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Evaluation Anti-inflammatory Effect of Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles with Cortistatin Peptide as Drug Delivery to Asthmatic Lung Tissue. Int J Pept Res Ther 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-022-10487-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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2
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Milne ME, Kimball J, Tarrant TK, Al-Rohil RN, Leverenz DL. The Role of T Helper Type 2 (Th2) Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (eGPA): an Illustrative Case and Discussion. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2022; 22:141-150. [PMID: 36103081 PMCID: PMC9471022 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-022-01039-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Purposeof Review The pathogenesis of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (eGPA) is driven largely by CD4 + type 2 helper T cells (Th2), B cells, and eosinophils. Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 are critical cytokines in Th2 cell–mediated inflammation; however, inhibition of IL-4 and IL-13 does not reduce serum eosinophil counts and has even been associated with hypereosinophilia. This review explores the role of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in Th2-mediated inflammation to consider the potential clinical consequences of inhibiting these individual cytokines in eGPA. Recent Findings Treatments for eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (eGPA) are rapidly evolving through using biologic therapies to modulate the Th2 inflammatory response via eosinophil inhibition. While IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-25 can all affect eosinophils, only IL-5 inhibition has demonstrated therapeutic benefit to-date. In this review, we report a clinical vignette of a patient with adult-onset asthma who developed severe manifestations of eGPA after switching from mepolizumab (an IL-5 inhibitor) to dupilumab (an inhibitor of IL-4 and IL-13). Summary By understanding the role of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in Th2-mediated vasculitis, we can start to understand how eGPA might respond differently to focused cytokine inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Milne
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 40 Duke Medicine Circle, Clinic 1J, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Jack Kimball
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Teresa K Tarrant
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 40 Duke Medicine Circle, Clinic 1J, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | | | - David L Leverenz
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 40 Duke Medicine Circle, Clinic 1J, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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3
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Deloch L, Hehlgans S, Rückert M, Maier A, Hinrichs A, Flohr AS, Eckert D, Weissmann T, Seeling M, Nimmerjahn F, Fietkau R, Rödel F, Fournier C, Frey B, Gaipl US. Radon Improves Clinical Response in an Animal Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis Accompanied by Increased Numbers of Peripheral Blood B Cells and Interleukin-5 Concentration. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040689. [PMID: 35203348 PMCID: PMC8870723 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Radon treatment is used as an established therapy option in chronic painful inflammatory diseases. While analgesic effects are well described, little is known about the underlying molecular effects. Among the suspected mechanisms are modulations of the anti-oxidative and the immune system. Therefore, we aimed for the first time to examine the beneficial effects of radon exposure on clinical outcome as well as the underlying mechanisms by utilizing a holistic approach in a controlled environment of a radon chamber with an animal model: K/BxN serum-induced arthritic mice as well as isolated cells were exposed to sham or radon irradiation. The effects on the anti-oxidative and the immune system were analyzed by flow-cytometry, qPCR or ELISA. We found a significantly improved clinical disease progression score in the mice, alongside significant increase of peripheral blood B cells and IL-5. No significant alterations were visible in the anti-oxidative system or regarding cell death. We conclude that neither cell death nor anti-oxidative systems are responsible for the beneficial effects of radon exposure in our preclinical model. Rather, radon slightly affects the immune system. However, more research is still needed in order to fully understand radon-mediated effects and to carry out reasonable risk-benefit considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Deloch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.R.); (A.-S.F.); (T.W.); (R.F.); (B.F.); (U.S.G.)
- Translational Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-8544279
| | - Stephanie Hehlgans
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.H.); (F.R.)
| | - Michael Rückert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.R.); (A.-S.F.); (T.W.); (R.F.); (B.F.); (U.S.G.)
- Translational Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Maier
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany; (A.M.); (A.H.); (D.E.); (C.F.)
| | - Annika Hinrichs
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany; (A.M.); (A.H.); (D.E.); (C.F.)
- Department of Physics, Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ann-Sophie Flohr
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.R.); (A.-S.F.); (T.W.); (R.F.); (B.F.); (U.S.G.)
- Translational Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Denise Eckert
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany; (A.M.); (A.H.); (D.E.); (C.F.)
| | - Thomas Weissmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.R.); (A.-S.F.); (T.W.); (R.F.); (B.F.); (U.S.G.)
| | - Michaela Seeling
- Department of Biology, Institute of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (M.S.); (F.N.)
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Department of Biology, Institute of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (M.S.); (F.N.)
| | - Rainer Fietkau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.R.); (A.-S.F.); (T.W.); (R.F.); (B.F.); (U.S.G.)
| | - Franz Rödel
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.H.); (F.R.)
| | - Claudia Fournier
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany; (A.M.); (A.H.); (D.E.); (C.F.)
| | - Benjamin Frey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.R.); (A.-S.F.); (T.W.); (R.F.); (B.F.); (U.S.G.)
- Translational Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Udo S. Gaipl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.R.); (A.-S.F.); (T.W.); (R.F.); (B.F.); (U.S.G.)
- Translational Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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4
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Meyer RA, Hussmann GP, Peterson NC, Santos JL, Tuesca AD. A scalable and robust cationic lipid/polymer hybrid nanoparticle platform for mRNA delivery. Int J Pharm 2022; 611:121314. [PMID: 34838950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
mRNA based gene therapies hold the potential to treat multiple diseases with significant advantages over DNA based therapies, including rapid protein expression and minimized risk of mutagenesis. However, successful delivery of mRNA remains challenging, and clinical translation of mRNA therapeutics has been limited. This study investigated the use of a lipid/polymer hybrid (LPH) nanocarrier for mRNA, designed to address key delivery challenges and shuttle mRNA to targeted tissues. LPH nanocarriers were synthesized using a scalable microfluidic process with a variety of material compositions and mRNA loading strategies. Results show that a combination of permanently ionized and transiently, pH-dependent ionizable cationic lipids had a synergistic effect upon on mRNA gene translation, when compared to each lipid independently. Upon intravenous administration, particles with adsorbed mRNA outperformed particles with encapsulated mRNA for protein expression in the lungs and the spleen despite significant LPH nanoparticle localization to the liver. In contrast, encapsulated particles had higher localized expression when injected intramuscularly with protein expression detectable out to 12 days post injection. Intramuscular administration of particles with OVA mRNA resulted in robust humoral immune response with encapsulated outperforming adsorbed particles in terms of antibody titers at 28 days. These results demonstrate LPH nanocarriers have great potential as a vehicle for mRNA delivery and expression in tissues and that tissue expression and longevity can be influenced by LPH composition and route of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall A Meyer
- BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - G Patrick Hussmann
- BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Norman C Peterson
- BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Jose Luis Santos
- BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States.
| | - Anthony D Tuesca
- BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States.
