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Harley ITW, Allison K, Scofield RH. Polygenic autoimmune disease risk alleles impacting B cell tolerance act in concert across shared molecular networks in mouse and in humans. Front Immunol 2022; 13:953439. [PMID: 36090990 PMCID: PMC9450536 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.953439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Most B cells produced in the bone marrow have some level of autoreactivity. Despite efforts of central tolerance to eliminate these cells, many escape to periphery, where in healthy individuals, they are rendered functionally non-responsive to restimulation through their antigen receptor via a process termed anergy. Broad repertoire autoreactivity may reflect the chances of generating autoreactivity by stochastic use of germline immunoglobulin gene segments or active mechanisms may select autoreactive cells during egress to the naïve peripheral B cell pool. Likewise, it is unclear why in some individuals autoreactive B cell clones become activated and drive pathophysiologic changes in autoimmune diseases. Both of these remain central questions in the study of the immune system(s). In most individuals, autoimmune diseases arise from complex interplay of genetic risk factors and environmental influences. Advances in genome sequencing and increased statistical power from large autoimmune disease cohorts has led to identification of more than 200 autoimmune disease risk loci. It has been observed that autoantibodies are detectable in the serum years to decades prior to the diagnosis of autoimmune disease. Thus, current models hold that genetic defects in the pathways that control autoreactive B cell tolerance set genetic liability thresholds across multiple autoimmune diseases. Despite the fact these seminal concepts were developed in animal (especially murine) models of autoimmune disease, some perceive a disconnect between human risk alleles and those identified in murine models of autoimmune disease. Here, we synthesize the current state of the art in our understanding of human risk alleles in two prototypical autoimmune diseases – systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and type 1 diabetes (T1D) along with spontaneous murine disease models. We compare these risk networks to those reported in murine models of these diseases, focusing on pathways relevant to anergy and central tolerance. We highlight some differences between murine and human environmental and genetic factors that may impact autoimmune disease development and expression and may, in turn, explain some of this discrepancy. Finally, we show that there is substantial overlap between the molecular networks that define these disease states across species. Our synthesis and analysis of the current state of the field are consistent with the idea that the same molecular networks are perturbed in murine and human autoimmune disease. Based on these analyses, we anticipate that murine autoimmune disease models will continue to yield novel insights into how best to diagnose, prognose, prevent and treat human autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac T. W. Harley
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative (HI3), Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Rheumatology Section, Medicine Service, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: Isaac T. W. Harley,
| | - Kristen Allison
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative (HI3), Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - R. Hal Scofield
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Medical/Research Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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2
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Chen RL, Zhou JX, Cao Y, Sun LL, Su S, Deng XJ, Lin JT, Xiao ZW, Chen ZZ, Wang SY, Lin LZ. Construction of a Prognostic Immune Signature for Squamous-Cell Lung Cancer to Predict Survival. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1933. [PMID: 33072067 PMCID: PMC7533590 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Limited treatment strategies are available for squamous-cell lung cancer (SQLC) patients. Few studies have addressed whether immune-related genes (IRGs) or the tumor immune microenvironment can predict the prognosis for SQLC patients. Our study aimed to construct a signature predict prognosis for SQLC patients based on IRGs. Methods We constructed and validated a signature from SQLC patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) using bioinformatics analysis. The underlying mechanisms of the signature were also explored with immune cells and mutation profiles. Results A total of 464 eligible SQLC patients from TCGA dataset were enrolled and were randomly divided into the training cohort (n = 232) and the testing cohort (n = 232). Eight differentially expressed IRGs were identified and applied to construct the immune signature in the training cohort. The signature showed a significant difference in overall survival (OS) between low-risk and high-risk cohorts (P < 0.001), with an area under the curve of 0.76. The predictive capability was verified with the testing and total cohorts. Multivariate analysis revealed that the 8-IRG signature served as an independent prognostic factor for OS in SQLC patients. Naive B cells, resting memory CD4 T cells, follicular helper T cells, and M2 macrophages were found to significantly associate with OS. There was no statistical difference in terms of tumor mutational burden between the high-risk and low-risk cohorts. Conclusion Our study constructed and validated an 8-IRG signature prognostic model that predicts clinical outcomes for SQLC patients. However, this signature model needs further validation with a larger number of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Lian Chen
- Integrative Cancer Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Xu Zhou
- Integrative Cancer Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Integrative Cancer Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Ling Sun
- Integrative Cancer Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Su
- Department of Oncology, Guangzhou Chest Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Deng
- Department of Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie-Tao Lin
- Integrative Cancer Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Xiao
- Integrative Cancer Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuang-Zhong Chen
- Integrative Cancer Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si-Yu Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Zhu Lin
- Integrative Cancer Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Meffre E, O'Connor KC. Impaired B‐cell tolerance checkpoints promote the development of autoimmune diseases and pathogenic autoantibodies. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:90-101. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Meffre
- Department of Immunobiology Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
| | - Kevin C. O'Connor
- Department of Immunobiology Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
- Department of Neurology Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
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4
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Longo NS, Rogosch T, Zemlin M, Zouali M, Lipsky PE. Mechanisms That Shape Human Antibody Repertoire Development in Mice Transgenic for Human Ig H and L Chain Loci. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3963-3977. [PMID: 28438896 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To determine the impact of the milieu on the development of the human B cell repertoire, we carried out a comprehensive analysis of productive and nonproductive Ig gene rearrangements from transgenic mice engineered to express single copies of the unrearranged human H chain and L chain Ig gene loci. By examining the nonproductive repertoire as an indication of the immediate product of the rearrangement machinery without an impact of selection, we discovered that the distribution of human rearrangements arising in the mouse was generally comparable to that seen in humans. However, differences between the distribution of nonproductive and productive rearrangements that reflect the impact of selection suggested species-specific selection played a role in shaping the respective repertoires. Although expression of some VH genes was similar in mouse and human (IGHV3-23, IGHV3-30, and IGHV4-59), other genes behaved differently (IGHV3-33, IGHV3-48, IGHV4-31, IGHV4-34, and IGHV1-18). Gene selection differences were also noted in L chains. Notably, nonproductive human VH rearrangements in the transgenic mice expressed shorter CDRH3 with less N addition. Even the CDRH3s in the productive rearrangements were shorter in length than those of the normal human productive repertoire. Amino acids in the CDRH3s in both species showed positive selection of tyrosines and glycines, and negative selection of leucines. The data indicate that the environment in which B cells develop can affect the expressed Ig repertoire by exerting influences on the distribution of expressed VH and VL genes and by influencing the amino acid composition of the Ag binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy S Longo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Tobias Rogosch
- Pediatric Immunology and Allergology, Department of Pediatrics, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Zemlin
- Klinik für Kinder-und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg GmbH, Standort Marburg, D-35033 Marburg, Germany.,Department of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, Saarland University Medical School, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Moncef Zouali
- INSERM & Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité Centre Viggo Petersen, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75475 Paris, France; and
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5
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Langerak AW, Brüggemann M, Davi F, Darzentas N, van Dongen JJM, Gonzalez D, Cazzaniga G, Giudicelli V, Lefranc MP, Giraud M, Macintyre EA, Hummel M, Pott C, Groenen PJTA, Stamatopoulos K. High-Throughput Immunogenetics for Clinical and Research Applications in Immunohematology: Potential and Challenges. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3765-3774. [PMID: 28416603 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Analysis and interpretation of Ig and TCR gene rearrangements in the conventional, low-throughput way have their limitations in terms of resolution, coverage, and biases. With the advent of high-throughput, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, a deeper analysis of Ig and/or TCR (IG/TR) gene rearrangements is now within reach, which impacts on all main applications of IG/TR immunogenetic analysis. To bridge the generation gap from low- to high-throughput analysis, the EuroClonality-NGS Consortium has been formed, with the main objectives to develop, standardize, and validate the entire workflow of IG/TR NGS assays for 1) clonality assessment, 2) minimal residual disease detection, and 3) repertoire analysis. This concerns the preanalytical (sample preparation, target choice), analytical (amplification, NGS), and postanalytical (immunoinformatics) phases. Here we critically discuss pitfalls and challenges of IG/TR NGS methodology and its applications in hemato-oncology and immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton W Langerak
