1
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Wiesemann GS, Oshins RA, Flagg TO, Brantly ML. Novel SERPINA1 Alleles Identified through a Large Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Screening Program and Review of Known Variants. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASES (MIAMI, FLA.) 2023; 10:7-21. [PMID: 36367950 PMCID: PMC9995231 DOI: 10.15326/jcopdf.2022.0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The SERPINA1 gene encodes the serine protease inhibitor alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) and is located on chromosome 14q31-32.3 in a cluster of homologous genes likely formed by exon duplication. AAT has a variety of anti-inflammatory properties. Its clinical relevance is best illustrated by the genetic disease alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) which is associated with an increased risk for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cirrhosis. While 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) , S and Z, are responsible for more than 95% of all individuals with AATD, there are a number of rare variants associated with deficiency and dysfunction, as well as those associated with normal levels and function. Our laboratory has identified a number of novel AAT alleles that we report in this manuscript. We screened more than 500,000 individuals for AATD alleles through our testing program over the past 20 years. The characterization of these alleles was accomplished by DNA sequencing, measurement of AAT plasma levels and isoelectric focusing at pH 4-5. We report 22 novel AAT alleles discovered through our screening programs, such as Zlittle rock and QOchillicothe, and review the current literature of known AAT genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayle S Wiesemann
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Regina A Oshins
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Tammy O Flagg
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Mark L Brantly
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
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2
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Chen S, DeMarco ML, Estey MP, Kyle B, Parker ML, Agbor TA, Kawada P, Speevak M, Nelson TN, Mattman A. Null Canada: A novel α 1-antitrypsin allele with in cis variants Glu366Lys and Ile100Asn. Clin Biochem 2020; 79:23-27. [PMID: 32087139 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND α1-Antitrypsin (A1AT) deficiency predisposes patients to pulmonary disease due to inadequate protection against human neutrophil elastase released during inflammatory responses. A1AT deficiency is caused by homozygosity or compound heterozygosity for A1AT variants; individuals with A1AT deficiency most commonly have at least one Z variant allele (c.1096G > A (Glu366Lys)). Null variants that result in complete absence of A1AT in the plasma are much rarer. With one recent exception, all reported A1AT variants are characterized by a single pathogenic variant. CASE An 8 years old patient from Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, was investigated for A1AT deficiency. His A1AT phenotype was determined to be M (wild type)/Null by isoelectric focusing (IEF) but M/Z by targeted genotyping. Gene sequencing revealed two heterozygous variants: Z and Ile100Asn (c.299 T > A). The Ile100Asn substitution is predicted to disrupt the secondary structure of an α-helix in which it resides and the neighbouring tertiary structure, resulting in intracellular degradation of A1AT prior to hepatocyte secretion. METHODS Family testing was conducted to verify potential inheritance of an A1AT allele carrying the two mutations in cis, as this arrangement of the mutations would explain "Z" detection by genotyping but not by IEF. Molecular modeling was used to assess the effect of the variants on A1AT structure and stability. DISCUSSION Carrier status for a novel variant NullCanada with in cis mutations (c.[299 T > A;1096G > A], p.[(Ileu100Asn;Glu366Lys)]) was confirmed. A sibling was identified as having A1AT deficiency on the basis of compound heterozygosity for two alleles: NullCanada and the common Z allele. A separate pedigree from the Maritimes was subsequently recognized as carrying NullCanada. CONCLUSION In cis mutations such as NullCanada may be more common than previously described due to failure to detect such mutations using historical testing methods. Combined approaches that include gene sequencing and segregation studies allow recognition of rare A1AT variants, including in cis mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, BC, Canada
| | - Mari L DeMarco
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, BC, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada; Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
| | - Mathew P Estey
- DynaLIFE Medical Labs, AB, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, AB, Canada
| | - Barry Kyle
- DynaLIFE Medical Labs, AB, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, AB, Canada
| | - Michelle L Parker
- DynaLIFE Medical Labs, AB, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, AB, Canada
| | - Terence A Agbor
- DynaLIFE Medical Labs, AB, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, AB, Canada
| | - Patricia Kawada
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, AB, Canada
| | - Marsha Speevak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Trillium Health Partners, ON, Canada
| | - Tanya N Nelson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, BC Children's & BC Women's Hospitals, BC, Canada
| | - Andre Mattman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, BC, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada.
