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Gazzinelli-Guimaraes PH, Dulek B, Swanson P, Lack J, Roederer M, Nutman TB. Single-cell molecular signature of pathogenic T helper subsets in type 2-associated disorders in humans. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e177720. [PMID: 38587077 PMCID: PMC11128205 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.177720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
To unravel the heterogeneity and molecular signature of effector memory Th2 cells (Tem2), we analyzed 23 individuals' PBMCs of filaria-infected (Filaria+) and 24 healthy volunteers (Filaria-), with or without coincident house dust mite (HDM) allergic sensitization. Flow cytometry revealed 3 CD4+ Tem subsets - CCR4+CCR6+CRTH2- Tem17, CCR4+CCR6-CRTH2+ Tem2, and CCR6+CCR4+CRTH2+ Tem17.2 - markedly enriched in Filaria+ individuals. These subsets were sorted and analyzed by multiomic single-cell RNA immunoprofiling. SingleR-annotated Th2 cells from Tem2 and Tem17.2 cell subsets had features of pathogenic Th2 effector cells based on their transcriptional signatures, with downregulated CD27 and elevated expression levels of ITGA4, IL17RB, HPGDS, KLRB1, PTGDR2, IL9R, IL4, IL5, and IL13 genes. When the Filaria+ individuals were subdivided based on their allergic status, Tem2 cells in HDM+Filaria+ individuals showed an overall reduction in TCR diversity, suggesting the occurrence of antigen-driven clonal expansion. Moreover, HDM+Filaria+ individuals showed not only an expansion in the frequency of both Tem2 and Tem17.2 cell subsets, but also a change in their molecular program by overexpressing GATA3, IL17RB, CLRF2, and KLRB1, as well as increased antigen-induced IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 production, suggesting that aeroallergens reshape the transcriptional and functional programming of Th2 cell subsets in human filarial infection toward a pathogenic immunophenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Phillip Swanson
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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2
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Loghry HJ, Kwon H, Smith RC, Sondjaja NA, Minkler SJ, Young S, Wheeler NJ, Zamanian M, Bartholomay LC, Kimber MJ. Extracellular vesicles secreted by Brugia malayi microfilariae modulate the melanization pathway in the mosquito host. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8778. [PMID: 37258694 PMCID: PMC10232515 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35940-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne, filarial nematode diseases cause significant disease burdens in humans and domestic animals worldwide. Although there is strong direct evidence of parasite-driven immunomodulation of mammalian host responses, there is less evidence of parasite immunomodulation of the vector host. We have previously reported that all life stages of Brugia malayi, a filarial nematode and causative agent of Lymphatic filariasis, secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs). Here we investigate the immunomodulatory effects of microfilariae-derived EVs on the vector host Aedes aegypti. RNA-seq analysis of an Ae. aegypti cell line treated with B. malayi microfilariae EVs showed differential expression of both mRNAs and miRNAs. AAEL002590, an Ae. aegypti gene encoding a serine protease, was shown to be downregulated when cells were treated with biologically relevant EV concentrations in vitro. Injection of adult female mosquitoes with biologically relevant concentrations of EVs validated these results in vivo, recapitulating the downregulation of AAEL002590 transcript. This gene was predicted to be involved in the mosquito phenoloxidase (PO) cascade leading to the canonical melanization response and correspondingly, both suppression of this gene using RNAi and parasite EV treatment reduced PO activity in vivo. Our data indicate that parasite-derived EVs interfere with critical immune responses in the vector host, including melanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Loghry
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Hyeogsun Kwon
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Ryan C Smith
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Noelle A Sondjaja
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Sarah J Minkler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Sophie Young
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Nicolas J Wheeler
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI, USA
| | - Mostafa Zamanian
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lyric C Bartholomay
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael J Kimber
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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3
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The Domestic Dog as a Laboratory Host for Brugia malayi. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101073. [PMID: 36297129 PMCID: PMC9607614 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the three nematodes responsible for lymphatic filariasis in humans, only Brugia malayi is actively maintained in research settings owing to its viability in small animal hosts, principal among which is the domestic cat. While the microfilaremic feline host is necessary for propagation of parasites on any significant scale, this system is plagued by a number of challenges not as pronounced in canine filarial models. For this reason, we investigated the capacity in which dogs may serve as competent laboratory hosts for B. malayi. We infected a total of 20 dogs by subcutaneous injection of 500 B. malayi third-stage larvae (L3) in either a single (n = 10) or repeated infection events (125 L3 per week for four weeks; n = 10). Within each group, half of the individuals were injected in the inguinal region and half in the dorsum of the hind paw. To track the course of microfilaremia in this host, blood samples were examined by microscopy biweekly for two years following infection. Additionally, to identify cellular responses with potential value as predictors of patency, we measured peripheral blood leukocyte counts for the first year of infection. A total of 10 of 20 dogs developed detectable microfilaremia. Peak microfilaria density varied but attained levels useful for parasite propagation (median = 1933 mL−1; range: 33–9950 mL−1). Nine of these dogs remained patent at 104 weeks. A two-way ANOVA revealed no significant differences between infection groups in lifetime microfilaria production (p = 0.42), nor did regression analysis reveal any likely predictive relationships to leukocyte values. The results of this study demonstrate the competence of the dog as a host for B. malayi and its potential to serve in the laboratory role currently provided by the cat, while also clarifying the potential for zoonosis in filariasis-endemic regions.
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Loghry HJ, Sondjaja NA, Minkler SJ, Kimber MJ. Secreted filarial nematode galectins modulate host immune cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:952104. [PMID: 36032131 PMCID: PMC9402972 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.952104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a mosquito-borne disease caused by filarial nematodes including Brugia malayi. Over 860 million people worldwide are infected or at risk of infection in 72 endemic countries. The absence of a protective vaccine means that current control strategies rely on mass drug administration programs that utilize inadequate drugs that cannot effectively kill adult parasites, thus established infections are incurable. Progress to address deficiencies in the approach to LF control is hindered by a poor mechanistic understanding of host-parasite interactions, including mechanisms of host immunomodulation by the parasite, a critical adaptation for establishing and maintaining infections. The canonical type 2 host response to helminth infection characterized by anti-inflammatory and regulatory immune phenotypes is modified by filarial nematodes during chronic LF. Current efforts at identifying parasite-derived factors driving this modification focus on parasite excretory-secretory products (ESP), including extracellular vesicles (EVs). We have previously profiled the cargo of B. malayi EVs and identified B. malayi galectin-1 and galectin-2 as among the most abundant EV proteins. In this study we further investigated the function of these proteins. Sequence analysis of the parasite galectins revealed highest homology to mammalian galectin-9 and functional characterization identified similar substrate affinities consistent with this designation. Immunological assays showed that Bma-LEC-2 is a bioactive protein that can polarize macrophages to an alternatively activated phenotype and selectively induce apoptosis in Th1 cells. Our data shows that an abundantly secreted parasite galectin is immunomodulatory and induces phenotypes consistent with the modified type 2 response characteristic of chronic LF infection.
