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Carrer A, Laquatra C, Tommasin L, Carraro M. Modulation and Pharmacology of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition: A Journey from F-ATP Synthase to ANT. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216463. [PMID: 34770872 PMCID: PMC8587538 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The permeability transition (PT) is an increased permeation of the inner mitochondrial membrane due to the opening of the PT pore (PTP), a Ca2+-activated high conductance channel involved in Ca2+ homeostasis and cell death. Alterations of the PTP have been associated with many pathological conditions and its targeting represents an incessant challenge in the field. Although the modulation of the PTP has been extensively explored, the lack of a clear picture of its molecular nature increases the degree of complexity for any target-based approach. Recent advances suggest the existence of at least two mitochondrial permeability pathways mediated by the F-ATP synthase and the ANT, although the exact molecular mechanism leading to channel formation remains elusive for both. A full comprehension of this to-pore conversion will help to assist in drug design and to develop pharmacological treatments for a fine-tuned PT regulation. Here, we will focus on regulatory mechanisms that impinge on the PTP and discuss the relevant literature of PTP targeting compounds with particular attention to F-ATP synthase and ANT.
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Sambri I, Massa F, Gullo F, Meneghini S, Cassina L, Carraro M, Dina G, Quattrini A, Patanella L, Carissimo A, Iuliano A, Santorelli F, Codazzi F, Grohovaz F, Bernardi P, Becchetti A, Casari G. Impaired flickering of the permeability transition pore causes SPG7 spastic paraplegia. EBioMedicine 2020; 61:103050. [PMID: 33045469 PMCID: PMC7553352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations of the mitochondrial protein paraplegin cause hereditary spastic paraplegia type 7 (SPG7), a so-far untreatable degenerative disease of the upper motoneuron with still undefined pathomechanism. The intermittent mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening, called flickering, is an essential process that operates to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis by reducing intra-matrix Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration, and is critical for efficient synaptic function. Methods We use a fluorescence-based approach to measure mPTP flickering in living cells and biochemical and molecular biology techniques to dissect the pathogenic mechanism of SPG7. In the SPG7 animal model we evaluate the potential improvement of the motor defect, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration by means of an mPTP inducer, the benzodiazepine Bz-423. Findings We demonstrate that paraplegin is required for efficient transient opening of the mPTP, that is impaired in both SPG7 patients-derived fibroblasts and primary neurons from Spg7−/− mice. We show that dysregulation of mPTP opening at the pre-synaptic terminal impairs neurotransmitter release leading to ineffective synaptic transmission. Lack of paraplegin impairs mPTP flickering by a mechanism involving increased expression and activity of sirtuin3, which promotes deacetylation of cyclophilin D, thus hampering mPTP opening. Pharmacological treatment with Bz-423, which bypasses the activity of CypD, normalizes synaptic transmission and rescues the motor impairment of the SPG7 mouse model. Interpretation mPTP targeting opens a new avenue for the potential therapy of this form of spastic paraplegia. Funding Telethon Foundation grant (TGMGCSBX16TT); Dept. of Defense, US Army, grant W81XWH-18–1–0001
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Sambri
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli-Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena Massa
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli-Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lorenzo Patanella
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli-Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Carissimo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli-Naples, Italy; Institute for Applied Mathematics 'Mauro Picone', National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Iuliano
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli-Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Giorgio Casari
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli-Naples, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
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T cell metabolism: new insights in systemic lupus erythematosus pathogenesis and therapy. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2020; 16:100-112. [PMID: 31949287 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-019-0356-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T cell subsets are critically involved in the development of systemic autoimmunity and organ inflammation in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Each T cell subset function (such as effector, helper, memory or regulatory function) is dictated by distinct metabolic pathways requiring the availability of specific nutrients and intracellular enzymes. The activity of these enzymes or nutrient transporters influences the differentiation and function of T cells in autoimmune responses. Data are increasingly emerging on how metabolic processes control the function of various T cell subsets and how these metabolic processes are altered in SLE. Specifically, aberrant glycolysis, glutaminolysis, fatty acid and glycosphingolipid metabolism, mitochondrial hyperpolarization, oxidative stress and mTOR signalling underwrite the known function of T cell subsets in patients with SLE. A number of medications that are used in the care of patients with SLE affect cell metabolism, and the development of novel therapeutic approaches to control the activity of metabolic enzymes in T cell subsets represents a promising endeavour in the search for effective treatment of systemic autoimmune diseases.