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3
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Wang C, Zhao P, Sun S, Teckman J, Balch WE. Leveraging Population Genomics for Individualized Correction of the Hallmarks of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASES-JOURNAL OF THE COPD FOUNDATION 2020; 7:224-246. [PMID: 32726074 DOI: 10.15326/jcopdf.7.3.2019.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Deep medicine is rapidly moving towards a high-definition approach for therapeutic management of the patient as an individual given the rapid progress of genome sequencing technologies and machine learning algorithms. While considered a monogenic disease, alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency (AATD) patients present with complex and variable phenotypes we refer to as the "hallmarks of AATD" that involve distinct molecular mechanisms in the liver, plasma and lung tissues, likely due to both coding and non-coding variation as well as genetic and environmental modifiers in different individuals. Herein, we briefly review the current therapeutic strategies for the management of AATD. To embrace genetic diversity in the management of AATD, we provide an overview of the disease phenotypes of AATD patients harboring different AAT variants. Linking genotypic diversity to phenotypic diversity illustrates the potential for sequence-specific regions of AAT protein fold design to play very different roles during nascent synthesis in the liver and/or function in post-liver plasma and lung environments. We illustrate how to manage diversity with recently developed machine learning (ML) approaches that bridge sequence-to-function-to-structure knowledge gaps based on the principle of spatial covariance (SCV). SCV relationships provide a deep understanding of the genotype to phenotype transformation initiated by AAT variation in the population to address the role of genetic and environmental modifiers in the individual. Embracing the complexity of AATD in the population is critical for risk management and therapeutic intervention to generate a high definition medicine approach for the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California
| | - Pei Zhao
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California
| | - Shuhong Sun
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California
| | - Jeffrey Teckman
- Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Saint Louis University, and Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - William E Balch
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California
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4
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Eggenschwiler R, Patronov A, Hegermann J, Fráguas-Eggenschwiler M, Wu G, Cortnumme L, Ochs M, Antes I, Cantz T. A combined in silico and in vitro study on mouse Serpina1a antitrypsin-deficiency mutants. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7486. [PMID: 31097772 PMCID: PMC6522476 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain point-mutations in the human SERPINA1-gene can cause severe α1-antitrypsin-deficiency (A1AT-D). Affected individuals can suffer from loss-of-function lung-disease and from gain-of-function liver-disease phenotypes. However, age of onset and severity of clinical appearance is heterogeneous amongst carriers, suggesting involvement of additional genetic and environmental factors. The generation of authentic A1AT-D mouse-models has been hampered by the complexity of the mouse Serpina1-gene locus and a model with concurrent lung and liver-disease is still missing. Here, we investigate point-mutations in the mouse Serpina1a antitrypsin-orthologue, which are homolog-equivalent to ones known to cause severe A1AT-D in human. We combine in silico and in vitro methods and we find that analyzed mutations do introduce potential disease-causing properties into Serpina1a. Finally, we show that introduction of the King’s-mutation causes inactivation of neutrophil elastase inhibitory-function in both, mouse and human antitrypsin, while the mouse Z-mutant retains activity. This work paves the path to generation of better A1AT-D mouse-models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto Eggenschwiler
- Research Group Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany. .,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany.
| | - Atanas Patronov
- Protein Modelling Group, Department of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany.,TUM School of Life Sciences, Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Technical University Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Jan Hegermann
- Research Core Unit Electron Microscopy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany.,Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany.,Imaging Platform of the Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Mariane Fráguas-Eggenschwiler
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany.,TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Guangming Wu
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Cell and Developmental Biology, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Leon Cortnumme
- Research Group Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Matthias Ochs
- Research Core Unit Electron Microscopy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany.,Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany.,Imaging Platform of the Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany.,Institute of Vegetative Anatomy Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, 10115, Germany
| | - Iris Antes
- Protein Modelling Group, Department of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany.,TUM School of Life Sciences, Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Technical University Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Tobias Cantz
- Research Group Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany. .,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany. .,Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Cell and Developmental Biology, Münster, 48149, Germany.