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Loke P, Lee SC, Oyesola OO. Effects of helminths on the human immune response and the microbiome. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1224-1233. [PMID: 35732819 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00532-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Helminths have evolved sophisticated immune regulating mechanisms to prevent rejection by their mammalian host. Our understanding of how the human immune system responds to these parasites remains poor compared to mouse models of infection and this limits our ability to develop vaccines as well as harness their unique properties as therapeutic strategies against inflammatory disorders. Here, we review how recent studies on human challenge infections, self-infected individuals, travelers, and endemic populations have improved our understanding of human type 2 immunity and its effects on the microbiome. The heterogeneity of responses between individuals and the limited access to tissue samples beyond the peripheral blood are challenges that limit human studies on helminths, but also provide opportunities to transform our understanding of human immunology. Organoids and single-cell sequencing are exciting new tools for immunological analysis that may aid this pursuit. Learning about the genetic and immunological basis of resistance, tolerance, and pathogenesis to helminth infections may thus uncover mechanisms that can be utilized for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P'ng Loke
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Soo Ching Lee
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Oyebola O Oyesola
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Abstract
Transforming Growth Factor-β is a potent regulator of the immune system, acting at every stage from thymic differentiation, population of the periphery, control of responsiveness, tissue repair and generation of memory. It is therefore a central player in the immune response to infectious pathogens, but its contribution is often clouded by multiple roles acting on different cells in time and space. Hence, context is all-important in understanding when TGF-β is beneficial or detrimental to the outcome of infection. In this review, a full range of infectious agents from viruses to helminth parasites are explored within this framework, drawing contrasts and general conclusions about the importance of TGF-β in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick M Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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Kwarteng A, Asiedu E, Koranteng KK, Asiedu SO. Highlighting the Relevance of CD8 + T Cells in Filarial Infections. Front Immunol 2021; 12:714052. [PMID: 34603287 PMCID: PMC8481813 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.714052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The T cell immune responses in filarial infections are primarily mediated by CD4+ T cells and type 2-associated cytokines. Emerging evidence indicates that CD8+ T cell responses are important for anti-filarial immunity, however, could be suppressed in co-infections. This review summarizes what we know so far about the activities of CD8+ T cell responses in filarial infections, co-infections, and the associations with the development of filarial pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kwarteng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Ebenezer Asiedu
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Kelvin Kwaku Koranteng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Samuel Opoku Asiedu
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
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Evans CC, Burkman EJ, Dzimianski MT, Garner B, Moorhead AR. The Course of Brugia malayi Microfilaremia in Experimentally Infected Cats. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:586-592. [PMID: 34129397 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the causative agents of lymphatic filariasis in humans, Brugia malayi has been established as the laboratory model of choice for studying this infection owing to its viability in small animal hosts, with the domestic cat being significant among these. The usefulness of individual feline infections is highly dependent on the levels of circulating microfilariae in the blood; thus, characterizing the course of microfilaremia benefits our understanding of this model. In B. malayi-endemic regions, cats are also known reservoirs of infection, and describing microfilaremia in a controlled setting may improve transmission modeling. We followed the course of B. malayi infection in 10 experimentally infected cats from inoculation to ultimate resolution. Seven cats developed patency, with a peak microfilaria concentration of 6525/mL. In addition, to identify cellular responses with potential value as predictors of patency, we measured the peripheral blood leukocyte counts during the first 8 months of infection and tested for correlations with lifelong microfilaria production. No strong relationships were observed, though cell values did appear to shift with the maturation phases of the parasite. The data we present reflect the course of microfilaremia in an important laboratory model under controlled conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Evans
- Department of Infectious Diseases and College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Erica J Burkman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael T Dzimianski
- Department of Infectious Diseases and College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Bridget Garner
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrew R Moorhead
- Department of Infectious Diseases and College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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High Tregs and systemic IL-10 expressions linked to the absence of sheath antibodies in lymphatic filariasis: implications on the persistence of residual infection. Immunol Res 2021; 69:90-99. [PMID: 33515426 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-021-09175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The persistence of residual infection is one of the major factors in failure of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF). The present study aims to explore the status of sheath antibody and regulatory T cells (Tregs) known to play key roles in clearance of parasite and patent filarial infection, in individuals with residual infection after MDA. A total of 61 microfilaremic (Mf) individuals were followed up after at least 6 rounds of MDA. Infection status of subjects was assessed through the detection of Mf and circulating filarial antigen (CFA). Antibodies to Mf sheath were determined by immuno-peroxidase assay (IPA). The expression of Tregs was measured by a flow cytometer. IL-10 and IFN-γ were evaluated using the commercially available ELISA kit. The sheath antibody was present in subjects who have cleared both Mf and CFA and absent in individuals who were found to be Mf /CFA positive. Further individuals carrying infection have significantly high levels of Tregs and IL-10. A positive correlation was observed between Tregs, IL-10, and CFA in infected individuals. In contrast, a negative correlation was observed between IFN-γ and IL-10 in both infected and uninfected subjects. Our study reveals that the absence of a sheath antibody and a high level of Tregs and IL-10 are the hallmarks of the persistence of residual filarial infection.
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Chetty A, Omondi MA, Butters C, Smith KA, Katawa G, Ritter M, Layland L, Horsnell W. Impact of Helminth Infections on Female Reproductive Health and Associated Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:577516. [PMID: 33329545 PMCID: PMC7719634 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.577516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of knowledge exists on the influence of helminth infections on allergies and unrelated infections in the lung and gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa. However, the bystander effects of helminth infections on the female genital mucosa and reproductive health is understudied but important considering the high prevalence of helminth exposure and sexually transmitted infections in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In this review, we explore current knowledge about the direct and systemic effects of helminth infections on unrelated diseases. We summarize host disease-controlling immunity of important sexually transmitted infections and introduce the limited knowledge of how helminths infections directly cause pathology to female reproductive tract (FRT), alter susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections and reproduction. We also review work by others on type 2 immunity in the FRT and hypothesize how these insights may guide future work to help understand how helminths alter FRT health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Chetty
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Millicent A Omondi
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Claire Butters
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Katherine Ann Smith
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Gnatoulma Katawa
- Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura Layland
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - William Horsnell
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Wang Y, Ehsan M, Wang S, Tian X, Yan R, Song X, Xu L, Li X. Modulatory functions of recombinant electron transfer flavoprotein α subunit protein from Haemonchus contortus on goat immune cells in vitro. Vet Parasitol 2020; 288:109300. [PMID: 33152677 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Suppression and modulation of the host immune response to parasitic nematodes have been extensively studied. In the present study, we cloned and produced recombinant electron transfer flavoprotein α subunit (ETFα) protein from Haemonchus contortus (rHCETFα), a parasitic nematode of small ruminants, and studied the effect of this protein on modulating the immune response of goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and monocytes. Immunohistochemical tests verified that the HCETFα protein was localized mainly in the intestinal wall and on the body surface of worms. Immunoblot analysis revealed that rHCETFα was recognized by the serum of goats artificially infected with H. contortus. Immunofluorescence analysis indicated that rHCETFα bound to the surface of PBMCs. rHCETFα was co-incubated with goat PBMCs to observe the immunomodulatory effects exerted by HCETFα on proliferation, apoptosis, cytokine secretion and nitric oxide (NO) production. The results showed that rHCETFα suppressed the proliferation of goat PBMCs stimulated by concanavalin A and induced apoptosis in goat PBMCs. After rHCETFα exposure, IL-2, IL-4, IL-17A and TNF-α expression was markedly reduced, whereas secretion of TGF-β1 was significantly elevated, in goat PBMCs. Moreover, rHCETFα up-regulated NO production in a dose-dependent manner. FITC-dextran internalization assays showed that rHCETFα inhibited phagocytosis of goat monocytes. These results elucidate the interaction between parasites and hosts at the molecular level, suggest a possible immunomodulatory target and contribute to the search for innovative proteins that may be candidate targets for drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujian Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; School of Life Science, Huizhou University, Huizhou 516007, PR China.
| | - Muhammad Ehsan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Shuai Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Xiaowei Tian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - RuoFeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - XiaoKai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - LiXin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - XiangRui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Wang Y, Ehsan M, Huang J, Aimulajiang K, Yan R, Song X, Xu L, Li X. Characterization of a rhodanese homologue from Haemonchus contortus and its immune-modulatory effects on goat immune cells in vitro. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:454. [PMID: 32894178 PMCID: PMC7487571 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04333-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modulation of the host immune response by nematode parasites has been widely reported. Rhodaneses (thiosulfate: cyanide sulfurtransferases) are present in a wide range of organisms, such as archaea, bacteria, fungi, plants and animals. Previously, it was reported that a rhodanese homologue could be bound by goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vivo. METHODS In the present study, we cloned and produced a recombinant rhodanese protein originating from Haemonchus contortus (rHCRD), a parasitic nematode of small ruminants. rHCRD was co-incubated with goat PBMCs to assess its immunomodulatory effects on proliferation, apoptosis and cytokine secretion. RESULTS We verified that the natural HCRD protein localized predominantly to the bowel wall and body surface of the parasite. We further demonstrated that serum produced by goats artificially infected with H. contortus successfully recognized rHCRD, which bound to goat PBMCs. rHCRD suppressed proliferation of goat PBMCs stimulated by concanavalin A but did not induce apoptosis in goat PBMCs. The production of TNF-α and IFN-γ decreased significantly, whereas secretion of IL-10 and TGF-β1 increased, in goat PBMCs after exposure to rHCRD. rHCRD also inhibited phagocytosis by goat monocytes. Moreover, rHCRD downregulated the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-II on goat monocytes in a dose-dependent manner, but did not alter MHC-I expression. CONCLUSIONS These results propose a possible immunomodulatory target that may help illuminate the interactions between parasites and their hosts at the molecular level and reveal innovative protein species as candidate drug and vaccine targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujian Wang
- School of Life Science, Huizhou University, Huizhou, 516007, People's Republic of China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Ehsan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmei Huang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Kalibixiati Aimulajiang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - RuoFeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - XiaoKai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - LiXin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - XiangRui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
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Characterization of a phosphotyrosyl phosphatase activator homologue of the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus and its immunomodulatory effect on goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:1157-1166. [PMID: 32866490 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Suppression and modulation of the host immune response to parasitic nematodes have been extensively studied. In the present study, we cloned and produced recombinant phosphotyrosyl phosphatase activator protein from Haemonchus contortus (rHCPTPA), a parasitic nematode of small ruminants, and studied the effect of this protein on modulating the immune response of goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Enzymatic assays revealed that rHCPTPA enhanced the p-nitrophenylphosphate phosphatase activity of bovine PP2A1. Immunohistochemical tests verified that the HCPTPA protein was localised mainly in the bowel wall and on the body surface of worms. It was also shown that serum produced by goats artificially infected with H. contortus successfully recognised rHCPTPA, which conjugated with goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The rHCPTPA was then co-incubated with goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells to assess its immunomodulatory effects on proliferation, apoptosis, cytokine secretion, migration and nitric oxide production. Our results showed that rHCPTPA suppressed the proliferation of goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated by concanavalin A and induced apoptosis in goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells. After rHCPTPA exposure, IFN-γ and IL-2 expression was markedly reduced, whereas secretion of IL-10 and IL-4 was significantly elevated, in goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Moreover, rHCPTPA down-regulated nitric oxide production and migration of goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells in a dose-dependent manner. These results illuminate the interaction between parasites and hosts at the molecular level, suggest a possible immunomodulatory target and contribute to the search for innovative proteins that might be candidate targets for drugs and vaccines.
