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Chen R, Morris BJ, Donlon TA, Masaki KH, Willcox DC, Davy PMC, Allsopp RC, Willcox BJ. FOXO3 longevity genotype mitigates the increased mortality risk in men with a cardiometabolic disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:23509-23524. [PMID: 33260156 PMCID: PMC7762472 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
FOXO3 is a prominent longevity gene. To date, no-one has examined whether longevity-associated FOXO3 genetic variants protect against mortality in all individuals, or only in those with aging-related diseases. We therefore tested longevity-associated FOXO3 single nucleotide polymorphisms in a haplotype block for association with mortality in 3,584 elderly American men of Japanese ancestry, 2,512 with and 1,072 without a cardiometabolic disease (CMD). At baseline (1991–1993), 1,010 CMD subjects had diabetes, 1,919 had hypertension, and 738 had coronary heart disease (CHD). Follow-up until Dec 31, 2019 found that in CMD-affected individuals, longevity-associated alleles of FOXO3 were associated with significantly longer lifespan: haplotype hazard ratio 0.81 (95% CI 0.72-0.91; diabetes 0.77, hypertension 0.82, CHD 0.83). Overall, men with a CMD had higher mortality than men without a CMD (P=6x10-7). However, those men with a CMD who had the FOXO3 longevity genotype had similar survival as men without a CMD. In men without a CMD there was no association of longevity-associated alleles of FOXO3 with lifespan. Our study provides novel insights into the basis for the long-established role of FOXO3 as a longevity gene. We suggest that the FOXO3 longevity genotype increases lifespan only in at-risk individuals by protection against cardiometabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi Chen
- Department of Research, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, HI 96817, USA
| | - Brian J Morris
- Department of Research, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, HI 96817, USA.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.,School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Timothy A Donlon
- Department of Research, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, HI 96817, USA.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.,Institute for Biogenesis Research, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Kamal H Masaki
- Department of Research, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, HI 96817, USA.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - D Craig Willcox
- Department of Research, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, HI 96817, USA.,Department of Pathology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Philip M C Davy
- Department of Research, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, HI 96817, USA.,Department of Human Welfare, Okinawa International University, Ginowan, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Richard C Allsopp
- Department of Human Welfare, Okinawa International University, Ginowan, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Bradley J Willcox
- Department of Research, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, HI 96817, USA.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
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Morris BJ, Willcox BJ, Donlon TA. Genetic and epigenetic regulation of human aging and longevity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1718-1744. [PMID: 31109447 PMCID: PMC7295568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Here we summarize the latest data on genetic and epigenetic contributions to human aging and longevity. Whereas environmental and lifestyle factors are important at younger ages, the contribution of genetics appears more important in reaching extreme old age. Genome-wide studies have implicated ~57 gene loci in lifespan. Epigenomic changes during aging profoundly affect cellular function and stress resistance. Dysregulation of transcriptional and chromatin networks is likely a crucial component of aging. Large-scale bioinformatic analyses have revealed involvement of numerous interaction networks. As the young well-differentiated cell replicates into eventual senescence there is drift in the highly regulated chromatin marks towards an entropic middle-ground between repressed and active, such that genes that were previously inactive "leak". There is a breakdown in chromatin connectivity such that topologically associated domains and their insulators weaken, and well-defined blocks of constitutive heterochromatin give way to generalized, senescence-associated heterochromatin, foci. Together, these phenomena contribute to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Morris
- Basic & Clinical Genomics Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Honolulu Heart Program (HHP)/Honolulu-Asia Aging Study (HAAS), Department of Research, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, HI 96817, United States; Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Kuakini Medical Center Campus, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States.
| | - Bradley J Willcox
- Honolulu Heart Program (HHP)/Honolulu-Asia Aging Study (HAAS), Department of Research, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, HI 96817, United States; Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Kuakini Medical Center Campus, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States.
| | - Timothy A Donlon
- Honolulu Heart Program (HHP)/Honolulu-Asia Aging Study (HAAS), Department of Research, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, HI 96817, United States; Departments of Cell & Molecular Biology and Pathology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Morris
- From the Basic & Clinical Genomics Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Raz N, Daugherty AM, Sethi SK, Arshad M, Haacke EM. Age differences in arterial and venous extra-cerebral blood flow in healthy adults: contributions of vascular risk factors and genetic variants. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:2641-2653. [PMID: 28120105 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1362-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sufficient cerebral blood flow (CBF) and venous drainage are critical for normal brain function, and their alterations can affect brain aging. However, to date, most studies focused on arterial CBF (inflow) with little attention paid to the age differences in venous outflow. We measured extra-cerebral arterial and venous blood flow rates with phase-contrast MRI and assessed the influence of vascular risk factors and genetic polymorphisms (ACE insertion/deletion, COMT val158met, and APOEε4) in 73 adults (age 18-74 years). Advanced age, elevated vascular risk, ACE Deletion, and COMT met alleles were linked to lower in- and outflow, with no effects of APOE ε4 noted. Lower age-related CBF rate was unrelated to brain volume and was observed only in val homozygotes of COMTval158met. Thus, in a disease-free population, age differences in CBF may be notable only in persons with high vascular risk and carriers of genetic variants associated with vasoconstriction and lower dopamine availability. It remains to be established if treatments targeting alleviation of the mutable factors can improve the course of cerebrovascular aging in spite of the immutable genetic influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naftali Raz
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, 87 E Ferry St. 226 Knapp Bldg., Detroit, MI, 48202, USA. .,Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, 5057 Woodward Ave., Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
| | - Ana M Daugherty
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, 87 E Ferry St. 226 Knapp Bldg., Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 405 N Matthews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Sean K Sethi
- The MRI Institute of Biomedical Research, 440 E Ferry St., Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Muzamil Arshad
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, 87 E Ferry St. 226 Knapp Bldg., Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Wayne State University, 3990 John R, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - E Mark Haacke
- The MRI Institute of Biomedical Research, 440 E Ferry St., Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.,Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, 3990 John R, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
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Abstract
The liver constitutes a key organ in systemic metabolism, contributing substantially to the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The mechanisms underlying these processes are not entirely understood, but involve hepatic fat accumulation, alterations of energy metabolism and inflammatory signals derived from various cell types including immune cells. Lipotoxins, mitochondrial function, cytokines and adipocytokines have been proposed to play a major part in both NAFLD and T2DM. Patients with NAFLD are commonly insulin resistant. On the other hand, a large number of patients with T2DM develop NAFLD with its inflammatory complication, NASH. The high incidence of NASH in patients with T2DM leads to further complications, such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, which are increasingly recognized. Therapeutic concepts such as thiazolidinediones (glitazones) for treating T2DM also show some efficacy in the treatment of NASH. This Review will describe the multifaceted and complex interactions between the liver and T2DM.