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5
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Carpagnano GE, Santacroce R, Palmiotti GA, Leccese A, Giuffreda E, Margaglione M, Foschino Barbaro MP, Aliberti S, Lacedonia D. A New SERPINA-1 Missense Mutation Associated with Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency and Bronchiectasis. Lung 2017; 195:679-682. [PMID: 28668972 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-017-0033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is a genetic condition caused by SERPINA1 mutations, which culminates into lower protease inhibitor activity in the serum and predisposes to emphysema. Clinical manifestations of AATD are often associated to ZZ (p.Glu342Lys) and SZ (p.Glu264Val) genotypes and less frequently to rare deficiency or null alleles in heterozygous and homozygous states. We report a case of a 52-year-old woman with bronchiectasis without other potential causes other than an electrophoresis that showed a decrease of alpha-1 globin band and AAT levels below the normal value (78 mg/dl; v.n. 90-200 mg/dl). No S or Z mutation was identified, but sequencing analysis found a novel missense variant Ile74Asn (c.221T > A) in heterozygous state on an M3 allele (Glu400Asp) in the exon 2 of the SERPINA-1gene, probably leading to a dysfunctional protein. This mutation has never been previously identified, and it is interesting to note the association with bronchiectasis in the absence of emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Carpagnano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - R Santacroce
- Medical Genetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - G A Palmiotti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
| | - A Leccese
- Medical Genetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - E Giuffreda
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - M Margaglione
- Medical Genetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - M P Foschino Barbaro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - S Aliberti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Cardio-Thoracic Unit and Adult Cystic Fibrosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - D Lacedonia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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6
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Gordon SM, Remaley AT. High density lipoproteins are modulators of protease activity: Implications in inflammation, complement activation, and atherothrombosis. Atherosclerosis 2017; 259:104-113. [PMID: 28242049 PMCID: PMC5391047 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
High density lipoproteins (HDL) represent a compositionally diverse population of particles in the circulation, containing a wide variety of lipids and proteins. Gene ontology functional analysis of the 96 commonly identified HDL binding proteins reveals that almost half of these proteins are either proteases or have known roles in protease regulation. Here, we discuss the activities of some of these proteins in regard to their roles in regulating proteases involved in inflammation, coagulation, and complement activation, particularly in the context of atherosclerosis. The overall goal of this review is to discuss potential functional roles of HDL in protease regulatory pathways based on current literature and known functions of HDL binding proteins and to promote the consideration of HDL as a global modulator of proteolytic equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Gordon
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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7
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Hazari YM, Bashir A, Habib M, Bashir S, Habib H, Qasim MA, Shah NN, Haq E, Teckman J, Fazili KM. Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency: Genetic variations, clinical manifestations and therapeutic interventions. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2017; 773:14-25. [PMID: 28927525 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) is an acute phase secretory glycoprotein that inhibits neutrophil proteases like elastase and is considered as the archetype of a family of structurally related serine-protease inhibitors termed serpins. Serum AAT predominantly originates from liver and increases three to five fold during host response to tissue injury and inflammation. The AAT deficiency is unique among the protein-misfolding diseases in that it causes target organ injury by both loss-of-function and gain-of-toxic function mechanisms. Lack of its antiprotease activity is associated with premature development of pulmonary emphysema and loss-of-function due to accumulation of resultant aggregates in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This' in turn' markedly reduces the amount of AAT that is available to protect lungs against proteolytic attack by the enzyme neutrophil elastase. The coalescence of AAT deficiency, its reduced efficacy, and cigarette smoking or poor ventilation conditions have devastating effect on lung function. On the other hand, the accumulation of retained mutant proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes in a polymerized form rather than secreted into the blood in its monomeric form is associated with chronic liver disease and predisposition to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by gain- of- toxic function. Liver injury resulting from this gain-of-toxic function mechanism in which mutant AAT retained in the ER initiates a series of pathologic events, eventually culminating at liver cirrhosis and HCC. Here in this review, we underline the structural, genetic, polymorphic, biochemical and pathological advances made in the field of AAT deficiency and further comprehensively emphasize on the therapeutic interventions available for the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arif Bashir