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands;
| | - Monika Brüggemann
- Second Medical Department, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Frédéric Davi
- Département d'Hématologie, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris Hopital Pitié-Salpêtrière and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Université Paris IV, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nikos Darzentas
- Molecular Medicine Program, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jacques J M van Dongen
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands;
| | - David Gonzalez
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, United Kingdom
| | - Gianni Cazzaniga
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica Università Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | | | | | - Mathieu Giraud
- Centre de Recherche en Informatique Signal et Automatique de Lille, CNRS, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Elizabeth A Macintyre
- Département d'Hématologie, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris Necker-Enfants Malades and Paris Descartes, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Michael Hummel
- Institut für Pathologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiane Pott
- Second Medical Department, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Patricia J T A Groenen
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; and
| | - Kostas Stamatopoulos
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Center for Research and Technology Hellas, GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
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6
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Akberova NI, Zhmurov AA, Nevzorova TA, Litvinov RI. An anti-DNA antibody prefers damaged dsDNA over native. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:219-232. [PMID: 26646388 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1128979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
DNA-protein interactions, including DNA-antibody complexes, have both fundamental and practical significance. In particular, antibodies against double-stranded DNA play an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Elucidation of structural mechanisms of an antigen recognition and interaction of anti-DNA antibodies provides a basis for understanding the role of DNA-containing immune complexes in human pathologies and for new treatments. Here we used Molecular Dynamic simulations of bimolecular complexes of a segment of dsDNA with a monoclonal anti-DNA antibody's Fab-fragment to obtain detailed structural and physical characteristics of the dynamic intermolecular interactions. Using a computationally modified crystal structure of a Fab-DNA complex (PDB: 3VW3), we studied in silico equilibrium Molecular Dynamics of the Fab-fragment associated with two homologous dsDNA fragments, containing or not containing dimerized thymine, a product of DNA photodamage. The Fab-fragment interactions with the thymine dimer-containing DNA was thermodynamically more stable than with the native DNA. The amino acid residues constituting a paratope and the complementary nucleotide epitopes for both Fab-DNA constructs were identified. Stacking and electrostatic interactions were shown to play the main role in the antibody-dsDNA contacts, while hydrogen bonds were less significant. The aggregate of data show that the chemically modified dsDNA (containing a covalent thymine dimer) has a higher affinity toward the antibody and forms a stronger immune complex. These findings provide a mechanistic insight into formation and properties of the pathogenic anti-DNA antibodies in autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, associated with skin photosensibilization and DNA photodamage.
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Affiliation(s)
- N I Akberova
- a Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology , Kazan Federal University , 18 Kremlyovskaya St., Kazan 420111 , Russian Federation
| | - A A Zhmurov
- b Moscow Institute of Physics & Technology , 9 Institutskiy Per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141700 , Russian Federation
| | - T A Nevzorova
- a Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology , Kazan Federal University , 18 Kremlyovskaya St., Kazan 420111 , Russian Federation
| | - R I Litvinov
- c Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , 1109 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia , PA 19104-6058 , USA
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7
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Hehle V, Fraser LD, Tahir R, Kipling D, Wu YC, Lutalo PM, Cason J, Choong L, D’Cruz DP, Cope AP, Dunn-Walters DK, Spencer J. Immunoglobulin kappa variable region gene selection during early human B cell development in health and systemic lupus erythematosus. Mol Immunol 2015; 65:215-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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8
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Baliakas P, Strefford JC, Bikos V, Parry M, Stamatopoulos K, Oscier D. Splenic marginal-zone lymphoma: ontogeny and genetics. Leuk Lymphoma 2014; 56:301-10. [PMID: 24798744 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.919636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Splenic marginal-zone lymphoma (SMZL) is a rare tumor that has recently emerged as a prototype for how the interplay between genetics and environment shapes the natural history of lymphomas. Indeed, the recent identification of molecular immunogenetic subgroups within SMZL may prove to be relevant not only for the sub-classification of the disease but also for improved understanding of the underlying biology. In contrast to other B-cell lymphomas, SMZL lacks a characteristic genetic lesion, although the majority of cases harbor genomic aberrations, as recently revealed by high-throughput studies that identified recurrent genetic aberrations, several in pathways related to marginal-zone differentiation and B-cell signaling. Here we provide an overview of recent research into the molecular and cellular biology of SMZL and related disorders, with special emphasis on immunogenetics and genomic aberrations, and discuss the value of molecular and cellular markers for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of these entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Baliakas
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
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9
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The epigenetic landscape of B lymphocyte tolerance to self. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:2067-73. [PMID: 23684644 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite frequent exposures to a variety of potential triggers, including antigens produced by pathogens or commensal microbiota, B-lymphocytes are able to mount highly protective responses to a variety of threats, while remaining tolerant to self-components. A number of cytokines, signaling pathways and transcription factors have been characterized to elucidate the mechanisms underlying B cell tolerance to self. It is, however, unclear how the signals received by B-lymphocytes are converted into complex and sustained patterns of gene expression that can allow production of protective antibodies and maintain immune tolerance to self-components. Mounting evidence now suggests an important role for epigenetic mechanisms in modulating and transmitting signals for B lymphocyte tolerization to self-antigens. It is likely that a better insight into epigenetic regulation of B cell tolerance will lead to development of gene-specific therapeutic approaches that optimize host defense mechanisms to exogenous threats, while preventing development and/or progression of autoimmune inflammatory diseases.
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10
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García-Muñoz R, Roldan Galiacho V, Llorente L. Immunological aspects in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) development. Ann Hematol 2012; 91:981-96. [PMID: 22526361 PMCID: PMC3368117 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-012-1460-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is unique among B cell malignancies in that the malignant clones can be featured either somatically mutated or unmutated IGVH genes. CLL cells that express unmutated immunoglobulin variable domains likely underwent final development prior to their entry into the germinal center, whereas those that express mutated variable domains likely transited through the germinal center and then underwent final development. Regardless, the cellular origin of CLL remains unknown. The aim of this review is to summarize immunological aspects involved in this process and to provide insights about the complex biology and pathogenesis of this disease. We propose a mechanistic hypothesis to explain the origin of B-CLL clones into our current picture of normal B cell development. In particular, we suggest that unmutated CLL arises from normal B cells with self-reactivity for apoptotic bodies that have undergone receptor editing, CD5 expression, and anergic processes in the bone marrow. Similarly, mutated CLL would arise from cells that, while acquiring self-reactivity for autoantigens-including apoptotic bodies-in germinal centers, are also still subject to tolerization mechanisms, including receptor editing and anergy. We believe that CLL is a proliferation of B lymphocytes selected during clonal expansion through multiple encounters with (auto)antigens, despite the fact that they differ in their state of activation and maturation. Autoantigens and microbial pathogens activate BCR signaling and promote tolerogenic mechanisms such as receptor editing/revision, anergy, CD5+ expression, and somatic hypermutation in CLL B cells. The result of these tolerogenic mechanisms is the survival of CLL B cell clones with similar surface markers and homogeneous gene expression signatures. We suggest that both immunophenotypic surface markers and homogenous gene expression might represent the evidence of several attempts to re-educate self-reactive B cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/physiology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Immune Tolerance/physiology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/etiology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Models, Biological
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/immunology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/physiology
- Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin/genetics
- Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo García-Muñoz
- Hematology Department, Hospital San Pedro, c/Piqueras 98, Logroño, La Rioja, 26006, Spain.