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5
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Li S, Wang L, Zhang Y, Ma L, Zhang J, Zu J, Wu X. Role of Interleukin-4 (IL-4) in Respiratory Infection and Allergy Caused by Early-Life Chlamydia Infection. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:1109-1114. [PMID: 34226412 PMCID: PMC9705988 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2104.04028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae is a type of pathogenic gram-negative bacteria that causes various respiratory tract infections including asthma. Chlamydia species infect humans and cause respiratory infection by rupturing the lining of the respiratory which includes the throat, lungs and windpipe. Meanwhile, the function of interleukin-4 (IL-4) in Ch. pneumoniae respiratory infection and its association with the development of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in adulthood and causing allergic airway disease (AAD) are not understood properly. We therefore investigated the role of IL-4 in respiratory infection and allergy caused by early life Chlamydia infection. In this study, Ch. pneumonia strain was propagated and cultured in HEp-2 cells according to standard protocol and infant C57BL/6 mice around 3-4 weeks old were infected to study the role of IL-4 in respiratory infection and allergy caused by early life Chlamydia infection. We observed that IL-4 is linked with Chlamydia respiratory infection and its absence lowers respiratory infection. IL-4R α2 is also responsible for controlling the IL-4 signaling pathway and averts the progression of infection and inflammation. Furthermore, the IL-4 signaling pathway also influences infection-induced AHR and aids in increasing AAD severity. STAT6 also promotes respiratory infection caused by Ch. pneumoniae and further enhanced its downstream process. Our study concluded that IL-4 is a potential target for preventing infection-induced AHR and severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, People's Hospital of Xing'an League, Ulanhot, Inner Mongolia 137400, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Department of Five Sense Organs, People's Hospital of Xing'an League, Ulanhot, Inner Mongolia 137400, P.R. China
| | - Yulong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, People's Hospital of Xing'an League, Ulanhot, Inner Mongolia 137400, P.R. China
| | - Long Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, People's Hospital of Xing'an League, Ulanhot, Inner Mongolia 137400, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, People's Hospital of Xing'an League, Ulanhot, Inner Mongolia 137400, P.R. China
| | - Jianbing Zu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, People's Hospital of Xing'an League, Ulanhot, Inner Mongolia 137400, P.R. China
| | - Xuecheng Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518110, P.R. China,Corresponding author Phone: +86-755-27745128 Fax: +86-755-27745128 E-mail:
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6
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Tang H, Gao Y, Li Z, Miao Y, Huang Z, Liu X, Xie L, Li H, Wen W, Zheng Y, Su W. The noncoding and coding transcriptional landscape of the peripheral immune response in patients with COVID-19. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:e200. [PMID: 33135345 PMCID: PMC7548099 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 is currently a global pandemic, but the response of human immune system to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection remains unclear. Noncoding RNAs serve as immune regulators and thus may play a critical role in disease progression. METHODS We performed multi-transcriptome sequencing of both noncoding RNAs and mRNAs isolated from the red blood cell depleted whole blood of moderate and severe COVID-19 patients. The functions of noncoding RNAs were validated by analyses of the expression of downstream mRNAs. We further utilized the single-cell RNA-seq data of COVID-19 patients from Wilk et al. and Chua et al. to characterize noncoding RNA functions in different cell types. RESULTS We defined four types of microRNAs with different expression tendencies that could serve as biomarkers for COVID-19 progress. We also identified miR-146a-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-142-3p, and miR-15b-5p as potential contributors to the disease pathogenesis, possibly serving as biomarkers of severe COVID-19 and as candidate therapeutic targets. In addition, the transcriptome profiles consistently suggested hyperactivation of the immune response, loss of T-cell function, and immune dysregulation in severe patients. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these findings provide a comprehensive view of the noncoding and coding transcriptional landscape of peripheral immune cells during COVID-19, furthering our understanding and offering novel insights into COVID-19 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Changzheng HospitalSecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of Critical CareWuhan Huo Shen Shan HospitalHubeiChina
| | - Yuehan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhaohuai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yushan Miao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Changzheng HospitalSecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhaohao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiuxing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Lihui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - He Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Wen Wen
- National Center for Liver CancerSecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yingfeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Wenru Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
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7
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Zhu X, Wei Y, Dong J. Long Noncoding RNAs in the Regulation of Asthma: Current Research and Clinical Implications. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:532849. [PMID: 33013382 PMCID: PMC7516195 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.532849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disorder related to variable expiratory airflow limitation, leading to wheeze, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and cough. Its characteristic features include airway inflammation, airway remodeling and airway hyperresponsiveness. The pathogenesis of asthma remains extremely complicated and the detailed mechanisms are not clarified. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to play a prominent role in asthma and function as modulators of various aspects in pathological progress of asthma. Here, we summarize recent advances of lncRNAs in asthma pathogenesis to guide future researches, clinical treatment and drug development, including their regulatory functions in the T helper (Th) 1/Th2 imbalance, Th17/T regulatory (Treg) imbalance, eosinophils dysfunction, macrophage polarization, airway smooth muscle cells proliferation, and glucocorticoid insensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyi Zhu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wei
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingcheng Dong
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Dupilumab: Basic aspects and applications to allergic diseases. Allergol Int 2020; 69:187-196. [PMID: 32007360 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, signature type 2 cytokines, exert their actions by binding to two types of receptors sharing the IL-4R α chain (IL-4Rα). Since IL-4 and IL-13 play important and redundant roles in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, blocking both the IL-4 and IL-13 signals would be a powerful and effective strategy for treating allergic diseases. Dupilumab (Dupixent®) is a fully human monoclonal antibody recognizing IL-4Rα and blocking both the IL-4 and IL-13 signals. Dupilumab was first prescribed for atopic dermatitis (AD) patients and has been widely approved for adult patients with moderate to severe AD since 2018. Dupilumab has since been used for asthma, receiving approval for uncontrolled asthma in 2019. A phase 3 study using dupilumab for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) has been just completed, with positive results. Several clinical trials of dupilumab for other diseases in which type 2 inflammation is dominant are now underway. It is hoped that dupilumab will open the door to a new era for treating allergic patients with AD, asthma, and CRSwNP, and for more patients with type 2 inflammations.
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9
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Maternal Obesity in Mice Exacerbates the Allergic Inflammatory Response in the Airways of Male Offspring. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11122902. [PMID: 31805682 PMCID: PMC6950392 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It was previously demonstrated that non-allergen-sensitized rodents born to mothers exposed to a high-fat diet (HFD) spontaneously develop lower respiratory compliance and higher respiratory resistance. In the present study, we sought to determine if mice born to mothers consuming HFD would exhibit changes in inflammatory response and lung remodeling when subjected to ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization/challenge in adult life. Mice born to dams consuming either HFD or standard chow had increased bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) levels of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, TNF-α and TGF-β1 after challenge with OVA. IL-4, IL-13, TNF-α and TGF-β1 levels were further increased in the offspring of HFD-fed mothers. Mice born to obese dams also had exacerbated values of leukocyte infiltration in lung parenchyma, eosinophil and neutrophil counts in BAL, mucus overproduction and collagen deposition. The programming induced by maternal obesity was accompanied by increased expression of miR-155 in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells and reduced miR-133b in trachea and lung tissue in adult life. Altogether, the present data support the unprecedented notion that the progeny of obese mice display exacerbated responses to sensitization/challenge with OVA, leading to the intensification of the morphological changes of lung remodeling. Such changes are likely to result from long-lasting changes in miR-155 and miR-133b expression.
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10
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Ayakannu R, Abdullah NA, Radhakrishnan AK, Lechimi Raj V, Liam CK. Relationship between various cytokines implicated in asthma. Hum Immunol 2019; 80:755-763. [PMID: 31054782 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a complex disorder involving immunologic, environmental, genetic and other factors. Today, asthma is the most common disease encountered in clinical medicine in both children and adults worldwide. Asthma is characterized by increased responsiveness of the tracheobronchial tree resulting in chronic swelling and inflammation of the airways recognized to be controlled by the T-helper 2 (Th2) lymphocytes, which secrete cytokines to increase the production of IgE by B cells. There are many cytokines implicated in the development of the chronic inflammatory processes that are often observed in asthma. Ultimately, these cytokines cause the release of mediators such as histamine and leukotrienes (LT), which in turn promote airway remodeling, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and bronchoconstriction. The CD4+ T-lymphocytes from the airways of asthmatics express a panel of cytokines that represent the Th2 cells. The knowledge derived from numerous experimental and clinical studies have allowed physicians and scientists to understand the normal functions of these cytokines and their roles in the pathogenesis of asthma. The main focus of this review is to accentuate the relationship between various cytokines implicated in human asthma. However, some key findings from animal models will be highlighted to support the discoveries from clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rathimalar Ayakannu
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - N A Abdullah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Ammu K Radhakrishnan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Vijaya Lechimi Raj
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - C K Liam
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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11
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Midulla F, Tromba V, Russo LLO, Mileto F, Sabatino G, Sgarrella M, Panuska J, Manganozzi L, Korn D, Moretti C. Cytokines in the Nasal Washes of Children with Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/205873920601900124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although respiratory syncytial (RS) virus is the major cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in young children, the factors that regulate the associated lung inflammation have not been defined. The levels of interleukin (IL)10, IL-12, and interferon (IFN) were determined in the nasal wash samples from 20 infants with a clinical diagnosis of bronchiolitis, seven with confirmed RS virus infections and 9 control children without respiratory illnesses. IL-10 levels were significantly higher in acute nasal wash samples (1–4 d post-hospitalization) from RS virus- infected infants than in convalescent samples from these children (14–21 d post-hospitalization), from children with other forms of bronchiolitis and from control children. In contrast, only one RS virus-infected infant had detectable IL-12 in an acute nasal wash sample. IFN activity was not detected in any samples from RS virus-infected children. RS virus infection stimulates IL-10 expression but not IL-12 and IFN, possibly contributing to an ineffective cell-mediated immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Midulla
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Italy
| | - V. Tromba
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Italy
| | - L. LO Russo
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Italy
| | - F. Mileto
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Italy
| | - G. Sabatino
- Department of Pediatric. University of Chieti, Italy
| | - M. Sgarrella
- Department of Pediatric. University of Chieti, Italy
| | - J.R. Panuska
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - L. Manganozzi
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Italy
| | - D. Korn
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Italy
| | - C. Moretti
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Italy
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12
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Hattori H, Okano M, Kariya S, Nishizaki K, Satoskar AR. Signals through CD40 Play a Critical Role in the Pathophysiology of Schistosoma Mansoni Egg Antigen–Induced Allergic Rhinitis in Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/194589240602000208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Interaction between CD40 and CD40L is thought to regulate immune responses in several allergic diseases. However, little is known about its in vivo role in the pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis. We sought to determine whether the lack of signals through CD40 affects the pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis using a murine model. Methods Wild type (WT) and CD40-deficient BALB/c (CD40-/-) mice were sensitized intranasally to Schistosoma mansoni egg antigen (SEA). After repeated sensitization, histamine responsiveness, serum antibody titer including immunoglobulin E (IgE), nasal eosinophilia, and cytokine production by nasal mononuclear cells were determined in each group. Results Intranasal sensitization with SEA in WT mice elicited a strong Th2 response including SEA-specific IgE production, nasal eosinophilia, and interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-5 production by nasal mononuclear cells after antigen challenge. Production of SEA-specific IgE and IgG1 was abolished in SEA-sensitized CD40-/- mice. These mice showed impaired nasal eosinophilia and displayed markedly reduced histamine-induced nasal hyperresponsiveness as compared with WT mice. Furthermore, reduced production of IL-4 and IL-5 by nasal mononuclear cells was seen in CD40-/- mice. Conclusion These results show that signals through CD40 play a critical role in not only IgE production but also pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis such as nasal hyperresponsiveness and nasal eosinophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Hattori