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mudasir Habib
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Samirul Bashir
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Huma Habib
- The Islamia College of Science & Commerce, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - M Abul Qasim
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne, IN, USA
| | - Naveed Nazir Shah
- Department of Chest Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ehtishamul Haq
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Jeffrey Teckman
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Khalid Majid Fazili
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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8
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Bashir A, Shah NN, Hazari YM, Habib M, Bashir S, Hilal N, Banday M, Asrafuzzaman S, Fazili KM. Novel variants of SERPIN1A gene: Interplay between alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med 2016; 117:139-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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9
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Ferrarotti I, Carroll TP, Ottaviani S, Fra AM, O'Brien G, Molloy K, Corda L, Medicina D, Curran DR, McElvaney NG, Luisetti M. Identification and characterisation of eight novel SERPINA1 Null mutations. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9:172. [PMID: 25425243 PMCID: PMC4255440 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-014-0172-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) is the most abundant circulating antiprotease and is a member of the serine protease inhibitor (SERPIN) superfamily. The gene encoding AAT is the highly polymorphic SERPINA1 gene, found at 14q32.1. Mutations in the SERPINA1 gene can lead to AAT deficiency (AATD) which is associated with a substantially increased risk of lung and liver disease. The most common pathogenic AAT variant is Z (Glu342Lys) which causes AAT to misfold and polymerise within hepatocytes and other AAT-producing cells. A group of rare mutations causing AATD, termed Null or Q0, are characterised by a complete absence of AAT in the plasma. While ultra rare, these mutations confer a particularly high risk of emphysema. Methods We performed the determination of AAT serum levels by a rate immune nephelometric method or by immune turbidimetry. The phenotype was determined by isoelectric focusing analysis on agarose gel with specific immunological detection. DNA was isolated from whole peripheral blood or dried blood spot (DBS) samples using a commercial extraction kit. The new mutations were identified by sequencing all coding exons (II-V) of the SERPINA1 gene. Results We have found eight previously unidentified SERPINA1 Null mutations, named: Q0cork, Q0perugia, Q0brescia, Q0torino, Q0cosenza, Q0pordenone, Q0lampedusa, and Q0dublin . Analysis of clinical characteristics revealed evidence of the recurrence of lung symptoms (dyspnoea, cough) and lung diseases (emphysema, asthma, chronic bronchitis) in M/Null subjects, over 45 years-old, irrespective of smoking. Conclusions We have added eight more mutations to the list of SERPINA1 Null alleles. This study underlines that the laboratory diagnosis of AATD is not just a matter of degree, because the precise determination of the deficiency and Null alleles carried by an AATD individual may help to evaluate the risk for the lung disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13023-014-0172-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Ferrarotti
- Centre for Diagnosis of Inherited Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, Institute for Respiratory Disease, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Tomás P Carroll
- Respiratory Research, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Stefania Ottaviani
- Centre for Diagnosis of Inherited Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, Institute for Respiratory Disease, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Anna M Fra
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Geraldine O'Brien
- Respiratory Research, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Kevin Molloy
- Respiratory Research, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Luciano Corda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Disease Unit, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Daniela Medicina
- Department of Pathology, Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - David R Curran
- Respiratory Department, Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Noel G McElvaney
- Respiratory Research, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Maurizio Luisetti
- Centre for Diagnosis of Inherited Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, Institute for Respiratory Disease, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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10