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11
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Bikos V, Stalika E, Baliakas P, Darzentas N, Davis Z, Traverse-Glehen A, Dagklis A, Kanellis G, Anagnostopoulos A, Tsaftaris A, Ponzoni M, Berger F, Felman P, Ghia P, Papadaki T, Oscier D, Belessi C, Stamatopoulos K. Selection of antigen receptors in splenic marginal-zone lymphoma: further support from the analysis of the immunoglobulin light-chain gene repertoire. Leukemia 2012; 26:2567-9. [PMID: 22858907 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Meffre E. The establishment of early B cell tolerance in humans: lessons from primary immunodeficiency diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1246:1-10. [PMID: 22236425 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Patients with primary immunodeficiency (PID) provide rare opportunities to study the impact of specific gene mutations on the regulation of human B cell tolerance. Alterations in B cell receptor and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways result in a defective central checkpoint and a failure to counterselect developing autoreactive B cells in the bone marrow. In contrast, CD40L- and MHC class II-deficient patients only displayed peripheral B cell tolerance defects, suggesting that decreased numbers of regulatory T cells and increased concentration of B cell activating factor (BAFF) may interfere with the peripheral removal of autoreactive B cells. The pathways regulating B cell tolerance identified in PID patients are likely to be affected in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and type 1 diabetes who display defective central and peripheral B cell tolerance checkpoints. Indeed, risk alleles encoding variants altering BCR signaling, such as PTPN22 alleles associated with the development of these diseases, interfere with the removal of developing autoreactive B cells. Hence, insights into B cell selection from PID patients are highly relevant to the understanding of the etiology of autoimmune conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Meffre
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Accumulating epidemiological, clinical, and experimental evidence supports the conclusion of a critical role of epigenetic factors in immune programming. This understanding provides the basis for elucidating how the intricate interactions of the genome, epigenome, and transcriptome shape immune responses and maintain immune tolerance to self-antigens. Deciphering the precise contribution of epigenetic factors to autoimmunity, and in particular to lupus, has become an active research area. On one hand, it is well established that environmental factors have an impact on the epigenome and, therefore, on the transcriptional and translational machinery of specific cell types; on the other, the environment also plays an important role in the severity of lupus and other autoimmunity diseases. Determining how epigenetics "connects" the environment to cell biology and to autoreactivity will be key for advancing our understanding in this field and, possibly, for developing novel preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moncef Zouali
- Inserm UMR-S 606, University Diderot-Paris 7, Paris, France.
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14
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Luning Prak ET, Monestier M, Eisenberg RA. B cell receptor editing in tolerance and autoimmunity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1217:96-121. [PMID: 21251012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05877.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Receptor editing is the process of ongoing antibody gene rearrangement in a lymphocyte that already has a functional antigen receptor. The expression of a functional antigen receptor will normally terminate further rearrangement (allelic exclusion). However, lymphocytes with autoreactive receptors have a chance at escaping negative regulation by "editing" the specificities of their receptors with additional antibody gene rearrangements. As such, editing complicates the Clonal Selection Hypothesis because edited cells are not simply endowed for life with a single, invariant antigen receptor. Furthermore, if the initial immunoglobulin gene is not inactivated during the editing process, allelic exclusion is violated and the B cell can exhibit two specificities. Here, we describe the discovery of editing, the pathways of receptor editing at the heavy (H) and light (L) chain loci, and current evidence regarding how and where editing happens and what effects it has on the antibody repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline T Luning Prak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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15
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Belessi C, Stamatopoulos K, Hadzidimitriou A, Hatzi K, Smilevska T, Stavroyianni N, Marantidou F, Paterakis G, Fassas A, Anagnostopoulos A, Laoutaris N. Analysis of expressed and non-expressed IGK locus rearrangements in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Mol Med 2009; 11:52-8. [PMID: 16622520 PMCID: PMC1449522 DOI: 10.2119/2005-00044.belessi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2005] [Accepted: 03/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin kappa (IGK) locus rearrangements were analyzed in parallel on cDNA/genomic DNA in 188 kappa- and 103 lambda-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cases. IGKV-KDE and IGKJ-C-intron-KDE rearrangements were also analyzed on genomic DNA. In kappa-CLL, only 3 of 188 cases carried double in-frame IGKV-J transcripts: in such cases, the possibility that leukemic cells expressed more than one kappa chain cannot be excluded. Twenty-eight kappa-CLL cases also carried nonexpressed (nontranscribed and/or out-of-frame) IGKV-J rearrangements. Taking IGKV-J, IGKV-KDE, and IGKJ-C-intron-KDE rearrangements together, 38% of kappa-CLL cases carried biallelic IGK locus rearrangements. In lambda-CLL, 69 IGKV-J rearrangements were detected in 64 of 103 cases (62%); 24 rearrangements (38.2%) were in-frame. Four cases carried in-frame IGKV-J transcripts but retained monotypic light-chain expression, suggesting posttranscriptional regulation of allelic exclusion. In all, taking IGKV-J, IGKV-KDE, and IGKJ-C-intron-KDE rearrangements together, 97% of lambda-CLL cases had at least 1 rearranged IGK allele, in keeping with normal cells. IG repertoire comparisons in kappa- versus lambda-CLL revealed that CLL precursor cells tried many rearrangements on the same IGK allele before they became lambda producers. Thirteen of 28 and 26 of 69 non-expressed sequences in, respectively, kappa- or lambda-CLL had < 100% homology to germline. This finding might be considered as evidence for secondary rearrangements occurring after the onset of somatic hypermutation, at least in some cases. The inactivation of potentially functional IGKV-J joints by secondary rearrangements indicates active receptor editing in CLL and provides further evidence for the role of antigen in CLL immunopathogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Joining Region/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin Joining Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- RNA Editing/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Recombination, Genetic/immunology
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16
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B-cell tolerance checkpoints in health and autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2008; 20:632-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Evidence for the significant role of immunoglobulin light chains in antigen recognition and selection in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2008; 113:403-11. [PMID: 18948572 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-07-166868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed somatic hypermutation (SHM) patterns and secondary rearrangements involving the immunoglobulin (IG) light chain (LC) gene loci in 725 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Important differences regarding mutational load and targeting were identified in groups of sequences defined by IGKV/IGLV gene usage and/or K/LCDR3 features. Recurrent amino acid (AA) changes in the IGKV/IGLV sequences were observed in subsets of CLL cases with stereotyped B-cell receptors (BCRs), especially those expressing IGHV3-21/IGLV3-21 and IGHV4-34/IGKV2-30 BCRs. Comparison with CLL LC sequences carrying heterogeneous K/LCDR3s or non-CLL LC sequences revealed that distinct amino acid changes appear to be "CLL-biased." Finally, a significant proportion of CLL cases with monotypic LC expression were found to carry multiple potentially functional LC rearrangements, alluding to active, (auto)antigen-driven receptor editing. In conclusion, SHM targeting in CLL LCs is just as precise and, likely, functionally driven as in heavy chains. Secondary LC gene rearrangements and subset-biased mutations in CLL LC genes are strong indications that LCs are crucial in shaping the specificity of leukemic BCRs, in association with defined heavy chains. Therefore, CLL is characterized not only by stereotyped HCDR3 and heavy chains but, rather, by stereotyped BCRs involving both chains, which generate distinctive antigen-binding grooves.