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Cadmus SI, Akinseye VO, Taiwo BO, Pinelli EO, van Soolingen D, Rhodes SG. Interactions between helminths and tuberculosis infections: Implications for tuberculosis diagnosis and vaccination in Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008069. [PMID: 32498074 PMCID: PMC7272205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Africa is the second most populous continent and has perennial health challenges. Of the estimated 181 million school aged children in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), nearly half suffer from ascariasis, trichuriasis, or a combination of these infections. Coupled with these is the problem of tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, which is a leading cause of death in the region. Compared to the effect of the human immunodeficiency virus on the development of TB, the effect of chronic helminth infections is a neglected area of research, yet helminth infections are as ubiquitous as they are varied and may potentially have profound effects upon host immunity, particularly as it relates to TB infection, diagnosis, and vaccination. Protection against active TB is known to require a clearly delineated T-helper type 1 (Th1) response, while helminths induce a strong opposing Th2 and immune-regulatory host response. This Review highlights the potential challenges of helminth-TB co-infection in Africa and the need for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeon I. Cadmus
- Depeartment of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Victor O. Akinseye
- Depeartment of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Babafemi O. Taiwo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Elena O. Pinelli
- Center for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Dick van Soolingen
- Center for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Shelley G. Rhodes
- TB Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Venugopal G, O'Regan NL, Babu S, Schumann RR, Srikantam A, Merle R, Hartmann S, Steinfelder S. Association of a PD-L2 Gene Polymorphism with Chronic Lymphatic Filariasis in a South Indian Cohort. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 100:344-350. [PMID: 30594267 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a parasitic infection, caused by three closely related nematodes, namely Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori. Previously, we have shown that lysate from B. malayi microfilariae induces the expression of interleukin (IL)-10 and programmed death-ligand (PD-L) 1 on monocytes, which lead to inhibition of CD4+ T-cell responses. In this study, we investigated associations of IL-10 and programmed cell death (PD)-1 pathway gene polymorphisms with clinical manifestation in LF. We evaluated the frequency of alleles and genotypes of IL-10 (rs3024496, rs1800872), IL-10RA (rs3135932), IL-10RB (rs2834167), PD-1 (rs2227982, rs10204525), PD-L1 (rs4143815), PD-L2 (rs7854413), and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 103 patients with chronic pathology (CP), such as elephantiasis or hydrocele and 106 endemic normal (EN) individuals from a South Indian population living in an area endemic for LF. Deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were tested, and we found a significant difference between the frequency of polymorphisms in PD-L2 (rs7854413; P < 0.001) and IL-10RB (rs2834167; P = 0.012) between the CP and the EN group, whereas there were no significant differences found among IL-10, IL-10RA, PD-1, and PD-L1 SNPs. A multivariate analysis showed that the existence of a CC genotype in PD-L2 SNP rs7854413 is associated with a higher risk of developing CP (OR: 2.942; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.957-9.046; P = 0.06). Altogether, these data indicate that a genetically determined individual difference in a non-synonymous missense SNP of PD-L2 might influence the susceptibility to CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopinath Venugopal
- Centre for Infection Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Noëlle L O'Regan
- Centre for Infection Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Subash Babu
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), International Centre for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | - Ralf R Schumann
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aparna Srikantam
- Blue Peter Public Health and Research Centre, LEPRA Society, Hyderabad, India
| | - Roswitha Merle
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Centre for Infection Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Svenja Steinfelder
- Centre for Infection Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neural Circuits and Behavior, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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16
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Santos JHA, Bührer-Sékula S, Melo GC, Cordeiro-Santos M, Pimentel JPD, Gomes-Silva A, Costa AG, Saraceni V, Da-Cruz AM, Lacerda MVG. Ascaris lumbricoides coinfection reduces tissue damage by decreasing IL-6 levels without altering clinical evolution of pulmonary tuberculosis or Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokine profile. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2019; 52:e20190315. [PMID: 31800922 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0315-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunological control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is dependent on the cellular immune response, mediated predominantly by Th1 type CD4+ T cells. Polarization of the immune response to Th2 can inhibit the host immune protection against pathogens. Patients with tuberculosis coinfected with helminths demonstrate more severe pulmonary symptoms, a deficiency in the immune response against tuberculosis, and an impaired response to anti-tuberculosis therapy. METHODS We evaluated the cellular immune response and the impact of the presence of Ascaris lumbricoides on the immune and clinical response in pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Ninety-one individuals were included in the study: 38 tuberculosis patients, 11 tuberculosis patients coinfected with Ascaris lumbricoides and other helminths, 10 Ascaris lumbricoides patients, and 34 non-infected control individuals. Clinical evolution of pulmonary tuberculosis was studied on 0, 30, 60, and 90 days post-diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Ascaris lumbricoides. Furthermore, immune cells and plasma cytokine profiles were examined in mono/coinfection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Ascaris lumbricoides using flow cytometry. RESULTS There were no statistical differences in any of the evaluated parameters and the results indicated that Ascaris lumbricoides infection does not lead to significant clinical repercussions in the presentation and evolution of pulmonary tuberculosis. CONCLUSIONS The association with Ascaris lumbricoides did not influence the Th1, Th2, and Th17 type responses, or the proportions of T lymphocyte subpopulations. However, higher serum levels of IL-6 in tuberculosis patients may explain the pulmonary parenchymal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Hugo Abdalla Santos
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Samira Bührer-Sékula
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Gisely Cardoso Melo
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Cordeiro-Santos
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - João Paulo Diniz Pimentel
- Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas, Diretora de Ensino e Pesquisa, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Adriano Gomes-Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Micobacterioses, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Allyson Guimarães Costa
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas, Diretora de Ensino e Pesquisa, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Valeria Saraceni
- Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Alda Maria Da-Cruz
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Marcus Vinícius Guimarães Lacerda
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Pesquisas Leônidas & Maria Deane, Manaus, AM, Brasil
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Seddon JA, Tugume L, Solomons R, Prasad K, Bahr NC. The current global situation for tuberculous meningitis: epidemiology, diagnostics, treatment and outcomes. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 4:167. [PMID: 32118118 PMCID: PMC7029758 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15535.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) results from dissemination of M. tuberculosis to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and meninges. Ischaemia, hydrocephalus and raised intracranial pressure frequently result, leading to extensive brain injury and neurodisability. The global burden of TBM is unclear and it is likely that many cases are undiagnosed, with many treated cases unreported. Untreated, TBM is uniformly fatal, and even if treated, mortality and morbidity are high. Young age and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are potent risk factors for TBM, while Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination is protective, particularly in young children. Diagnosis of TBM usually relies on characteristic clinical symptoms and signs, together with consistent neuroimaging and CSF parameters. The ability to confirm the TBM diagnosis via CSF isolation of M. tuberculosis depends on the type of diagnostic tests available. In most cases, the diagnosis remains unconfirmed. GeneXpert MTB/RIF and the next generation Xpert Ultra offer improved sensitivity and rapid turnaround times, and while roll-out has scaled up, availability remains limited. Many locations rely only on acid fast bacilli smear, which is insensitive. Treatment regimens for TBM are based on evidence for pulmonary tuberculosis treatment, with little consideration to CSF penetration or mode of drug action required. The World Health Organization recommends a 12-month treatment course, although data on which to base this duration is lacking. New treatment regimens and drug dosages are under evaluation, with much higher dosages of rifampicin and the inclusion of fluoroquinolones and linezolid identified as promising innovations. The inclusion of corticosteroids at the start of treatment has been demonstrated to reduce mortality in HIV-negative individuals but whether they are universally beneficial is unclear. Other host-directed therapies show promise but evidence for widespread use is lacking. Finally, the management of TBM within health systems is sub-optimal, with drop-offs at every stage in the care cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Seddon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lillian Tugume
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Regan Solomons
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kameshwar Prasad
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nathan C Bahr
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, USA
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18
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Murthy PK. Strategies to Control Human Lymphatic Filarial Infection: Tweaking Host’s Immune System. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1226-1240. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190618110613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human lymphatic filariasis (LF), a parasitic infection caused by the nematodes Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and B. timori, and transmitted by mosquito, results in a debilitating disease commonly identified as ‘elephantiasis’. LF affects millions of people in India and several other tropical and sub-tropical countries imposing a huge economic burden on governments due to disability associated loss of man-hours and for disease management. Efforts to control the infection by WHO’s mass drug administration (MDA) strategy using three antifilarials diethylcarbamazine, albendazole and ivermectin are only partly successful and therefore, there is an immediate need for alternative strategies. Some of the alternative strategies being explored in laboratories are: enhancing the immune competence of host by immunomodulation, combining immunomodulation with antifilarials, identifying immunoprophylactic parasite molecules (vaccine candidates) and identifying parasite molecules that can be potential drug targets. This review focuses on the advances made in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puvvada Kalpana Murthy
- Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, University Road, Lucknow 226 007, Uttar Pradesh, India
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19
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Quantitative analysis of Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) cytokines and TLR expression to eyeworm (Oxyspirura petrowi) and caecal worm (Aulonocephalus pennula) glycoproteins. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:2909-2918. [PMID: 31418111 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06418-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Helminth parasites have been a popular research topic due to their global prevalence and adverse effects on livestock and game species. The Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), a popular game bird in the USA, is one species subject to helminth infection and has been experiencing a decline of > 4% annually over recent decades. In the Rolling Plains Ecoregion of Texas, the eyeworm (Oxyspirura petrowi) and caecal worm (Aulonocephalus pennula) helminths are found to be highly prevalent in bobwhite. While there have been increasing studies on the prevalence, pathology, and phylogeny of the eyeworm and caecal worm, there is still a need to investigate the bobwhite immune response to infection. This study utilizes previously sequenced bobwhite cytokines and toll-like receptors to develop and optimize qPCR primers and measure gene expression in bobwhite intramuscularly challenged with eyeworm and caecal worm glycoproteins. For the challenge experiments, separate treatments of eyeworm and caecal worm glycoproteins were administered to bobwhite on day 1 and day 21. Measurements of primary and secondary immune responses were taken at day 7 and day 28, respectively. Using the successfully optimized qPCR primers for TLR7, IL1β, IL6, IFNα, IFNγ, IL10, and β-actin, the gene expression analysis from the challenge experiments revealed that there was a measurable immune reaction in bobwhite in response to the intramuscular challenge of eyeworm and caecal worm glycoproteins.
