusion therapy, but some patients will be immunized and begin to form anti-human leucocyte antigen (HLA) and/or anti-αIIb β3 antibodies. These antibodies can bind and interfere with the function of the transfused platelets, rendering treatment ineffective. However, platelet transfusion refractoriness attributable to HLA antibodies may be managed by the selection of compatible donors, although they are not always readily available, particularly in an emergency. Thus, anti-αIIb β3 antibodies represent one of the most severe complications in GT. Both genetic and environmental factors may contribute to the risk of anti-αIIb β3 development, but the underlying pathogenic mechanisms are still unknown. This review will summarize the current knowledge of the risk factors for development of anti-αIIb β3 antibodies in patients with GT and discuss how these findings may influence the clinical management of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Fiore
- Laboratory of Haematology, Reference Centre for Platelet Disorders, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Roseline d'Oiron
- Centre for Haemophilia and Rare Congenital Disorders, University Hospital Paris-Sud, AP-HP, Bicêtre Hospital, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Xavier Pillois
- Laboratory of Haematology, Reference Centre for Platelet Disorders, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Pessac, France.,Cardiovascular Adaptation to Ischaemia, Inserm U1034, Pessac, France
| | - Marie-Christine Alessi
- Laboratory of Haematology, University Hospital of La Timone, French Reference Centre for Rare Platelet Disorders, Marseille, France
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Leeksma OC, Giltay JC, Zandbergen-Spaargaren J, Modderman PW, Van Mourik JA, Kr. von dem Borne AEG. The platelet alloantigen Zwa or PlA1 is expressed by cultured endothelial cells. Br J Haematol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1987.00355.x-i1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bakchoul T, Meyer O, Agaylan A, Bombard S, Bein G, Sachs UJH, Salama A, Santoso S. Rapid detection of HPA-1 alloantibodies by platelet antigens immobilized onto microbeads. Transfusion 2007; 47:1363-8. [PMID: 17655579 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2007.01274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) is one of the most common bleeding disorders in neonates. It occurs when alloantibodies from an immunized mother react with paternally inherited alloantigens, mostly human platelet antigen 1a (HPA-1a), on the fetal platelets (PLTs). Currently, monoclonal antibody-immobilized PLT antigen (MAIPA) assay represents the standard technique for the serologic diagnosis of NAIT. MAIPA is time-consuming, however, and limited by the availability of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs). Here, a gel antigen-specific assay (GASA) was developed, which allows rapid detection of HPA-1 alloantibodies without the use of MoAbs. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa was purified by affinity chromatography from outdated PLT concentrates derived from HPA-1aa or HPA-1bb donors. Purified GPs were biotinylated, immobilized onto streptavidin beads, and used for the analysis of HPA-1a alloantibodies by a microtyping system. HPA-1a serum samples derived from mothers with NAIT (n = 36) and from posttransfusion purpura patients (n = 2) as well as HPA-1b (n = 4), HPA-5b (n = 2), HPA-3a (n = 4), and HLA Class I (n = 2) alloantiserum samples from multitransfused patients were investigated in GASA and MAIPA assays. RESULTS GASA was able to detect all HPA-1a and -1b alloantibodies recognized by MAIPA. Cross-reactivity with other PLT-reactive alloantibodies was not observed. Interestingly, 3 of 36 serum samples, which showed only moderate reactivity in MAIPA, reacted strongly in GASA. CONCLUSION GASA has proved to be a rapid method for the detection of HPA-1a alloantibodies and maybe useful for PLT antibody screening, especially in initial assessment of suspected NAIT cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamam Bakchoul
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Langhansstrasse 7, 35385 Giessen, Germany
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Loren AW, Abrams CS. Efficacy of HPA-1a (PlA1)-negative platelets in a patient with post-transfusion purpura. Am J Hematol 2004; 76:258-62. [PMID: 15224362 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.20093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Post-transfusion purpura (PTP) is a rare form of alloimmune thrombocytopenia that is self-limited but which carries a 10-15% mortality related to fatal hemorrhage. Immunomodulatory therapies such as plasmapheresis and intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIg) can shorten the duration of thrombocytopenia. However, in a bleeding patient with PTP, more urgent therapy may be required. Textbooks of hematology [1-3] as well as reports in the literature [4,5] suggest that patients do not respond to platelet transfusions. We report a case of PTP in a patient homozygous for HPA-1b who suffered an intracranial hemorrhage. The patient was treated with IVIg and plasmapheresis. Because of her life-threatening bleeding, we also transfused the patient with HPA-1a-negative platelets. These transfusions consistently resulted in transient improvements in her platelet counts and may have limited the degree of intracranial bleeding. Our experience suggests that transfusion of platelets that lack the offending epitope in patients with PTP may be efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Wakoff Loren
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, 16 Penn Tower, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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6