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18
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Mietzner B, Tsuiji M, Scheid J, Velinzon K, Tiller T, Abraham K, Gonzalez JB, Pascual V, Stichweh D, Wardemann H, Nussenzweig MC. Autoreactive IgG memory antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus arise from nonreactive and polyreactive precursors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:9727-32. [PMID: 18621685 PMCID: PMC2474524 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0803644105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent autoantibody production in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) suggests the existence of autoreactive humoral memory, but the frequency of self-reactive memory B cells in SLE has not been determined. Here, we report on the reactivity of 200 monoclonal antibodies from single IgG+ memory B cells of four SLE patients. The overall frequency of polyreactive and HEp-2 self-reactive antibodies in this compartment was similar to controls. We found 15% of IgG memory B cell antibodies highly reactive and specific for SLE-associated extractable nuclear antigens (ENA) Ro52 and La in one patient with serum autoantibody titers of the same specificity but not in the other three patients or healthy individuals. The germ-line forms of the ENA antibodies were non-self-reactive or polyreactive with low binding to Ro52, supporting the idea that somatic mutations contributed to autoantibody specificity and reactivity. Heterogeneity in the frequency of memory B cells expressing SLE-associated autoantibodies suggests that this variable may be important in the outcome of therapies that ablate this compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brun Mietzner
- *Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Tiller
- *Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Abraham
- Central Institute for Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Charité Hospital, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jose B. Gonzalez
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité Hospital, 12200 Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Virginia Pascual
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor University, Dallas, TX 75204
| | - Dorothee Stichweh
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor University, Dallas, TX 75204
| | - Hedda Wardemann
- *Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zouali
- Inserm U606 and University of Paris Diderot-Paris, Paris, France
| | - RA Mageed
- Bone and Joint Unit, William Harvey Institute, London, UK
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20
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Zouali M. Receptor editing and receptor revision in rheumatic autoimmune diseases. Trends Immunol 2008; 29:103-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2007.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Lamoureux JL, Watson LC, Cherrier M, Skog P, Nemazee D, Feeney AJ. Reduced receptor editing in lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:2853-64. [PMID: 17967905 PMCID: PMC2118512 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20071268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The initial B cell repertoire contains a considerable proportion of autoreactive specificities. The first major B cell tolerance checkpoint is at the stage of the immature B cell, where receptor editing is the primary mode of eliminating self-reactivity. The cells that emigrate from the bone marrow have a second tolerance checkpoint in the transitional compartment in the spleen. Although it is known that the second checkpoint is defective in lupus, it is not clear whether there is any breakdown in central B cell tolerance in the bone marrow. We demonstrate that receptor editing is less efficient in the lupus-prone strain MRL/lpr. In an in vitro system, when receptor-editing signals are given to bone marrow immature B cells by antiidiotype antibody or after in vivo exposure to membrane-bound self-antigen, MRL/lpr 3-83 transgenic immature B cells undergo less endogenous rearrangement and up-regulate recombination activating gene messenger RNA to a lesser extent than B10 transgenic cells. CD19, along with immunoglobulin M, is down-regulated in the bone marrow upon receptor editing, but the extent of down-regulation is fivefold less in MRL/lpr mice. Less efficient receptor editing could allow some autoreactive cells to escape from the bone marrow in lupus-prone mice, thus predisposing to autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Lamoureux
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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22
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Hillion S, Garaud S, Devauchelle V, Bordron A, Berthou C, Youinou P, Jamin C. Interleukin-6 is responsible for aberrant B-cell receptor-mediated regulation of RAG expression in systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology 2007; 122:371-80. [PMID: 17608810 PMCID: PMC2266017 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02649.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective regulation of secondary immunoglobulin V(D)J gene rearrangement promotes the production of autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It remains unclear, however, whether the regulation of the recombination-activating genes RAG1 and RAG2 is effective in SLE. RAG1 and RAG2 messenger RNA expression was analysed before and after in vitro activation of sorted CD19(+) CD5(-) B cells with anti-immunoglobulin M antibodies, in 20 SLE patients and 17 healthy controls. The expression of CDK2 and p27(Kip1) regulators of the RAG2 protein, were examined. The levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and its influence on RAG regulation were also evaluated in vitro. SLE patients had increased frequency of RAG-positive B cells. B-cell receptor (BCR) engagement induced a shift in the frequency of kappa- and lambda-positive cells, associated with a persistence of RAG messenger RNA and the maintenance of RAG2 protein within the nucleus. While expression of the RAG2-negative regulator CDK2 was normal, the positive regulator p27(Kip1) was up-regulated and enhanced by BCR engagement. This effect was the result of the aberrant production of IL-6 by SLE B cells. Furthermore, IL-6 receptor blockade led to a reduction in p27(Kip1) expression, and allowed the translocation of RAG2 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Our study indicates that aberrant production of IL-6 contributes to the inability of SLE B cells to terminate RAG protein production. Therefore, we hypothesize that because of constitutive IL-6 signalling in association with BCR engagement, SLE B cells would become prone to secondary immunoglobulin gene rearrangements and autoantibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Hillion
- EA Immunologie et Pathologie, Brest University Medical School, Brest, France
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23
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Mazari L, Ouarzane M, Zouali M. Subversion of B lymphocyte tolerance by hydralazine, a potential mechanism for drug-induced lupus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:6317-22. [PMID: 17404230 PMCID: PMC1851062 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610434104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that epigenetic alterations contribute to exacerbated activation or deregulation of the mechanisms that maintain tolerance to self-antigens in patients with lupus, a systemic autoimmune disease that can be triggered by medications taken to treat a variety of conditions. Here, we tested the effect of hydralazine, an antihypertensive drug that triggers lupus, on receptor editing, a chief mechanism of B lymphocyte tolerance to self-antigens. Using mice expressing transgenic human Igs, we found that hydralazine impairs up-regulation of RAG-2 gene expression and reduces secondary Ig gene rearrangements. Receptor editing was also partially abolished in a dose-dependent manner by a specific inhibitor of MEK1/2. Adoptive transfer of bone marrow B cells pretreated with hydralazine or with a MEK inhibitor to naïve syngeneic mice resulted in autoantibody production. We conclude that, by disrupting receptor editing, hydralazine subverts B lymphocyte tolerance to self and contributes to generation of pathogenic autoreactivity. We also postulate that inhibition of the Erk signaling pathway contributes to the pathogenesis of hydralazine-induced lupus and idiopathic human lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Mazari
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U430, University of Paris 6, F-75674 Paris, France
| | - Meryem Ouarzane
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U430, University of Paris 6, F-75674 Paris, France
| | - Moncef Zouali
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U430, University of Paris 6, F-75674 Paris, France
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U606, Centre Viggo Petersen, Hôpital Lariboisière, 2, Rue Ambroise Paré, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France. E-mail:
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24
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Foreman AL, Van de Water J, Gougeon ML, Gershwin ME. B cells in autoimmune diseases: insights from analyses of immunoglobulin variable (Ig V) gene usage. Autoimmun Rev 2007; 6:387-401. [PMID: 17537385 PMCID: PMC2094701 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2006.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The role of B cells in autoimmune diseases has not been fully elucidated. It is also unclear whether breaking of B cell tolerance in patients with autoimmune diseases is due to underlying defects in the molecular mechanisms involved in the arrangement of antibody genes or deficiencies in the subsequent selective influences that shape the antibody repertoire. Analysis of immunoglobulin (Ig) variable (V) gene usage is beginning to provide answers to some of these questions. Such analyses have identified some differences in the basic Ig V gene repertoire of patients with autoimmune diseases compared to healthy controls, even though none of these differences can be considered major. Defects in positive and negative selection, mutational targeting and, in some cases, receptor editing have also been detected. In addition, analysis of Ig V gene usage in target organs and tissues of patients with autoimmune diseases has clearly demonstrated that there is a highly compartmentalized clonal expansion of B cells driven by a limited number of antigens in these tissues. Great progress has been made in the structural and functional characterization of disease-associated antibodies, largely because of the development of the combinatorial library technique. Use of antibodies generated by this technique offers great promise in identifying B cell epitopes on known target antigens and in gaining greater insights into the pathogenic role of B cells in both B and T cell mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Lee Foreman