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Morris BJ. Renin, genes, microRNAs, and renal mechanisms involved in hypertension. Hypertension 2015; 65:956-62. [PMID: 25601934 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.04366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Morris
- From the Basic & Clinical Genomics Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Gender specific association of RAS gene polymorphism with essential hypertension: a case-control study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:538053. [PMID: 24860821 PMCID: PMC4016835 DOI: 10.1155/2014/538053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) polymorphisms have been studied as candidate risk factors for hypertension with inconsistent results, possibly due to heterogeneity among various genetic and environmental factors. A case-control association study was conducted to investigate a possible involvement of polymorphisms of three RAS genes: AGT M235T (rs699), ACE I/D (rs4340) and G2350A (rs4343), and AGTR1 A1166C (rs5186) in essential hypertensive patients. A total of 211 cases and 211 controls were recruited for this study. Genotyping was performed using PCR-RFLP method. The genotype and allele distribution of the M235T variant differed significantly in hypertensives and normotensives (OR-CI = 2.62 (1.24–5.76), P = 0.006; OR-CI = 0.699 (0.518–0.943), P = 0.018), respectively. When the samples were segregated based on sex, the 235TT genotype and T allele were predominant in the female patients (OR-CI = 5.68 (1.60-25.10), P = 0.002; OR-CI = 0.522 (0.330–0.826), P = 0.005) as compare to the male patients (OR-CI = 1.54 (1.24–5.76), P = 0.34; OR-CI = 0.874 (0.330–0.826), P = 0.506), respectively. For ACE DD variant, we found overrepresentation of “I”-allele (homozygous II and heterozygous ID) in unaffected males which suggest its protective role in studied population (OR-CI = 0.401 (0.224–0.718); P = 0.0009). The M235T variant of the AGT is significantly associated with female hypertensives and ACE DD variant could be a risk allele for essential hypertension in south India.
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ACE2 gene polymorphism and essential hypertension: an updated meta-analysis involving 11,051 subjects. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:6581-9. [PMID: 22297693 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1487-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The polymorphisms of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) gene have been suggested to be linked to increase risk of essential hypertension in multiple populations. However, the results are still debatable. To assess the association between ACE2 G8970A genetic polymorphism and essential hypertension, we conducted a meta-analysis of case-control studies across different ethnicity. PubMed, Embase, CBM, Wanfang and VIP databases were searched, and a total of 11 separate studies in females and nine separate studies in males met the inclusion criteria. Because ACE2 is on the X chromosome, data for each sex were analyzed separately. The selected studies contained 7,251 (4,472 females/2,779 males) hypertensive patients and 3,800 (2,161 females/1,639 males) normotensive controls. A statistically significant association was observed between the G8970A gene polymorphism and essential hypertension risk in female hypertensive group in the recessive genetic model (AA vs. GG+GA: P = 0.03, OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.02-1.30, P(heterogeneity) = 0.40, I(2) = 5%, fixed-effects model). Although no association was shown between the frequency of the A allele and the genetic susceptibility to essential hypertension in all male patients (A Allele: P = 0.38, OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 0.89-1.38, P(heterogeneity) = 0.02, I(2) = 56%, random-effects model), we found that the relationship between carrier of A allele and the essential hypertension risk in Han-Chinese male patients subgroup (A Allele: P = 0.006, OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.06–1.38, P(heterogeneity) = 0.10, I(2) = 44%, fixed-effects model). The current meta-analysis provided solid evidence suggesting that ACE2 gene polymorphism G8790A was probably a genetic risk factor for essential hypertension across different ethnic populations in female subjects and in Han-Chinese male subjects.
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme single nucleotide polymorphism is a genetic risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a cohort study of hypertensive patients. Hypertens Res 2011; 34:728-34. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2011.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Morris
- From the Basic & Clinical Genomics Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Morris BJ. HYPOTHESIS: AN ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME/GENOTYPE, PRESENT IN ONE IN THREE CAUCASIANS, IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED MORTALITY RATE. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1996.tb03054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Association of angiotensin converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism with lung cancer in Turkey. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 198:22-6. [PMID: 20303010 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2009.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) plays an important role in the physiological control of blood pressure and inflammation. We investigated an insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the gene for ACE in relation to cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, neurodegenerative, and inflammatory diseases. The purpose of the present study was to investigate a possible association between lung cancer and insertion/deletion polymorphism of the ACE gene. A total of 125 patients with lung cancer and 165 control subjects were enrolled in the present study. ACE I/D genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction. Allelic frequencies and genotype distribution of the ACE I/D polymorphism in the patient group were significantly different from control subjects (ACE II genotype 29.6 vs. 17.6%, P = 0.011; ACE I allele 49.6 vs. 39.4%, P =0.009). Our data suggest that the ACE I/D polymorphism could be a risk factor for patients with lung cancer.
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Effects of age, genes, and pulse pressure on executive functions in healthy adults. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 32:1124-37. [PMID: 19559505 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Executive functions (EF) evidence significant age-related declines, but the mechanisms underpinning those changes are unclear. In this study, we focus on two potential sources of variation: a physiological indicator of vascular health, and genetic variants related to vascular functions. In a sample of healthy adults (n=158, ages 18-81), we examine the effects of age, pulse pressure, and two polymorphisms (comt val158met and ace insertion/deletion) on working memory and cognitive flexibility. Results indicate that in addition to often-replicated age differences, the alleles of two polymorphisms that promote vasoconstriction (comt val and ace D) and reduced availability of dopamine in neocortical synapses (comt val), negatively impact virtually all aspects of EF tasks that involve working memory. In some cases, suppression of cognitive performance is limited to men or necessitates a combination of both risk-associated alleles. After accounting for genetic and age-related variation, pulse pressure had no additional effect on EF. These findings suggest that in healthy adults, the effects of genetic risk factors significantly modulate the course of cognitive aging.
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Rudnicki M, Mayer G. Significance of genetic polymorphisms of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system in cardiovascular and renal disease. Pharmacogenomics 2009; 10:463-76. [DOI: 10.2217/14622416.10.3.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is a component of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS). The RAAS – involved primarily in blood pressure and sodium homeostasis – is activated in many renal and cardiovascular diseases, and therapy with ACE inhibitors and other blockers of the RAAS has proven to be clinically beneficial. Plasma and tissue levels of ACE are at least partially determined by a genetic polymorphism based on the presence (insertion [I]) or absence (deletion [D]) of a 287 base pair element in intron 16. In particular Asian subjects with the DD genotype (and increased ACE activity) have been reported to be at higher risk for cardiovascular disorders and nephropathy. Numerous studies evaluated the role of the ACE I/D polymorphism as well as other genetic variants of the RAAS in the context of RAAS inhibitor therapy. However, as race and environmental factors, such as salt intake also affect treatment response most studies were underpowered leading to conflicting results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rudnicki
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gert Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Association of renin-angiotensin and endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms with blood pressure progression and incident hypertension: prospective cohort study. J Hypertens 2008; 26:1780-6. [PMID: 18698212 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e3283077eef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The renin-angiotensin system and endothelial function have both been associated with hypertension. The aim of the present study was to assess the relationship of six previously characterized gene variants in the renin-angiotensin system and the NOS3 gene with blood pressure progression and incident hypertension. METHODS We analyzed data from 18 436 Caucasian women who participated in a prospective cohort study and were free of hypertension at baseline. Six previously characterized single nucleotide polymorphisms (NOS3 rs1800779, NOS3 rs3918226, NOS3 rs1799983, ACE rs1799752, AGT rs699, and AGTR1 rs5186) were genotyped. Blood pressure progression at 48 months and incident hypertension during the entire follow-up according to the different genotypes and inferred haplotypes were assessed by logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models, respectively. RESULTS At 48 months, 47.4% of the women had blood pressure progression. The odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for blood pressure progression associated with NOS3 rs1800779, NOS3 rs3918226, NOS3 rs1799983, ACE rs1799752, AGT rs699, and AGTR1 rs5186 were 1.00 (0.96-1.05), 1.00 (0.92-1.09), 0.99 (0.94-1.04), 0.96 (0.92-1.01), 1.04 (0.99-1.08), and 1.03 (0.98-1.08), respectively. During 9.8 years of follow-up, 29.6% of women developed incident hypertension. The hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for the six polymorphisms were 1.01 (0.97-1.06), 1.06 (0.99-1.14), 1.05 (1.01-1.09), 0.99 (0.95-1.02), 1.01 (0.97-1.05), and 0.99 (0.95-1.04). NOS3 haplotypes were not significantly associated with blood pressure progression (P = 0.91) or incident hypertension (P = 0.10). CONCLUSION Blood pressure progression and incident hypertension are not consistently associated with six well-characterized genetic polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system and the NOS3 gene in a large cohort of Caucasian women.