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4
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Saha A, Taylor PA, Lees CJ, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Osborn MJ, Feser CJ, Thangavelu G, Melchinger W, Refaeli Y, Hill GR, Munn DH, Murphy WJ, Serody JS, Maillard I, Kreymborg K, van den Brink M, Dong C, Huang S, Zang X, Allison JP, Zeiser R, Blazar BR. Donor and host B7-H4 expression negatively regulates acute graft-versus-host disease lethality. JCI Insight 2019; 4:127716. [PMID: 31578305 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.127716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
B7-H4 is a negative regulatory B7 family member. We investigated the role of host and donor B7-H4 in regulating acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Allogeneic donor T cells infused into B7-H4-/- versus WT recipients markedly accelerated GVHD-induced lethality. Chimera studies pointed toward B7-H4 expression on host hematopoietic cells as more critical than parenchymal cells in controlling GVHD. Rapid mortality in B7-H4-/- recipients was associated with increased donor T cell expansion, gut T cell homing and loss of intestinal epithelial integrity, increased T effector function (proliferation, proinflammatory cytokines, cytolytic molecules), and reduced apoptosis. Higher metabolic demands of rapidly proliferating donor T cells in B7-H4-/- versus WT recipients required multiple metabolic pathways, increased extracellular acidification rates (ECARs) and oxygen consumption rates (OCRs), and increased expression of fuel substrate transporters. During GVHD, B7-H4 expression was upregulated on allogeneic WT donor T cells. B7-H4-/- donor T cells given to WT recipients increased GVHD mortality and had function and biological properties similar to WT T cells from allogeneic B7-H4-/- recipients. Graft-versus-leukemia responses were intact regardless as to whether B7-H4-/- mice were used as hosts or donors. Taken together, these data provide new insights into the negative regulatory processes that control GVHD and provide support for developing therapeutic strategies directed toward the B7-H4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Saha
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Patricia A Taylor
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Christopher J Lees
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Angela Panoskaltsis-Mortari
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mark J Osborn
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Colby J Feser
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Govindarajan Thangavelu
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Wolfgang Melchinger
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem-Cell Transplantation, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yosef Refaeli
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Geoffrey R Hill
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David H Munn
- Department of Pediatrics, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Jonathan S Serody
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ivan Maillard
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Katharina Kreymborg
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marcel van den Brink
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chen Dong
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyu Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Xingxing Zang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - James P Allison
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem-Cell Transplantation, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Purified F-ATP synthase forms a Ca 2+-dependent high-conductance channel matching the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4341. [PMID: 31554800 PMCID: PMC6761146 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12331-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular identity of the mitochondrial megachannel (MMC)/permeability transition pore (PTP), a key effector of cell death, remains controversial. By combining highly purified, fully active bovine F-ATP synthase with preformed liposomes we show that Ca2+ dissipates the H+ gradient generated by ATP hydrolysis. After incorporation of the same preparation into planar lipid bilayers Ca2+ elicits currents matching those of the MMC/PTP. Currents were fully reversible, were stabilized by benzodiazepine 423, a ligand of the OSCP subunit of F-ATP synthase that activates the MMC/PTP, and were inhibited by Mg2+ and adenine nucleotides, which also inhibit the PTP. Channel activity was insensitive to inhibitors of the adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) and of the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC). Native gel-purified oligomers and dimers, but not monomers, gave rise to channel activity. These findings resolve the long-standing mystery of the MMC/PTP and demonstrate that Ca2+ can transform the energy-conserving F-ATP synthase into an energy-dissipating device. The molecular identity of the mitochondrial megachannel (MMC)/permeability transition pore (PTP), a key effector of cell death, remains controversial. Here authors demonstrate that the membrane embedded bovine F-ATP synthase elicits Ca2 + -dependent currents matching those of the MMC/PTP.