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Lara B, Martínez MT, Blanco I, Hernández-Moro C, Velasco EA, Ferrarotti I, Rodriguez-Frias F, Perez L, Vazquez I, Alonso J, Posada M, Martínez-Delgado B. Severe alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency in composite heterozygotes inheriting a new splicing mutation QOMadrid. Respir Res 2014; 15:125. [PMID: 25287719 PMCID: PMC4194419 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-014-0125-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe Alpha-1 Antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is a hereditary condition caused by mutations in the SERPINA1 gene, which predisposes to lung emphysema and liver disease. It is usually related to PI*Z alleles, and less frequent to rare and null (QO) alleles. Null-AAT alleles represent the end of a continuum of variants associated with profound AAT deficiency and extremely increased risk of emphysema. METHODS A family with severe AAT deficiency was analyzed to achieve genetic diagnosis. The complete exons and introns of the SERPINA1 gene were sequenced and transcriptional analysis by RT-PCR was performed to characterize the effect of splicing variants found in the patients. In addition, a minigene MGserpa1_ex1b-1c was cloned into the pSAD vector to in vitro investigate the independent impact of variants on splicing process. RESULTS We report a new identified null allele (PI*QOMadrid) in two adult siblings with practically no detectable serum AAT. The PI*QOMadrid allele consist of a duplication of the thymine (T) in position +2 of the donor splice site of exon 1C (+2dupT). In these two subjects, PI*QOMadrid occurred in compound heterozygote combination with the previously described variant PI*QOPorto. Both QOMadrid and QOPorto variants are located very close together in a regulatory region of the SERPINA1 gene. Analysis of transcripts revealed that QOMadrid variant prevented the expression of transcripts from exon 1C, and then normally spliced RNA products are not expected in the liver of these patients. In addition, aberrant splicing patterns of both variants were clearly distinguished and quantified by functional in vitro assays lending further support to their pathogenicity. CONCLUSION Finding pathogenic mutations in non-coding regions of the SERPINA1 highlight the importance that regulatory regions might have in the disease. Regulatory regions should be seriously considered in discordant cases with severe AAT deficiency where no coding mutations were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Lara
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, Spain
| | | | - Ignacio Blanco
- Board of Directors of the Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Spanish Registry, Lung Foundation Breathe, Spanish Society of Pneumology (SEPAR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Hernández-Moro
- Grupo de Splicing y Cáncer, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (CSIC-UVa), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Eladio A Velasco
- Grupo de Splicing y Cáncer, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (CSIC-UVa), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ilaria Ferrarotti
- Center for Diagnosis of Inherited Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency, Department of Molecular Medicine, Section of Pneumology, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Laura Perez
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Raras (IIER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2,200, Majadahonda, Madrid, 28220 Spain
| | - Irene Vazquez
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Raras (IIER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2,200, Majadahonda, Madrid, 28220 Spain
| | - Javier Alonso
- Human Genetics Area, Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Raras (IIER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Posada
- Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Raras (IIER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain RDR and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Martínez-Delgado
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Raras (IIER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2,200, Majadahonda, Madrid, 28220 Spain
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11
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Young LK, Birch NP, Browett PJ, Coughlin PB, Horvath AJ, Van de Water NS, Ockelford PA, Harper PL. Two missense mutations identified in venous thrombosis patients impair the inhibitory function of the protein Z dependent protease inhibitor. Thromb Haemost 2012; 107:854-63. [PMID: 22399118 DOI: 10.1160/th11-10-0708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI) is a plasma inhibitor of factor (F)Xa and FXIa. In an earlier study, five mutations were identified within the ZPI gene of venous thrombosis patients and healthy controls. Two of these were nonsense mutations and three were missense mutations in important regions of the protein. Here we report that two of these latter three mutations, F145L and Q384R, impair the inhibitory function of ZPI in vitro. Recombinant wild-type and mutant proteins were prepared; stability in response to thermal challenge was similar. Inhibition of FXa in the presence of the cofactor protein Z was reduced 68-fold by the Q384R mutant; inhibition of FXIa by the F145L mutant was reduced two- to three-fold compared to the wild-type ZPI. An analysis of all five ZPI mutations was undertaken in a cohort of venous thrombosis patients (n=550) compared to healthy controls (n=600). Overall, there was a modest increase in incidence of these mutations in the thrombosis group (odds ratio 2.0, 1.05-3.7, p=0.044). However, in contrast to W324X (nonsense mutation), the Q384R missense mutation and R88X nonsense mutation were evenly distributed in patients and controls; F145L was rare. The final mutation (S143Y) was also rare and did not significantly alter ZPI function in laboratory studies. The F145L and particularly the Q384R mutation impaired the function of the coagulation inhibitor ZPI; however, there was no convincing association between these mutations and venous thrombosis risk. The functional role for ZPI in vivo has yet to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Young
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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12