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Kiefel V, Santoso S. Alloantigene auf Thrombozyten. TRANSFUSIONSMEDIZIN 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-10597-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sassetti B, Lajmanovich A, Vázquez A, Vizcarguénaga MI, Berthier R, Aversa L, Bustelo P, Kordich L. Glanzmann thrombasthenia in children from Argentina. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1996; 18:23-8. [PMID: 8556365 DOI: 10.1097/00043426-199602000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glanzmann thrombasthenia is a well-defined inherited disorder of platelet function characterized by a decrease or absence of functional platelet glycoprotein (GP) GPIIbIIIa. The diagnosis must be considered in patients presenting with mucocutaneous bleeding, purpura, a normal platelet count, abnormal platelet aggregation, and a prolonged bleeding time. In most of the patients, the presence of small amounts of either GPIIb or GPIIIa was detected in their platelets. These observations could provide a basis for determining the clinical and laboratory heterogeneity of the disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS We studied 10 patients of seven unrelated families with the usual methods and an immunoalkaline phosphatase technique (APAAP) to analyze the biosynthesis of GP in megakaryocytes. RESULTS The results allowed us to classify six patients as GT type I, three as type II, and one as a variant. CONCLUSION The nature and severity of the bleeding manifestations, in our patients, were not predictible by the laboratory findings. These confirm the clinical and laboratory heterogeneity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sassetti
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Kiefel V. Alloantigene von Thrombozyten. TRANSFUSIONSMEDIZIN 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-10599-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Paidas MJ, Berkowitz RL, Lynch L, Lockwood CJ, Lapinski R, McFarland JG, Bussel JB. Alloimmune thrombocytopenia: fetal and neonatal losses related to cordocentesis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 172:475-9. [PMID: 7856672 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(95)90559-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This report describes the increased risks of cordocentesis in fetuses affected with alloimmune thrombocytopenia. STUDY DESIGN As part of a multicenter treatment study clinical and laboratory data from five pregnancies with alloimmune thrombocytopenia in which there was a fetal or neonatal loss associated with cordocentesis were reviewed. The fetal or neonatal deaths were all thought to be a result of exsanguination. These fetuses were compared with a group of 44 affected fetuses who underwent the same procedure but who survived. The data were analyzed by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and the two-tailed Fisher's exact test. A p value < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS The mean platelet count at cordocentesis was significantly lower in the cases than in the controls (5.8 vs 32.8 x 10(9)/L, p = 0.005). The incidence of antenatal intracranial hemorrhage in the untreated sibling of the prior affected pregnancy was significantly greater in the cases than in the controls (two of five vs one of 42, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION Fetuses affected with alloimmune thrombocytopenia are at increased risk for fatal exsanguination associated with cordocentesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Paidas
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York
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11
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Wilcox D, Wautier J, Pidard D, Newman P. A single amino acid substitution flanking the fourth calcium binding domain of alpha IIb prevents maturation of the alpha IIb beta 3 integrin complex. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)41800-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Flug F, Karpatkin M, Karpatkin S. Should all pregnant women be tested for their platelet PLA (Zw, HPA-1) phenotype? Br J Haematol 1994; 86:1-5. [PMID: 7872969 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1994.tb03244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Flug
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical School, N.Y
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Pober M, Kyrle PA, Panzer S. Genotyping provides a reliable tool for the determination of the platelet antigen system HPA-1 in Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. Br J Haematol 1993; 85:112-5. [PMID: 8251377 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1993.tb08653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Glanzmann's thrombasthenia (GT) is an inherited disorder of platelet function, characterized by quantitative or qualitative defects of the platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa complex. Patients with GT may require repeated transfusions and therefore alloimmunization against platelet antigens could become of particular interest. As GPIIIa contains the most important platelet alloantigen system, HPA-1, its diminished expression in GT patients may impede serological determination of the HPA-1 allotype. By immunofluorescence consistent results were obtained in only two out of seven patients. The monoclonal antibody-specific immobilization of platelet antigen test allowed typing of six patients. DNA analysis was feasible in all cases. All seven patients were identified to be homozygous HPA-1a. Thus, provided a normal HPA-1 DNA region, its analysis can serve as a reliable tool for HPA-1 typing in GT even if serological methods fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pober
- Institute for Blood Group Serology, University of Vienna, Austria
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15
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Newman PJ, Goldberger A. Molecular genetic aspects of human platelet antigen systems. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL HAEMATOLOGY 1991; 4:869-88. [PMID: 1790355 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3536(06)80034-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in molecular and cellular biology have made it possible to build upon previous serological and biochemical studies of human platelet alloantigen systems in important and exciting ways. In addition to providing a detailed basic understanding of the polymorphisms that are responsible for eliciting an alloimmune response, the molecular characterization of platelet membrane glycoprotein polymorphisms is expected to have an increasingly large clinical impact. As the molecular basis of the remaining platelet antigen systems becomes known, our ability to design novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the care and management of patients with PTP and NATP should improve.