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Gazzinelli-Guimaraes PH, de Queiroz Prado R, Ricciardi A, Bonne-Année S, Sciurba J, Karmele EP, Fujiwara RT, Nutman TB. Allergen presensitization drives an eosinophil-dependent arrest in lung-specific helminth development. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3686-3701. [PMID: 31380805 DOI: 10.1172/jci127963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between helminth infection and allergic sensitization by assessing the influence of preexisting allergy on the outcome of helminth infections, rather than the more traditional approach in which the helminth infection precedes the onset of allergy. Here we used a murine model of house dust mite-induced (HDM-induced) allergic inflammation followed by Ascaris infection to demonstrate that allergic sensitization drives an eosinophil-rich pulmonary type 2 immune response (Th2 cells, M2 macrophages, type 2 innate lymphoid cells, IL-33, IL-4, IL-13, and mucus) that directly hinders larval development and reduces markedly the parasite burden in the lungs. This effect is dependent on the presence of eosinophils, as eosinophil-deficient mice were unable to limit parasite development or numbers. In vivo administration of neutralizing antibodies against CD4 prior to HDM sensitization significantly reduced eosinophils in the lungs, resulting in the reversal of the HDM-induced Ascaris larval killing. Our data suggest that HDM allergic sensitization drives a response that mimics a primary Ascaris infection, such that CD4+ Th2-mediated eosinophil-dependent helminth larval killing in the lung tissue occurs. This study provides insight into the mechanisms underlying tissue-specific responses that drive a protective response against the early stages of the helminths prior to their establishing long-lasting infections in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H Gazzinelli-Guimaraes
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rafael de Queiroz Prado
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alessandra Ricciardi
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sandra Bonne-Année
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshua Sciurba
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Erik P Karmele
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ricardo T Fujiwara
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thomas B Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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21
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Hameed A, Natarajan M, Jabbar S, Dhanasekaran JJ, Kumar K, Sivanesan S, Kron M, Dhanasekaran A. Immune Response to Brugia malayi Asparaginyl-tRNA Synthetase in Balb/c Mice and Human Clinical Samples of Lymphatic Filariasis. Lymphat Res Biol 2018; 17:447-456. [PMID: 30570354 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2018.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a global health problem, with a peculiar nature of parasite-specific immunosuppression that promotes long-term pathology and disability. Immune modulation in the host by parasitic antigens is an integral part of this disease. The current study attempts to dissect the immune responses of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARS) with emphasis on Brugia malayi asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase (BmAsnRS), since it is one among the highly expressed excretory/secretory proteins expressed in all stages of the parasite life cycle, whereas its role in filarial pathology has not been elaborately studied. Methods and Results: In this study, recombinant BmAsnRS (rBmAsnRS) immunological effects were studied in semipermissive filarial animal model Balb/c mice and on clinically defined human samples for LF. In mice study, humoral responses showed considerable titer levels with IgG2a isotype followed by IgG2b and IgG1. Immunoreactivity studies with clinical samples showed significant humoral responses especially in endemic normal with marked levels of IgG1 and IgG2 followed by IgG3. The cell-mediated immune response, evaluated by splenocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells proliferation, did not yield significant difference when compared with control groups. Cytokine profiling and qRT-PCR analysis of mice samples immunized with rBmAsnRS showed elevated levels of IFN-γ, IL-10, inhibitory factor-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein-A (CTLA-4) and Treg cell marker-Forkhead Box P3 (FoxP3). Conclusions: These observations suggest that rBmAsnRS has immunomodulatory effects with modified Th2 response along with suppressed cellular proliferation indicating the essence of this molecule for immune evasion by the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afaq Hameed
- 1Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, India.,2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Thi-Qar University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | | | - Salih Jabbar
- 3Bint Al-Huda Teaching Hospital, Health Ministry, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | | | - Krishna Kumar
- 1Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, India
| | | | - Michael Kron
- 5Department of Biomedical Engineering and Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,6Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Abstract
Helminth parasites are complex metazoans that belong to different taxonomic families but that collectively share the capacity to downregulate the host immune response directed toward themselves (parasite-specific immunoregulation). During long-standing chronic infection, these helminths appear able to suppress immune responses to bystander pathogens/antigens and atopic, autoimmune, and metabolic disorders. Helminth-induced immunoregulation occurs through the induction of regulatory T cells or Th2-type cells (or both). However, secreted or excreted parasite metabolites, proteins, or extracellular vesicles (or a combination of these) may also directly induce signaling pathways in host cells. Therefore, the focus of this review will be to highlight recent advances in understanding the immune responses to helminth infection, emphasizing the strategies/molecules and some of the mechanisms used by helminth parasites to modulate the immune response of their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H Gazzinelli-Guimaraes
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 4 Center Drive, Building 4, Room 211, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Thomas B Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 4 Center Drive, Building 4, Room 211, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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23
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de Andrade CM, Carneiro VL, Cerqueira JV, Fonseca HF, Queiroz GA, Costa RS, Alcantara-Neves NM, Cooper P, Figueiredo CA. Parasites and allergy: Observations from Brazil. Parasite Immunol 2018; 41:e12588. [PMID: 30188574 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Brazil is a middle-income country undergoing the epidemiological transition. Effects of changes in daily life habits and access to clean water, sanitation and urban services on a growing urban population have contributed to a double burden of both infectious and noncommunicable chronic diseases. Studies have indicated that parasite infections may modulate the human immune system and influence the development of allergic conditions such as asthma. However, there is no consensus in the published literature on the effects of parasitic infections on allergy, perhaps as a consequence of factors determining the epidemiology of these infections that vary between populations such as age of first infection, duration and chronicity of infections, parasite burden and species, and host genetic susceptibility. In this review, we discuss the observations from Brazil concerning the relationship between parasite infections and allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valdirene L Carneiro
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Jéssica V Cerqueira
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Hellen F Fonseca
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Gerson A Queiroz
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ryan S Costa
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Philip Cooper
- St. George's University of London, London, UK.,Facultad de Ciencias Medicas de la Salud y la Vida, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Camila A Figueiredo
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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24
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Costa AG, Sadahiro A, Monteiro Tarragô A, Pessoa FAC, Pires Loiola B, Malheiro A, Medeiros JF. Immune response in Mansonella ozzardi infection modulated by IL-6/IL-10 axis in Amazon region of Brazil. Cytokine 2018; 104:98-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Bonne-Année S, Nutman TB. Human innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in filarial infections. Parasite Immunol 2018; 40:10.1111/pim.12442. [PMID: 28504838 PMCID: PMC5685925 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Filarial infections are characteristically chronic and can cause debilitating diseases governed by parasite-induced innate and adaptive immune responses. Filarial parasites traverse or establish niches in the skin (migrating infective larvae), in nonmucosal tissues (adult parasite niche) and in the blood or skin (circulating microfilariae) where they intersect with the host immune response. While several studies have demonstrated that filarial parasites and their antigens can modulate myeloid cells (monocyte, macrophage and dendritic cell subsets), T- and B-lymphocytes and skin resident cell populations, the role of innate lymphoid cells during filarial infections has only recently emerged. Despite the identification and characterization of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in murine helminth infections, little is actually known about the role of human ILCs during parasitic infections. The focus of this review will be to highlight the composition of ILCs in the skin, lymphatics and blood; where the host-parasite interaction is well-defined and to examine the role of ILCs during filarial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bonne-Année
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Helminth Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - T B Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Helminth Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Aravindhan V, Anand G. Cell Type-Specific Immunomodulation Induced by Helminthes: Effect on Metainflammation, Insulin Resistance and Type-2 Diabetes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:1650-1661. [PMID: 29141759 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent epidemiological studies have documented an inverse relationship between the decreasing prevalence of helminth infections and the increasing prevalence of metabolic diseases ("metabolic hygiene hypothesis"). Chronic inflammation leading to insulin resistance (IR) has now been identified as a major etiological factor for a variety of metabolic diseases other than obesity and Type-2 diabetes (metainflammation). One way by which helminth infections such as filariasis can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and promote insulin sensitivity (IS). This article provides evidence on how the cross talk between the innate and adaptive arms of the immune responses can modulate IR/sensitivity. The cross talk between innate (macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, natural killer T cells, myeloid derived suppressor cells, innate lymphoid cells, basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) and adaptive (helper T [CD4+] cells, cytotoxic T [CD8+] cells and B cells) immune cells forms two opposing circuits, one associated with IR and the other associated with IS under the conditions of metabolic syndrome and helminth-mediated immunomodulation, respectively.