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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25
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Abstract
The specificities of lymphocytes for antigen are generated by a quasi-random process of gene rearrangement that often results in non-functional or autoreactive antigen receptors. Regulation of lymphocyte specificities involves not only the elimination of cells that display 'unsuitable' receptors for antigen but also the active genetic correction of these receptors by secondary recombination of the DNA. As I discuss here, an important mechanism for the genetic correction of antigen receptors is ongoing recombination, which leads to receptor editing. Receptor editing is probably an adaptation that is necessitated by the high probability of receptor autoreactivity. In both B cells and T cells, the genes that encode the two chains of the antigen receptor seem to be specialized to promote, on the one hand, the generation of diverse specificities and, on the other hand, the regulation of these specificities through efficient editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Nemazee
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, Mail Drop IMM-29, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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26
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Samuels J, Ng YS, Coupillaud C, Paget D, Meffre E. Impaired early B cell tolerance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 201:1659-67. [PMID: 15897279 PMCID: PMC2212916 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20042321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Autoantibody production is a characteristic of most autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The role of these autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of RA remains elusive, but they appear in the serum many years before the onset of clinical disease suggesting an early break in B cell tolerance. The stage of B cell development at which B cell tolerance is broken in RA remains unknown. We previously established in healthy donors that most polyreactive developing B cells are silenced in the bone marrow, and additional autoreactive B cells are removed in the periphery. B cell tolerance in untreated active RA patients was analyzed by testing the specificity of recombinant antibodies cloned from single B cells. We find that autoreactive B cells fail to be removed in all six RA patients and represent 35-52% of the mature naive B cell compartment compared with 20% in healthy donors. In some patients, RA B cells express an increased proportion of polyreactive antibodies that can recognize immunoglobulins and cyclic citrullinated peptides, suggesting early defects in central B cell tolerance. Thus, RA patients exhibit defective B cell tolerance checkpoints that may favor the development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Samuels
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, Hospital for Special Surgery, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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27
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Yurasov S, Wardemann H, Hammersen J, Tsuiji M, Meffre E, Pascual V, Nussenzweig MC. Defective B cell tolerance checkpoints in systemic lupus erythematosus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 201:703-11. [PMID: 15738055 PMCID: PMC2212839 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20042251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A cardinal feature of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the development of autoantibodies. The first autoantibodies described in patients with SLE were those specific for nuclei and DNA, but subsequent work has shown that individuals with this disease produce a panoply of different autoantibodies. Thus, one of the constant features of SLE is a profound breakdown in tolerance in the antibody system. The appearance of self-reactive antibodies in SLE precedes clinical disease, but where in the B cell pathway tolerance is first broken has not been defined. In healthy humans, autoantibodies are removed from the B cell repertoire in two discrete early checkpoints in B cell development. We found these checkpoints to be defective in three adolescent patients with SLE. 25–50% of the mature naive B cells in SLE patients produce self-reactive antibodies even before they participate in immune responses as compared with 5–20% in controls. We conclude that SLE is associated with abnormal early B cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Yurasov
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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28
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Nagafuchi H, Yoshikawa H, Takeba Y, Nara K, Miura K, Kurokawa MS, Suzuki N. Recombination activating genes (RAG) induce secondary Ig gene rearrangement in and subsequent apoptosis of human peripheral blood circulating B lymphocytes. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 136:76-84. [PMID: 15030517 PMCID: PMC1808993 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombination activating gene (RAG) re-expression and secondary Ig gene rearrangement in mature B lymphocytes have been reported. Here, we have studied RAG expression of peripheral blood B lymphocytes in humans. Normal B cells did not express RAG1 and RAG2 spontaneously. More than a half of circulating B cells expressed RAG proteins, when activated with Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (SAC) + IL-2. DNA binding activity of the RAG complex has been verified by a gel shift assay employing the recombination signal sequence (RSS). Secondary Ig light chain rearrangement in the RAG-expressing B cells was confirmed by linker-mediated (LM)-PCR. Highly purified surface kappa+ B cells activated by SAC + IL-2 became RAG+, and thereafter they started to express lambda chain mRNA. 2 colour immunofluorescence analysis disclosed that a part of the RAG+ cells derived from the purified kappa+ B cells activated by SAC + IL-2 turned to lambda+ phenotype in vitro. Similarly, apoptosis induction was observed in a part of the RAG+ B cells. Our study suggests that a majority of peripheral blood B cells re-expresses RAG and the RAG+ B lymphocytes could be eliminated from the B cell repertoire either by changing Ag receptor specificity due to secondary rearrangement or by apoptosis induction. Thus, RAG expression of mature B cells in peripheral blood would contribute to not only receptor revision for further diversification of B cell repertoire but in some cases (or in some B cell subsets) to prevention or induction of autoAb responses at this differentiation stage in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nagafuchi
- Department of Immunology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
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29
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Abstract
The kappa chain repertoire of individual IgD(+) human neonatal B cells was analyzed using a single cell PCR technique. A total of 104 productive and 90 non-productive VkappaJkappa rearrangements from three cord blood B cell samples were sequenced and compared to the adult IgM(+) peripheral B cell VkappaJkappa repertoire. All six Vkappa families were present in neonatal B cells, but the distribution was not random. In the non-productive repertoire Vkappa2 and Vkappa6 families were less frequent, Vkappa1 and Vkappa3 families were as frequent, and Vkappa4 and Vkappa5 families were more frequent than expected from random chance. Notably, the Vkappa2 family was negatively selected into the productive repertoire. In contrast, the Vkappa1 family was positively selected because of positive selection of three specific genes, O12/O2, L12a and L9. B3 (Vkappa4) and B2 (Vkappa5) were over-represented in the non-productive repertoire and then were expressed less frequently in the productive repertoire. In contrast, the Vkappa3 family gene, A27, was also over-represented in the non-productive repertoire but not further selected into the productive repertoire. Compared to the adult repertoire, junctional diversity was less marked because of a diminished influence of TdT activity, whereas the mean CDR3 length was comparable to that of normal adult B cells. Comparison of the distribution of Vkappa and Jkappa genes with those found in normal adult subjects suggested that there was less receptor editing in neonatal B cells. When neonatal CD5(+) B cells were compared with CD5(-) IgD(+) B cells, it was noted that the Vkappa gene A30 was used only in CD5(+) B cells in both the productive and non-productive repertoires. The results indicate that the usage of Vkappa genes by neonatal B cells is biased by both intrinsic molecular processes and selection. The evidence of selection indicates that the Vkappa repertoire is shaped by self antigens, since exposure to exogenous antigens is limited at the time of birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann J Girschick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Harold C. Simmons Arthritis Research Center, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.
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30
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Abstract
Studies over the past 10 years have shown that B cells can undergo secondary heavy- or light-chain immunoglobulin (Ig) rearrangements at various stages of their normal development, a process termed receptor editing. In the bone marrow, this mechanism is important to maintain tolerance because it can extinguish a self-reactive specificity without having to physically eliminate a potentially autoreactive B cell. In the periphery, secondary rearrangements may also play a role in the diversification and maturation of an immune response, although conclusive evidence for this process is still required. Individuals with systemic autoimmune diseases, such as lupus, show evidence of intricate abnormalities in receptor editing. On the one hand, decreased editing may not eliminate the self-reactive specificities that emerge during B-cell development in the bone marrow. Conversely, excessive secondary rearrangements, especially in the periphery where tolerance mechanisms are less effective, can result in the production of autoantibodies by edited B cells. It will be important to assess whether the complex editing defects observed during lupus are a primary susceptibility factor to this disease or if they are secondary to other abnormalities of lymphocyte development in these autoimmune patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Monestier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dörner
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany.