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Okano
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shin Kariya
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nishizaki
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan
| | - Abhay R. Satoskar
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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13
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Foster PS, Maltby S, Rosenberg HF, Tay HL, Hogan SP, Collison AM, Yang M, Kaiko GE, Hansbro PM, Kumar RK, Mattes J. Modeling T H 2 responses and airway inflammation to understand fundamental mechanisms regulating the pathogenesis of asthma. Immunol Rev 2018; 278:20-40. [PMID: 28658543 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we highlight experiments conducted in our laboratories that have elucidated functional roles for CD4+ T-helper type-2 lymphocytes (TH 2 cells), their associated cytokines, and eosinophils in the regulation of hallmark features of allergic asthma. Notably, we consider the complexity of type-2 responses and studies that have explored integrated signaling among classical TH 2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13), which together with CCL11 (eotaxin-1) regulate critical aspects of eosinophil recruitment, allergic inflammation, and airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR). Among our most important findings, we have provided evidence that the initiation of TH 2 responses is regulated by airway epithelial cell-derived factors, including TRAIL and MID1, which promote TH 2 cell development via STAT6-dependent pathways. Further, we highlight studies demonstrating that microRNAs are key regulators of allergic inflammation and potential targets for anti-inflammatory therapy. On the background of TH 2 inflammation, we have demonstrated that innate immune cells (notably, airway macrophages) play essential roles in the generation of steroid-resistant inflammation and AHR secondary to allergen- and pathogen-induced exacerbations. Our work clearly indicates that understanding the diversity and spatiotemporal role of the inflammatory response and its interactions with resident airway cells is critical to advancing knowledge on asthma pathogenesis and the development of new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Foster
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Steven Maltby
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Helene F Rosenberg
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hock L Tay
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon P Hogan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Adam M Collison
- Paediatric Respiratory and Sleep Medicine Unit, Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs and GrowUpWell, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Children's Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Ming Yang
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Gerard E Kaiko
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Rakesh K Kumar
- Pathology, UNSW Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joerg Mattes
- Paediatric Respiratory and Sleep Medicine Unit, Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs and GrowUpWell, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Children's Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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14
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Roberts G, Boyle R, Bryce PJ, Crane J, Hogan SP, Saglani S, Wickman M, Woodfolk JA. Developments in the field of allergy mechanisms in 2015 through the eyes of Clinical & Experimental Allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 46:1248-57. [PMID: 27682977 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the first of two papers we described the development in the field of allergy mechanisms as described by Clinical and Experimental Allergy in 2015. Experimental models of allergic disease, basic mechanisms, clinical mechanisms and allergens are all covered. A second paper will cover clinical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Roberts
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences and Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. .,NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK. .,The David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Isle of Wight, UK.
| | - R Boyle
- Paediatric Research Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - P J Bryce
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J Crane
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - S P Hogan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - S Saglani
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M Wickman
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J A Woodfolk
- Allergy Division, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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15
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McKnight CG, Jude JA, Zhu Z, Panettieri RA, Finkelman FD. House Dust Mite-Induced Allergic Airway Disease Is Independent of IgE and FcεRIα. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:674-682. [PMID: 28700253 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0356oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IgE contributes to disease exacerbations but not to baseline airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in human asthma. In rodent allergic airway disease (AAD), mast cell and IgE dependence for the induction of AHR has only been observed when mice are immunized with a relatively weak allergen without adjuvant. To evaluate the role of IgE in murine AAD that is induced by a potent allergen, we inoculated BALB/c and FVB/N background wild-type and IgE- or FcεRIα-deficient mice intratracheally with large or limiting doses of house dust mite extract (HDM) and evaluated AHR, pulmonary eosinophilia, goblet cell metaplasia, serum IgE, and lung mastocytosis. We found that neither IgE nor FcεRIα contributed to AAD, even in mice inoculated with the lowest dose of HDM, which readily induced detectable disease, but did not increase serum IgE or pulmonary mast cell levels. In contrast, high doses of HDM strikingly increased serum IgE and pulmonary mast cells, although both AHR and airway mast cell degranulation were equally elevated in wild-type and IgE-deficient mice. Surprisingly, allergen challenge of mice with severe AAD and pulmonary mastocytosis failed to acutely increase airway resistance, lung Newtonian resistance, or hysteresis. Overall, this study shows that, although mice may not reliably model acute asthma exacerbations, mechanisms that are IgE and FcεRIα independent are responsible for AHR and airway inflammation when low doses of a potent allergen are inhaled repetitively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G McKnight
- 1 Department of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.,2 Medical Service, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Joseph A Jude
- 3 Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,4 Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Zhenqi Zhu
- 1 Department of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Reynold A Panettieri
- 4 Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,5 Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Medicine, Piscataway, New Jersey; and
| | - Fred D Finkelman
- 1 Department of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.,2 Medical Service, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,6 Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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16
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Ramírez W, Bourg V, Torralba D, Facenda E, Tamargo B, González BO, Sierra G, Pérez O, Perez-Llano Y, Labrada A. Safety of a proteoliposome from Neisseria meningitides as adjuvant for a house dust mite allergy vaccine. J Immunotoxicol 2017; 14:152-159. [DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2017.1346007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Ramírez
- Allergens Department, Centro Nacional de Biopreparados, Bejucal, Mayabeque, Cuba
| | - Virgilio Bourg
- Allergens Department, Centro Nacional de Biopreparados, Bejucal, Mayabeque, Cuba
| | - Damaris Torralba
- Allergens Department, Centro Nacional de Biopreparados, Bejucal, Mayabeque, Cuba
| | - Elisa Facenda
- Allergens Department, Centro Nacional de Biopreparados, Bejucal, Mayabeque, Cuba
| | - Beatriz Tamargo
- Pharmacy and Food Institute, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexis Labrada
- Allergens Department, Centro Nacional de Biopreparados, Bejucal, Mayabeque, Cuba
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17
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Abstract
Inflammation is a hallmark of many airway diseases. Improved understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of airway disease will facilitate the transition in our understanding from phenotypes to endotypes, thereby improving our ability to target treatments based on pathophysiologic characteristics. For example, allergic asthma has long been considered to be driven by an allergen-specific T helper 2 response. However, clinical and mechanistic studies have begun to shed light on the role of other cell subsets in the pathogenesis and regulation of lung inflammation. In this review, we discuss the importance of different lymphocyte subsets to asthma and other airway diseases, while highlighting the growing evidence that asthma is a syndrome that incorporates many immune phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Moldaver
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Hospital Healthcare, Divisions of Clinical Immunology & Allergy and Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON
| | - Mark Larché
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Hospital Healthcare, Divisions of Clinical Immunology & Allergy and Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON.
| | - Christopher D Rudulier
- Division of Respirology, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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18
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Ishimori A, Harada N, Chiba A, Harada S, Matsuno K, Makino F, Ito J, Ohta S, Ono J, Atsuta R, Izuhara K, Takahashi K, Miyake S. Circulating activated innate lymphoid cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells are associated with airflow limitation in patients with asthma. Allergol Int 2017; 66:302-309. [PMID: 27575652 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A variety of innate subsets of lymphoid cells such as natural killer (NK) cells, several populations of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells as innate-like T lymphocytes are involved in asthma and may have important effector functions in asthmatic immune responses. In the present study, we investigated whether NK cells, ILCs, and MAIT cells in the peripheral blood of patients with asthma would be associated with clinical asthma parameters. METHODS We recruited 75 adult patients with mild to severe asthma. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells in peripheral venous blood samples from the patients were purified and stained with different combinations of appropriate antibodies. The cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS The percentage of activated (i.e., CD69+) NK cells in the total NK cell population was negatively correlated with FEV1% which is calculated by the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)/the forced vital capacity (FVC). The percentages of CD69+ ILC1s and ILC2s were negatively correlated with FEV1% and %FEV1. The percentage of CD69+ ILC3s was positively correlated with BMI, and the percentage of CD69+ MAIT cells was negatively correlated with FEV1%. Moreover, the percentage of CD69+ NK cells, ILC1s, ILC2s, ILC3s, and MAIT cells were positively correlated with each other. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, our data showed that activated NK cells, ILC1s, ILC2s, ILC3s, and MAIT cells were positively correlated with each other and may be associated with airflow limitation in patients with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Ishimori
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiro Harada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Asako Chiba
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sonoko Harada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Matsuno
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Makino
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Ito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Ohta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Saga Medical School, Saga, Japan
| | - Junya Ono
- Shino-Test Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryo Atsuta
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Izuhara
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, Saga, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Takahashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Miyake
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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19
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Role of IL-4 receptor α-positive CD4(+) T cells in chronic airway hyperresponsiveness. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:1852-1862.e9. [PMID: 26688514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TH2 cells and their cytokines are associated with allergic asthma in human subjects and with mouse models of allergic airway disease. IL-4 signaling through the IL-4 receptor α (IL-4Rα) chain on CD4(+) T cells leads to TH2 cell differentiation in vitro, implying that IL-4Rα-responsive CD4(+) T cells are critical for the induction of allergic asthma. However, mechanisms regulating acute and chronic allergen-specific TH2 responses in vivo remain incompletely understood. OBJECTIVE This study defines the requirements for IL-4Rα-responsive CD4(+) T cells and the IL-4Rα ligands IL-4 and IL-13 in the development of allergen-specific TH2 responses during the onset and chronic phase of experimental allergic airway disease. METHODS Development of acute and chronic ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic asthma was assessed weekly in CD4(+) T cell-specific IL-4Rα-deficient BALB/c mice (Lck(cre)IL-4Rα(-/lox)) and respective control mice in the presence or absence of IL-4 or IL-13. RESULTS During acute allergic airway disease, IL-4 deficiency did not prevent the onset of TH2 immune responses and OVA-induced airway hyperresponsiveness or goblet cell hyperplasia, irrespective of the presence or absence of IL-4Rα-responsive CD4(+) T cells. In contrast, deficiency of IL-13 prevented allergic asthma, irrespective of the presence or absence of IL-4Rα-responsive CD4(+) T cells. Importantly, chronic allergic inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness were dependent on IL-4Rα-responsive CD4(+) T cells. Deficiency in IL-4Rα-responsive CD4(+) T cells resulted in increased numbers of IL-17-producing T cells and, consequently, increased airway neutrophilia. CONCLUSION IL-4-responsive T helper cells are dispensable for acute OVA-induced airway disease but crucial in maintaining chronic asthmatic pathology.