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6
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Giorgio V, Fogolari F, Lippe G, Bernardi P. OSCP subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase: role in regulation of enzyme function and of its transition to a pore. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:4247-4257. [PMID: 30291799 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The permeability transition pore (PTP) is a latent, high-conductance channel of the inner mitochondrial membrane. When activated, it plays a key role in cell death and therefore in several diseases. The investigation of the PTP took an unexpected turn after the discovery that cyclophilin D (the target of the PTP inhibitory effect of cyclosporin A) binds to FO F1 (F)-ATP synthase, thus inhibiting its catalytic activity by about 30%. This observation was followed by the demonstration that binding occurs at a particular subunit of the enzyme, the oligomycin sensitivity conferral protein (OSCP), and that F-ATP synthase can form Ca2+ -activated, high-conductance channels with features matching those of the PTP, suggesting that the latter originates from a conformational change in F-ATP synthase. This review is specifically focused on the OSCP subunit of F-ATP synthase, whose unique features make it a potential pharmacological target both for modulation of F-ATP synthase and its transition to a pore. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Mitochondrial Pharmacology: Featured Mechanisms and Approaches for Therapy Translation. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.22/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Giorgio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Federico Fogolari
- Department of Mathematics, Computer Sciences and Physics, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Giovanna Lippe
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Paolo Bernardi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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7
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Starke I, Glick GD, Börsch M. Visualizing Mitochondrial F oF 1-ATP Synthase as the Target of the Immunomodulatory Drug Bz-423. Front Physiol 2018; 9:803. [PMID: 30022951 PMCID: PMC6039829 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting the mitochondrial enzyme FoF1-ATP synthase and modulating its catalytic activities with small molecules is a promising new approach for treatment of autoimmune diseases. The immunomodulatory compound Bz-423 is such a drug that binds to subunit OSCP of the mitochondrial FoF1-ATP synthase and induces apoptosis via increased reactive oxygen production in coupled, actively respiring mitochondria. Here, we review the experimental progress to reveal the binding of Bz-423 to the mitochondrial target and discuss how subunit rotation of FoF1-ATP synthase is affected by Bz-423. Briefly, we report how Förster resonance energy transfer can be employed to colocalize the enzyme and the fluorescently tagged Bz-423 within the mitochondria of living cells with nanometer resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Starke
- Single-Molecule Microscopy Group, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.,Institute for Physical Chemistry, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gary D Glick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Michael Börsch
- Single-Molecule Microscopy Group, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.,Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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8
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Alwarawrah Y, Kiernan K, MacIver NJ. Changes in Nutritional Status Impact Immune Cell Metabolism and Function. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1055. [PMID: 29868016 PMCID: PMC5968375 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cell function and metabolism are closely linked. Many studies have now clearly demonstrated that alterations in cellular metabolism influence immune cell function and that, conversely, immune cell function determines the cellular metabolic state. Less well understood, however, are the effects of systemic metabolism or whole organism nutritional status on immune cell function and metabolism. Several studies have demonstrated that undernutrition is associated with immunosuppression, which leads to both increased susceptibility to infection and protection against several types of autoimmune disease, whereas overnutrition is associated with low-grade, chronic inflammation that increases the risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disease, promotes autoreactivity, and disrupts protective immunity. Here, we review the effects of nutritional status on immunity and highlight the effects of nutrition on circulating cytokines and immune cell populations in both human studies and mouse models. As T cells are critical members of the immune system, which direct overall immune response, we will focus this review on the influence of systemic nutritional status on T cell metabolism and function. Several cytokines and hormones have been identified which mediate the effects of nutrition on T cell metabolism and function through the expression and action of key regulatory signaling proteins. Understanding how T cells are sensitive to both inadequate and overabundant nutrients may enhance our ability to target immune cell metabolism and alter immunity in both malnutrition and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazan Alwarawrah
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kaitlin Kiernan
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nancie J MacIver
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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9
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Ahmad Z, Hassan SS, Azim S. A Therapeutic Connection between Dietary Phytochemicals and ATP Synthase. Curr Med Chem 2017; 24:3894-3906. [PMID: 28831918 PMCID: PMC5738703 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170823125330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 01/01/1970] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