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32
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Kaschner S, Hansen A, Jacobi A, Reiter K, Monson NL, Odendahl M, Burmester GR, Lipsky PE, Dörner T. Immunoglobulin Vlambda light chain gene usage in patients with Sjögren's syndrome. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2001; 44:2620-32. [PMID: 11710718 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200111)44:11<2620::aid-art442>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS) have abnormalities in Ig Vlambda and Jlambda gene usage, differences in somatic hypermutation, defects in selection, or indications for perturbations of B cell maturation. METHODS Individual peripheral B cells from SS patients were analyzed for their Vlambda gene usage by single-cell polymerase chain reaction amplification of genomic DNA and compared with those from normal controls. RESULTS Molecular differences from controls in Vlambda-Jlambda recombination were identified that were reflected by findings in the nonproductive Vlambda repertoire of the patients, including enhanced rearrangement of Vlambda10A and Jlambda2/3 gene segments. In addition, a number of abnormalities in the productive repertoire were identified, indicating disordered selection. A greater usage of 4 Vlambda genes (2A2, 2B2, 2C, and 7A), representing 56% of all productive Vlambda rearrangements, was observed, suggesting positive selection of these genes. Overutilization of Jlambda2/3 and underutilization of Jlambda7 in both nonproductive and productive Vlambda rearrangements of SS patients compared with controls suggested decreased receptor editing in SS. The mutational frequency did not differ from that in controls, and positive selection of mutations into the productive V gene repertoire was found, similar to that in controls, although mutational targeting toward RGYW/WRCY motifs, typically found in controls, was not found in SS patients. CONCLUSION Disturbed regulation of B cell maturation with abnormal selection, defects in editing Ig receptors, and abnormal mutational targeting may contribute to the emergence of autoimmunity in SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kaschner
- University Hospital Charite, Berlin, Germany
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33
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Viau M, Zouali M. Molecular determinants of the human antibody response to HIV-1: implications for disease control. J Clin Immunol 2001; 21:410-9. [PMID: 11811786 DOI: 10.1023/a:1013125726870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Various aspects of the immune response to HIV-1 infection remain unclear. While seropositive subjects generally mount a strong humoral response, the antibodies produced are not effective in halting disease progression. Molecular characterization of the antibody repertoire specific for HIV-1 antigens represents an approach to further our understanding of the mechanisms involved in mounting a humoral immunity in this infection. Recently, the content, structure, and organization of the human immunoglobulin-variable gene loci have been elucidated and a number of laboratories have characterized the variable gene elements of human anti-HIV-1 antibodies derived from infected persons by cell fusion or by Epstein-Barr virus transformation. The results show evidence for extensive somatic mutations that lead to preferential amino acid substitutions in the hypervariable regions, an indication of an antigen-driven process. Multiple other molecular events also are engaged in generating antibody diversity, including various types of fusions of variable genes, usage of inverted diversity genes, and addition of extragenomic nucleotides. Most importantly, there is a paucity of antibodies expressing the major V(H)3 gene family, which could result from the capacity of gp120 to act as superantigen for human B cells. This V(H)3+ antibody deficit also has been observed in B cells isolated ex vivo from the patients. Since V(H)3+ antibodies play an essential role in immune defense against infections, the abnormalities observed in HIV-1 infection may predispose to opportunistic infections and further compromise the immune defense mechanisms of the subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Viau
- Hôpital Broussais, INSERM U 430, Paris, France
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Jacobi AM, Hansen A, Burmester GR, Dörner T, Lipsky PE. Enhanced mutational activity and disturbed selection of mutations in V(H) gene rearrangements in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmunity 2001; 33:61-76. [PMID: 11204254 DOI: 10.3109/08916930108994110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
To determine the impact of somatic hypermutation and selective influences on the V(H) gene repertoire in SLE, the mutational frequency and pattern of mutations in nonproductively and productively rearranged V(H) genes obtained from genomic DNA of individual CD19+ B cells were analyzed in a patient with SLE. The mutational frequencies of nonproductive (6.54 x 10(-2)) as well as of productive (4.38 x 10(-2)) V(H) rearrangements were significantly higher in the SLE patient than in normal controls (3.8 x 10(-2), p<0.001 and 3.3 x 10(-2); p<0.001, respectively). Analysis of nonproductive rearrangements documented only minor abnormalities of the targeting of the mutator in the SLE patient. The majority of "mutational hot spots", although different than in normals, appeared in the CDRs and an increased frequency of mutations in RGYW/WRCY sequences was observed. Moreover, no biases in base pair changes were found in the nonproductive repertoire. In contrast, there was a selection against A and T mutations and towards G mutations within the productive repertoire. Importantly, there were no significant differences in the R/S ratios of mutations within the FRs between the nonproductive and productive repertoire consistent with abnormalities in elimination of B cells expressing V(H) genes with these mutations. The result of this abnormality was a significantly higher R/S ratio of the V(H)genes in the productive repertoire of the SLE patient compared to normals (p<0.05). These data indicate that the mutational machinery was markedly enhanced in this SLE patient but exhibited nearly normal targeting, whereas selective influences were abnormal. These findings suggest that both enhanced mutational activity and disturbances in selection may have played a role in the emergence of autoreactivity in this SLE patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Jacobi
- Dept. Med. Charite University Hospitals Berlin, Germany
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Heimbächer C, Hansen A, Pruss A, Jacobi A, Reiter K, Lipsky PE, Dörner T. Immunoglobulin Vkappa light chain gene analysis in patients with Sjögren's syndrome. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2001; 44:626-37. [PMID: 11263777 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200103)44:3<626::aid-anr111>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS) have characteristic lymphocytic infiltration of the salivary glands with a previously reported predominance of Vkappa-bearing B cells and produce a variety of autoantibodies, indicating that there is a humoral autoimmune component in this syndrome. This study was undertaken to determine whether there are primary deviations of immunoglobulin V gene usage, differences in somatic hypermutation, defects of selection, or indications for perturbances of B cell maturation in SS. METHODS Individual peripheral B cells from patients with SS were analyzed for their Ig V gene usage, and the findings were compared with results in normal controls. RESULTS Molecular differences, as reflected by findings in the nonproductive Vkappa repertoire of the patients, were identified by an enhanced usage of Jkappa2 gene segments and a lack of mutational targeting toward RGYW/WRCY sequences compared with controls. A greater usage of Vkappa1 family members and a reduced frequency of Vkappa3 gene segments in the productive repertoire suggested differences in selection, possibly driven by antigen. Overall positive selection for mutations, especially for replacements in the complementarity-determining region and for mutations in RGYW/WRCY, similar to that found in controls, was detected. CONCLUSION Disturbances of strictly regulated B cell maturation, during early B cell development as indicated by prominent Jkappa2 gene usage and during germinal center reactions as indicated by a lack of targeting of the hypermutation mechanism, might contribute to the emergence of autoimmunity in SS.
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Dörner T, Kaschner S, Hansen A, Pruss A, Lipsky PE. Perturbations in the impact of mutational activity on Vlambda genes in systemic lupus erythematosus. ARTHRITIS RESEARCH 2001; 3:368-74. [PMID: 11714391 PMCID: PMC64848 DOI: 10.1186/ar329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2001] [Revised: 08/10/2001] [Accepted: 08/24/2001] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To assess the impact of somatic hypermutation and selective influences on the Vlambda light chain repertoire in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the frequency and pattern of mutations were analyzed in individual CD19+ B cells from a patient with previously undiagnosed SLE. The mutational frequency of nonproductive and productive rearrangements in the SLE patient was greater (3.1 x 10(-2) vs 3.4 x 10(-2), respectively) than that in normal B cells (1.2 x 10(-2) vs 2.0 x 10(-2), both P < 0.001). The frequencies of mutated rearrangements in both the nonproductive and productive repertoires were significantly higher in the patient with SLE than in normal subjects. Notably, there were no differences in the ratio of replacement to silent (R/S) mutations in the productive and nonproductive repertoires of the SLE patient, whereas the R/S ratio in the framework regions of productive rearrangements of normal subjects was reduced, consistent with active elimination of replacement mutations in this region. The pattern of mutations was abnormal in the SLE patient, with a significant increase in the frequency of G mutations in both the productive and nonproductive repertoires. As in normal subjects, however, mutations were found frequently in specific nucleotide motifs, the RGYW/WRCY sequences, accounting for 34% (nonproductive) and 46% (productive) of all mutations. These data are most consistent with the conclusion that in this SLE patient, the mutational activity was markedly greater than in normal subjects and exhibited some abnormal features. In addition, there was decreased subsequent positive or negative selection of mutations. The enhanced and abnormal mutational activity along with disturbances in selection may play a role in the emergence of autoreactivity in this patient with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dörner
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Charite, Berlin, Germany.