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Dickens JA, Lomas DA. Why has it been so difficult to prove the efficacy of alpha-1-antitrypsin replacement therapy? Insights from the study of disease pathogenesis. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2011; 5:391-405. [PMID: 21966212 PMCID: PMC3180514 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s14018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-1-antitrypsin is the most abundant circulating protease inhibitor. It is mainly produced by the liver and secreted into the circulation where it acts to prevent excessive proteolytic damage in the lungs by the enzyme neutrophil elastase. The most common severe deficiency allele is the Z mutation, which causes the protein to self-associate into ordered polymers. These polymers accumulate within hepatocytes to cause liver damage. The resulting lack of circulating α1-antitrypsin predisposes the Z homozygote to proteolytic lung damage and emphysema. Other pathways may also contribute to the development of lung disease. In particular, polymers of Z α1-antitrypsin can form within the lung where they act as a pro-inflammatory stimulus that may exacerbate protease-mediated lung damage. Researchers recognized in the 1980s that plasma α1-antitrypsin levels could be restored by intravenous infusions of purified human protein. Alpha-1-antitrypsin replacement therapy was introduced in 1987 but subsequent clinical trials have produced conflicting results, and to date there remains no widely accepted clinical evidence of the efficacy of α1-antitrypsin replacement therapy. This review addresses our current understanding of disease pathogenesis in α1-antitrypsin deficiency and questions why this treatment in isolation may not be effective. In particular it discusses the possible role of α1-antitrypsin polymers in exacerbating intrapulmonary inflammation and attenuating the efficacy of α1-antitrypsin replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Dickens
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge, UK
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13
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Ray S, Mickleborough TD, Brown JL. Comparison of the properties of rare variants of alpha1-proteinase inhibitor expressed in COS-1 cells and assessment of their potential as risk factors in human disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2005; 1740:390-402. [PMID: 15949707 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2005.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2004] [Revised: 03/03/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Among the more than 75 known variants of alpha(1)-proteinase inhibitor, a sub-population of rare, point mutations causing single amino acid replacements have been identified and classified as "at risk" alleles for development of pulmonary disease. In most cases, it is not clear how the amino acid replacements typical of these variants change the properties of the inhibitor to increase risk of disease in the affected individuals. To begin to address this question, we mutagenized a wild type alpha(1)-proteinase inhibitor cDNA to encode a panel of eight different point mutants reported to be associated with increased risk for development of pulmonary disease. These variants were then expressed in COS-l cells transiently transfected with plasmids containing the altered cDNAs. The effects of the mutations on the rates of secretion, cellular location, intracellular degradation, activity, stability, and tendency to aggregate were determined. Results of these studies show that, in some cases, the mutations affect the rate of secretion, the activity or both of these properties of alpha(1)-proteinase inhibitor in a manner consistent with its designation as an "at-risk" allele. In other cases, the mutations do not significantly change the properties of the inhibitor, suggesting that these may be normal variants and that their expression may not increase the risk of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahla Ray
- Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, 47405-4401, USA.
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14
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DeMeo DL, Silverman EK. Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. 2: genetic aspects of alpha(1)-antitrypsin deficiency: phenotypes and genetic modifiers of emphysema risk. Thorax 2004; 59:259-64. [PMID: 14985567 PMCID: PMC1746953 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2003.006502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The genetic aspects of AAT deficiency and the variable manifestations of lung disease in PI Z individuals are reviewed. The role of modifying genetic factors which may interact with environmental factors (such as cigarette smoking) is discussed, and directions for future research are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L DeMeo
- Channing Laboratory and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02446, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Alpha1-antitrypsin (alpha1-AT) is the most abundant circulating inhibitor of serine proteases and therefore is essential to normal protease-anti-protease homeostasis. Inheritance of two parental alpha1-AT deficiency alleles is associated with a substantially increased risk for development of emphysema and liver disease. In very rare circumstances individuals may inherit alpha1-AT null alleles. Null alpha1-AT alleles are characterized by the total absence of serum alpha1-AT. These alleles represent the extreme end in a continuum of alleles associated with alpha1-AT deficiency. The molecular mechanisms responsible for absence of serum alpha1-AT include splicing abnormalities, deletion of alpha1-AT coding exons and premature stop codons. While these alleles comprise only a small proportion of alpha1-AT alleles associated with profound alpha1-AT deficiency, studies of their molecular mechanisms provide valuable insights into the structure, gene expression and intracellular transport of alpha1-AT.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul
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16
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Cook L, Janus ED, Brenton S, Tai E, Burdon J. Absence of alpha-1-antitrypsin (Pi Null Bellingham) and the early onset of emphysema. AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 1994; 24:263-9. [PMID: 7980208 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1994.tb02170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha-1-antitrypsin is the body's major inhibitor of human neutrophil elastase, a powerful proteolytic enzyme capable of degrading the common tissue components. There are over 70 genetic variants of alpha-1-antitrypsin, with the Z allele being of greatest clinical relevance. Individuals homozygous for this allele (approximately one in 2500 in Caucasians) have low serum alpha-1-antitrypsin levels (10-20% of normal) and are predisposed to emphysema, especially if they smoke. Much rarer are mutations which result in the complete or almost complete absence of alpha-1-antitrypsin in the serum. AIM To determine the cause of complete absence of alpha-1-antitrypsin in a patient who at age 27 years had both emphysema and idiopathic cardiomyopathy. METHODS Molecular biology techniques were used to sequence the alpha-1-antitrypsin gene. Allele specific amplification was used to show the presence of the mutations in other family members. RESULTS Investigation showed that the proband was homozygous for the Pi Null Bellingham variant of alpha-1-antitrypsin due to the mutation Lys 217 (AAG) to Stop (TAG). His grandmother was heterozygous for Pi Null Bellingham and the additional rare variant P Lowell, Asp 256 (GAT) to Val (GTT), a variant that also results in alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. CONCLUSION Patients with complete absence of alpha-1-antitrypsin develop premature emphysema not having smoked or after only minimal exposure, and much earlier than the more common Pi Z individuals who have the usual form of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cook
- Department of Chemical Pathology, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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17
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Fabbretti G, Sergi C, Consalez G, Consales G, Faa G, Brisigotti M, Romeo G, Callea F. Genetic variants of alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT). LIVER 1992; 12:296-301. [PMID: 1447962 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0676.1992.tb01064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the genetic variants of alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) which have been sequenced with special emphasis on the s.c. deficiency variants. These result in AAT low plasma levels via three main mechanisms: 1) intracellular storage; 2) intracellular degradation; 3) lack of synthesis. Intracellular storage occurs with the classical Z variant and with a few variants called M-like, because of their isoelectric focusing (IF) pattern. The storage phenomenon causes liver damage and can be demonstrated at both light and electron microscopic level with the help of immunohistochemistry. We report a new deficiency variant of AAT (M-Cagliari) characterized by very low plasma levels, massive storage of AAT and liver cirrhosis. By using immunohistochemical techniques and DNA analysis we could demonstrate that M-Cagliari has antigenic and genetic properties other than the Z AAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fabbretti
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Children's Hospital G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
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18
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In vitro expression of thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) variants. Impaired secretion of TBGPRO-227 but not TBGPRO-113. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)49669-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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19
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Kalsheker N, Hayes K, Weidinger S, Graham A. What is Pi (proteinase inhibitor) null or PiQO?: a problem highlighted by the alpha 1 antitrypsin Mheerlen mutation. J Med Genet 1992; 29:27-9. [PMID: 1552539 PMCID: PMC1015817 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.29.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency is associated with predisposition to the development of pulmonary emphysema and childhood cirrhosis. There are two common deficiency alleles in the European population, proteinase inhibitor (Pi) Z and S. In addition, there are rare Pinull or QO variants which can be difficult to diagnose. A family assigned as having the PiQO allele by AAT protein quantification and isoelectric focusing was shown by DNA sequencing to have the PiMheerlen mutation (Pro369-Leu). This highlights the difficulties of diagnosis of PiQO.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kalsheker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Wales College of Medicine, Royal Infirmary, Cardiff
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Seyama K, Nukiwa T, Takabe K, Takahashi H, Miyake K, Kira S. Siiyama (serine 53 (TCC) to phenylalanine 53 (TTC)). A new alpha 1-antitrypsin-deficient variant with mutation on a predicted conserved residue of the serpin backbone. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)98945-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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