For centuries, phytochemicals have been used to prevent and cure multiple health ailments. Phytochemicals have been reported to have antioxidant, antidiabetic, antitussive, antiparasitic, anticancer, and antimicrobial properties. Generally, the therapeutic use of phy-tochemicals is based on tradition or word of mouth with few evidence-based studies. Moreo-ver, molecular level interactions or molecular targets for the majority of phytochemicals are unknown. In recent years, antibiotic resistance by microbes has become a major healthcare concern. As such, the use of phytochemicals with antimicrobial properties has become perti-nent. Natural compounds from plants, vegetables, herbs, and spices with strong antimicrobial properties present an excellent opportunity for preventing and combating antibiotic resistant microbial infections. ATP synthase is the fundamental means of cellular energy. Inhibition of ATP synthase may deprive cells of required energy leading to cell death, and a variety of die-tary phytochemicals are known to inhibit ATP synthase. Structural modifications of phyto-chemicals have been shown to increase the inhibitory potency and extent of inhibition. Site-directed mutagenic analysis has elucidated the binding site(s) for some phytochemicals on ATP synthase. Amino acid variations in and around the phytochemical binding sites can re-sult in selective binding and inhibition of microbial ATP synthase. In this review, the therapeu-tic connection between dietary phytochemicals and ATP synthase is summarized based on the inhibition of ATP synthase by dietary phytochemicals. Research suggests selective target-ing of ATP synthase is a valuable alternative molecular level approach to combat antibiotic resistant microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfiqar Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University, Kirksville, Missouri 63501, USA
| | - Sherif S Hassan
- Department of Medical Education, California University of Sciences and Medicine, School of Medicine (Cal Med-SOM), Colton, California 92324, USA
| | - Sofiya Azim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University, Kirksville, Missouri 63501, USA
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Chao B, Li BX, Xiao X. Design, synthesis and evaluation of antitumor acylated monoaminopyrroloquinazolines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:3107-3110. [PMID: 28552339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pyrroloquinazoline is a privileged chemical scaffold with diverse biological activities. We recently described a series of N-3 acylated 1,3-diaminopyrroloquinazolines with potent anticancer activities. The N-1 primary amino group in 1,3-diaminopyrroloquinazoline is critical for its inhibitory activity against dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). In order to design out this unnecessary DHFR inhibition activity and further expand the chemical space associated with pyrroloquinazoline, we removed the N-1 primary amino group. In this report, we describe our design and synthesis of a series of N-3 acylated monoaminopyrroloquinazolines. Biological evaluation of these compounds identified a naphthamide 4a as a potent anticancer agent (GI50=88-200nM), suggesting that removing the N-1 primary amino group in 1,3-diaminopyrroloquinazoline is a useful chemical modification that can be introduced to improve the anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chao
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Bingbing X Li
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Xiangshu Xiao
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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11
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Saha A, O'Connor RS, Thangavelu G, Lovitch SB, Dandamudi DB, Wilson CB, Vincent BG, Tkachev V, Pawlicki JM, Furlan SN, Kean LS, Aoyama K, Taylor PA, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Foncea R, Ranganathan P, Devine SM, Burrill JS, Guo L, Sacristan C, Snyder NW, Blair IA, Milone MC, Dustin ML, Riley JL, Bernlohr DA, Murphy WJ, Fife BT, Munn DH, Miller JS, Serody JS, Freeman GJ, Sharpe AH, Turka LA, Blazar BR. Programmed death ligand-1 expression on donor T cells drives graft-versus-host disease lethality. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2642-60. [PMID: 27294527 DOI: 10.1172/jci85796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) interaction with PD-1 induces T cell exhaustion and is a therapeutic target to enhance immune responses against cancer and chronic infections. In murine bone marrow transplant models, PD-L1 expression on host target tissues reduces the incidence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). PD-L1 is also expressed on T cells; however, it is unclear whether PD-L1 on this population influences immune function. Here, we examined the effects of PD-L1 modulation of T cell function in GVHD. In patients with severe GVHD, PD-L1 expression was increased on donor T cells. Compared with mice that received WT T cells, GVHD was reduced in animals that received T cells from Pdl1-/- donors. PD-L1-deficient T cells had reduced expression of gut homing receptors, diminished production of inflammatory cytokines, and enhanced rates of apoptosis. Moreover, multiple bioenergetic pathways, including aerobic glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and fatty acid metabolism, were also reduced in T cells lacking PD-L1. Finally, the reduction of acute GVHD lethality in mice that received Pdl1-/- donor cells did not affect graft-versus-leukemia responses. These data demonstrate that PD-L1 selectively enhances T cell-mediated immune responses, suggesting a context-dependent function of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, and suggest selective inhibition of PD-L1 on donor T cells as a potential strategy to prevent or ameliorate GVHD.