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Dige A, Rasmussen TK, Nejsum P, Hagemann-Madsen R, Williams AR, Agnholt J, Dahlerup JF, Hvas CL. Mucosal and systemic immune modulation by Trichuris trichiura in a self-infected individual. Parasite Immunol 2016; 39. [PMID: 27743501 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Helminthic therapy of immune-mediated diseases has gained attention in recent years, but we know little of how helminths modulate human immunity. In this study, we investigated how self-infection with Trichuris (T.) trichiura in an adult man without intestinal disease affected mucosal and systemic immunity. Colonic mucosal biopsies were obtained at baseline, during T. trichiura infection, and after its clearance following mebendazole treatment. Unexpectedly, the volunteer experienced a Campylobacter colitis following T. trichiura clearance, and this served as a positive infectious control. Trichuris trichiura colonization induced equally increased expressions of T-helper (h)1-, Th2-, Th17- and Treg-associated cytokines and transcription factors, measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We observed several indicators of modulation of systemic immunity during the T. trichiura infection. Plasma eosinophils and anti-Trichuris antibodies rose markedly during the inoculation phase, and a shift towards a Th2-dominated T cell response at the expense of the Th1-response was observed in circulating T cells. Taken together, our findings corroborate that helminths modulate regional and systemic human immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dige
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - T K Rasmussen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - P Nejsum
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - A R Williams
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - J Agnholt
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - J F Dahlerup
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - C L Hvas
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Kim T, Holleman CL, Ptacek T, Morrow CD, Habegger KM. Duodenal endoluminal barrier sleeve alters gut microbiota of ZDF rats. Parasite Immunol 2016; 39. [PMID: 27924082 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The combination of energy dense diets and reduced energy expenditure in modern society has escalated the prevalence of obesity and obesity-related comorbidities. Among these disease states, type-2 diabetics (T2D) are disproportionately associated with obesity, suggesting a shared etiology. In conjunction with defects in hormonal and inflammatory states, obesity and T2D are also characterized by dysbiosis. METHODS We have recently described the beneficial effects of duodenal nutrient exclusion, as induced by the duodenal endoluminal sleeve (DES); including body weight loss, prevented fat mass accumulation, and improved glucose tolerance in the ZDF rat, a rodent model of obesity and type-2 diabetes (T2D). To assess the relative role of DES on hindgut microbiota in the context of these metabolic changes, we analyzed cecal samples from rats implanted with a duodenal endoluminal sleeve (DES), or a sham control of this procedure. A group of pair-fed (pf) sham controls was also included to account for changes induced by reduced body weight and food intake. RESULTS Analysis of hindgut microbiota following DES in the ZDF rat elucidated discrete changes in several microbial populations including a reduction in Paraprevotella family members of the Clostridiales order along with an increase in Akkermansia muciniphila and species of the Allobaculum and Bifidobacterium genera. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these observations suggest that like Roux-en Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and Metformin, regulation of gut microbiota may be a contributing factor to the therapeutic effects of DES.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kim
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine-Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - C L Holleman
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine-Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - T Ptacek
- Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - C D Morrow
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - K M Habegger
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine-Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Bal M, Ranjit M, Achary KG, Satapathy AK. Maternal Filarial Infection Influences the Development of Regulatory T Cells in Children from Infancy to Early Childhood. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005144. [PMID: 27861499 PMCID: PMC5115651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Children born from filarial infected mothers are comparatively more susceptible to filarial infection than the children born to uninfected mothers. But the mechanism of such increased susceptibility to infection in early childhood is not exactly known. Several studies have shown the association of active filarial infection with T cell hypo-responsiveness which is mediated by regulatory T cells (Tregs). Since the Tregs develop in the thymus from CD4+ CD25hi thymocytes at an early stage of the human fetus, it can be hypothesized that the maternal infection during pregnancy affects the development of Tregs in children at birth as well as early childhood. Hence the present study was designed to test the hypothesis by selecting a cohort of pregnant mothers and children born to them subsequently in a filarial endemic area of Odisha, India. Methodology and Principal finding A total number of 49 pregnant mothers and children born to them subsequently have been followed up (mean duration 4.4 years) in an area where the microfilariae (Mf) rate has come down to <1% after institution of 10 rounds of annual mass drug administration (MDA). The infection status of mother, cord and children were assessed through detection of microfilariae (Mf) and circulating filarial antigen (CFA). Expression of Tregs cells were measured by flow cytometry. The levels of IL-10 were evaluated by using commercially available ELISA kit. A significantly high level of IL-10 and Tregs have been observed in children born to infected mother compared to children of uninfected mother at the time of birth as well as during early childhood. Moreover a positive correlation between Tregs and IL-10 has been observed among the children born to infected mother. Significance From these observations we predict that early priming of the fetal immune system by filarial antigens modulate the development of Tregs, which ultimately scale up the production of IL-10 in neonates and creates a milieu for high rate of acquisition of infection in children born to infected mothers. The mechanism of susceptibility and implication of the results in global elimination programme of filariasis has been discussed. Lymphatic filariasis caused by thread like filarial worms involves asymptomatic to acute and/or disfiguring chronic conditions like lymphoedema, elephantiasis and scrotal swelling. Infection occurs when filarial parasites are transmitted to humans through mosquitoes. Adult worms lodge in the lymphatic system and disrupt the immune system that causes the disease. Nonetheless the infection if present during pregnancy, it affects the immune system of the unborn child in such a way that they become more susceptible to infection. But how the immune system of a fetus is affected by the maternal filarial infection is not known. Since regulatory T cells are responsible for development of hyporesponsiveness, a condition that supports the active filarial infection, and develops in thymus at an early stage of the human fetal development, we hypothesized that maternal filarial infection might be affecting the development of Tregs cell. Because Tregs secret IL-10, a regulatory cytokine, we have also measured its level in children born to infected and uninfected mother and correlate it with Tregs. We have observed a significantly high as well as a positive correlation between Tregs and IL-10 levels in children born to infected mother than the children of uninfected mother at the time of birth as well as early childhood indicating that Tregs and IL-10 contribute to immune modulation during pregnancy. Since ongoing MDA excludes pregnant mothers and children below 2 years of age, hence implementation of supervised therapy at the time of adolescent through MDA may help the programme in achieving the target of global elimination of LF by 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusmita Bal
- Division of Immunology, Regional Medical Research Center (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chandrasekharpur, Odisha, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Manoranjan Ranjit
- Division of Immunology, Regional Medical Research Center (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chandrasekharpur, Odisha, India
| | - K. Gopinath Achary
- Division of Immunology, Regional Medical Research Center (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chandrasekharpur, Odisha, India
| | - Ashok K. Satapathy
- Division of Immunology, Regional Medical Research Center (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chandrasekharpur, Odisha, India
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Bal M, Das MK. Antigenicity of a filarial protease fromSetaria digitatainWuchereria bancroftiinfection. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1999.11813424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Gazzinelli-Guimarães PH, Bonne-Année S, Fujiwara RT, Santiago HC, Nutman TB. Allergic Sensitization Underlies Hyperreactive Antigen-Specific CD4+ T Cell Responses in Coincident Filarial Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2772-9. [PMID: 27566825 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Among the various hypotheses put forward to explain the modulatory influence of helminth infection on allergic effector responses in humans, the IL-10-induced suppression of Th2-associated responses has been the leading candidate. To explore this helminth/allergy interaction more fully, parasite- and allergen-specific CD4(+) T cell responses in 12 subjects with filarial infections, and coincident allergic sensitization (filarial [Fil](+)allergy [A](+)) were compared with the responses to three appropriate control groups (Fil(-)A(-) [n = 13], Fil(-)A(+) [n = 12], Fil(+)A(-) [n = 11]). The most important findings revealed that Fil(+)A(+) had marked (p < 0.0001 for all cytokines) increases in parasite Ag-driven Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13), Th9 (IL-9), and the regulatory (IL-10) cytokines when compared with Fil(+)A(-) Moreover, using multiparameter flow cytometry, filarial parasite Ag induced a marked increase in not only the frequency of CD4(+) T cells producing IL-4, IL-5, IL-2, and TNF-α in Fil(+)A(+) when compared with Fil(+)A(-) patients, but also in the frequencies of polyfunctional Th2-like (CD4(+)IL-4(+)IL-5(+) and CD4(+)IL-2(+)IL-4(+)IL-5(+)TNF-α(+)) cells. The Th2-associated responses seen in the Fil(+)A(+) group were correlated with serum IgE levels (p < 0.01, r = 0.5165 for IL-4; p < 0.001, r = 0.5544 for IL-5; and p < 0.001, r = 0.4901 for IL-13) and levels of circulating eosinophils (p < 0.0116, r = 0.5656) and their degranulation/activation products (major basic protein [p < 0.001, r = 0.7353] and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin [p < 0.01, r = 0.7059]). CD4(+) responses to allergen were not different (to a large extent) among the groups. Taken together, our data suggest that allergic sensitization coincident with filarial infection drives parasite Ag-specific T cell hyperresponsiveness, which is characterized largely by an augmented Th2-dominated immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H Gazzinelli-Guimarães
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Department of Parasitology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; and
| | - Sandra Bonne-Année
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ricardo T Fujiwara
- Department of Parasitology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; and
| | - Helton C Santiago
- Department of Immunology and Biochemistry, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Thomas B Nutman
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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Helminth-Tuberculosis Co-infection: An Immunologic Perspective. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:597-607. [PMID: 27501916 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Over 2 billion people worldwide are infected with helminths (worms). Similarly, infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) occurs in over a third of the world's population, often with a great degree of geographical overlap with helminth infection. Interestingly, the responses induced by the extracellular helminths and those induced by the intracellular Mtb are often mutually antagonistic and, as a consequence, can result in impaired (or cross-regulated) host responses to either of the infecting pathogens. In this review, we outline the nature of the immune responses induced by infections with helminths and tuberculosis (TB) and then provide data from both experimental models and human studies that illustrate how the immune response engendered by helminth parasites modulates Mtb-specific responses in helminth-TB coinfection.