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20
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Santos Serafim Machado M, Ferreira Silva HB, Rios R, Pires de Oliveira A, Vilany Queiroz Carneiro N, Santos Costa R, Santos Alves W, Meneses Souza FL, da Silva Velozo E, Alves de Souza S, Sarmento Silva TM, Silva ML, Pontes-de-Carvalho LC, Alcântara-Neves NM, Figueiredo CA. The anti-allergic activity of Cymbopogon citratus is mediated via inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (Nf-Κb) activation. Altern Ther Health Med 2015; 15:168. [PMID: 26048391 PMCID: PMC4458008 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0702-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background The prevalence of allergic diseases such as asthma has significantly increased worldwide, making it a public health concern. There is an urgent need for new anti-inflammatory agents with selective pharmacology and lower toxicity. Plant extracts have been used for centuries in traditional medicine to alleviate inflammatory diseases. In this work, we evaluated the anti-allergic activity of Cymbopogon citratus (Cy), a medicinal herb used by folk medicine to treat asthma. Methods We used a murine model of respiratory allergy to the mite Blomia tropicalis (Bt) and evaluated certain parameters known to be altered in this model. A/J mice were sensitized (100 μg/animal s.c.) and challenged (10 μg/animal i.n.) with Bt mite extract and treated with 60, 120 or 180 mg/kg of Cy standardized hexane extract. The parameters evaluated included: cellular infiltrate in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL); eosinophil peroxidase activity (EPO); histopathological examination of the lung; serum levels of specific IgE, IgG1 and IgG2a; Th2 cytokine concentrations in BAL and expression of NF-κB. Results Our results showed that oral administration of a Cy hexane extract (especially 180 mg/Kg) reduced the numbers of leukocytes/eosinophils in BAL; the eosinophil peroxidase activity in BAL; the infiltration of leukocytes in lung tissue; the production of mucus in the respiratory tract; the level of IL-4 in BAL and the nuclear expression of NF-κB. Conclusions The results presented demonstrate the potential of the Cy hexane extract to modulate allergic asthma; this extract may be an alternative future approach to treat this pathology.
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21
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Collison A, Li J, Pereira de Siqueira A, Zhang J, Toop HD, Morris JC, Foster PS, Mattes J. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand regulates hallmark features of airways remodeling in allergic airways disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 51:86-93. [PMID: 24484417 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0490oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a complex disease characterized by acute inflammation of the airways that over time leads to the development of significant structural changes termed remodeling. TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has an important regulatory role in acute allergic airways inflammation through up-regulation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Midline-1 (MID-1), which limits protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity and downstream dephosphorylation of proinflammatory signaling molecules. The relevance of TRAIL in the development of airways remodeling has yet to be determined. In this study, the lungs of wild-type (WT) BALB/c and Tnfsf10 knockout (TRAIL-/-) mice were chronically exposed to ovalbumin (OVA) for 12 weeks to induce hallmark features of chronic allergic airways disease, including airways hyperreactivity (AHR), subepithelial collagen deposition, goblet cell hyperplasia, and smooth muscle hypertrophy. TRAIL-/- mice were largely protected from the development of AHR and peribronchial eosinophilia and had reduced levels of mast cells in the airways. This correlated with lower levels of cytokines, including IL-4, -5, -10, and -13, and with lower levels of proinflammatory chemokines from cultured cells isolated from the draining lymph nodes. TRAIL-/- mice were also protected from the characteristic features of airways remodeling, including peribronchial fibrosis, smooth muscle hypertrophy, and mucus hypersecretion, which correlated with reduced TGF-β1 levels in the lungs. MID-1 expression was reduced in TRAIL-/- mice and up-regulated in allergic WT mice. Raising PP2A activity using 2-amino-4-(4-heptyloyphenol)-2-methylbutan-1-ol in allergic WT mice reduced eosinophilia, TGF-β1, and peribronchial fibrosis. This study shows that TRAIL promotes airways remodeling in an OVA-induced model of chronic allergic airways disease. Targeting TRAIL and its downstream proinflammatory signaling pathway involving PP2A may be of therapeutic benefit in reducing the hallmark features of airways remodeling observed in chronic allergic airways inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Collison
- 1 Experimental and Translational Respiratory Medicine
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22
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Cabrera CM, Urra JM, Alfaya T, Roca FDL, Feo-Brito F. Expression of Th1, Th2, lymphocyte trafficking and activation markers on CD4+ T-cells of Hymenoptera allergic subjects and after venom immunotherapy. Mol Immunol 2014; 62:178-85. [PMID: 25004111 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Systemic reactions to Hymenoptera stings can be fatal and represent a reduction in the quality of life. The immune mechanisms involved in venom allergic subjects are barely known. Nevertheless, a shift towards a Th1-type response with an increase in IFNγ levels has been observed after venom immunotherapy (VIT). There is currently no information available about the expression of markers on CD4+ T-cells or their involvement in venom allergy, nor following VIT. For this, we have studied the expression of Th1 and Th2-cell markers, homing receptors and activation markers on CD4+ T-cells of subjects who presented systemic allergic reactions, mainly to Polistes dominulus, and after receiving a 4-month conventional VIT protocol. The markers studied were: CD26 (Th1), CD30 (Th2), CXCR4, CXCR3 (Th1), CCR4 (Th2), CD154 (CD40L), CD152 (CTLA-A), and ICOS. We also determined the IL-4 (Th2) and IFNγ (Th1) intracellular cytokine levels in T-cells and carried out a basophil activation test (BAT). Comparing venom allergic subjects with non-allergic healthy controls, we have found up-regulation of CD26, CXCR4, CXCR3, CD154 and ICOS. Conversely, a down-regulation of CD30, CD154 and CD152 occurred upon immune intervention, whereas the remaining markers were not affected. Equally, VIT has been shown to be effective, as evidenced by the decrease of basophil degranulation and increase of IFNγ levels in T-cells after the fourth month of treatment. These new findings highlight the possible application of these surface molecules as markers to distinguish between symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects sensitized to Hymenoptera venom, as well as revealing information about the immune changes associated with VIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M Cabrera
- Immunology Section, Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - José M Urra
- Immunology Section, Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Teresa Alfaya
- Allergy Section, Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Federico De La Roca
- Allergy Section, Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Francisco Feo-Brito
- Allergy Section, Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain
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23
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Schmidt M, Mattoli S. A mouse model for evaluating the contribution of fibrocytes and myofibroblasts to airway remodeling in allergic asthma. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1032:235-55. [PMID: 23943458 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-496-8_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Airway remodeling is a term used to collectively indicate bronchial structural changes that may lead to irreversible airflow obstruction and progressive decline in lung function in asthmatic patients. Bronchial myofibroblasts contribute to airway remodeling by producing collagenous proteins in the subepithelial zone and by increasing the density of contractile cells in the bronchial wall. A substantial proportion of bronchial myofibroblasts in asthma differentiate from circulating mesenchymal progenitor cells known as fibrocytes. Here, we describe a mouse model of allergic asthma for evaluating the functional role of fibrocytes and myofibroblasts in this disease and the inhibitory effects of novel therapeutic candidates.