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12
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Li H, Feng L, Jiang W, Liu Y, Jiang J, Zhang Y, Wu P, Zhou X. Ca(2+) and caspases are involved in hydroxyl radical-induced apoptosis in erythrocytes of Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2015; 41:1305-1319. [PMID: 26080678 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There are young erythrocytes and mature erythrocytes in the peripheral blood of fish. The present study explored the apoptosis in hydroxyl radical ((·)OH)-induced young and mature erythrocytes of Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Carp erythrocytes from the peripheral blood were separated into the young fraction, the intermediate fraction and the mature fraction using fixed-angle centrifugation. The erythrocytes in three age fractions were treated with the caspase inhibitors (zVAD-fmk) in physiological carp saline (PCS) or Ca(2+)-free PCS in the presence of 40 μM FeSO4/20 μM H2O2. The results showed that the (·)OH-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure and DNA fragmentation are caspase dependent in carp erythrocytes. Furthermore, the ROS generation, PS exposure and DNA fragmentation in the more young fraction are more dependent on the caspase activity. This suggested that the caspases are involved in the (·)OH-induced apoptosis in the young erythrocytes of fish. Results also indicated that Ca(2+) is involved in (·)OH-induced calpain activation, PS exposure and DNA fragmentation in carp erythrocytes. Moreover, the calpain activation, DNA fragmentation and PS exposure in the more mature fraction are more dependent on the levels of Ca(2+). This revealed that (·)OH-induced apoptosis is Ca(2+) dependent in the mature erythrocytes of fish. Taken together, there might be two apoptosis pathways in fish erythrocytes: one is the caspase-dependent apoptosis in the young erythrocytes and the other is the Ca(2+)-involved apoptosis in the mature erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- HuaTao Li
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Conservation and Utilization of Fishes Resources in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, 641000, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - WeiDan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - YongAn Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - XiaoQiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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Ashbrook MJ, McDonough KL, Pituch JJ, Christopherson PL, Cornell TT, Selewski DT, Shanley TP, Blatt NB. Citrate modulates lipopolysaccharide-induced monocyte inflammatory responses. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 180:520-30. [PMID: 25619261 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrate, a central component of cellular metabolism, is a widely used anti-coagulant due to its ability to chelate calcium. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-citrate lyase, which metabolizes citrate, has been shown to be essential for inflammation, but the ability of exogenous citrate to impact inflammatory signalling cascades remains largely unknown. We hypothesized that citrate would modulate inflammatory responses as both a cellular metabolite and calcium chelator, and tested this hypothesis by determining how clinically relevant levels of citrate modulate monocyte proinflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a human acute monocytic leukaemia cell line (THP-1). In normal medium (0.4 mM calcium), citrate inhibited LPS-induced tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-8 transcripts, whereas in medium supplemented with calcium (1.4 mM), TNF-α and IL-8 levels increased and appeared independent of calcium chelation. Using an IL-8-luciferase plasmid construct, the same increased response was observed in the activation of the IL-8 promoter region, suggesting transcriptional regulation. Tricarballylic acid, an inhibitor of ATP-citrate lyase, blocked the ability of citrate to augment TNF-α, linking citrate's augmentation effect with its metabolism by ATP-citrate lyase. In the presence of citrate, increased histone acetylation was observed in the TNF-α and IL-8 promoter regions of THP-1 cells. We observed that citrate can both augment and inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production via modulation of inflammatory gene transactivation. These findings suggest that citrate anti-coagulation may alter immune function through complex interactions with the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Ashbrook
- Divisions of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K L McDonough
- Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J J Pituch
- Divisions of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - P L Christopherson