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Méndez-Samperio P. Molecular events by which dendritic cells promote Th2 immune protection in helmith infection. Infect Dis (Lond) 2016; 48:715-20. [PMID: 27348757 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2016.1194529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Helminth parasites are a major cause of global infectious diseases, affecting nearly one quarter of the world's population. The common feature of helminth infections is to skew the immune system towards a T-helper 2 (Th2) response that helps to control disease. Dendritic cells (DCs), which are professional antigen-presenting cells, play a critical role for Th2 skewing against helminth parasites. However, the molecular mechanisms by which helminth antigens activate DCs for Th2 polarization have not yet been clearly defined. This review provides a focused update on the major role of DCs for inducing and/or enhancing Th2 immune responses in helminthic infection and will discuss the main signalling-dependent and independent mechanisms by which helminth antigens activate DCs for Th2 skewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Méndez-Samperio
- a Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, IPN , Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala , CDMéxico , México
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Zhou G, Stevenson MM, Geary TG, Xia J. Comprehensive Transcriptome Meta-analysis to Characterize Host Immune Responses in Helminth Infections. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004624. [PMID: 27058578 PMCID: PMC4826001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminth infections affect more than a third of the world’s population. Despite very broad phylogenetic differences among helminth parasite species, a systemic Th2 host immune response is typically associated with long-term helminth infections, also known as the “helminth effect”. Many investigations have been carried out to study host gene expression profiles during helminth infections. The objective of this study is to determine if there is a common transcriptomic signature characteristic of the helminth effect across multiple helminth species and tissue types. To this end, we performed a comprehensive meta-analysis of publicly available gene expression datasets. After data processing and adjusting for study-specific effects, we identified ~700 differentially expressed genes that are changed consistently during helminth infections. Functional enrichment analyses indicate that upregulated genes are predominantly involved in various immune functions, including immunomodulation, immune signaling, inflammation, pathogen recognition and antigen presentation. Down-regulated genes are mainly involved in metabolic process, with only a few of them are involved in immune regulation. This common immune gene signature confirms previous observations and indicates that the helminth effect is robust across different parasite species as well as host tissue types. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first comprehensive meta-analysis of host transcriptome profiles during helminth infections. Many studies have been conducted to understand the immune modulatory effects in helminth infections. To determine whether there is a common transcriptomic signature characteristic of the helminth effect, we performed a comprehensive meta-analysis of publicly available gene expression datasets. The results revealed a distinct pattern of gene expression that is consistent across multiple helminth species and host tissue types, with upregulated genes dominated by those involved in immune regulation, Th2 immunity and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyan Zhou
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
- Centre for Host-Parasite Interactions, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mary M. Stevenson
- Centre for Host-Parasite Interactions, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Timothy G. Geary
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
- Centre for Host-Parasite Interactions, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jianguo Xia
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
- Centre for Host-Parasite Interactions, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Nutman TB. Looking beyond the induction of Th2 responses to explain immunomodulation by helminths. Parasite Immunol 2015; 37:304-13. [PMID: 25869527 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although helminth infections are characteristically associated with Th2-mediated responses that include the production of the prototypical cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 by CD4(+) cells, the production of IgE, peripheral blood eosinophilia and mucus production in localized sites, these responses are largely attenuated when helminth infections become less acute. This modulation of the immune response that occurs with chronic helminth infection is often induced by molecules secreted by helminth parasites, by non-Th2 regulatory CD4(+) cells, and by nonclassical B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. This review will focus on those parasite- and host-mediated mechanisms underlying the modulated T-cell response that occurs as the default in chronic helminth infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Nutman
- Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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36
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Johnston CJC, Smyth DJ, Dresser DW, Maizels RM. TGF-β in tolerance, development and regulation of immunity. Cell Immunol 2015; 299:14-22. [PMID: 26617281 PMCID: PMC4711336 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The broader superfamily of TGF-β-like proteins is reviewed, and signaling pathways summarised. The role of TGF-β in the immune tolerance and control of infectious disease is discussed. The superfamily member AMH is involved in embryonic sexual differentiation. Helminth parasites appear to exploit the TGF-β pathway to suppress host immunity. TGF-β homologues and mimics from parasites offer a new route for therapeutic tolerance induction.
The TGF-β superfamily is an ancient metazoan protein class which cuts across cell and tissue differentiation, developmental biology and immunology. Its many members are regulated at multiple levels from intricate control of gene transcription, post-translational processing and activation, and signaling through overlapping receptor structures and downstream intracellular messengers. We have been interested in TGF-β homologues firstly as key players in the induction of immunological tolerance, the topic so closely associated with Ray Owen. Secondly, our interests in how parasites may manipulate the immune system of their host has also brought us to study the TGF-β pathway in infections with longlived, essentially tolerogenic, helminth parasites. Finally, within the spectrum of mammalian TGF-β proteins is an exquisitely tightly-regulated gene, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), whose role in sex determination underpins the phenotype of freemartin calves that formed the focus of Ray’s seminal work on immunological tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J C Johnston
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Danielle J Smyth
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - David W Dresser
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, UK.
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Ramanathan A, Immanuel C, Rao DN, Kaliraj P. Dissecting the Immune Response Elicited by WbALT-2, ALT MAP in Clinical Populations and Mouse Model: A Prophylactic Measure Against Lymphatic Filariasis. Lymphat Res Biol 2015; 13:120-5. [DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2014.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Neither primary nor memory immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is compromised in mice with chronic enteric helminth infection. Infect Immun 2015; 83:1217-23. [PMID: 25605766 DOI: 10.1128/iai.03004-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we had reported that Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, a helminth with a lung migratory phase, affected host resistance against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection through the induction of alternatively activated (M2) macrophages. Several helminth species do not have an obligatory lung migratory phase but establish chronic infections in the host that include potent immune downregulatory effects, in part mediated through induction of a FoxP3(+) T regulatory cell (Treg) response. Treg cells exhibit duality in their functions in host defense against M. tuberculosis infection since their depletion leads to enhanced priming of T cells in the lymph nodes and attendant improved control of M. tuberculosis infection, while their presence in the lung granuloma protects against excessive inflammation. Heligmosomoides polygyrus is a strictly murine enteric nematode that induces a strong FoxP3 Treg response in the host. Therefore, in this study we investigated whether host immunity to M. tuberculosis infection would be modulated in mice with chronic H. polygyrus infection. We report that neither primary nor memory immunity conferred by Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination was affected in mice with chronic enteric helminth infection, despite a systemic increase in FoxP3(+) T regulatory cells. The findings indicate that anti-M. tuberculosis immunity is not similarly affected by all helminth species and highlight the need to consider this inequality in human coinfection studies.