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Kekomaki R, Dawson B, McFarland J, Kunicki TJ. Localization of human platelet autoantigens to the cysteine-rich region of glycoprotein IIIa. J Clin Invest 1991; 88:847-54. [PMID: 1715887 PMCID: PMC295471 DOI: 10.1172/jci115386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The object of this study was to further localize autoantigenic structures on IIb-IIIa and, if possible, to precisely identify the epitopes recognized by human autoantibodies. In this paper, we identify a 50-kD chymotryptic fragment of IIIa that is recognized by a high percentage of human autoantibodies, typified by the prototype IgG autoantibody RA, which binds to IIIa on intact platelets as well as in an immunoblot assay under nonreduced conditions. Using an immunoblot assay, a carboxy-terminal region of this fragment (33 kD) that contains the cysteine-rich domains of IIIa was found to carry the epitope(s) recognized by the prototype autoantibody RA. The amino-terminal amino acid sequence of the reduced 33-kD fragment, the smallest fragment that retains the RA epitope, is XPSQQDEXSP, and that of the reduced 50-kD fragment is IVQVTFD. This indicates that the 33-kD fragment consists of approximately 175 amino acids beginning at residue 479 and extending at least through residues 636-654, while the 50-kD fragment spans the same region but begins at residue 427. It is apparent that the 33-kD fragment is generated from the 50-kD fragment by additional chymotryptic hydrolysis but remains associated because of the multiple disulfide bonds that are characteristic of this cysteine-rich domain. Sera from 48% of patients with chronic ITP and 2 of 8 patients with acute ITP contain antibodies that bind to the 50-kD fragment in an ELISA. Antibodies of the same specificity are also found in one-third of patients with either secondary immune thrombocytopenia or apparent non-immune thrombocytopenia. We conclude that the 50-kD cysteine-rich region of IIIa is a frequent target of autoantibodies in ITP, but that such antibodies may also be present in cases of thrombocytopenia that cannot be linked to an apparent autoimmune process.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kekomaki
- Blood Center of Southeastern Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53233
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17
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Sulfated glycolipids are the platelet autoantigens for human platelet-binding monoclonal anti-DNA autoantibodies. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)98631-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Kornecki E, Walkowiak B, Naik UP, Ehrlich YH. Activation of human platelets by a stimulatory monoclonal antibody. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)38776-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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van Mourik JA, von dem Borne AE, Giltay JG. Pathophysiological significance of integrin expression by vascular endothelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 1990; 39:233-9. [PMID: 1689157 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(90)90021-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J A van Mourik
- Central Laboratory, The Netherlands Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Amsterdam
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20
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Abstract
Immune-mediated thrombocytopenias (IMTPs) are frequently-occurring haemostatic disorders in clinical medicine. They may be caused by allo-immunity, autoimmunity, or by drug-induced immune mechanism. All IMTPs are caused by antibodies, which may induce increased platelet destruction but may also hinder platelet function. Many different platelet membrane molecules (i.e. antigens) are involved in the immune processes that play a role in IMTP. Much is already known about the structure of these molecules. Notably the alloantigens involved in alloimmune-mediated thrombocytopenia have been quite well studied. Many of these antigens appear to be polymorphic determinants of adhesion molecules of the integrin superfamily, and are also present on cells other than platelets (endothelial cells, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells). The methodology for studying platelet antigens and antibodies involved in IMTPs has markedly improved in recent years. This has not only led to better diagnostic tests but also to a better understanding of the immunopathogenesis of these diseases. Platelet immunology is scientifically very much alive, and is expected to remain so in the coming years.
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21
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Santoso S, Kiefel V, Mueller-Eckhardt C. Immunochemical characterization of the new platelet alloantigen system Bra/Brb. Br J Haematol 1989; 72:191-8. [PMID: 2757965 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1989.tb07682.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We report the immunochemical characterization of the new platelet-specific alloantigens Bra and Brb. Bra antibodies were from mothers of children with neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT), and anti-Brb was found in the serum of a polytransfused patient. By radioimmunoprecipitation, anti-Bra and anti-Brb precipitated two proteins with apparent relative molecular masses in sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of 155,000 and 130,000 under non-reduced conditions, and of 165,000 and 148,000 under reduced conditions. In two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the two bands moved with isoelectric points ranging from 5.2 to 5.4 and from 4.5 to 4.7, respectively. These features fulfil previously defined criteria for platelet membrane glycoproteins (GP) Ia and IIa. The results were supported by data obtained by an assay employing monoclonal antibody (mab)-specific immobilization of platelet antigens (MAIPA). By this technique, Bra and Brb antigens could be immobilized by mabs specific for the GP Ia/IIa complex (mab Gi 14) or a mab specific for the very late antigen-2 (mab 12 F1), but not by a mab specific for GP IIb/IIIa complex (mab Gi3). Furthermore, platelets from a thrombasthenic patient with complete absence of GP IIb/IIIa expressed the Brb antigen normally as shown in MAIPA; this antigen could be immunoprecipitated with anti-Brb and was identical to that of normal platelets. This confirms that the antigens of the Br system are not associated with the GP IIb/IIIa complex. By direct binding studies using mabs Gi3 and Gi14, we calculated that 51,500 +/- 3900 molecules of anti-GP IIb/IIIa and 6,470 +/- 500 molecules of anti-GP Ia/IIa were bound per platelet at saturation. Our results provide evidence for the first platelet-specific alloantigen system residing on the GP Ia. The difficulty in detecting anti-Bra and anti-Brb by direct binding assays may be related to the small number of GP Ia/IIa complexes on platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Santoso
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Federal Republic of Germany
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Abstract
Neonatal and antenatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia is induced by maternal antibodies against platelet-specific fetal antigens. This disease is rare but potentially severe because of intracranial bleedings which may occur during pregnancy or around birth. In the last decade our knowledge of this disorder has markedly advanced. New techniques are used in platelet immunology. New platelet antigens involved in these perinatal thrombocytopenias have recently been discovered. A group of women likely to produce the responsible platelet antibodies has been genetically defined as regards the PLA1 antigen. The quality of the sonographies and the possibility of performing cord vein puncture in early pregnancy afford a new approach in the management of perinatal alloimmune thrombocytopenias. But more must be done to prevent the complications of this disease.