- Divisions of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - T T Cornell
- Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - D T Selewski
- Divisions of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - T P Shanley
- Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - N B Blatt
- Divisions of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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14
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Chao B, Li BX, Xiao X. The chemistry and pharmacology of privileged pyrroloquinazolines. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015; 6:510-520. [PMID: 25937878 PMCID: PMC4412478 DOI: 10.1039/c4md00485j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology has plummeted the cost of whole genome sequencing, which has provided a long list of putative drug targets for a variety of diseases ranging from infectious diseases to cancers. The majority of these drug targets are still awaiting high-quality small molecule ligands to validate their therapeutic potential and track their druggability. Screening compound libraries based on privileged scaffolds is an efficient strategy to identify potential ligands to distinct biological targets. 7H-Pyrrolo[3,2-f]quinazoline (PQZ) is a potential privileged heterocyclic scaffold with diverse pharmacological properties. A number of biological targets have been identified for different derivatives of PQZ. This review summarized the synthetic strategies to access the chemical space associated with PQZ and discussed their unique biological profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chao
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Bingbing X. Li
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Xiangshu Xiao
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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15
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Glick GD, Rossignol R, Lyssiotis CA, Wahl D, Lesch C, Sanchez B, Liu X, Hao LY, Taylor C, Hurd A, Ferrara JLM, Tkachev V, Byersdorfer CA, Boros L, Opipari AW. Anaplerotic metabolism of alloreactive T cells provides a metabolic approach to treat graft-versus-host disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 351:298-307. [PMID: 25125579 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.218099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell activation requires increased ATP and biosynthesis to support proliferation and effector function. Most models of T-cell activation are based on in vitro culture systems and posit that aerobic glycolysis is employed to meet increased energetic and biosynthetic demands. By contrast, T cells activated in vivo by alloantigens in graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) increase mitochondrial oxygen consumption, fatty acid uptake, and oxidation, with small increases of glucose uptake and aerobic glycolysis. Here we show that these differences are not a consequence of alloactivation, because T cells activated in vitro either in a mixed lymphocyte reaction to the same alloantigens used in vivo or with agonistic anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibodies increased aerobic glycolysis. Using targeted metabolic (13)C tracer fate associations, we elucidated the metabolic pathway(s) employed by alloreactive T cells in vivo that support this phenotype. We find that glutamine (Gln)-dependent tricarboxylic acid cycle anaplerosis is increased in alloreactive T cells and that Gln carbon contributes to ribose biosynthesis. Pharmacological modulation of oxidative phosphorylation rapidly reduces anaplerosis in alloreactive T cells and improves GVHD. On the basis of these data, we propose a model of T-cell metabolism that is relevant to activated lymphocytes in vivo, with implications for the discovery of new drugs for immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary D Glick
- Lycera Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.D.G., C.L., B.S., X.L., L.-Y.H., C.T., A.H., A.W.O.); Departments of Chemical Biology (G.D.G., D.W.), Chemistry (G.D.G.), Pediatrics and Communicable Disease (J.L.M.F., V.T., C.A.B.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.W.O.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France (R.R.); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (C.A.L.); and SIDMAP, Los Angeles, California (L.B.)
| | - Rodrigue Rossignol
- Lycera Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.D.G., C.L., B.S., X.L., L.-Y.H., C.T., A.H., A.W.O.); Departments of Chemical Biology (G.D.G., D.W.), Chemistry (G.D.G.), Pediatrics and Communicable Disease (J.L.M.F., V.T., C.A.B.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.W.O.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France (R.R.); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (C.A.L.); and SIDMAP, Los Angeles, California (L.B.)