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Sun X, Becker M, Pankow K, Krause E, Ringling M, Beyermann M, Maul B, Walther T, Siems WE. Catabolic attacks of membrane-bound angiotensin-converting enzyme on the N-terminal part of species-specific amyloid-beta peptides. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 588:18-25. [PMID: 18495113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Catabolic processes play a crucial role in the steady state of the amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta). Neprilysin (NEP) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), two transmembranal enzymes with greatest importance in peptide pharmacology, are known to play a role in Abeta catabolism. This paper focuses on the N-terminal part of Abeta. This region contains the three amino acid residues that determine the differences between human (hAbeta) and murine Abeta (mAbeta). Moreover, the N-terminal part of Abeta contains the zinc-binding site of the molecule. Consequently, all hydrolytic attacks on this part of the Alzheimer peptide should be of exceptional interest. We investigated domain-selective forms of ACE in HPLC-monitored peptide degradation studies and used mass spectrometry for product analyses. We found that ACE-evoked a hydrolysis of the N-terminal part of m- and hAbeta. The hAbeta sequence hAbeta (4-15) was found to be a better substrate for ACE compared to the corresponding murine form. Moreover, we localized the corresponding cleavage sites in the N-terminal part of Abeta as well as in the full-length molecule and identified new sites of endopeptidolytic attack by ACE. Finally, we demonstrate that both catalytic domains of mACE have similar hydrolytic activity on the N-terminal part of Abeta. Our results show that ACE besides its typical function as a dipeptidyl-carboxypeptidase has also unequivocal endopeptidolytic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoou Sun
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), D-13125 Berlin, Germany
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Nacak M, Erbagci Z, Buyukafsar K, Yurtsever AS, Tiftik RN. Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism with allergic contact dermatitis. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2007; 101:101-3. [PMID: 17651310 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) plays an important role in the physiological control of blood pressure and inflammation. Insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the gene for ACE was investigated in relation to cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the possible association between allergic contact dermatitis and insertion/deletion polymorphism of the ACE gene. A total of 90 patients with allergic contact dermatitis and 160 control persons were enrolled in the present study. ACE I/D genotypes were determined by the polymerase chain reaction. Allelic frequencies and genotype distribution of the ACE I/D polymorphism in the patient group were significantly different from control group (ACE II genotype 30.0% versus 17.5%, P = 0.022; ACE I allele 51.7% versus 39.4%, P = 0.008). Our data suggest that the ACE polymorphism could be a risk factor for patients with allergic contact dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muradiye Nacak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey.
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Bulsara MK, Holman CDJ, van Bockxmeer FM, Davis EA, Gallego PH, Beilby JP, Palmer LJ, Choong C, Jones TW. The relationship between ACE genotype and risk of severe hypoglycaemia in a large population-based cohort of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2007; 50:965-71. [PMID: 17333108 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-007-0613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2006] [Accepted: 01/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Genetic factors may account for familial clustering related to diabetes complications. Studies have shown a significant relationship between the presence of the deletion (D) allele of the gene encoding ACE and risk of severe hypoglycaemia. This large prospective cohort study assesses this relationship in a large sample of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We studied 585 children and adolescents (mean age 11.9 +/- 4 years, 48.4% males). The frequency of severe hypoglycaemia (an event leading to loss of consciousness or seizure) was prospectively assessed over the 13-year period 1992-2004. Patients were seen with their parents every 3 months and data recorded at each visit. The ACE gene was detected using PCR. RESULTS In our cohort of 585 children, 186 (31.8%) had at least one episode of severe hypoglycaemia, and of these 28.0% had the II genotype, 48.9% had the ID genotype and 23.1% had the DD genotype. This was in agreement with the Hardy-Weinberg proportion. A total of 477 severe hypoglycaemic episodes was recorded with a total of 3,404 person-years of follow-up, giving a total incidence of 14 per 100 patient-years. No significant increase in risk for DD genotype (incidence rate ratio = 0.97, 95% CI 0.61-1.55) relative to II genotype was observed. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION This large prospective study concludes that the presence of the D allele of the ACE gene does not predict a significantly higher risk of severe hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetic children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Bulsara
- School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
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Wang HK, Fung HC, Hsu WC, Wu YR, Lin JC, Ro LS, Chang KH, Hwu FJ, Hsu Y, Huang SY, Lee-Chen GJ, Chen CM. Apolipoprotein E, angiotensin-converting enzyme and kallikrein gene polymorphisms and the risk of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2006; 113:1499-509. [PMID: 16465461 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-005-0424-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2005] [Accepted: 11/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lipoproteins and vascular factors may play roles in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and/or vascular dementia (VaD). In this study, odd ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for apolipoprotein E (APOE), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and kallikrein (KLK1) polymorphisms were computed to test their association with the disease by a case-control study. The risk of AD was significantly increased for individuals with APOE varepsilon4 allele (OR = 3.73, 95% CI = 2.38-5.98). The risk of AD was also significant for people with ACE DD genotype, D allele, or T-D haplotype [OR (95% CI) = 4.29 (1.96-10.23), 1.90 (1.35-2.70), or 2.91 (1.71-5.10), respectively]. The above association between ACE-VaD was also strong (p = 0.0012, 0.0050, 0.0007, respectively). Reporter constructs containing the -240 A or T allele displayed similar transcriptional activity in both HEK-293 and IMR-32 cells. Thus, another putative pathogenic marker that is linked with the Alu D allele might affect the risk of AD and VaD in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Wang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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Muntwyler J, Marti-Jaun J, Lüscher TF, Hänseler E, Hersberger M. The Asp298 but not the C-786 genotype of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase is reduced with age in healthy Swiss men. Clin Chem Lab Med 2005; 43:971-3. [PMID: 16176180 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2005.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although the quest for longevity is as old as civilization itself, only recently have technical and conceptual advances in genomics research brought us to the point of understanding the precise molecular events that make us age. This heralds an era when manipulations of these will enable us to live longer, healthier lives. The present review describes how recent experimental strategies have identified key genes and intracellular pathways that are responsible for ageing and longevity. FINDINGS In diverse species transcription factors belonging to the forkhead/winged helix box gene, group O (FOXO) subfamily have been found to be crucial in downstream suppression of the life-shortening effects of insulin/insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signalling pathways that, when upregulated, accelerate ageing by suppression of FOXO. The various adverse processes activated upon FOXO suppression include increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are pivotal for the onset of various common conditions, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, cancer and Alzheimer's disease, each of which shortens lifespan. In humans, FOXO3a, as well as FOXO1 and -4, and their downstream effectors, could hold the key to counteracting ageing and common diseases. An understanding of the processes controlled by these FOXOs should permit development of novel classes of agents that will more directly counteract or prevent the damage associated with diverse life-threatening conditions, and so foster a life of good health to a ripe old age. Just like caloric restriction, lifespan can be increased in various species by plant-derived polyphenols, such as resveratrol, via activation of sirtuins in cells. Sirtuins, such as SIRT1 in mammals, utilize FOXO and other pathways to achieve their beneficial effects on health and lifespan. CONCLUSION Lifespan is tractable and basic mechanisms are now known. Longevity research complements and overlaps research in most major medical disciplines. Current progress bodes well for an ever-increasing length of healthy life for those who adapt emerging knowledge personally (so-called 'longevitarians').