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O'Regan NL, Steinfelder S, Schwedler C, Rao GB, Srikantam A, Blanchard V, Hartmann S. Filariasis asymptomatically infected donors have lower levels of disialylated IgG compared to endemic normals. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:713-20. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. L. O'Regan
- Institute of Immunology; Center for Infection Medicine; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - S. Steinfelder
- Institute of Immunology; Center for Infection Medicine; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - C. Schwedler
- Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry; Institute of Laboratory Medicine; Charité Medical University; Berlin Germany
| | - G. B. Rao
- Blue Peter Public Health and Research Centre-LEPRA Society; Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh India
| | - A. Srikantam
- Blue Peter Public Health and Research Centre-LEPRA Society; Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh India
| | - V. Blanchard
- Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry; Institute of Laboratory Medicine; Charité Medical University; Berlin Germany
| | - S. Hartmann
- Institute of Immunology; Center for Infection Medicine; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
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Babu S, Nutman TB. Immunology of lymphatic filariasis. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:338-46. [PMID: 24134686 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The immune responses to filarial parasites encompass a complex network of innate and adaptive cells whose interaction with the parasite underlies a spectrum of clinical manifestations. The predominant immunological feature of lymphatic filariasis is an antigen-specific Th2 response and an expansion of IL-10 producing CD4(+) T cells that is accompanied by a muted Th1 response. This antigen-specific T-cell hyporesponsiveness appears to be crucial for the maintenance of the sustained, long-standing infection often with high parasite densities. While the correlates of protective immunity to lymphatic filariasis are still incompletely understood, primarily due to the lack of suitable animal models to study susceptibility, it is clear that T cells and to a certain extent B cells are required for protective immunity. Host immune responses, especially CD4(+) T-cell responses clearly play a role in mediating pathological manifestations of LF, including lymphedema, hydrocele and elephantiasis. The main underlying defect in the development of clinical pathology appears to be a failure to induce T-cell hyporesponsiveness in the face of antigenic stimulation. Finally, another intriguing feature of filarial infections is their propensity to induce bystander effects on a variety of immune responses, including responses to vaccinations, allergens and to other infectious agents. The complexity of the immune response to filarial infection therefore provides an important gateway to understanding the regulation of immune responses to chronic infections, in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Babu
- NIAID-NIRT-ICER, Chennai, India
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O'Regan NL, Steinfelder S, Venugopal G, Rao GB, Lucius R, Srikantam A, Hartmann S. Brugia malayi microfilariae induce a regulatory monocyte/macrophage phenotype that suppresses innate and adaptive immune responses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3206. [PMID: 25275395 PMCID: PMC4183501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monocytes and macrophages contribute to the dysfunction of immune responses in human filariasis. During patent infection monocytes encounter microfilariae in the blood, an event that occurs in asymptomatically infected filariasis patients that are immunologically hyporeactive. AIM To determine whether blood microfilariae directly act on blood monocytes and in vitro generated macrophages to induce a regulatory phenotype that interferes with innate and adaptive responses. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Monocytes and in vitro generated macrophages from filaria non-endemic normal donors were stimulated in vitro with Brugia malayi microfilarial (Mf) lysate. We could show that monocytes stimulated with Mf lysate develop a defined regulatory phenotype, characterised by expression of the immunoregulatory markers IL-10 and PD-L1. Significantly, this regulatory phenotype was recapitulated in monocytes from Wuchereria bancrofti asymptomatically infected patients but not patients with pathology or endemic normals. Monocytes from non-endemic donors stimulated with Mf lysate directly inhibited CD4+ T cell proliferation and cytokine production (IFN-γ, IL-13 and IL-10). IFN-γ responses were restored by neutralising IL-10 or PD-1. Furthermore, macrophages stimulated with Mf lysate expressed high levels of IL-10 and had suppressed phagocytic abilities. Finally Mf lysate applied during the differentiation of macrophages in vitro interfered with macrophage abilities to respond to subsequent LPS stimulation in a selective manner. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE Conclusively, our study demonstrates that Mf lysate stimulation of monocytes from healthy donors in vitro induces a regulatory phenotype, characterized by expression of PD-L1 and IL-10. This phenotype is directly reflected in monocytes from filarial patients with asymptomatic infection but not patients with pathology or endemic normals. We suggest that suppression of T cell functions typically seen in lymphatic filariasis is caused by microfilaria-modulated monocytes in an IL-10-dependent manner. Together with suppression of macrophage innate responses, this may contribute to the overall down-regulation of immune responses observed in asymptomatically infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noëlle Louise O'Regan
- Freie Universität Berlin, Center for Infection Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Svenja Steinfelder
- Freie Universität Berlin, Center for Infection Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gopinath Venugopal
- Freie Universität Berlin, Center for Infection Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gopala B. Rao
- Blue Peter Public Health and Research Centre-LEPRA Society, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Richard Lucius
- Humboldt Universität Berlin, Department of Biology, Molecular Parasitology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aparna Srikantam
- Blue Peter Public Health and Research Centre-LEPRA Society, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Freie Universität Berlin, Center for Infection Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Interleukin-10- and transforming growth factor β-independent regulation of CD8⁺ T cells expressing type 1 and type 2 cytokines in human lymphatic filariasis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:1620-7. [PMID: 25253667 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00598-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis is known to be associated with diminished CD4⁺ Th1 and elevated CD4⁺ Th2 responses to parasite-specific antigens. The roles of cytokine-expressing CD8⁺ T cells in immune responses to filarial infections are not well defined. To study the roles of CD8⁺ T cells expressing type 1, type 2, and type 17 cytokines in filarial infections, we examined the frequencies of these cells in clinically asymptomatic, patently infected (INF) individuals, directly ex vivo and in response to parasite or nonparasite antigens; these frequencies were compared with the results for individuals with filarial lymphedema (i.e., clinical pathology [CP]) and those without active infection or pathology (i.e., endemic normal [EN]). INF individuals exhibited significant decreases in the frequencies of CD8⁺ T cells expressing tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and interleukin-22 (IL-22) at baseline and/or in response to filarial antigens, compared with CP and EN individuals. In contrast, the same individuals exhibited significant increases in the frequencies of CD8⁺ T cells expressing IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, and IL-21, compared with CP and/or EN individuals. Curative treatment resulted in significantly increased frequencies of CD8⁺ T cells expressing IL-2 and significantly decreased frequencies of CD8⁺ T cells expressing type 2 cytokines. Finally, the regulation of these responses appears to be independent of IL-10 and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), since blockade of IL-10 or TGF-β signaling did not significantly alter the frequencies of type 1 or type 2 cytokine-expressing CD8⁺ T cells. Our findings suggest that alterations in the frequencies of cytokine-expressing CD8⁺ T cells are characteristic features of lymphatic filarial infections.
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Aparnaa R, Mahalakshmi N, Harini A, Jeyaprita PJ, Anugraha G, Amdare NP, Khatri VK, Reddy MVR, Kaliraj P. Wuchereria bancrofti 20/22 a homologue of abundant larval transcript L3 stage filarial antigen: molecular and immunological characterization. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:475-84. [PMID: 24888320 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The chromadorea abundant larval transcript (ALT) family of proteins contains ALT one of the most studied putative vaccine candidate in experimental filariasis. This study reports the characterization of Wuchereria bancrofti 20/22 (Wb20/22) as a member of chromadorea, the ALT family of proteins from the L3 stage of W. bancrofti. The high reactivity with serum from the endemic normal (EN) population suggests that Wb20/22 could be a target of elicit protective immunity. The glutamic acid-rich region of Wb20/22 was predicted to harbour the longest linear B-cell epitope by insilico prediction tools. The significance of this region was revealed by studying the mutant form of Wb20/22, without acidic domain (WOAD) which was cloned, and the immune response was compared with Wb20/22. The signal sequence of Wb20/22 was also an immunodominant region, and mutant construct without signal sequence (WOSS) was cloned and characterized. The peak antibody titre elicited by WOAD was higher than Wb20/22 or WOSS, which pointed to the immunomodulatory role of glutamic acid-rich region. Wb20/22 elicited very high levels of IL-10 and diminished levels of IL-4 and IL-5 which could be the reason for low antibody titre. The prophylactic efficacy of WOAD conferred protection (62·26%) which was higher than Wb20/22 (49·82%) and WOSS (54·78%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanathan Aparnaa
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Guindy, Chennai, 600025, Tamilnadu, India
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Das Mohapatra A, Panda SK, Pradhan AK, Prusty BK, Satapathy AK, Ravindran B. Filarial antigens mediate apoptosis of human monocytes through Toll-like receptor 4. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:1133-44. [PMID: 24737802 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis of several host cells induced by parasites/parasite products has been investigated in human filariasis to understand immune hyporesponsiveness. However, apoptosis of monocytes-one of the major antigen presenting cells in peripheral circulation, which are chronically exposed to filarial antigens in infected subjects-is yet to be understood. METHODS Apoptosis of human monocytes with Brugia pahangi antigen (BpA) was demonstrated by scoring several apoptotic markers using flow cytometry. Ability of BpA and plasma of infected subjects to suppress lymphocyte proliferation was demonstrated by (3)H thymidine incorporation assay and carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester dilution assay. RESULTS BpA induced significant apoptosis of normal human monocytes, primarily through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and suppressed phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-mediated proliferation of normal human T lymphocytes. However, monocytes of Wuchereria bancrofti-infected subjects were resistant to BpA-induced apoptosis. Plasma of infected subjects also mediated apoptosis of normal monocytes, presumably due to circulating filarial antigens, and resulted in inhibition of PHA-induced proliferation. CONCLUSION Normal human monocytes were found to be qualitatively different from those of filariasis-infected subjects; whereas filarial antigens mediate apoptosis of normal human monocytes through TLR4, those of infected subjects were found to be resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ashok Kumar Satapathy