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24
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Lino-dos-Santos-Franco A, Amemiya RM, Oliveira APLD, Damazo AS, Breithaupt-Faloppa AC, Vitoretti LB, Acceturi BG, Tavares-de-Lima W. The putative role of ovary removal and progesterone when considering the effect of formaldehyde exposure on lung inflammation induced by ovalbumin. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2013; 68:1528-36. [PMID: 24473511 PMCID: PMC3840370 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2013(12)09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Formaldehyde exposure during the menstrual cycle is known to affect the course of allergic lung inflammation. Because our previous data demonstrated that formaldehyde combined with an ovariectomy reduced allergic lung inflammation, we investigated the putative role of ovary removal and progesterone treatment when considering the effect of formaldehyde on allergic lung inflammation. METHOD Ovariectomized rats and their matched controls were exposed to formaldehyde (1%, 3 days, 90 min/day) or vehicle, and immediately after exposure, the rats were sensitized to ovalbumin by a subcutaneous route. After 1 week, the rats received a booster by the same route, and after an additional week, the rats were challenged with ovalbumin (1%) by an aerosol route. The leukocyte numbers, interleukin-10 (IL-10) release, myeloperoxidase activity, vascular permeability, ex vivo tracheal reactivity to methacholine and mast cell degranulation were determined 24 h later. RESULTS Our results showed that previous exposure to formaldehyde in allergic rats decreased lung cell recruitment, tracheal reactivity, myeloperoxidase activity, vascular permeability and mast cell degranulation while increasing IL-10 levels. Ovariectomy only caused an additional reduction in tracheal reactivity without changing the other parameters studied. Progesterone treatment reversed the effects of formaldehyde exposure on ex vivo tracheal reactivity, cell influx into the lungs and mast cell degranulation. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our study revealed that formaldehyde and ovariectomy downregulated allergic lung inflammation by IL-10 release and mast cell degranulation. Progesterone treatment increased eosinophil recruitment and mast cell degranulation, which in turn may be responsible for tracheal hyperreactivity and allergic lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renata Midori Amemiya
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São PauloSP, Brazil
| | | | - Amílcar Sabino Damazo
- Department of Basic Science in Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidade de Cuiabá, CuiabaMT, Brazil
| | | | - Luana Beatriz Vitoretti
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São PauloSP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Golegã Acceturi
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São PauloSP, Brazil
| | - Wothan Tavares-de-Lima
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São PauloSP, Brazil
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW It is increasingly clear that asthma is not a single disease, but a disorder with vast heterogeneity in pathogenesis, severity, and treatment response. In this review, we discuss the present understanding of different asthma phenotypes and endotypes, and the prospects of personalized medicine for asthma. RECENT FINDINGS The recognition of diverse biological backgrounds in which asthma, and particularly severe asthma, can manifest has prompted the search for refined phenotypes and endotypes in asthma. Such appreciation of the heterogeneity in asthma is also prompting clinical trials to focus on specific subgroups of asthma, as demonstrated by the clinical trial of lebrikizumab. SUMMARY Patients with severe asthma have asthma symptoms that are difficult to control, require high dosages of medication, and continue to experience persistent symptoms, asthma exacerbations or airflow obstruction even with aggressive therapy. Although asthma is traditionally viewed as an eosinophilic inflammatory disorder associated with a T-helper cell type 2 (Th2) immune response, recent studies have identified involvement of other effector cells, nonclassical Th2 cytokines and non-Th2 cytokines in severe asthma pathogenesis. Results of several clinical trials of anticytokine antibodies demonstrated the effectiveness of tailoring asthma treatment on the basis of an individual's biology.
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Hansbro PM, Scott GV, Essilfie AT, Kim RY, Starkey MR, Nguyen DH, Allen PD, Kaiko GE, Yang M, Horvat JC, Foster PS. Th2 cytokine antagonists: potential treatments for severe asthma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 22:49-69. [PMID: 23126660 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.732997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Asthma is a major disease burden worldwide. Treatment with steroids and long acting β-agonists effectively manage symptoms in many patients but do not treat the underlying cause of disease and have serious side effects when used long term and in children. Therapies targeting the underlying causes of asthma are urgently needed. T helper type 2 (Th2) cells and the cytokines they release are clinically linked to the presentation of all forms of asthma. They are the primary drivers of mild to moderate and allergic asthma. They also play a pathogenetic role in exacerbations and more severe asthma though other factors are also involved. Much effort using animal models and human studies has been dedicated to the identification of the pathogenetic roles of these cells and cytokines and whether inhibition of their activity has therapeutic benefit in asthma. AREAS COVERED We discuss the current status of Th2 cytokine antagonists for the treatment of asthma. We also discuss the potential for targeting Th2-inducing cytokines, Th2 cell receptors and signaling as well as the use of Th2 cell antagonists, small interfering oligonucleotides, microRNAs, and combination therapies. EXPERT OPINION Th2 antagonists may be most effective in particular asthma subtypes/endotypes where specific cytokines are known to be active through the analysis of biomarkers. Targeting common receptors and pathways used by these cytokines may have additional benefit. Animal models have been valuable in identifying therapeutic targets in asthma, however the results from such studies need to be carefully interpreted and applied to appropriately stratified patient cohorts in well-designed clinical studies and trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Hansbro
- The University of Newcastle, Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Level 2, Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2305, Australia.
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Krishnaswamy JK, Jirmo AC, Baru AM, Ebensen T, Guzmán CA, Sparwasser T, Behrens GMN. Toll-like receptor-2 agonist-allergen coupling efficiently redirects Th2 cell responses and inhibits allergic airway eosinophilia. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 47:852-63. [PMID: 22962064 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0414oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists beneficially modulate allergic airway inflammation. However, the efficiency of TLR agonists varies considerably, and their exact cellular mechanisms (especially of TLR 2/6 agonists) are incompletely understood. We investigated at a cellular level whether the administration of the pharmacologically improved TLR2/6 agonist S-[2,3-bispalmitoyiloxy-(2R)-propyl]-R-cysteinyl-amido-monomethoxy polyethylene glycol (BPP) conjugated to antigenic peptide (BPP-OVA) could divert an existing Th2 response and influence airway eosinophilia. The effects of BPP-OVA on airway inflammation were assessed in a classic murine sensitization/challenge model and an adoptive transfer model, which involved the adoptive transfer of in vitro differentiated ovalbumin (OVA)-specific Th2 cells. Functional T-cell stimulation by lung dendritic cells (DCs) was determined both in vitro and in vivo, combined with a cytokine secretion analysis. A single mucosal application of BPP-OVA efficiently delivered antigen, led to TLR2-mediated DC activation, and resulted in OVA-specific T-cell proliferation via lung DCs in vivo. In alternative models of allergic airway disease, a single administration of BPP-OVA before OVA challenge (but not BPP alone) significantly reduced airway eosinophilia, most likely through altered antigen-specific T-cell stimulation via DCs. Analyses of adoptively transferred Th2-biased cells after BPP-OVA administration in vivo suggested that BPP-OVA guides antigen-specific Th2 cells to produce significantly higher amounts of IFN-γ upon allergen challenge. In conclusion, our data show for the first time that a single mucosal administration of a TLR 2/6 agonist-allergen conjugate can provoke IFN-γ responses in Th2-biased cells and alleviate allergic airway inflammation.
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Makino F, Ito J, Abe Y, Harada N, Kamachi F, Yagita H, Takahashi K, Okumura K, Akiba H. Blockade of CD70–CD27 Interaction Inhibits Induction of Allergic Lung Inflammation in Mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 47:298-305. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0354oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Immunolocalization of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Normal Murine Airway Epithelium and Changes following Induction of Ovalbumin-Induced Airway Inflammation. J Allergy (Cairo) 2012; 2012:819176. [PMID: 22523501 PMCID: PMC3317233 DOI: 10.1155/2012/819176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about innate immunity and components of inflammasomes in airway epithelium. This study evaluated immunohistological evidence for NLRP3 inflammasomes in normal and inflamed murine (Balb/c) airway epithelium in a model of ovalbumin (OVA) induced allergic airway inflammation. The airway epithelium of control mice exhibited strong cytoplasmic staining for total caspase-1, ASC, and NLRP3, whereas the OVA mice exhibited strong staining for active caspase-1, with redistribution of caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18, indicating possible activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Active caspase-1, NLRP3, and other inflammasome components were also detected in tissue eosinophils from OVA mice, and may potentially contribute to IL-1β and IL-18 production. In whole lung, inRNA expression of NAIP and procaspase-1 was increased in OVA mice, whereas NLRP3, IL-1β and IL-18 decreased. Some OVA-treated mice also had significantly elevated and tightly correlated serum levels of IL-1β and TNFα. In cultured normal human bronchial epithelial cells, LPS priming resulted in a significant increase in NLRP3 and II-lp protein expression. This study is the first to demonstrate NLRP3 inflammasome components in normal airway epithelium and changes with inflammation. We propose activation and/or luminal release of the inflammasome is a feature of allergic airway inflammation which may contribute to disease pathogenesis.
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Giannattasio G, Ohta S, Boyce JR, Xing W, Balestrieri B, Boyce JA. The purinergic G protein-coupled receptor 6 inhibits effector T cell activation in allergic pulmonary inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:1486-95. [PMID: 21724990 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We show that the P2Y(6) receptor, a purinergic G protein-coupled receptor with a high affinity for the nucleotide uridine diphosphate, is an important endogenous inhibitor of T cell function in allergic pulmonary inflammation. Mice conditionally deficient in P2Y(6) receptors [p2ry6 (flox/flox);cre/+ mice] exhibited severe airway and tissue pathology relative to P2Y(6)-sufficient [p2ry6 (flox/flox)] littermates (+/+ mice) when treated intranasally with an extract of the dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae (Df). P2Y(6) receptors were inducibly expressed by lung, lymph node, and splenic CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells of Df-treated +/+ mice. Df-restimulated P2Y(6)-deficient lymph node cells produced higher levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines, and polyclonally stimulated P2Y(6)-deficient CD4(+) T cells proliferated faster than comparably stimulated P2Y(6)-sufficient cells. The absence of P2Y(6) receptors on CD4(+) cells, but not APCs, was sufficient to amplify cytokine generation. Thus, P2Y(6) receptors protect the lung against exuberant allergen-induced pulmonary inflammation by inhibiting the activation of effector T cells.