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Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 8-1988. A 65-year-old woman with endometrial carcinoma and thrombocytopenia of recent origin. N Engl J Med 1988; 318:500-8. [PMID: 3340129 DOI: 10.1056/nejm198802253180807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Clemetson KJ, Lüscher EF. Membrane glycoprotein abnormalities in pathological platelets. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1988; 947:53-73. [PMID: 3278742 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(88)90019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K J Clemetson
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Berne, Switzerland
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25
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Alloantigene von Thrombozyten. TRANSFUSIONSMEDIZIN 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-10601-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Leeksma OC, Giltay JC, Zandbergen-Spaargaren J, Modderman PW, van Mourik JA, von dem Borne AE. The platelet alloantigen Zwa or PlA1 is expressed by cultured endothelial cells. Br J Haematol 1987; 66:369-73. [PMID: 3620355 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1987.tb06925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the synthesis by cultured human endothelial cells of a membrane protein complex immunologically related to platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa complex was demonstrated. Since platelet GP IIIa is known to carry the platelet alloantigen Zwa or PlA1, studies were performed to establish whether this antigen is also expressed on endothelial cells. The present report describes the results of these studies, which provide evidence for the presence of the Zwa or PlA1 antigen on the surface of cultured human endothelial cells. This evidence is based on the following observations: (1) cultured endothelial cells react with anti-Zwa (PlA1) antibodies as shown by indirect immunofluorescence; (2) two proteins are precipitated by anti-Zwa (PlA1) antibodies from lysates of 125I-labelled endothelial cells with an electrophoretic mobility corresponding with that of GP IIb and IIIa; (3) anti-Zwa (PlA1) reacts specifically, as shown by immunoblotting of sodium-dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gels of solubilized endothelial cells, with a protein with a mobility similar to that of platelet GP IIIa.
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27
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Kunicki TJ, Furihata K, Bull B, Nugent DJ. The immunogenicity of platelet membrane glycoproteins. Transfus Med Rev 1987; 1:21-33. [PMID: 2980263 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-7963(87)70003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T J Kunicki
- Blood Center of Southeastern Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53233
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28
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Abstract
We report a new platelet antigen (Yukb) involved in a case of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAITP). This antigen is considered to be a product of an allele of the Yuk gene, another allele of which codes for Yuka which was involved in 2 cases of NAITP. The Yuka and Yukb antigens are not expressed on thrombasthenic platelets which suggests that these antigens are present on platelet glycoprotein IIb and/or IIIa. The gene frequencies for Yuka and Yukb in the Japanese population were estimated to be 0.0083 and 0.9917, respectively.
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29
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van der Schoot CE, Wester M, Von Dem Borne AE, Huisman HG. Characterization of platelet-specific alloantigens by immunoblotting: localization of Zw and Bak antigens. Br J Haematol 1986; 64:715-23. [PMID: 3801320 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1986.tb02233.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The glycoprotein localization of the platelet-specific antigens Zwa, Zwb and Baka and their presence on tryptic fragments of glycoproteins was studied by immunoblotting. Human platelets were solubilized and pre-cleared from platelet-associated IgG. The glycoproteins were separated on SDS polyacrylamide gels, transferred to nitrocellulose and incubated with platelet antibodies, followed by 125I-radiolabelled anti-human Ig antibodies. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa were isolated from platelet lysates by immuno-affinity chromatography. These proteins were subjected to trypsin digestion, and then used for the immunoblot procedure with platelet antibodies. A glycoprotein specifically reacting with either anti-Zwa or anti-Zwb was found, with an apparent molecular weight of 88 kDa. This protein co-migrated, and was probably identical with, glycoprotein IIIa. After trypsin digestion the smallest fragment, reactive with IgG anti-Zwa or IgM anti-Zwb, had a molecular weight of approximately 23 kDa. IgG anti-Baka and anti-Leka antibodies reacted with a protein of 130 kDa from platelets of Bak(a+) donors. This protein was identified as glycoprotein IIb.