- Department of Immunology, Regional Medical Research Center, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, India
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Xie SY, Yuan M, Ji MJ, Hu F, Li ZJ, Liu YM, Zeng XJ, Chen HG, Wu HW, Lin DD. Immune responses result in misdiagnosis of Schistosoma japonicum by immunodiagnosis kits in egg-positive patients living in a low schistosomiasis transmission area of China. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:95. [PMID: 24598061 PMCID: PMC3973003 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent field surveys, we failed to detect the presence of specific antibody against Schistosoma japonicum in some egg-positive patients by commonly used immunodiagnostic kits. To find out whether low levels of specific antibody truly exist among egg-positive individuals and elucidate the underlying immune mechanisms, we carried out a cross-sectional epidemiologic study in a S. japonicum low transmission endemic area of Poyang Lake region, China and compared the humoral and cellular immune characteristics between S. japonicum high and low antibody responders. METHODS Kato-Katz thick smear assay was used to determine the schistosomiasis status of 3,384 participants residing in two Poyang Lake region villages, Jiangxi, China. Among the 142 stool egg-positive participants, we identified low and high S. japonicum antibody responders with soluble egg antigen (SEA) and adult worm antigen (AWA) specific IgG levels by adopting ROC curve analysis. To compare the humoral and cellular immune responses between high and low S. japonicum antibody responders, serum specific antibody levels as well as the percentage of T lymphocyte subpopulation in PMBC, and cell stimulated cytokines (IFN- gamma and interlukin-10) were detected. RESULTS Eight S. japonicum egg-positive participants were defined as low antibody responders. Although the percentage of CD3⁺T cells in low responders was slightly higher and the percentage of CD4⁺ T cells, CD8⁺ T cells, the ratio of CD4⁺/CD8⁺ and CD4⁺ CD25⁺ Treg cells were lower than those in high responders, the differences between the two groups were not significant (P > 0.05). AWA -stimulated interlukin-10 level was significantly higher in high responders, while other cytokines did not show differences between two groups. For antibody profiles, except AWA specific IgA, significant differences of each antibody isotype between low and high responders were detected (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our study confirmed that there are S. japonicum antibody low responders among schistosome egg-positive residents in S. japonicum low-transmission areas in China. Thus, mis-diagnosis using immune-diagnosis kits do exist. Significant differences of responding antibody levels between low and high responders were detected, while no major cellular response changes were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ying Xie
- Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330046, China
| | - Min Yuan
- Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330046, China
| | - Min-Jun Ji
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Fei Hu
- Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330046, China
| | - Zhao-Jun Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330046, China
| | - Yue-Min Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330046, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Zeng
- Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330046, China
| | - Hong-Gen Chen
- Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330046, China
| | - Hai-Wei Wu
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Dan-Dan Lin
- Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330046, China
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Favoretto BC, Silva SR, Jacysyn JF, Câmara NO, Faquim-Mauro EL. TLR2- and 4-independent immunomodulatory effect of high molecular weight components from Ascaris suum. Mol Immunol 2014; 58:17-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Anuradha R, George PJ, Hanna LE, Chandrasekaran V, Kumaran PP, Nutman TB, Babu S. Parasite-antigen driven expansion of IL-5(-) and IL-5(+) Th2 human subpopulations in lymphatic filariasis and their differential dependence on IL-10 and TGFβ. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2658. [PMID: 24498448 PMCID: PMC3907332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two different Th2 subsets have been defined recently on the basis of IL-5 expression - an IL-5(+)Th2 subset and an IL-5(-)Th2 subset in the setting of allergy. However, the role of these newly described CD4(+) T cells subpopulations has not been explored in other contexts. METHODS To study the role of the Th2 subpopulation in a chronic, tissue invasive parasitic infection (lymphatic filariasis), we examined the frequency of IL-5(+)IL-4(+)IL-13(+) CD4(+) T cells and IL-5(-)IL-4 IL-13(+) CD4(+) T cells in asymptomatic, infected individuals (INF) and compared them to frequencies (Fo) in filarial-uninfected (UN) individuals and to those with filarial lymphedema (CP). RESULTS INF individuals exhibited a significant increase in the spontaneously expressed and antigen-induced Fo of both Th2 subpopulations compared to the UN and CP. Interestingly, there was a positive correlation between the Fo of IL-5(+)Th2 cells and the absolute eosinophil and neutrophil counts; in addition there was a positive correlation between the frequency of the CD4(+)IL-5(-)Th2 subpopulation and the levels of parasite antigen - specific IgE and IgG4 in INF individuals. Moreover, blockade of IL-10 and/or TGFβ demonstrated that each of these 2 regulatory cytokines exert opposite effects on the different Th2 subsets. Finally, in those INF individuals cured of infection by anti-filarial therapy, there was a significantly decreased Fo of both Th2 subsets. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that both IL-5(+) and IL-5(-)Th2 cells play an important role in the regulation of immune responses in filarial infection and that these two Th2 subpopulations may be regulated by different cytokine-receptor mediated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajamanickam Anuradha
- National Institutes of Health—International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | - Parakkal Jovvian George
- National Institutes of Health—International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | - Luke E. Hanna
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - P. Paul Kumaran
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Thomas B. Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Subash Babu
- National Institutes of Health—International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Metenou S, Nutman TB. Regulatory T cell subsets in filarial infection and their function. Front Immunol 2013; 4:305. [PMID: 24137161 PMCID: PMC3786323 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Filarial infections in humans are chronic infections that cause significant morbidity. The chronic nature of these infections with continuous antigen release is associated with a parasite-specific T cell hypo-responsiveness that may over time also affect the immune responses to bystander antigens. Previous studies have shown the filarial parasite antigen-specific T cells hypo-responsiveness is mediated by regulatory cytokines – IL-10 and TGF-β in particular. Recent studies have suggested that the modulated/regulated T cell responses associated with patent filarial infection may reflect an expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) that include both Tregs induced in peripheral circulation or pTregs and the thymus-derived Tregs or tTregs. Although much is known about the phenotype of these regulatory populations, the mechanisms underlying their expansion and their mode of action in filarial and other infections remain unclear. Nevertheless there are data to suggest that while many of these regulatory cells are activated in an antigen-specific manner the ensuing effectors of this activation are relatively non-specific and may affect a broad range of immune cells. This review will focus on the subsets and function of regulatory T cells in filarial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Metenou
- Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
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Abstract
Although two thirds of the 120 million people infected with lymph-dwelling filarial parasites have subclinical infections, ∼40 million have lymphedema and/or other pathologic manifestations including hydroceles (and other forms of urogenital disease), episodic adenolymphangitis, lymphedema, and (in its most severe form) elephantiasis. Adult filarial worms reside in the lymphatics and lymph nodes and induce lymphatic dilatation. Progressive lymphatic damage and pathology results primarily from the host inflammatory response to the parasites but also perhaps from the host inflammatory response to the parasite's Wolbachia endosymbiont and as a consequence of superimposed bacterial or fungal infections. This review will attempt to shed light on disease pathogenesis in lymphatic filariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , Bethesda, Maryland
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van der Werf N, Redpath SA, Azuma M, Yagita H, Taylor MD. Th2 cell-intrinsic hypo-responsiveness determines susceptibility to helminth infection. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003215. [PMID: 23516361 PMCID: PMC3597521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The suppression of protective Type 2 immunity is a principal factor driving the chronicity of helminth infections, and has been attributed to a range of Th2 cell-extrinsic immune-regulators. However, the intrinsic fate of parasite-specific Th2 cells within a chronic immune down-regulatory environment, and the resultant impact such fate changes may have on host resistance is unknown. We used IL-4gfp reporter mice to demonstrate that during chronic helminth infection with the filarial nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis, CD4+ Th2 cells are conditioned towards an intrinsically hypo-responsive phenotype, characterised by a loss of functional ability to proliferate and produce the cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-2. Th2 cell hypo-responsiveness was a key element determining susceptibility to L. sigmodontis infection, and could be reversed in vivo by blockade of PD-1 resulting in long-term recovery of Th2 cell functional quality and enhanced resistance. Contrasting with T cell dysfunction in Type 1 settings, the control of Th2 cell hypo-responsiveness by PD-1 was mediated through PD-L2, and not PD-L1. Thus, intrinsic changes in Th2 cell quality leading to a functionally hypo-responsive phenotype play a key role in determining susceptibility to filarial infection, and the therapeutic manipulation of Th2 cell-intrinsic quality provides a potential avenue for promoting resistance to helminths. Helminth parasites mount chronic infections in over 1 billion people worldwide, of which filarial nematode infections account for 120 million. A major barrier to the development of protective Th2 immunity lies in the dominant down-regulatory immune responses invoked during infection. Although this immune suppression is linked with a range of Th2 cell-extrinsic immune regulators, the fate of CD4+ Th2 cells during chronic infection, and the role of Th2 cell-intrinsic regulation in defining protective immunity to infection is largely unknown. In this study, we use a murine model of filarial nematode infection to show that as infection progresses the Th2 effector cells responsible for killing helminths become functionally hypo-responsive, developing a phenotype similar to adaptive tolerance or exhaustion, and their ability to clear infection becomes impaired. We further demonstrate that we can therapeutically manipulate the intrinsic functional quality of hypo-responsive Th2 cells via the PD-1/PD-L2 co-inhibitory pathway to reawaken them and enhance resistance to infection. Thus, our data provide the first demonstration that Th2 cell-intrinsic hypo-responsiveness plays a key role in determining susceptibility to helminth infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke van der Werf
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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