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Hansbro PM, Kaiko GE, Foster PS. Cytokine/anti-cytokine therapy - novel treatments for asthma? Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163:81-95. [PMID: 21232048 PMCID: PMC3085870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways and there are no preventions or cures. Inflammatory cells through the secretion of cytokines and pro-inflammatory molecules are thought to play a critical role in pathogenesis. Type 2 CD4(+) lymphocytes (Th2 cells) and their cytokines predominate in mild to moderate allergic asthma, whereas severe steroid-resistant asthma has more of a mixed Th2/Th1 phenotype with a Th17 component. Other immune cells, particularly neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells, as well structural cells such as epithelial and airway smooth muscle cells also produce disease-associated cytokines in asthma. Increased levels of these immune cells and cytokines have been identified in clinical samples and their potential role in disease demonstrated in studies using mouse models of asthma. Clinical trials with inhibitors of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, -5 and tumour necrosis factor-α have had success in some studies but not others. This may reflect the design of the clinical trials, including treatments regimes and the patient population included in these studies. IL-13, -9 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor are currently being evaluated in clinical trials or preclinically and the outcome of these studies is eagerly awaited. Roles for IL-25, -33, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, interferon-γ, IL-17 and -27 in the regulation of asthma are just emerging, identifying new ways to treat inflammation. Careful interpretation of results from mouse studies will inform the development and application of therapeutic approaches for asthma. The most effective approaches may be combination therapies that suppress multiple cytokines and a range of redundant and disconnected pathways that separately contribute to asthma pathogenesis. Astute application of these approaches may eventually lead to the development of effective asthma therapeutics. Here we review the current state of knowledge in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Hansbro
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
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Martinez-Nunez RT, Louafi F, Sanchez-Elsner T. The interleukin 13 (IL-13) pathway in human macrophages is modulated by microRNA-155 via direct targeting of interleukin 13 receptor alpha1 (IL13Ralpha1). J Biol Chem 2010; 286:1786-94. [PMID: 21097505 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.169367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a central role in the balance and efficiency of the immune response and are at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity. Their phenotype is a delicate equilibrium between the M1 (classical, pro-Th(1)) and M2 (alternative, pro-Th(2)) profiles. This balance is regulated by cytokines such as interleukin 13 (IL-13), a typical pro-M2-Th(2) cytokine that has been related to allergic disease and asthma. IL-13 binds to IL-13 receptor α1 (IL13Rα1), a component of the Type II IL-4 receptor, and exerts its effects by activating the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) through phosphorylation. MicroRNAs are short (∼22 nucleotide) inhibitory non-coding RNAs that block the translation or promote the degradation of their specific mRNA targets. By bioinformatics analysis, we found that microRNA-155 (miR-155) is predicted to target IL13Rα1. This suggested that miR-155 might be involved in the regulation of the M1/M2 balance in macrophages by modulating IL-13 effects. miR-155 has been implicated in the development of a healthy immune system and function as well as in the inflammatory pro-Th(1)/M1 immune profile. Here we have shown that in human macrophages, miR-155 directly targets IL13Rα1 and reduces the levels of IL13Rα1 protein, leading to diminished activation of STAT6. Finally we also demonstrate that miR-155 affects the IL-13-dependent regulation of several genes (SOCS1, DC-SIGN, CCL18, CD23, and SERPINE) involved in the establishment of an M2/pro-Th(2) phenotype in macrophages. Our work shows a central role for miR-155 in determining the M2 phenotype in human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio T Martinez-Nunez
- JunkRNA Laboratory, Division of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
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Chen GH, Osterholzer JJ, Choe MY, McDonald RA, Olszewski MA, Huffnagle GB, Toews GB. Dual roles of CD40 on microbial containment and the development of immunopathology in response to persistent fungal infection in the lung. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:2459-71. [PMID: 20864680 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.100141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Persistent pulmonary infection with Cryptococcus neoformans in C57BL/6 mice results in chronic inflammation that is characterized by an injurious Th2 immune response. In this study, we performed a comparative analysis of cryptococcal infection in wild-type versus CD40-deficient mice (in a C57BL/6 genetic background) to define two important roles of CD40 in the modulation of fungal clearance as well as Th2-mediated immunopathology. First, CD40 promoted microanatomic containment of the organism within the lung tissue. This protective effect was associated with: i) a late reduction in fungal burden within the lung; ii) a late accumulation of lung leukocytes, including macrophages, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells; iii) both early and late production of tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ by lung leukocytes; and iv) early IFN-γ production at the site of T cell priming in the regional lymph nodes. In the absence of CD40, systemic cryptococcal dissemination was increased, and mice died of central nervous system infection. Second, CD40 promoted pathological changes in the airways, including intraluminal mucus production and subepithelial collagen deposition, but did not alter eosinophil recruitment or the alternative activation of lung macrophages. Collectively, these results demonstrate that CD40 helps limit progressive cryptococcal growth in the lung and protects against lethal central nervous system dissemination. CD40 also promotes some, but not all, elements of Th2-mediated immunopathology in response to persistent fungal infection in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwo-Hsiao Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 6220 MSRB III, Box 0624, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Giannattasio G, Fujioka D, Xing W, Katz HR, Boyce JA, Balestrieri B. Group V secretory phospholipase A2 reveals its role in house dust mite-induced allergic pulmonary inflammation by regulation of dendritic cell function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:4430-8. [PMID: 20817863 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that group V secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)) regulates phagocytosis of zymosan and Candida albicans by a mechanism that depends on fusion of phagosomes with late endosomes in macrophages. In this study, we report that group V sPLA(2) (Pla2g5)-null mice exposed to an extract of house dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae had markedly reduced pulmonary inflammation and goblet cell metaplasia compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Pla2g5-null mice had also impaired Th2-type adaptive immune responses to D. farinae compared with WT mice. Pla2g5-null bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) activated by D. farinae had delayed intracellular processing of allergen and impaired allergen-dependent maturation, a pattern recapitulated by the native lung DCs of D. farinae-challenged mice. Adoptively transferred D. farinae-loaded Pla2g5-null BMDCs were less able than D. farinae-loaded WT BMDCs to induce pulmonary inflammation and Th2 polarization in WT mice. However, Pla2g5-null recipients transferred with WT or Pla2g5-null D. farinae-loaded BMDCs exhibited significantly reduced local inflammatory responses to D. farinae, even though the transfer of WT BMDCs still induced an intact Th2 cytokine response in regional lymph nodes. Thus, the expression of group V sPLA(2) in APCs regulates Ag processing and maturation of DCs and contributes to pulmonary inflammation and immune response against D. farinae. Furthermore, an additional yet to be identified resident cell type is essential for the development of pulmonary inflammation, likely a cell in which group V sPLA(2) is upregulated by D. farinae, and whose function is also regulated by group V sPLA(2).
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Stolarski B, Kurowska-Stolarska M, Kewin P, Xu D, Liew FY. IL-33 exacerbates eosinophil-mediated airway inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:3472-80. [PMID: 20693421 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
IL-33 has emerged as an important mediator in the immunopathogenesis of allergy and asthma. However, the role of IL-33 in eosinophil-mediated inflammation has not been fully explored. In this article, we report that IL-33 directly stimulates eosinophil differentiation from CD117(+) progenitors in an IL-5-dependent manner. Although resting eosinophils expressed moderate levels of the IL-33R alpha-chain (ST2L), eosinophils that accumulated in the airways of mice with OVA-induced asthma expressed increased amounts of ST2L. In vitro, IL-33 and GM-CSF are potent inducers of ST2L expression on eosinophils, and IL-33 induced the production of IL-13, CCL17, and TGF-beta by eosinophils. In adoptive-transfer experiments, IL-33 exacerbated eosinophil-mediated airway inflammation by increasing the levels of eosinophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, IL-13, TGF-beta, CCL3, CCL17, and CCL24 in the lungs. IL-33 also enhanced the eosinophil-mediated differentiation of airway macrophages toward the alternatively activated macrophage phenotype in an IL-13-dependent manner. Taken together, this study demonstrates that the IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway activates airway eosinophils that exacerbate airway inflammation in an autocrine and paracrine manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Stolarski
- Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Anisakis pegreffii-induced airway hyperresponsiveness is mediated by gamma interferon in the absence of interleukin-4 receptor alpha responsiveness. Infect Immun 2010; 78:4077-86. [PMID: 20605987 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01131-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the fish parasite Anisakis following exposure to contaminated fish can lead to allergic reactions in humans. The present study examined the immunological mechanisms underlying the development of allergic airway inflammation in mice after different routes of sensitization to Anisakis. Wild-type and interleukin-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Ralpha)-deficient BALB/c mice were sensitized intraperitoneally with live or heat-killed Anisakis larvae or by intranasal administration of an Anisakis extract and were subsequently challenged intranasally with an Anisakis extract. Both routes of sensitization induced IL-4Ralpha-dependent allergic airway responses, whereas allergen-specific antibody responses developed only when mice were sensitized intraperitoneally. Intranasal sensitization induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in wild-type mice only, showing that AHR was IL-4/IL-13 dependent. Unexpectedly, infection with Anisakis larvae induced AHR in both wild-type and IL-4Ralpha-deficient mice. IL-4Ralpha-independent AHR was mediated by gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), as evidenced by the fact that in vivo neutralization of IFN-gamma abrogated AHR. Together, these results demonstrate that both infection with larvae and inhalational exposure to Anisakis proteins are potent routes of allergic sensitization to Anisakis, explaining food- and work-related allergies in humans. Importantly for diagnosis, allergic airway inflammation can be independent of detectable Anisakis-specific antibodies. Moreover, depending on the route of sensitization, AHR can be induced either by IL-4/IL-13 or by IFN-gamma.