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Gill JC, Carlson P, Kunicki TJ, Aster RH. A naturally occurring, warm-reactive macroglobulin specific for papain-treated human platelets: preliminary characterization. Am J Hematol 1986; 21:189-99. [PMID: 3942132 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.2830210208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sera from 28 of the 113 normal children and adults (25%) studied were found to contain an immunoglobulin capable of causing complement-dependent lysis of normal platelets treated with small quantities of papain. This factor reacts equally well at 4 degrees C and at 37 degrees C with a determinant induced on platelets from normal subjects by treatment with papain or bromelain, but not by trypsin, chymotrypsin, or neuraminidase. It does not bind to red cells treated with any of these enzymes. The site(s) for which the factor was specific could not be induced on platelets from six patients with type I Glanzmann's thrombasthenia (lacking glycoproteins IIb and IIIa), in contrast to platelets from each of 20 normal donors. Isolation and characterization of the factor has been difficult because of its intolerance to chemical and physical manipulation. In 11 of the 20 individuals studied, however, it was found to have the properties of an IgM immunoglobulin. The factor appears to be different from any previously described, naturally occurring human immunoglobulin. It has not yet been shown to be associated with any disease state, but in the presence of complement, it is capable of causing profound damage to platelets previously subjected to minimal proteolysis, and the possibility that it can provoke platelet destruction in some conditions deserves further study.
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31
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Kornecki E, Chung SY, Holt JC, Cierniewski CS, Tuszynski GP, Niewiarowski S. Identification of PlAl alloantigen domain on a 66 kDa protein derived from glycoprotein IIIa of human platelets. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1985; 818:285-90. [PMID: 2994725 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(85)90001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Incubation of platelets with chymotryptin leads to the exposure of fibrinogen receptors and to the appearance of a 66 kDa membrane component on the surface of platelets. Both glycoprotein IIIa (GP IIIa) and a 66 kDa component were precipitated from detergent extracts of solubilized, surface radiolabeled chymotrypsin-treated platelets by human anti-PlAl antisera. Moreover, the presence of the P1A1 antigen was identified on GP IIIa (but not on GP IIb) and on a 66 kDa protein by means of immunoblot procedures using platelet Triton X-114 extracts and these purified proteins. Anti-PlAl antiserum did not recognize GP IIIa on the surface of intact (untreated) platelets nor the 66 kDa protein on the surface of chymotrypsin-treated platelets of PlAl-negative individuals. The present data demonstrate directly that the 66 kDa protein is derived from GP IIIa and contains the PlAl alloantigen.
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Kaplan C, Patereau C, Reznikoff-Etievant MN, Muller JY, Dumez Y, Kesseler A. Antenatal PLA1 typing and detection of GP IIb-IIIa complex. Br J Haematol 1985; 60:586-8. [PMID: 3160384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1985.tb07459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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33
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Newman PJ, Martin LS, Knipp MA, Kahn RA. Studies on the nature of the human platelet alloantigen, PlA1: localization to a 17,000-dalton polypeptide. Mol Immunol 1985; 22:719-29. [PMID: 2410782 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(85)90103-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the biochemical properties of the human platelet alloantigen system, PlA, using a preparation enriched in plasma membrane glycoproteins (GPs) IIb and IIIa as the starting material. After confirming that GPIIIa contains the PlA epitope, attempts were made to distinguish the two allelic forms of PlA (A1 and A2) using electrophoretic techniques. Whereas no difference could be discerned in the mol. wt of GPIIIa extracted from A1/A1, A1/A2 or A2/A2 platelets by one-dimensional SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), two-dimensional electrophoresis revealed a reproducible difference in the isoelectric point of GPIIIa derived from A2/A2 individuals. Treatment of GPIIIa with a combination of exo- and endoglycosidases resulted in apparently complete deglycosylation of the molecule, as indicated by its co-migration with chemically deglycosylated GPIIIa in SDS-PAGE. The enzymatically deglycosylated protein retained its full ability to react with anti-PlA1 antibodies. Tryptic digestion of GPIIIa resulted in the generation of a number of smaller polypeptides, including one of 17,000 daltons, that contained the PlA1 determinant. These results suggest that the carbohydrate moieties of GPIIIa are unimportant to the expression of the PlA system, and that the charge difference between the two allelic forms of GPIIIa may reflect a subtle amino acid difference(s) within a 17K polypeptide region of the GP.