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Morris
- Basic & Clinical Genomics Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences and Institute for Biomedical Research, Building F13, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Kashyap MK, Yadav V, Sherawat BS, Jain S, Kumari S, Khullar M, Sharma PC, Nath R. Different antioxidants status, total antioxidant power and free radicals in essential hypertension. Mol Cell Biochem 2005; 277:89-99. [PMID: 16132719 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-005-5424-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2005] [Accepted: 04/13/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a multi-factorial process, prevalent in developed as well as in developing countries. Different antioxidants and free radicals play an important role in cardiovascular system. In present study, total antioxidant power in terms of FRAP (ferric reducing activity of plasma), free radicals and different antioxidants have been studied in essential hypertensives (n = 50) and normal subjects (n = 50). Levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipids-cholesterol, malonialdehyde, very low-density lipids (VLDL), uric acid, plasma homocysteine and low-density lipids (LDL), were significantly higher in hypertensives as compared to normotensive. HDL-cholesterol, SOD, GPx, reduced glutahione, total glutathione, oxidized glutathione, total thiols, protein thiols, non protein thiols, RNI, total antioxidant power, vitamin A, ascorbic acid and glutahione-S-transferase (GST) were decreased significantly in normotensive. We observed significantly low nitric oxide levels in hypertensive patients. No correlation was observed between severity of disease and plasma nitric oxide levels. There was a significant decrease in plasma FRAP value in essential hypertensives as compared to normotensive controls, which showed a negative correlation with diastolic blood pressure. In conclusion, our study revealed that there was a consistent significant difference between essential hypertensives versus controls with respect to most of the parameters. These complex changes are consistent in the view that essential hypertension is associated with an abnormal level of antioxidant status compared to normal response to oxidative stress or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Kashyap
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India.
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24
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Speirs HJL, Wang WYS, Benjafield AV, Morris BJ. No association with hypertension of CLCNKB and TNFRSF1B polymorphisms at a hypertension locus on chromosome 1p36. J Hypertens 2005; 23:1491-6. [PMID: 16003175 DOI: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000174300.73992.cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chromosome 1p36 has been linked to essential hypertension and systolic blood pressure. This locus contains the chloride channel-Kb gene (CLCNKB) and the tumour necrosis factor receptor 2 gene (TNFRSF1B). Polymorphisms of each of these have shown association with hypertension, and a CLCNKB T481S variant alters receptor function. Here we performed association studies in a well-characterized cohort of hypertensives and normotensives whose blood pressure status matched that of both their parents. METHODS The study involved 196 essential hypertensives and 321 normotensives. These were genotyped for TNFRSF1B variants T-1710A upstream, A257G in exon 2, a CA-repeat polymorphism in intron 4, E232K and M196R in exon 6, and T1668G and T1690C in the 3'-untranslated region, and the T481S variant of CLCNKB. RESULTS The CLCNKB T481S variant showed no association with hypertension. Thermodynamic modelling of the 3'-untranslated region of TNFRSF1B mRNA predicted that the T1668G variant alters the stem-loop structure and thus the mRNA stability and expression. However, neither this nor the other TNFRSF1B polymorphisms, either alone or after haplotype analysis, were associated with hypertension. Moreover, for each gene the blood pressure, body mass index, plasma sodium and plasma lipid concentrations were generally similar across genotypes. CONCLUSION Our data fail to support previous association findings for TNFRSF1B and CLCNKB at the chromosome 1p36 locus implicated in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J L Speirs
- Basic & Clinical Genomics Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences and Institute for Biomedical Research, The University of Sydney, Australia
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25
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Barkai L, Soós A, Vámosi I. Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme DD genotype with 24-h blood pressure abnormalities in normoalbuminuric children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 2005; 22:1054-9. [PMID: 16026372 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the distribution of the insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes and to evaluate the association between ACE genotype and blood pressure (BP). METHODS ACE genotypes were assessed in 124 normoalbuminuric, clinically normotensive Type 1 diabetic children and adolescents and 120 non-diabetic controls using polymerase chain reaction. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory BP monitoring was undertaken in all patients. RESULTS ACE genotypes distributed in patients as follows: 34 (27%) DD, 57 (46%) ID, 33 (27%) II. The distribution was similar in the control group: DD in 28% (33), ID in 45% (54), and II in 27% (33). Patients with DD genotype had higher mean 24-h diastolic BP (73.8 +/- 6.2 vs. 70.2 +/- 5.0 and 69.7 +/- 6.3 mmHg; P = 0.005) and lower diurnal variation in BP (11.8 +/- 4.6 vs. 14.2 +/- 4.2 and 14.8 +/- 4.3%; P = 0.011) compared with ID and II groups. Four patients in the DD group proved to be non-dipper compared with one in the ID and none in the II group (P = 0.026). Twenty-four-hour diastolic blood pressure was independently predictive for AER as dependent variable in the DD genotype patient group (r(2) = 0.12, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes do not differ from the non-diabetic population regarding the I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene. ACE gene polymorphism is associated with BP abnormalities in normotensive and normoalbuminuric children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Barkai
- Institute of Child Health, Borsod County University Hospital and Postgraduate Institute of Pediatrics, University of Debrecen, Miskolc, Hungary.
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26
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Arnett DK, Davis BR, Ford CE, Boerwinkle E, Leiendecker-Foster C, Miller MB, Black H, Eckfeldt JH. Pharmacogenetic association of the angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk in relation to antihypertensive treatment: the Genetics of Hypertension-Associated Treatment (GenHAT) study. Circulation 2005; 111:3374-83. [PMID: 15967849 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.104.504639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported that blood pressure response to antihypertensive medications is influenced by genetic variation in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, but no clinical trails have tested whether the ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism modifies the association between the type of medication and multiple cardiovascular and renal phenotypes. METHODS AND RESULTS We used a double-blind, active-controlled randomized trial of antihypertensive treatment that included hypertensives > or =55 years of age with > or =1 risk factor for cardiovascular disease. ACE I/D genotypes were determined in 37 939 participants randomized to chlorthalidone, amlodipine, lisinopril, or doxazosin treatments and followed up for 4 to 8 years. Primary outcomes included fatal coronary heart disease (CHD) and/or nonfatal myocardial infarction. Secondary outcomes included stroke, all-cause mortality, combined CHD, and combined cardiovascular disease. Fatal and nonfatal CHD occurred in 3096 individuals during follow-up. The hazard rates for fatal and nonfatal CHD and the secondary outcomes were similar across antihypertensive treatments. ACE I/D genotype group was not associated with fatal and nonfatal CHD (relative risk of DD versus ID and II, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.91 to 1.07) or any secondary outcome. The 6-year hazard rate for fatal and nonfatal CHD in the DD genotype group was not statistically different from the ID and II genotype group by type of treatment. No secondary outcome measure was statistically different across antihypertensive treatment and ACE I/D genotype strata. CONCLUSIONS ACE I/D genotype group was not a predictor of CHD, nor did it modify the response to antihypertensive treatment. We conclude that the ACE I/D polymorphism is not a useful marker to predict antihypertensive treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna K Arnett
- University of Minnesota, Division of Epidemiology, Minneapolis, USA.