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Gauvreau GM, Denburg JA. Hemopoietic progenitors: the role of eosinophil/basophil progenitors in allergic airway inflammation. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 1:87-101. [PMID: 20477657 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.1.1.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Progenitor cells play important roles in the physiology and homeostasis of the overall hemopoietic system. The majority of hemopoietic activity takes place in the bone marrow, under the influence of resident marrow stromal cells, accessory cells, and/or their products. This constitutes the complex network of the hemopoietic inductive microenvironment, which is crucial for providing signals necessary for the maintenance of populations of progenitors at varying stages of lineage commitment. Accumulation of eosinophils and basophils in tissues is characteristic of allergic inflammation. A large body of evidence now exists which confirms that these tissue inflammatory events are coincident with relevant changes in progenitors; it has thus been hypothesized that the observed changes in mature cell numbers occur directly or indirectly as a result of differentiation of lineage-committed eosinophil/basophil, and perhaps other, progenitor cells. Differentiation and maturation of hemopoietic cells have traditionally been thought to be restricted to the bone marrow microenvironment. More recently, evidence has accumulated to suggest that some hemopoietic cells present in allergic tissue may be recruited from the bone marrow, traffic through the peripheral circulation and into tissues to participate in the ongoing inflammatory process at these distal sites. The clinical administration of monotherapy with topical corticosteroids, oral cysteinyl leukotriene antagonists and cytokine antagonists such as antibodies to interleukin-5, suggest that suppression of hemopoietic contributions to allergic inflammation may be necessary for full control of allergic inflammation and disease manifestations. In addition to progenitors being targets of therapy, they may well determine how and whether allergic inflammation is generated in early life, thus serving as biomarkers of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail M Gauvreau
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada.
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Finkelman FD, Hogan SP, Hershey GKK, Rothenberg ME, Wills-Karp M. Importance of cytokines in murine allergic airway disease and human asthma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:1663-74. [PMID: 20130218 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a common, disabling inflammatory respiratory disease that has increased in frequency and severity in developed nations. We review studies of murine allergic airway disease (MAAD) and human asthma that evaluate the importance of Th2 cytokines, Th2 response-promoting cytokines, IL-17, and proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in MAAD and human asthma. We discuss murine studies that directly stimulate airways with specific cytokines or delete, inactivate, neutralize, or block specific cytokines or their receptors, as well as controversial issues including the roles of IL-5, IL-17, and IL-13Ralpha2 in MAAD and IL-4Ralpha expression by specific cell types. Studies of human asthmatic cytokine gene and protein expression, linkage of cytokine polymorphisms to asthma, cytokine responses to allergen stimulation, and clinical responses to cytokine antagonists are discussed as well. Results of these analyses establish the importance of specific cytokines in MAAD and human asthma and have therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred D Finkelman
- Department of Medicine, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
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40
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Tomkinson A, Tepper J, Morton M, Bowden A, Stevens L, Harris P, Lindell D, Fitch N, Gundel R, Getz EB. Inhaled vs subcutaneous effects of a dual IL-4/IL-13 antagonist in a monkey model of asthma. Allergy 2010; 65:69-77. [PMID: 19796211 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pitrakinra is a recombinant protein derived from human interleukin-4 (IL-4) that binds to IL-4Ralpha and acts as a competitive antagonist of IL-4 and IL-13. The studies reported here compare the dose-ranging effects of pitrakinra on allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and airway eosinophilia when administered subcutaneously (s.c.) or by inhalation to the Ascaris suum-sensitive cynomolgus monkey for the purpose of elucidating the primary site of pitrakinra's anti-asthmatic action. METHODS Airway responsiveness to inhaled methacholine and bronchoalveolar lavage cell composition was determined before and after three allergen exposures with a 1-week course of twice-daily (b.i.d.) s.c. or inhaled pitrakinra or placebo treatment. RESULTS Treatment with s.c. pitrakinra significantly reduced allergen-induced AHR, with a maximum effect of a 2.8- to 3.8-fold increase in methacholine PC(100) relative to control (P < 0.05) observed at b.i.d. s.c. doses of 0.05-0.5 mg/kg. Inhaled pitrakinra also significantly reduced AHR with a similar maximum effect of a 2.8- to 3.2-fold increase in methacholine PC(100) relative to control (P < 0.05) at nominal b.i.d. doses of 3-100 mg. The maximal effect on AHR following inhalation was observed at a plasma concentration which exhibited no efficacy via the subcutaneous route. The effect of pitrakinra on lung eosinophilia was not statistically significant following either route of administration, although lung eosinophil count was reduced in all studies relative to control. CONCLUSION Local administration of pitrakinra to the lung is sufficient to inhibit AHR, one of the cardinal features of asthma, indicating the therapeutic potential of inhaled pitrakinra in the treatment of atopic asthma.
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Fritz DK, Kerr C, Botelho F, Stampfli M, Richards CD. Oncostatin M (OSM) primes IL-13- and IL-4-induced eotaxin responses in fibroblasts: Regulation of the type-II IL-4 receptor chains IL-4Rα and IL-13Rα1. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:3486-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Revised: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Martinez FO, Helming L, Gordon S. Alternative activation of macrophages: an immunologic functional perspective. Annu Rev Immunol 2009; 27:451-83. [PMID: 19105661 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2002] [Impact Index Per Article: 133.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are innate immune cells with well-established roles in the primary response to pathogens, but also in tissue homeostasis, coordination of the adaptive immune response, inflammation, resolution, and repair. These cells recognize danger signals through receptors capable of inducing specialized activation programs. The classically known macrophage activation is induced by IFN-gamma, which triggers a harsh proinflammatory response that is required to kill intracellular pathogens. Macrophages also undergo alternative activation by IL-4 and IL-13, which trigger a different phenotype that is important for the immune response to parasites. Here we review the cellular sources of these cytokines, receptor signaling pathways, and induced markers and gene signatures. We draw attention to discrepancies found between mouse and human models of alternative activation. The evidence for in vivo alternative activation of macrophages is also analyzed, with nematode infection as prototypic disease. Finally, we revisit the concept of macrophage activation in the context of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando O Martinez
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom.