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Russell ND, Corvalan JR, Gallo ML, Davis CG, Pirofski LA. Production of protective human antipneumococcal antibodies by transgenic mice with human immunoglobulin loci. Infect Immun 2000; 68:1820-6. [PMID: 10722569 PMCID: PMC97353 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.4.1820-1826.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with Streptococcus pneumoniae remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. To gain insight into structure-function relationships for human antibodies to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide (PPS), we studied the response of transgenic mice reconstituted with human immunoglobulin loci, XenoMouse, to PPS antigens in a pneumococcal vaccine. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of sera from mice vaccinated with a 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine revealed that they produced serotype-specific human antibodies, with the greatest response being to the PPS of serotype 3 (PPS 3). Molecular sequence analysis of three monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to PPS 3 generated from lymphoid cells from mice vaccinated with a 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine or a PPS 3-bovine serum albumin conjugate revealed that they all used heavy-chain immunoglobulin genes from the V(H)3 family, two expressed light chain genes from the human Vkappa1 family, and one expressed a mouse lambda light chain. The protective efficacy of the two MAbs was examined in mice. A 10-microgram dose of both, and a 1-microgram dose of one, significantly prolonged survival from a lethal serotype 3 infection in CBA/N mice. Our data show that XenoMouse mice produced protective, serotype-specific human antibodies to PPS 3, and they lend support to the proposal that these animals represent a useful model to study the human antibody response to PPS antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Russell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nemazee
- Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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39
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Ofosu-Appiah W, Sfeir G, Viti D, Burashnikova E. Suppression of systemic lupus erythematosus disease in mice by oral administration of kidney extract. J Autoimmun 1999; 13:405-14. [PMID: 10585756 DOI: 10.1006/jaut.1999.0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the increased production of antibodies reactive with a variety of self and non-self antigens. A number of immunomodulatory therapies have been investigated for the disease process. Intragastric administration of low dose kidney extract (KE) three times weekly for 5 weeks and then weekly until 6 months of age in SLE mice, showed decreased anti-dsDNA antibody levels, less kidney damage and significantly prolonged survival compared with control phosphate buffered saline (PBS)-fed mice. The KE-fed mice also exhibited reduced T cell proliferative response to KE in comparison with PBS-fed controls. Serum isotype distribution of the anti-dsDNA antibodies revealed a marked reduction of IgG1 and IgG3 responses in the KE-fed mice. While the renal inflammatory cell infiltration and expression of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-10 were markedly suppressed, no local enhancement of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) was detected. Oral administration of low dose KE, however, upregulated expression of IL-2, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha in the kidneys and suppressed glomerulonephritis. These findings suggest that oral KE affects the disease process in SLE and raise the possibility that oral administration of KE or other potential autoantigens may provide a new approach for the treatment of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ofosu-Appiah
- Department of Immunology, Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, NY 13501, USA.
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Chukwuocha RU, Hsiao ET, Shaw P, Witztum JL, Chen PP. Isolation, Characterization and Sequence Analysis of Five IgG Monoclonal Anti-β2-Glycoprotein-1 and Anti-Prothrombin Antigen-Binding Fragments Generated by Phage Display. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.8.4604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We have isolated five monoclonal IgG anti-β2-glycoprotein-1 (anti-β2G-1) and anti-prothrombin Fab from a patient with autoantibodies to oxidized low-density lipoproteins by phage display method. Analysis of their binding specificity revealed that all three β2GP-1-enriched mAbs (B14, B22, B27) reacted with β2GP-1 while both prothrombin-isolated mAbs (P11 and P13) reacted with prothrombin. Intriguingly, mAb P11 reacted with β2GP-1 and prothrombin and showed comparable binding affinity to both Ags, with Kd values of 1.6 × 10−6 M for β2GP-1 vs 3.2 × 10−6 M for prothrombin. This clone may thus, define a hitherto unknown shared epitope between β2GP-1 and prothrombin. Sequence analysis of all five clones showed significant mutations of the expressed genes. One rearranged V-D-J segment was repeatedly employed by three clones (mAbs B22, B27, and P13). However, all three clones used different L chains. Of note, the pairing of VH6-D-J with the L5-Vk1 L chain in mAb P13 resulted in the loss of binding to β2GP-1 and specific reactivity to prothrombin. Together, these data suggest that while the VH6-D-J chain may be important in the binding to β2GP-1, pairing with certain L chains may influence this binding. These data are the first human IgG anti-β2GP-1 and anti-prothrombin sequences reported; both represent the major subsets of antiphospholipid Abs present in antiphospholipid syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reginald U. Chukwuocha
- *Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Elie T. Hsiao
- †Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205; and
| | - Peter Shaw
- ‡Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Joseph L. Witztum
- ‡Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Pojen P. Chen
- *Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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41
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Retter MW, Nemazee D. Receptor editing: genetic reprogramming of autoreactive lymphocytes. Cell Biochem Biophys 1999; 31:81-8. [PMID: 10505669 DOI: 10.1007/bf02738156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The clonal selection theory postulates that immune tolerance mediated selection occurs at the level of the cell. The receptor editing model, instead, suggests that selection occurs at the level of the B-cell receptor, so that self-reactive receptors that encounter autoantigen in the bone marrow are altered through secondary rearrangement. Recent studies in transgenic model systems and normal B cells, both in vivo and in vitro, have demonstrated that receptor editing is a major mechanism for inducing B-cell tolerance.
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Dörner T, Heimbächer C, Farner NL, Lipsky PE. Enhanced mutational activity of Vkappa gene rearrangements in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Immunol 1999; 92:188-96. [PMID: 10444363 DOI: 10.1006/clim.1999.4740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To determine the differential impact of somatic hypermutation and selective influences on the light chain repertoire in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the frequency and pattern of somatic hypermutations were compared between the productive and nonproductive Vkappa gene repertoire manifested by individual CD19(+) B cells in a patient with SLE. The mutational frequency of nonproductive rearrangements in the SLE patient was significantly (P < 0.001) increased (3.7 x 10(-2)) compared to normals (4.8 x 10(-3)). Similarly, the mutational frequency of the productive Vkappa rearrangements was also significantly increased in the SLE patient (2.8 x 10(-2) vs 1.1 x 10(-2)) (P < 0.001). There were no differences in the R/S ratios of mutations in productive and nonproductive Vkappa rearrangements. Moreover, a variety of mutational "hot spots" were noted, but, unexpectedly, in the FRs. As in normals, mutations were found most frequently in RGYW/WRCY sequences accounting for 39.3% (nonproductive) and 40.1% (productive) of all mutations. Of note, nonproductive Vkappa rearrangements harbored significantly more mutations than productive rearrangements (P < 0.05) indicating that there was overall selection against mutations in the expressed repertoire. This was most apparent in the CDR3. These data are most consistent with the conclusion that, in this SLE patient, the mutational machinery was markedly enhanced compared to normals, but with no subsequent positive selection of mutations. The enhanced mutational activity may play a role in the emergence of autoreactivity in this SLE patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dörner
- Department of Internal Medicine and Harold C. Simmons Arthritis Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 75235, USA
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Dörner T, Farner NL, Lipsky PE. Ig λ and Heavy Chain Gene Usage in Early Untreated Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Suggests Intensive B Cell Stimulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.2.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
To determine the distribution of Vλ and Jλ as well as VH and JH gene usage in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), productive and nonproductive VJ and V(D)J rearrangements were amplified from individual peripheral CD19+ B cells and were analyzed. No differences in the Vλ and Jλ or the VH and JH gene usage in the nonproductive gene repertoire of this SLE patient were found compared with the distribution of genes found in normal adults, whereas marked skewing of both Vλ and VH was noted among the productive rearrangements. The distribution of productive Vλ rearrangements was skewed, with significantly greater representation of the Jλ distal cluster C Vλ genes and the Vλ distal Jλ7 element, consistent with the possibility that there was receptor editing of the Vλ locus in this patient. Significant bias in VH gene usage was also noted with VH3 family members dominating the peripheral B cell repertoire of the SLE patient (83%) compared with that found in normal subjects (55%; p < 0.001). Notably, a clone of B cells employing the VH3-11 gene for the heavy chain and the Vλ1G segment for the light chain was detected. These data are most consistent with the conclusion that extreme B cell overactivity drives the initial stages of SLE leading to remarkable changes in the peripheral V gene usage that may underlie on fail to prevent the emergence of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dörner