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Mourad JJ, du Cailar G, Nazal EM, Safar ME, Mimran A. Age-related increase of pulse pressure and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 I/D gene polymorphism in essential hypertension. J Intern Med 2005; 257:93-9. [PMID: 15606380 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01427.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulse pressure (PP), a marker of cyclic strain on the arterial wall, is a significant predictor of cardiovascular (CV) risk, particularly regarding the incidence of coronary arterial stenosis. Genes related to haemostatic and/or fibrinolytic factors are consistently influenced in vitro by mechanical strain. OBJECTIVE The goal of the present study was to determine, in the three genotypes of the plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 gene polymorphism, the gender-adjusted difference in the relationships between age and PP in subjects with never treated essential hypertension. RESULTS In the studied population, the genotype deletion (D)/D at position -675 of the PAI-1 insertion (I)/D gene polymorphism was associated with a significant increase in the adjusted slope of the curve relating age to PP by comparison with the two other genotypes. No comparable difference in age-related changes in systolic, diastolic or mean blood pressure was found. CONCLUSION In subjects with essential hypertension, the PAI-1 I/D gene polymorphism modulates the age-mediated increase of PP, suggesting new insights on the complex interactions between genes, mechanical factors and CV risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-J Mourad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Avicenne Hospital-AP-HP, Bobigny, France
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29
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Speirs HJL, Katyk K, Kumar NN, Benjafield AV, Wang WYS, Morris BJ. Association of G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 4 haplotypes, but not HSD3B1 or PTP1B polymorphisms, with essential hypertension. J Hypertens 2004; 22:931-6. [PMID: 15097232 DOI: 10.1097/00004872-200405000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform association studies of polymorphisms of the potential candidate essential hypertension (HT) genes GRK4, PTP1B and HSD3B1. METHODS Subjects consisted of 168 unrelated, Caucasian essential hypertensive (HT) patients and 312 normotensive (NT) controls. Biological power was increased by ensuring subjects in each group had parents with the same blood pressure (BP) status as theirs. Three GRK4gamma variants (R65L, A142V and A486V), one HSD3B1 variant (T<---C Leu) and one PTP1B variant (1484insG) were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme digestion or by homogenous MassEXTEND Assay. RESULTS The V allele of the A486V variant of GRK4gamma, but not the R65L or A142V variants, showed an association with HT (P = 0.02). The V allele was also associated with an elevation in systolic blood pressure (SBP) (P = 0.002). Although the L65 and the V142 alleles tracked with elevation in diastolic (DBP), this was seen only in male HTs (P = 0.009; P = 0.002, respectively). Haplotype frequencies differed between the HT and NT groups, particularly for the R, V, V haplotype combination of R65L, A142V and A486V, respectively. Neither of the HSD3B1 or PTP1B variants were associated with HT. CONCLUSION Genetic variation in GRK4gamma was associated with HT in the subjects studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J L Speirs
- Basic & Clinical Genomics Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences and Institute for Biomedical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Benjafield AV, Wang WYS, Morris BJ. No association of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene (ACE2) polymorphisms with essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2004; 17:624-8. [PMID: 15233982 PMCID: PMC7110370 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2003] [Accepted: 02/26/2004] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent intriguing findings from genetic linkage, knockout, and physiologic studies in mice and rats led us to conduct the first investigation of the novel angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene (ACE2) in human hypertension (HT). We genotyped four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) (A→G at nucleotide 1075 in intron 1, G→A at nucleotide 8790 in intron 3, C→G at nucleotide 28330 in intron 11, and G→C at nucleotide 36787 in intron 16) in HT (n = 152) and normotensive (NT, n = 193) groups having inherently high biological power (>80%) due to our inclusion only of subjects whose parents had the same BP status as themselves. The SNPs were in linkage disequilibrium (D′ = 54% to 100%, P = .05 to 0.0001). Because ACE2 is on the X chromosome, data for each sex were analyzed separately. Minor allele frequencies in HT versus NT were as follows: for the intron 1 variant 0.21 versus 0.17 in female subjects (P = .31) and 0.25 versus 0.29 in male subjects (P = .60); intron 3 variant 0.22 versus 0.18 in female subjects (P = .35) and 0.15 versus 0.20 in male subjects (P = .47); intron 11 variant 0.39 versus 0.46 in male subjects (P = 0.17) and 0.31 versus 0.30 in male subjects (P = .96); intron 16 variant 0.20 versus 0.19 in female subjects (P = .72) and 0.17 versus 0.17 in male subjects (P = .95). Haplotype analysis was also negative. These data provide little support for ACE2 in genetic predisposition to HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam V Benjafield
- Basic Clinical Genomics Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences and Institute for Biomedical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Abstract
A polymorphism in intron 10 of the serine-threonine kinase with no lysine (K) 4 gene WNK4 (G-->A, base 1156666 on chromosome 17) has recently been associated with essential hypertension in a white American population. We have attempted to replicate this finding in a well characterized cohort of 184 unrelated hypertensive Australians of British extraction in which biological power was enhanced by them each having 2 hypertensive parents. Controls were 219 normotensive ethnically matched subjects whose parents were both normotensive. Genotyping was performed using the homogeneous MassEXTEND Assay. This showed a frequency of 0.10 for the minor allele in each group (P=0.88). Moreover, blood pressure, body mass index, sex, and plasma lipid levels were similar across genotypes. In conclusion, our study provides no support for an association of the intron 10 variant of WNK4 with essential hypertension in the Anglo-Australian population studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J L Speirs
- Basic & Clinical Genomics Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Benjafield AV, Katyk K, Morris BJ. Association of EDNRA
, but not WNK4
or FKBP1B
, polymorphisms with essential hypertension. Clin Genet 2003; 64:433-8. [PMID: 14616768 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2003.00148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In a study of the genetic basis of essential hypertension (HT), we tested four variants in three candidate genes not previously investigated in HT. These encoded the endothelin receptor type A (EDNRA), which transduces most of the vasoconstrictive properties of endothelin-1, protein kinase lysine deficient 4 (WNK4) whose gene resides in a HT linkage region on chromosome 17, and FK506-binding protein 1B (FKBP1B), which can reduce blood pressure by increasing nitric oxide. The variants were: for EDNRA, a G-->A in the 5'-UTR and C-->T in exon 8; for WNK4, a tetranucleotide repeat in intron 10; and for FKBP1B, a T-->C in exon 4. Subjects were Anglo-Celtic white Australians and included 155 HTs with two HT parents and 245 normotensives (NTs) whose parents were both NT. For EDNRA, we found a weak association of the exon 8 variant with HT (p = 0.019) and association of the 5'-UTR variant with elevation in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) (p = 0.038 and 0.0031, respectively). The WNK4 intron 10 variant and the FKP1B exon 4 variant showed no association with HT, but tracking with BP was seen for the latter (p = 0.015 and 0.0011 for systolic and diastolic BP, respectively). Our study thus suggests possible involvement of EDNRA in essential HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Benjafield