| | - Costas A Lyssiotis
- Lycera Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.D.G., C.L., B.S., X.L., L.-Y.H., C.T., A.H., A.W.O.); Departments of Chemical Biology (G.D.G., D.W.), Chemistry (G.D.G.), Pediatrics and Communicable Disease (J.L.M.F., V.T., C.A.B.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.W.O.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France (R.R.); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (C.A.L.); and SIDMAP, Los Angeles, California (L.B.)
| | - Daniel Wahl
- Lycera Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.D.G., C.L., B.S., X.L., L.-Y.H., C.T., A.H., A.W.O.); Departments of Chemical Biology (G.D.G., D.W.), Chemistry (G.D.G.), Pediatrics and Communicable Disease (J.L.M.F., V.T., C.A.B.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.W.O.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France (R.R.); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (C.A.L.); and SIDMAP, Los Angeles, California (L.B.)
| | - Charles Lesch
- Lycera Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.D.G., C.L., B.S., X.L., L.-Y.H., C.T., A.H., A.W.O.); Departments of Chemical Biology (G.D.G., D.W.), Chemistry (G.D.G.), Pediatrics and Communicable Disease (J.L.M.F., V.T., C.A.B.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.W.O.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France (R.R.); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (C.A.L.); and SIDMAP, Los Angeles, California (L.B.)
| | - Brian Sanchez
- Lycera Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.D.G., C.L., B.S., X.L., L.-Y.H., C.T., A.H., A.W.O.); Departments of Chemical Biology (G.D.G., D.W.), Chemistry (G.D.G.), Pediatrics and Communicable Disease (J.L.M.F., V.T., C.A.B.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.W.O.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France (R.R.); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (C.A.L.); and SIDMAP, Los Angeles, California (L.B.)
| | - Xikui Liu
- Lycera Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.D.G., C.L., B.S., X.L., L.-Y.H., C.T., A.H., A.W.O.); Departments of Chemical Biology (G.D.G., D.W.), Chemistry (G.D.G.), Pediatrics and Communicable Disease (J.L.M.F., V.T., C.A.B.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.W.O.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France (R.R.); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (C.A.L.); and SIDMAP, Los Angeles, California (L.B.)
| | - Ling-Yang Hao
- Lycera Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.D.G., C.L., B.S., X.L., L.-Y.H., C.T., A.H., A.W.O.); Departments of Chemical Biology (G.D.G., D.W.), Chemistry (G.D.G.), Pediatrics and Communicable Disease (J.L.M.F., V.T., C.A.B.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.W.O.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France (R.R.); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (C.A.L.); and SIDMAP, Los Angeles, California (L.B.)
| | - Clarke Taylor
- Lycera Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.D.G., C.L., B.S., X.L., L.-Y.H., C.T., A.H., A.W.O.); Departments of Chemical Biology (G.D.G., D.W.), Chemistry (G.D.G.), Pediatrics and Communicable Disease (J.L.M.F., V.T., C.A.B.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.W.O.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France (R.R.); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (C.A.L.); and SIDMAP, Los Angeles, California (L.B.)
| | - Alexander Hurd
- Lycera Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.D.G., C.L., B.S., X.L., L.-Y.H., C.T., A.H., A.W.O.); Departments of Chemical Biology (G.D.G., D.W.), Chemistry (G.D.G.), Pediatrics and Communicable Disease (J.L.M.F., V.T., C.A.B.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.W.O.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France (R.R.); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (C.A.L.); and SIDMAP, Los Angeles, California (L.B.)
| | - James L M Ferrara
- Lycera Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.D.G., C.L., B.S., X.L., L.-Y.H., C.T., A.H., A.W.O.); Departments of Chemical Biology (G.D.G., D.W.), Chemistry (G.D.G.), Pediatrics and Communicable Disease (J.L.M.F., V.T., C.A.B.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.W.O.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France (R.R.); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (C.A.L.); and SIDMAP, Los Angeles, California (L.B.)
| | - Victor Tkachev
- Lycera Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.D.G., C.L., B.S., X.L., L.-Y.H., C.T., A.H., A.W.O.); Departments of Chemical Biology (G.D.G., D.W.), Chemistry (G.D.G.), Pediatrics and Communicable Disease (J.L.M.F., V.T., C.A.B.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.W.O.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France (R.R.); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (C.A.L.); and SIDMAP, Los Angeles, California (L.B.)