- Department of Internal Medicine and The Harold C. Simmons Arthritis Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235
| | - Nancy L. Farner
- Department of Internal Medicine and The Harold C. Simmons Arthritis Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235
| | - Peter E. Lipsky
- Department of Internal Medicine and The Harold C. Simmons Arthritis Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235
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Suzuki N, Wakisaka S, Takeba Y, Mihara S, Sakane T. Effects of cigarette smoking on Fas/Fas ligand expression of human lymphocytes. Cell Immunol 1999; 192:48-53. [PMID: 10066346 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1998.1432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking has been shown to affect human immune responses. We have studied Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) expression, which is involved in the cytotoxic activity, immune privilege, and self-tolerance, and other apoptosis-associated molecule expression of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in healthy subjects with/without cigarette smoking. We found that expression of FasL protein was detected marginally in the fresh PBL and was induced upon mitogen activation in normal individuals without smoking. In contrast, fresh PBL from those with chronic cigarette smoking exhibited enhanced expression of FasL protein without in vitro mitogen stimulation. Moreover, mitogen stimulation failed to augment FasL protein expression of their lymphocytes, suggesting dysregulation of FasL expression of PBL in individuals with cigarette smoking. In contrast, Fas, Bcl-2, and p53 expression were not significantly different between normal individuals with chronic cigarette smoking and those without smoking. In addition, we found that in vitro brief treatment with nicotine induces and/or enhances FasL mRNA and protein expression of lymphocytes from normal donors without smoking. These results suggest that aberrant FasL expression of lymphocytes is, at least in part, involved in the immune impairment in individuals with chronic cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Suzuki
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
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47
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Dörner T, Foster SJ, Farner NL, Lipsky PE. Immunoglobulin kappa chain receptor editing in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest 1998; 102:688-94. [PMID: 9710436 PMCID: PMC508930 DOI: 10.1172/jci3113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether receptor editing of Vkappa genes was involved in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the usage of Vkappa and Jkappa gene elements from individual peripheral CD19(+) B cells obtained from a patient with untreated SLE was examined. No differences in the Vkappa and Jkappa gene usage in the nonproductive gene repertoire of this SLE patient were noted compared with the distribution of genes found in normal adults. However, an increased usage of Jkappa5 segments, and a significant overrepresentation of the Vkappa1 and Vkappa4 families, especially the L15, O14/O4, and B3 genes characterized the productive Vkappa gene repertoire of the SLE patient. Furthermore, Jkappa5-containing Vkappa gene rearrangements in the productive but not the nonproductive repertoire manifested significantly fewer mutations compared with Vkappa genes recombined with Jkappa1-4. These data are consistent with the conclusion that receptor editing of Vkappa is much more apparent in this SLE patient than in normals and suggest that a deficiency in this means to counteract the emergence of autoimmunity is not an essential feature of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dörner
- Department of Internal Medicine and Harold C. Simmons Arthritis Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75235, USA
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Wang H, Shlomchik MJ. Maternal Ig Mediates Neonatal Tolerance in Rheumatoid Factor Transgenic Mice but Tolerance Breaks Down in Adult Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.5.2263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that B cell deletion occurs in the bone marrow of IgHa high affinity anti-IgG2aa (RF) transgenic mice. Here we demonstrate via genetic crosses that the source of IgG2a is the mother, thus establishing a transplacental mechanism that ensures tolerance to developmentally expressed Ags. Since maternal IgG can mediate tolerance in young mice, whether tolerance is maintained or, instead, autoimmunity ensues after weaning was investigated. We find that deletion remits abruptly in these RF transgenic mice beginning at 2 to 3 wk postweaning, and some degree of autoreactivity can be observed thereafter for weeks to months. The mechanism of sustained expression of autoreactive RF B cells in normal mice is unclear as yet, but a plausible mechanism is that once self-reactive cells are present, the antibody they secrete markedly reduces the autoantigen levels, presumably allowing further development, rather than deletion, of newly arising B lineage cells. The phenotype of these RF transgenic mice suggests a positive feedback mechanism that tends to perpetuate autoimmunity once it has been established. If such a mechanism were to exist in autoimmune animals, it could have important implications for the establishment and maintenance of B and T cell tolerance in chronic autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowei Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Mark J. Shlomchik
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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Suzuki N, Ichino M, Mihara S, Kaneko S, Sakane T. Inhibition of Fas/Fas ligand-mediated apoptotic cell death of lymphocytes in vitro by circulating anti-Fas ligand autoantibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1998; 41:344-53. [PMID: 9485093 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(199802)41:2<344::aid-art19>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) system has been assigned a pivotal role in the establishment and maintenance of peripheral tolerance, and mice having defects in the Fas/FasL system are known to develop lupus-like symptoms. However, it remains unclear whether the Fas/FasL system is involved in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in humans. This study examined whether there are circulating anti-FasL autoantibodies in the peripheral blood of patients with SLE that would interfere with Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis. METHODS Anti-FasL autoantibodies were detected by Western blot analysis using the recombinant extracellular domain of human FasL as the antigen. Apoptosis of Fas-expressing Jurkat cells, induced by recombinant soluble FasL (sFasL) in the presence of anti-FasL autoantibodies, was assessed by DNA staining with propidium iodide, followed by flow cytometric analysis. Apoptosis of Jurkat cells by cell-bound FasL was assessed by 2-color analysis, involving TUNEL staining with fluorescein isothiocyanate-dUTP and phycoerythrin-labeled anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS Among the 21 patients with SLE, 7 had IgG-isotype anti-FasL autoantibodies in their circulating blood. In addition, these autoantibodies inhibited both sFasL-mediated and cell-bound FasL-mediated apoptosis of Fas-expressing Jurkat cells. Thus, it is plausible that anti-FasL autoantibodies in patients with SLE disturb the establishment and maintenance of peripheral tolerance in vivo by inhibiting the Fas/FasL-mediated elimination of autoreactive lymphocytes. CONCLUSION These results suggest that anti-FasL autoantibodies that inhibit Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis are involved, at least in part, in immune abnormalities and may possibly be involved in the pathogenesis of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Suzuki
- St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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50
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Lai CJ, Rauch J, Cho CS, Zhao Y, Chukwuocha RU, Chen PP. Immunological and molecular analysis of three monoclonal lupus anticoagulant antibodies from a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Autoimmun 1998; 11:39-51. [PMID: 9480722 DOI: 10.1006/jaut.1997.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antiphospholipid antibodies (APA), including lupus anticoagulants (LAC; as detected by in vitro blood clotting tests) and anti-cardiolipin antibodies (ACA; as assayed by solid-phase immunoassay), are strongly associated with recurrent thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, and recurrent fetal loss in some patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The combined presence of APA and these clinical manifestations is termed antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). LAC and ACA comprise heterogeneous and somewhat overlapping autoantibody subsets. To date, it is unclear what degree of heterogeneity is present in an individual patient and between patients. To begin to address these issues, we generated three monoclonal LAC antibodies from a patient with SLE and APS. These antibodies were studied for their binding specificities and variable (V) region nucleotide sequences. All three LAC were unreactive with DNA, cardiolipin or other phospholipids. Sequence analysis of these antibodies revealed extensive overlap in their Ig V genes with anti-DNA antibodies and other autoantibodies characteristic of lupus. These data provide the first V gene sequence information on a group of SLE-derived LAC without ACA activity, representative of a similar subset of LAC found in patients with APS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Lai
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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