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34
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Bellucci S, Devergie A, Gluckman E, Tobelem G, Lethielleux P, Benbunan M, Schaison G, Boiron M. Complete correction of Glanzmann's thrombasthenia by allogeneic bone-marrow transplantation. Br J Haematol 1985; 59:635-41. [PMID: 3885999 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1985.tb07358.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) successfully corrected type I thrombasthenia in a 4-year-old boy. The donor was his HLA-A, B and D identical 14-year-old brother who was heterozygous for thrombasthenia. A first transplant after conditioning with cyclophosphamide and thoracoabdominal irradiation was rejected, but a second transplant using CCNU, cyclophosphamide, procarbazine and horse antihuman thymocyte globulin in the preparative regimen was successful. Engraftment was proven by studies of platelet membrane antigens, PLA1 and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex and by platelet function studies. Haemorrhagic manifestations completely disappeared; platelet membrane markers and clot retraction returned promptly to normal values, and platelet aggregation tests more slowly. Twenty-four months after bone-marrow transplant, the patient was well with mild chronic hepatic graft versus host disease. BMT therefore appears to be a possible treatment for severe inherited platelet disorders.
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Abstract
The objectives of this review have been to summarize the recent research on inherited defects involving abnormal platelet function and to illustrate how studies of hemorrhagic syndromes have led to an increased understanding of the molecular events involved in platelet adhesion and aggregation. Emphasis has been placed on the two primary hemostatic reactions: the interaction of platelets with von Willebrand factor to promote adhesion to the subendothelium, and the interaction of platelets with fibrinogen to promote platelet aggregation. Even as these events are more clearly defined, new concepts of molecular structure, function, and heterogeneity are emerging, and the variety of recognized genetic defects is becoming more complex.
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36
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van Leeuwen EF, Leeksma OC, van Mourik JA, Engelfriet CP, von dem Borne AE. Effect of the Binding of Anti-ZwaAntibodies on Platelet Function. Vox Sang 1984; 47:280-9. [PMID: 6548327 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.1984.tb01599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anti-Zwa antibodies can induce a Glanzmann-like platelet dysfunction in normal Zwa-positive platelets. Although a normal shape change and release reaction was always recorded in response to adenosine diphosphate and collagen, the aggregation on these inducers could be completely inhibited by anti-Zwa antibodies. Analogous to the platelets from patients with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia, normal platelets sensitized with anti-Zwa did not associate with fibrinogen upon exposure to adenosine diphosphate. Our data indicate that the binding site for fibrinogen is closely associated with the Zwa-antigenic determinants on the platelet membrane glycoproteins and thus with glycoprotein IIIa which is known to carry Zwa.
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Mulder A, van Leeuwen EF, Veenboer GJ, Tetteroo PA, von dem Borne AE. Immunochemical characterization of platelet-specific alloantigens. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY 1984; 33:267-74. [PMID: 6438793 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1984.tb02227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Immunoprecipitation was performed with platelet-specific alloantisera (anti-Zwa, -Zwb, -Baka and antiserum Luc) and 125I-labelled platelets of a panel of donors typed for these platelet-specific alloantigens. This was done by sensitization of intact, radiolabelled platelets with the antisera, solubilization of the sensitized platelets with Nonidet P-40 and recovery of the immune complexes from the lysate with heat-killed, formalin-fixed Staphylococcus aureus, strain Cowan I. In the case of platelet antibodies of the IgM class, bacteria also preincubated with rabbit-IgG anti-human IgM before treatment of the lysate were applied. Radiolabelled antigens were then eluted from the bacteria by boiling in an SDS-mercaptoethanol-containing buffer. Subsequently, the eluted antigens were analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It revealed that both the Zwa and the Baka antigens are located on the glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa complex. The location of the Zwb antigen could not be established in this way. From the intensity of the precipitated glycoprotein bands, it appeared that Zwa is probably a marker of glycoprotein IIIa, Baka or glycoprotein IIb. However, immunoprecipitates of anti-Zwa and anti-Baka sera both carried, to some extent, complexes of glycoproteins IIb and IIIa. Iodinated platelets of a Glanzmann thrombasthenia patient failed to show any material precipitated by these antisera or the antiserum Luc, known to contain antibodies against both glycoproteins.
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Enouf J, Bredoux R, Boizard B, Wautier JL, Chap H, Thomas J, de Metz M, Levy-Toledano S. Simultaneous isolation of two platelet membrane fractions: biochemical, immunological and functional characterization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1984; 123:50-8. [PMID: 6089801 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(84)90378-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous isolation of two platelet membrane subfractions was achieved by centrifugation on 40% sucrose from a 100.000 g crude membrane fraction. Characterization of both types of membranes was carried out by different biochemical and immunological markers. Using a surface label, 3H Concanavalin A (3HCon A), a marker enzyme, phosphodiesterase, and lipid analysis, one of the fraction has been identified as external or plasma membranes, the other consists of intracellular membranes. Further two specific antibodies directed against external membrane antigens (LeKa and IgG L) react almost exclusively with the external membranes. Finally both kinds of membranes were able to uptake calcium but the affinity for this cation was higher for the internal than for the external membranes. This suggests that both membranes are implicated in the regulation of the cytoplasmic calcium concentration and that the internal membranes (dense tubular system) play the major part in this regulation.