- Basic & Clinical Genomics Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Harrap SB, Tzourio C, Cambien F, Poirier O, Raoux S, Chalmers J, Chapman N, Colman S, Leguennec S, MacMahon S, Neal B, Ohkubo T, Woodward M. The ACE gene I/D polymorphism is not associated with the blood pressure and cardiovascular benefits of ACE inhibition. Hypertension 2003; 42:297-303. [PMID: 12925557 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000088322.85804.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene might have consequences for the risks of vascular diseases. We examined the ACE genotype and the effects of a perindopril-based blood pressure-lowering regimen on macrovascular events, dementia, and cognitive decline among hypertensive and nonhypertensive patients with a history of cerebrovascular disease. ACE I/D genotypes were measured in 5688 of 6105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischemic attack who participated in the PROGRESS trial. The DD genotype was significantly (P<0.0001) less frequent in Asian subjects (Chinese and Japanese, 14.7%) than in non-Asian subjects (32.0%). Controlling for racial background, there were no associations between ACE genotypes and cerebrovascular disease history or cardiovascular risk factors, including baseline blood pressure. The ACE genotype was not associated with the long-term risks of stroke, cardiac events, mortality, dementia, or cognitive decline; neither did the ACE genotype predict the blood pressure reduction associated with the use of the ACE inhibitor perindopril. Similarly, there was no evidence that the ACE genotype modified the relative benefits of ACE inhibitor-based therapy over placebo. This study provides no evidence that in patients with cerebrovascular disease, knowledge of ACE genotype is useful for predicting either the risk of disease or the benefits of perindopril-based blood pressure-lowering treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Harrap
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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Kumar NN, Benjafield AV, Lin RC, Wang WY, Stowasser M, Morris BJ. Haplotype analysis of aldosterone synthase gene (CYP11B2) polymorphisms shows association with essential hypertension. J Hypertens 2003; 21:1331-7. [PMID: 12817181 DOI: 10.1097/00004872-200307000-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The CYP11B2 locus is an important candidate region in essential hypertension (HT). We therefore investigated CYP11B2 polymorphisms T-344C, T4986C and A6547G for association with essential HT. This included haplotype analysis and measurement of plasma aldosterone levels. METHODS The three single nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of genomic DNA from 146 HT and 291 normotensive (NT) white subjects of Anglo-Celtic descent, in whom parental blood pressure status was the same as the subjects'. Genotype and allele frequencies in HTs and NTs were compared by chi2 analysis. Linkage disequilibrium and haplotype frequencies were estimated by the program 'snphap'. Phenotype-genotype relationships were tested using one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS The T-344C variant was associated with HT (chi2 = 7.4, P = 0.0064). This association was confined to female HTs (P = 0.0061 for genotypes, P = 0.0013 for alleles). A strong association with HT was also seen for the A6547G variant (P = 0.0015), being greatest in females (P < 0.0001). No association was seen for the T4986C variant. Haplotype analysis of the three single nucleotide polymorphisms across eight different haplotype combinations showed a significant association with HT (chi2 = 24, seven degrees of freedom, P < 0.001). No significant tracking of plasma aldosterone with genotype was observed. CONCLUSION The T-344C and A6547G, but not the T4986C, variants of the aldosterone synthase gene are associated with HT in females of the Anglo-Celtic population studied. This was reinforced by haplotype analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha N Kumar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, and Institute for Biomedical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Abstract
Herein we review all of the data from linkage by genome scanning and from association studies in essential hypertension. Genome scans have yielded loci linked to hypertension on almost every chromosome. We tabulate all of these loci to highlight the striking inconsistency. Similarly, association studies have implicated > 66 genes to date, which we also list, but virtually all have failed to show consistent replication in other settings. Nevertheless, we believe that molecular genetics should eventually find all of the major gene variants for essential hypertension. This will be a great scientific achievement and lead to new treatments. The dream, however, of using this information in clinical genetic testing could turn out to be a nightmare. Thus at present the hype surrounding genes for complex polygenic diseases like hypertension far exceeds the reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Morris
- Basic & Clinical Genomics Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences and Institute for Biomedical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Lin RCY, Wang XL, Dalziel B, Caterson ID, Morris BJ. Association of obesity, but not diabetes or hypertension, with glucocorticoid receptor N363S variant. OBESITY RESEARCH 2003; 11:802-8. [PMID: 12805402 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2003.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the N363S variant in the glucocorticoid receptor (encoded by nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1: NR3C1) is associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, or hypertension. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES This was a cross-sectional case-control study involving 951 Anglo-Celtic/Northern European subjects from Sydney. This study consisted of the following: 1) an obesity clinic group, most of whom had "morbid obesity" (mean BMI for group = 43 +/- 8 kg/m(2); n = 152); 2) a type 2 diabetes clinic group (n = 356); 3) patients with essential hypertension who had a strong family history (n = 141); and 4) normal healthy controls (n = 302). N363S genotype, BMI, and a range of other parameters relevant to each group were measured. RESULTS Compared with the frequency of 0.04 in nonobese healthy subjects, the S363 allele was significantly higher in obesity clinic patients (0.17; p = 5.6 x 10(-8)), subjects with diabetes who were also obese (0.09; p = 0.0045), subjects with hypertension who were also overweight (0.08; p = 0.0016), and overweight healthy subjects (0.12; p = 0.0004). DISCUSSION The NR3C1 N363S variant is associated with obesity and overweight in a range of patient settings but is not associated with hypertension or type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby C Y Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Institute for Biomedical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Schaefer BM, Caracciolo V, Frishman WH, Charney P. Gender, ethnicity and genetics in cardiovascular disease: part 1: Basic principles. HEART DISEASE (HAGERSTOWN, MD.) 2003; 5:129-43. [PMID: 12713680 DOI: 10.1097/01.hdx.0000061694.62343.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prior to 1993, most drug efficacy and safety trials were conducted in white males, although gender and racial differences in pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics have been documented since the early 1900s. Over the last 2 decades, supported by the FDA and legislation, attempts to include more women and minorities in clinical drug trials have been made, with limited success. Yet, there are important differences in pathophysiology and pharmacogenetics, as well as pharmacotherapeutic effectiveness. This is the first of 2 articles that review the basic scientific principles of such differences. In particular, genetic polymorphisms of cardiovascular candidate genes and drug metabolism are described. The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic variations among genders and ethnicities are summarized.
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Li X, Du Y, Du Y, Huang X. Correlation of Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism with effect of antihypertensive therapy by Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2003; 8:25-30. [PMID: 12652327 DOI: 10.1177/107424840300800i105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The correlation of the angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism with essential hypertension shown in previous studies is controversial, and the responses of hypertensive patients with different angiotensin-converting enzyme genotypes to treatment with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor merits investigation. METHODS Eighty-nine patients with essential hypertension and 102 normotensive subjects were included in this study. All subjects were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction for the insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene. Blood pressure was measured before and after taking Benazepril 10 mg, once daily, for 2 months. RESULTS The genotype and allele frequencies were similar (chi(2) = 0.64, P =.73; chi(2) = 0.36, P =.55, respectively). The reduction of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the DD genotype was significantly greater than in the II genotype (10.13 +/- 4.91 vs 5.37 +/- 2.79, P <.01; 7.47 +/- 3.50 vs 4.71 +/- 2.40, P <.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS No significant association of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism with essential hypertension was found. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism might be related to the antihypertensive response to an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotao Li
- Department of Medicine, Hebei Provincial People's Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