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Chung SH, Nam KH, Kweon MN. Staphylococcus aureus accelerates an experimental allergic conjunctivitis by Toll-like receptor 2-dependent manner. Clin Immunol 2009; 131:170-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Korideck H, Peterson JD. Noninvasive quantitative tomography of the therapeutic response to dexamethasone in ovalbumin-induced murine asthma. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 329:882-9. [PMID: 19293392 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.147579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models of pulmonary inflammation are critical for understanding the pathophysiology of asthma and for developing new therapies. Current conventional assessments in mouse models of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease rely on invasive measures of pulmonary function and terminal characterization of cells infiltrating into the lung. The ability to noninvasively visualize and quantify the underlying biological processes in mouse pulmonary models in vivo would provide a significant advance in characterizing disease processes and the effects of therapeutics. We report the utility of near-infrared imaging agents, in combination with fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) imaging, for the noninvasive quantitative imaging of mouse lung inflammation in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced chronic asthma model. BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally sensitized with OVA-Alum (aluminum hydroxide) at days 0 and 14, followed by daily intranasal challenge with OVA in phosphate-buffered saline from days 21 to 24. Dexamethasone and control therapies were given intraperitoneally 4 h before each intranasal inhalation of OVA from days 21 to 24. Twenty-four hours before imaging, the mice were injected intravenously with 5 nmol of the cathepsin-activatable fluorescent agent, ProSense 680. Quantification by FMT revealed in vivo cysteine protease activity within the lung associated with the inflammatory eosinophilia, which decreased in response to dexamethasone treatment. Results were correlated with in vitro laboratory tests (bronchoalveolar lavage cell analysis and immunohistochemistry) and revealed good correlation between these measures and quantification of ProSense 680 activation. We have demonstrated the ability of FMT to noninvasively visualize and quantify inflammation in the lung and monitor therapeutic efficacy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houari Korideck
- VisEn Medical, Inc., 45 Wiggins Avenue, Bedford, MA 01730, USA
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Zhou B, Headley MB, Aye T, Tocker J, Comeau MR, Ziegler SF. Reversal of thymic stromal lymphopoietin-induced airway inflammation through inhibition of Th2 responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 181:6557-62. [PMID: 18941246 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.9.6557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lung-specific thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) expression is sufficient for the development of an asthma-like chronic airway inflammatory disease. However, the nature of the downstream pathways that regulate disease development are not known. In this study, we used IL-4- and Stat6-deficient mice to establish the role of Th2-type responses downstream of TSLP. IL-4 deficiency greatly reduced, but did not eliminate, TSLP-induced airway hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation, eosinophilia, and goblet cell metaplasia, while Stat6 deficiency eliminated these asthma-like symptoms. We further demonstrate, using the chronic model of TSLP-mediated airway inflammation, that blockade of both IL-4 and IL-13 responses, through administration of an anti-IL-4R alpha mAb, reversed asthma-like symptoms, when given to mice with established disease. Collectively these data provide insight into the pathways engaged in TSLP-driven airway inflammation and demonstrate that simultaneous blockade of IL-4 and IL-13 can reverse established airway disease, suggesting that this may be an effective approach for the therapy of Th2-mediated inflammatory respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohua Zhou
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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IFN-gamma, IL-4 and IL-13 modulate responsiveness of human airway smooth muscle cells to IL-13. Respir Res 2008; 9:84. [PMID: 19116009 PMCID: PMC2628656 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-9-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background IL-13 is a critical mediator of allergic asthma and associated airway hyperresponsiveness. IL-13 acts through a receptor complex comprised of IL-13Rα1 and IL-4Rα subunits with subsequent activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6). The IL-13Rα2 receptor may act as a decoy receptor. In human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cells, IL-13 enhances cellular proliferation, calcium responses to agonists and induces eotaxin production. We investigated the effects of pre-treatment with IL-4, IL-13 and IFN-γ on the responses of HASM cells to IL-13. Methods Cultured HASM were examined for expression of IL-13 receptor subunits using polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Effects of cytokine pre-treatment on IL-13-induced cell responses were assessed by looking at STAT6 phosphorylation using Western blot, eotaxin secretion and calcium responses to histamine. Results IL-13Rα1, IL-4Rα and IL-13Rα2 subunits were expressed on HASM cells. IL-13 induced phosphorylation of STAT6 which reached a maximum by 30 minutes. Pre-treatment with IL-4, IL-13 and, to a lesser degree, IFN-γ reduced peak STAT6 phosphorylation in response to IL-13. IL-13, but not IFN-γ, pre-treatment abrogated IL-13-induced eotaxin secretion. Pre-treatment with IL-4 or IL-13 abrogated IL-13-induced augmentation of the calcium transient evoked by histamine. Cytokine pre-treatment did not affect expression of IL-13Rα1 and IL-4Rα but increased expression of IL-13Rα2. An anti-IL-13Rα2 neutralizing antibody did not prevent the cytokine pre-treatment effects on STAT6 phosphorylation. Cytokine pre-treatment increased SOCS-1, but not SOCS-3, mRNA expression which was not associated with significant increases in protein expression. Conclusion Pre-treatment with IL-4 and IL-13, but not IFN-γ, induced desensitization of the HASM cells to IL-13 as measured by eotaxin secretion and calcium transients to histamine. The mechanism of IL-4 and IL-13 induced desensitization does not appear to involve either downregulation of receptor expression or induction of the IL-13Rα2 or the SOCS proteins.
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Kurowska-Stolarska M, Kewin P, Murphy G, Russo RC, Stolarski B, Garcia CC, Komai-Koma M, Pitman N, Li Y, Niedbala W, McKenzie ANJ, Teixeira MM, Liew FY, Xu D. IL-33 induces antigen-specific IL-5+ T cells and promotes allergic-induced airway inflammation independent of IL-4. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:4780-90. [PMID: 18802081 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.7.4780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) play a pivotal role in helminthic infection and allergic disorders. CD4(+) T cells which produce type 2 cytokines can be generated via IL-4-dependent and -independent pathways. Although the IL-4-dependent pathway is well documented, factors that drive IL-4-independent Th2 cell differentiation remain obscure. We report here that the new cytokine IL-33, in the presence of Ag, polarizes murine and human naive CD4(+) T cells into a population of T cells which produce mainly IL-5 but not IL-4. This polarization requires IL-1R-related molecule and MyD88 but not IL-4 or STAT6. The IL-33-induced T cell differentiation is also dependent on the phosphorylation of MAPKs and NF-kappaB but not the induction of GATA3 or T-bet. In vivo, ST2(-/-) mice developed attenuated airway inflammation and IL-5 production in a murine model of asthma. Conversely, IL-33 administration induced the IL-5-producing T cells and exacerbated allergen-induced airway inflammation in wild-type as well as IL-4(-/-) mice. Finally, adoptive transfer of IL-33-polarized IL-5(+)IL-4(-)T cells triggered airway inflammation in naive IL-4(-/-) mice. Thus, we demonstrate here that, in the presence of Ag, IL-33 induces IL-5-producing T cells and promotes airway inflammation independent of IL-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Kurowska-Stolarska
- Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow United Kingdom
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Inhibitory effect of kefiran on ovalbumin-induced lung inflammation in a murine model of asthma. Arch Pharm Res 2008; 31:1590-6. [PMID: 19099229 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-001-2156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Revised: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Kefiran is a major component of kefir which is a microbial symbiont mixture that produces jelly-like grains. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic availability of kefiran on the ovalbumin-induced asthma mouse model in which airway inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness were found in the lung. BALB/c mice sensitized and challenged to ovalbumin were treated intra-gastrically with kefiran 1 hour before the ovalbumin challenge. Kefiran significantly suppressed ovalbumin-induced airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) to inhaled methacholine. Administration of kefiran significantly inhibited the release of both eosinophils and other inflammatory cells into bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and lung tissue which was measured by Diff-Quik. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-5 (IL-5) were also reduced to normal levels after administration of kefiran in BAL fluid. Histological studies demonstrate that kefiran substantially inhibited ovalbumin-induced eosinophilia in lung tissue by H&E staining and goblet cell hyperplasia in the airway by PAS staining. Taken above data, kefiran may be useful for the treatment of inflammation of lung tissue and airway hyper-responsiveness in a murine model and may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of allergic bronchial asthma.
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Nagashima O, Harada N, Usui Y, Yamazaki T, Yagita H, Okumura K, Takahashi K, Akiba H. B7-H3 contributes to the development of pathogenic Th2 cells in a murine model of asthma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:4062-71. [PMID: 18768862 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.6.4062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
B7-H3 is a new member of the B7 family. The receptor for B7-H3 has not been identified, but it seems to be expressed on activated T cells. Initial studies have shown that B7-H3 provides a stimulatory signal to T cells. However, recent studies suggest a negative regulatory role for B7-H3 in T cell responses. Thus, the immunological function of B7-H3 is controversial and unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of neutralizing anti-B7-H3 mAb in a mouse model of allergic asthma to determine whether B7-H3 contributes to the development of pathogenic Th2 cells and pulmonary inflammation. Administration of anti-B7-H3 mAb significantly reduced airway hyperreactivity with a concomitant decrease in eosinophils in the lung as compared with control IgG-treated mice. Treatment with anti-B7-H3 mAb also resulted in decreased production of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) in the draining lymph node cells. Although blockade of B7-H3 during the induction phase abrogated the development of asthmatic responses, B7-H3 blockade during the effector phase did not inhibit asthmatic responses. These results indicated an important role for B7-H3 in the development of pathogenic Th2 cells during the induction phase in a murine model of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Nagashima
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Zhou W, Newcomb DC, Moore ML, Goleniewska K, O'Neal JF, Peebles RS. Cyclooxygenase inhibition during allergic sensitization increases STAT6-independent primary and memory Th2 responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:5360-7. [PMID: 18832692 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.8.5360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immune sensitization and memory generation are required for the development of allergic inflammation. Our previous studies demonstrate that the cyclooxygenase (COX) metabolic pathway is actively involved in allergic responses and COX inhibition increases allergic airway inflammation in a STAT6-independent fashion. To test the hypothesis that COX inhibition augments allergic inflammation by enhancing immune sensitization and memory, we sensitized STAT6 knockout mice with an i.p. injection of OVA with aluminum hydroxide as an adjuvant and treated the mice with the COX inhibitor indomethacin or vehicle for analyses of the primary and memory immune responses. We found that COX inhibition during immune sensitization, but not the allergic challenge phase, was necessary and sufficient to increase allergic inflammation. COX inhibition during sensitization increased the numbers of mature dendritic cells and activated CD4 T cells in the spleen and augmented OVA-specific IL-5 and IL-13 responses of the splenic CD4 T cells at day 5 after sensitization. COX inhibition during sensitization also augmented allergic Th2 response to OVA challenge 90 days after the sensitization. Therefore, COX inhibition during allergic sensitization augments allergic responses by enhancing Th2 cell activation and memory generation and the proallergic effect is STAT6-independent. These findings provide a mechanistic explanation for the increased allergic inflammation previously shown in the mice treated with COX inhibitors and in COX-deficient mice and suggest that use of COX-inhibiting drugs during initial allergen exposure may increase the risk of developing allergic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisong Zhou
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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