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Santoso S, Lohmeyer J, Rennich H, Clemetson KJ, Mueller-Eckhardt C. Platelet surface antigens: analysis by monoclonal antibodies. I. Antibodies. I. Immunological and biochemical studies. BLUT 1984; 48:161-70. [PMID: 6199057 DOI: 10.1007/bf00320339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies were produced against human platelets. Four antibodies (PA1, PA2, PA3 and PA4) reacted specifically with platelets and megakaryocytes, but not with peripheral blood lymphocytes, granulocytes, erythrocytes or monocytes. The antibodies belonged to the mouse IgG subclass 2a (PA1, PA2, PA3), or 1 (PA4) respectively. PA1 and PA4 did not precipitate, their antigens have not yet fully been characterized. PA3 was directed against the glycoprotein (Gp) complex IIb/IIIa; PA2 precipitated Gp IIb/IIIa, and, in addition, Gp Ia. PA4 revealed specificity against the human platelet alloantigen Zw(a).
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Abstract
The serum of a patient who developed a posttransfusion purpura contained antibodies directed against a previously undescribed platelet antigen Lek a. The antiplatelet activity was present in the IgG fraction and was detected by immunofluorescence, 51Cr lysis and 14C-serotonin release. The frequency of the Lek a phenotype in the French population is 98.18%. Lek a does not appear to be sex-linked and seems to be closely related to the Bak a antigen. The Lek a antigen is not expressed on thrombasthenic platelets but is found on platelets from patients with the Bernard-Soulier syndrome which suggests that this antigen is carried by platelet glycoproteins IIb and/or IIIa.
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Herrmann FH, Meyer M, Lagutina NJ, Tchishova AI, Gavrilov OK. Additional glycoprotein abnormalities in a rare type of thrombasthenia. Thromb Res 1982; 28:825-30. [PMID: 7167882 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(82)90108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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43
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Nurden AT, Dupuis D, Pidard D, Kieffer N, Kunicki TJ, Cartron JP. Surface modifications in the platelets of a patient with alpha-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residues, the Tn-syndrome. J Clin Invest 1982; 70:1281-91. [PMID: 7174794 PMCID: PMC370345 DOI: 10.1172/jci110727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The Tn-syndrome is an acquired disorder characterized by the polyagglutination of blood cells and the pathological exposure of alpha-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residues (Tn-antigen) at the cell surface. We now report studies on the platelet of a patient (Ba.) of which 81% reacted positively with a fluorescein conjugate of Helix pomatia agglutinin (HPA). The surface proteins of Ba. platelets were labeled with 125I by the lactoperoxidase-catalyzed procedure; single and two-dimensional electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gels was followed by autoradiography that revealed normal 125I-labeling of the major membrane glycoproteins (GP) but that GP Ib had a faster than normal migration. the abnormal GP Ib of Ba. platelets was strongly labeled when platelet suspensions were treated sequentially with neuraminidase, galactose oxidase, and sodium [3H]borohydride. Unlike the GP Ib of normal human platelets, it was also strongly labeled when Ba. platelets were treated with galactose oxidase and sodium [3H]borohydride alone. Both the alloantigen, PlA1, and quinidine-dependent antibody receptor activity were normally expressed by Ba. platelets, which also bound a monoclonal antibody (AN51) to GP Ib. Analysis of Ba. platelets by crossed immunoelectrophoresis using a rabbit anti-human platelet antibody preparation revealed the presence of an immunoprecipitate in the GP Ib position that had an abnormal appearance and migration in the second dimension. An altered position of the precipitate given by Factor VIIIR:Ag was also noted. Incorporation of HPA into the agarose gel during the first dimension electrophoresis resulted in the specific precipitation of the abnormal GP Ib of Ba. platelets. Our studies show that circulating Tn-platelets contain GP Ib with a modified oligosaccharide chain structure responsible for the platelet expression of Tn-antigen activity.
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Ruggeri ZM, Bader R, de Marco L. Glanzmann thrombasthenia: deficient binding of von Willebrand factor to thrombin-stimulated platelets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:6038-41. [PMID: 6310559 PMCID: PMC347047 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.19.6038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Glanzmann thrombasthenia is an inherited bleeding disorder characterized by the failure of platelets to aggregate in response to almost all stimuli. However, thrombasthenic platelets will aggregate with bovine and porcine von Willebrand factor (vWF) and will show normal ristocetin-induced binding and aggregation in the presence of human vWF. In contrast, we now report that the specific binding of vWF to the thrombin-stimulated platelets was less than 20% of normal in three patients with Glanzmann thrombasthenia. Analysis of binding isotherms was based on the assumption of one class of binding sites for vWF on the platelet membrane. Double-reciprocal plots were used to calculate maximal binding at saturation and apparent dissociation constant (Kd). In nine normals, 2.82 +/- 0.64 micrograms (+/- SD) of vWF bound to 10(8) platelets at saturation, with Kd (+/- SD) = 3.65 +/- 1.23 micrograms/ml. In two patients with thrombasthenia binding was markedly decreased and did not approach saturation. In the third patient, binding at saturation corresponded to 0.21 micrograms per 10(8) platelets, with Kd = 3.93 micrograms/ml. These findings suggest that mechanisms underlying the vWF-platelet interaction are incompletely reflected in ristocetin-dependent assay systems. Moreover, these results, in addition to those previously reported for fibronectin, suggest that the platelet defect in Glanzmann thrombasthenia is not limited to decreased binding of fibrinogen but involves several glycoproteins that are known to interact with platelets.