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Benjafield AV, Iwai N, Ishikawa K, Wang WYS, Morris BJ. Overweight, But Not Hypertension, Is Associated with SAH Polymorphisms in Caucasians with Essential Hypertension. Hypertens Res 2003; 26:591-5. [PMID: 14567496 DOI: 10.1291/hypres.26.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The gene SAH (chromosome 16p12.3) is of interest in the etiology of human hypertension. In Caucasians a PstI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of SAH has been correlated with body weight in individuals with hypertension. To extend this finding we carried out a case-control study of several recently identified polymorphisms in SAH: 1) an insertion/deletion of TTTAA at nucleotide --1037 in the promoter; 2) an insertion/deletion of two Alu like sequences in intron 1; and 3) an A-G variant in intron 12 located 7 bp upstream from exon 13. Subjects were 121 hypertensives with 2 hypertensive parents and 178 normotensives whose parents were both normotensive. All were Anglo-Celtic Caucasians and 51% of the hypertensives were overweight (body mass index (BMI)>25 kg/m2). The SAH promoter and intron 1 variants, but not the intron 12 or PstI RFLP, were in linkage disequilibrium (LD) (D'=100%, p<0.001). We found no association between any of the polymorphisms and hypertension. However, the frequency of the minor allele of the intron 1 polymorphism (0.20) was higher in overweight than in normal weight hypertensives (0.07) (p=0.013). This association was supported by the weak tracking of plasma lipid variables with this allele (p values=0.01-0.04), although these lost their statistical significance after correction for multiple comparisons. In conclusion, the present data offers support for variation in SAH having a role in predisposition to overweight in hypertensives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam V Benjafield
- Basic & Clinical Genomics Laboratory, School of Medical Science and Institute for Biomedical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Tamaki S, Nakamura Y, Tsujita Y, Nozaki A, Amamoto K, Kadowaki T, Kita Y, Okamura T, Iwai N, Kinoshita M, Ueshima H. Polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene and blood pressure in a Japanese general population (the Shigaraki Study). Hypertens Res 2002; 25:843-8. [PMID: 12484507 DOI: 10.1291/hypres.25.843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have described a linkage between angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism and hypertension in a large number of hypertensive sibs. Moreover, among Japanese, the DD genotype of the ACE gene has been reported to be a genetically predisposing factor for hypertension in a large general population. However, there is some controversy regarding the association between the ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism and systemic hypertension. Therefore, we examined the influence of the ACE I/D polymorphism in a random Japanese population. The participants were 2,892 subjects (1,110 males: mean age, 58.4 +/- 15.5; 1,782 females: mean age, 56.2 +/- 15.7) who underwent medical examinations in 1999 in Shigaraki, a suburban town located in an urban area in Shiga prefecture. Among them, 2,395 subjects (917 males: mean age, 58.0 +/- 15.7; 1478 females: mean age, 56.3 +/- 15.6) who gave their informed consent for genetic analysis were enrolled in the present study. Every year since 1991, we have repeatedly performed medical examinations in Shigaraki. ACE genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Logistic analysis revealed that age (p < 0.001; odds ratio = 1.091), body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.001; odds ratio = 1.211), and family history of hypertension (p < 0.001; odds ratio = 0.371) were associated with hypertension (systolic blood pressure greater than 140 mmHg and diastolic greater than 90 mmHg). There was no association between ACE polymorphism and blood pressure. There were also no significant differences in blood pressure among males or females across the three genotypes. Moreover, in an analysis of 1,484 subjects (549 males: mean age, 62.8 +/- 12.1; 935 females: mean age, 61.2 +/- 12.6) who were followed-up since 1991, there was no association between ACE polymorphism and changes in blood pressure (p = 0.3905). We conclude that ACE polymorphism does not appear to have any significant association with blood pressure, changes in blood pressure or sex in Japanese subjects, who have a more homogeneous genetic background than any other group reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Tamaki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
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Gesang L, Liu G, Cen W, Qiu C, Zhuoma C, Zhuang L, Ren D, Pincuo Z, Chan Y. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and its association with essential hypertension in a Tibetan population. Hypertens Res 2002; 25:481-5. [PMID: 12135330 DOI: 10.1291/hypres.25.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There is strong evidence to support the idea that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension (EH) and its complications. However, existing data about the association of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism with blood pressure is conflicting, mainly due to racial differences and environmental exposure status. We therefore conducted a case control study to observe the relationship between ACE I/D polymorphism and EH in a Tibetan population who live in relatively isolated areas and are genetically homogeneous. The study was conducted at stable residential communities in the urban district of Lhasa, the capital of the Tibet autonomous region, China, and 106 unrelated EH patients and 135 normotensIve subjects were recruited. PCR, PCR/RFLP and PCR-SSCP were carried out to study the association between RAS genes and EH. Frequencies for the DD, ID and II genotypes were 27, 47 and 29 in hypertensive subjects, and 15, 60 and 48 in normotensive subjects, respectively. Derived allele frequencies for the I and D alleles were 0.51 and 0.49 in hypertensive subjects and 0.64 and 0.36 in normotensive subjects. There were significant differences in genotype distribution and derived allele frequency between these two groups. The genotype and allele frequencies of the ACE gene differed significantly between hypertensive and normotensive females (p>0.05), but there were no differences in males. In females, the DBP and MAP level were significantly higher for the DD than for the ID and II genotype, and SBP was significantly higher for the DD than for the II genotype. But in males, there were no significant differences in blood pressure among ACE genotypes. The results showed a significant association between the D allele of the ACE gene and hypertension in Tibetan women but not in Tibetan men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luobu Gesang
- Department of Cardiology, Tibet Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and High Altitude Sickness, Lhasa, PR China.
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Segman RH, Shapira Y, Modai I, Hamdan A, Zislin J, Heresco-Levy U, Kanyas K, Hirschmann S, Karni O, Finkel B, Schlafman M, Lerner A, Shapira B, Macciardi F, Lerer B. Angiotensin converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism: case-control association studies in schizophrenia, major affective disorder, and tardive dyskinesia and a family-based association study in schizophrenia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 114:310-4. [PMID: 11920854 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is a candidate gene for psychiatric disorders. We examined the frequency of a functional insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in the 16th intron of the ACE gene (located on chromosome 17q23) in groups of patients with schizophrenia (n = 104 and 113), major depression (n = 55), and bipolar disorder (n = 87) compared to healthy control subjects (n = 87). There was no evidence for allelic or genotypic association of the polymorphism with any of the disorders or with tardive dyskinesia (TD) in patients with schizophrenia. In a sample of nuclear families (n = 61) made up of one or more patients with schizophrenia recruited with their parents, there was no evidence for biased transmission of ACE I/D alleles. Particularly in the case of schizophrenia, these findings do not support an association of the ACE I/D polymorphism with the phenotypes examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnen H Segman
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Abstract
Clustering of diseases has been appreciated by health insurers and epidemiologists for some time. Co-morbidity suggests shared pathways of disease. It is by now well agreed that common diseases have a strong genetic component. Here we present evidence that the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) deletion/deletion (D/D) genotype is associated with a large number of common adult diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and psychiatric disease. Since the ACE D/D genotype has been shown to be associated with increased levels of tissue ACE expression at the protein level, these data suggest that overactivity of ACE may be involved in the pathogenesis of common diseases, as well as the utility of effective ACE inhibition in their treatment and, perhaps, prevention.
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Rossi GP, Taddei S, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, Albertin G, Favilla S, Sudano I, Pessina AC, Salvetti A. Exclusion of the ACE D/I gene polymorphism as a determinant of endothelial dysfunction. Hypertension 2001; 37:293-300. [PMID: 11230288 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.37.2.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A deletion/insertion (D/I) polymorphism within the ACE gene may increase the risk of cardiovascular events through still unknown mechanisms. The latter may involve increased angiotensin II-induced NO breakdown and/or reduced agonist-mediated NO release. We therefore investigated whether the D allele of the ACE gene affects endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in mild-to-moderate primary hypertensive patients and healthy normotensive subjects. We compared in a cross-sectional study the forearm blood flow response of the 3 D/I genotypes with 5 incrementally increasing doses of the endothelium-dependent vasodilator acetylcholine (0.15, 0.45, 1.5, 4.5, and 15 microg. 100 mL(-1). min(-1)) in 142 subjects: 103 mild-to-moderate uncomplicated primary hypertensives (49.3+/-9.1 years old, 152+/-11/99+/-5 mm Hg) and 39 normotensives (44.6+/-15.3 years old, 122+/-12/78+/-6 mm Hg). We also assessed the endothelium-independent vasodilatation in the forearm, as blood flow response to 3 incrementally increasing doses of sodium nitroprusside (1, 2, and 4 microg. 100 mL(-1). min(-1)). The overall genotype distribution was II, n=10; ID, n=70; and DD, n=62. It did not differ significantly between primary hypertensives and normotensives. A significant blunting of endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in primary hypertensive patients compared with normotensive subjects (P:<0.001) was found. No effect of the DI genotype on endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilatation was detected. Thus, these results obtained in a relatively large population do not support the contention that the D allele is associated with a blunting of either stimulated endothelial NO or donated NO responses in both mild-to-moderate primary hypertensive patients and normotensive subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Rossi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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Zaman MM, Yoshiike N, Date C, Yokoyama T, Matsumura Y, Ikemoto S, Tanaka H. Angiotensin converting enzyme genetic polymorphism is not associated with hypertension in a cross-sectional sample of a Japanese population: the Shibata Study. J Hypertens 2001; 19:47-53. [PMID: 11204304 DOI: 10.1097/00004872-200101000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The studies on the association of deletion/ insertion (D/I) polymorphism of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene with blood pressure and hypertension reported contradictory results. Because there was no population-based study in Japan, we examine the hypothesized association in a cross-sectional sample of a Japanese cohort. METHODS AND RESULTS The blood pressure of 464 men and 876 women aged 40-80 years was measured, and their DNA was analyzed for ACE D/I genotypes. The prevalence of the D allele was 38.7 and 39.2% in men and women, respectively (overall 39%). There was a tendency for higher covariate (age, body mass index, albuminuria, hematocrit, alcohol consumption, smoking, diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease and antihypertensive medication) adjusted mean levels of diastolic blood pressure for the DD genotype in men but not in women. However, this tendency disappeared after dichotomization of blood pressure into diagnostic categories (normotension and hypertension). Results did not differ when the subjects were divided into two age groups (< or = 59 and > or = 60 years). Covariate-adjusted odds ratios for hypertension for presence of the D allele were close to the null value of one. ACE genetic variation accounted for only 0.1 and 0.7% of the inter-individual variation in systolic and diastolic blood pressure in men. These estimates were 0.2 and 0.1%, respectively, in women. CONCLUSION Although there is a tendency of higher diastolic blood pressure in men with DD genotypes, there is no convincing evidence that ACE genotypes are associated with hypertension in this Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Zaman
- National Center for Control of Rheumatic Fever and Heart Diseases, Bangladesh.
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Alhenc‐Gelas F, Corvol P. Molecular and Physiological Aspects of Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme. Compr Physiol 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp070303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
In this review, we consider the motivation behind contemporary single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) initiatives. Many of these initiatives are projected to involve large, population-based surveys. We therefore emphasize the utility of SNPs for genetic epidemiology studies. We start by offering an overview of genetic polymorphism and discuss the historical use of polymorphism in the identification of disease-predisposing genes via meiotic mapping. We next consider some of the unique aspects of SNPs, and their relative advantages and disadvantages in human population-based analyses. In this context, we describe and critique the following six different areas of application for SNP technologies: Gene discovery and mapping. Association-based candidate polymorphism testing. Diagnostics and risk profiling. Prediction of response to environmental stimuli, xenobiotics and diet. Homogeneity testing and epidemiological study design. Physiologic genomics. We focus on key issues within each of these areas in an effort to point out potential problems that might plague the use of SNPs (or other forms of polymorphism) within them. However, we make no claim that our list of considerations are exhaustive. Rather, we believe that they may provide a starting point for further dialog about the ultimate utility of SNP technologies. In addition, although our emphasis is placed on applications of SNPs to the understanding of human phenotypes, we acknowledge that SNP maps and technologies applied to other species (e.g. the mouse genome, pathogen genomes, plant genomes, etc.) are also of tremendous interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Schork
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA. @po.cwru.edu
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Richard F, Berr C, Amant C, Helbecque N, Amouyel P, Alpérovitch A. Effect of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme I/D polymorphism on cognitive decline. The EVA Study Group. Neurobiol Aging 2000; 21:75-80. [PMID: 10794851 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(99)00102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Several clinical, epidemiological, and pathological observations suggest that vascular risk factors are associated with cognitive performances. The renin-angiotensin system components, major determinants of the cardiovascular system, are expressed in the brain. To estimate their potential impact on cognitive performances, we studied the association between cognitive functioning and an insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene. In a sample of 1168 highly performing subjects (59-71 years), DD homozygotes had the lowest cognitive scores as evaluated by the Mini-Mental State Examination. Cognitive decline at 4-year follow-up (defined as the loss of at least 3 points in Mini-Mental State Examination score) was more prevalent in these subjects, the odds ratio being equal to 1.53 (95% CI: 1.04-2.24) with subjects ID as reference class. Moreover, the combined effect of the presence of at least one APOE epsilon4 allele and ACE DD homozygosity was a risk factor for cognitive decline. This report reinforces the hypothesis of an influence of cardiovascular risk factors on cognitive performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Richard
- INSERM U 508, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019, Lille Cedex, France
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Thomas GN, Young RP, Tomlinson B, Woo KS, Sanderson JE, Critchley JA. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system gene polymorphisms and hypertension in Hong Kong Chinese. Clin Exp Hypertens 2000; 22:87-97. [PMID: 10685727 DOI: 10.1081/ceh-100100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In Chinese populations, hypertension is common and is a major risk factor for cerebrovascular and coronary heart disease. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) helps maintain blood pressure and salt homeostasis and appears important in the pathogenesis of hypertension and some forms of vascular disease. We investigated three RAAS gene polymorphisms, the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion, angiotensinogen (AGT) M235T and angiotensin II type 1 receptor A1166C polymorphisms in 232 hypertensive and 178 normotensive Chinese subjects. The hypertensives were generally more obese and dyslipidaemic. No significant differences in genotype or allele frequencies for any of the polymorphisms were identified between the groups, nor was there any interactive contribution to blood pressure by the ACE and AGT polymorphisms. However, there were large differences in genotype and allele frequencies between the healthy Chinese and published data for equivalent Caucasian populations. These findings suggest these polymorphisms are unlikely to be involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension in Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Thomas
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin.
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Heijmans BT, Westendorp RG, Knook DL, Kluft C, Slagboom PE. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene variants: risk of mortality and fatal cardiovascular disease in an elderly population-based cohort. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 34:1176-83. [PMID: 10520809 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(99)00337-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We studied the contribution of putative risk genotypes at the angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE D/D) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1 4G/4G) loci to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in a population-based cohort. BACKGROUND The ACE D/D and PAI-1 4G/4G genotypes have been consistently associated with elevated plasma activities of the gene products. Their role in cardiovascular disease, although explored intensively, is still equivocal. METHODS The ACE and PAI-1 genotypes were determined in 648 subjects > or =85 years old. In a cross-sectional analysis, the genotype distributions in a subset of 356 elderly subjects who were born in Leiden, The Netherlands, were compared with those in 250 young subjects whose families originated from the same geographic region. In addition, the complete cohort of elderly subjects was followed over 10 years for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and was stratified according to genotype. RESULTS In the cross-sectional analysis, the ACE and PAI-1 genotype distributions were similar in elderly and young subjects. In the prospective follow-up study, however, the age-adjusted risk of fatal ischemic heart disease was increased threefold (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2 to 7.6) in elderly men carrying the PAI-1 4G/4G genotype. The risk of all-cause mortality was not increased among elderly subjects carrying the PAI-1 4G/4G (relative risk [RR] 0.9, 95% CI 0.7 to 1.1) or the ACE D/D genotype (RR 0.9, 95% CI 0.7 to 1.1), nor did we observe elevated risks of death from all cardiovascular diseases combined. There was no interaction between the genotypes. CONCLUSIONS The PAI 4G/4G genotype may be a risk factor for fatal ischemic heart disease in elderly men. The impact of moderately increased ACE and PAI-1 activities associated with the ACE D/D and PAI-1 4G/4G genotypes is too small to affect mortality in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Heijmans
- Gaubius Laboratory, TNO Prevention and Health, Leiden, The Netherlands
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