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McMillan R, Mason D, Tani P, Schmidt GM. Evaluation of platelet surface antigens: localization of the PlA1alloantigen. Br J Haematol 1982. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1982.tb08487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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McMillan R, Mason D, Tani P, Schmidt GM. Evaluation of platelet surface antigens: localization of the Pl A1alloantigen. Br J Haematol 1982. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1982.tb02783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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47
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Lane J, Brown M, Bernstein I, Wilcox PK, Slichter SJ, Nowinski RC. Serological and biochemical analysis of the PlA1 alloantigen of human platelets. Br J Haematol 1982; 50:351-9. [PMID: 7059523 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1982.tb01926.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A solid phase platelet antibody assay has been developed which rapidly and sensitively detects PlA1 antibodies. The three-step assay is performed by: (1) adhering platelets to the wheels of a microtitre plate, (2) incubating the platelets with test serum, and (3) adding radiolabelled Staphylococcal protein A which binds to the Fc domain of IgG antibodies. Immune reactions are detected by overnight autoradiography. Characterization of the PlA1 antigen was performed by using PlA1 antisera in immune precipitation assays. A 90 000 dalton molecular weight species was precipitated from PlA1 positive human and dog platelets.
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48
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Wautier JL, Boizard B, Doan R, Caen JP, Hartmann L. Identification of the platelet alloantigen (PlA1) in circulating immune complexes of normal human sera. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1982; 13:44-7. [PMID: 6760957 PMCID: PMC11039217 DOI: 10.1007/bf00200199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
An analysis of cell membrane material present in circulating immune complexes isolated from normal human sera by precipitation with polyethylene glycol (PEG) has been performed with the platelet alloantigen PlA1 and rhesus antigen used as markers. PEG precipitates obtained from the sera of subjects of known PlA1 and rhesus phenotype were resuspended in buffer and analyzed as representative of circulating immune complexes (CIC). The consumption of anti-PlA1 serum by CIC was determined by immunofluorescence and by inhibition of sodium 51chromate release from PlA1-positive target platelets. With these two techniques, PlA1 alloantigen activity was detected in CIC. This finding suggests that at least some of the cell membrane material present in CIC is derived from platelets.
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McMichael AJ, Rust NA, Pilch JR, Sochynsky R, Morton J, Mason DY, Ruan C, Tobelem G, Caen J. Monoclonal antibody to human platelet glycoprotein I. I. Immunological studies. Br J Haematol 1981; 49:501-9. [PMID: 6459115 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1981.tb07258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A monoclonal hybridoma antibody specific for platelet glycoprotein I complex is described. The nature od the antigen was determined by demonstration that it was chymotrypsin sensitive and gave a peak at 150 000 daltons on SDS-PAGE after immunoprecipitation. The expression of the antigen is restricted to platelets and megakaryocytes with at least 1.6 x 10(4) molecules of antigen per platelet. The antibody failed to bind to platelets from patients with Bernard Soulier syndrome, where there is known to be a deficiency of glycoprotein Ib/Is expression. Binding to platelets from patients with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia was normal.
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50
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Jenkins CS, Ali-Briggs EF, Clemetson KJ. Antibodies against platelet membrane glycoproteins. II. Influence on ADP- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation, crossed immunoelectrophoresis studies and relevance to Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. Br J Haematol 1981; 49:439-47. [PMID: 6457625 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1981.tb07247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In Glanzmann's thrombasthenia glycoproteins IIb and IIIa are missing or strongly reduced and aggregation to ADP, collagen and thrombin is impaired. Antibodies against glycoproteins IIb and IIIa did not entirely induce a thrombasthenia-like state in normal platelets. However, they did strongly inhibit collagen-induced aggregation and inhibited the second wave of aggregation induced by ADP. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis studies using Triton X-100 extracts of whole platelets with these antibodies gave a single immunoprecipitate. This immunoprecipitate was absent when similar studies were carried out with thrombasthenic platelets. Platelet antibodies gave a number of immunoprecipitates with normal platelets and differences were observed with thrombasthenic platelets, the most notable of which was a marked reduction in one of the major immunoprecipitates. These results provide further evidence that glycoproteins IIb and IIIa are involved in the latter stages of platelet aggregation.
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