| | - Craig A Byersdorfer
- Lycera Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.D.G., C.L., B.S., X.L., L.-Y.H., C.T., A.H., A.W.O.); Departments of Chemical Biology (G.D.G., D.W.), Chemistry (G.D.G.), Pediatrics and Communicable Disease (J.L.M.F., V.T., C.A.B.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.W.O.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France (R.R.); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (C.A.L.); and SIDMAP, Los Angeles, California (L.B.)
| | - Laszlo Boros
- Lycera Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.D.G., C.L., B.S., X.L., L.-Y.H., C.T., A.H., A.W.O.); Departments of Chemical Biology (G.D.G., D.W.), Chemistry (G.D.G.), Pediatrics and Communicable Disease (J.L.M.F., V.T., C.A.B.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.W.O.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France (R.R.); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (C.A.L.); and SIDMAP, Los Angeles, California (L.B.)
| | - Anthony W Opipari
- Lycera Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.D.G., C.L., B.S., X.L., L.-Y.H., C.T., A.H., A.W.O.); Departments of Chemical Biology (G.D.G., D.W.), Chemistry (G.D.G.), Pediatrics and Communicable Disease (J.L.M.F., V.T., C.A.B.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.W.O.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France (R.R.); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (C.A.L.); and SIDMAP, Los Angeles, California (L.B.)
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16
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Bernardi P. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore: a mystery solved? Front Physiol 2013; 4:95. [PMID: 23675351 PMCID: PMC3650560 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The permeability transition (PT) denotes an increase of the mitochondrial inner membrane permeability to solutes with molecular masses up to about 1500 Da. It is presumed to be mediated by opening of a channel, the permeability transition pore (PTP), whose molecular nature remains a mystery. Here I briefly review the history of the PTP, discuss existing models, and present our new results indicating that reconstituted dimers of the FOF1 ATP synthase form a channel with properties identical to those of the mitochondrial megachannel (MMC), the electrophysiological equivalent of the PTP. Open questions remain, but there is now promise that the PTP can be studied by genetic methods to solve the large number of outstanding problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bernardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova Padova, Italy
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17
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Dimers of mitochondrial ATP synthase form the permeability transition pore. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:5887-92. [PMID: 23530243 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1217823110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 696] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we define the molecular nature of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP), a key effector of cell death. The PTP is regulated by matrix cyclophilin D (CyPD), which also binds the lateral stalk of the FOF1 ATP synthase. We show that CyPD binds the oligomycin sensitivity-conferring protein subunit of the enzyme at the same site as the ATP synthase inhibitor benzodiazepine 423 (Bz-423), that Bz-423 sensitizes the PTP to Ca(2+) like CyPD itself, and that decreasing oligomycin sensitivity-conferring protein expression by RNAi increases the sensitivity of the PTP to Ca(2+). Purified dimers of the ATP synthase, which did not contain voltage-dependent anion channel or adenine nucleotide translocator, were reconstituted into lipid bilayers. In the presence of Ca(2+), addition of Bz-423 triggered opening of a channel with currents that were typical of the mitochondrial megachannel, which is the PTP electrophysiological equivalent. Channel openings were inhibited by the ATP synthase inhibitor AMP-PNP (γ-imino ATP, a nonhydrolyzable ATP analog) and Mg(2+)/ADP. These results indicate that the PTP forms from dimers of the ATP synthase.
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18
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Wahl DR, Byersdorfer CA, Ferrara JLM, Opipari AW, Glick GD. Distinct metabolic programs in activated T cells: opportunities for selective immunomodulation. Immunol Rev 2013; 249:104-15. [PMID: 22889218 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For several decades, it has been known that T-cell activation in vitro leads to increased glycolytic metabolism that fuels proliferation and effector function. Recently, this simple model has been complicated by the observation that different T-cell subsets differentially regulate fundamental metabolic pathways under the control of distinct molecular regulators. Although the majority of these data have been generated in vitro, several recent studies have documented the metabolism of T cells activated in vivo. Here, we review the recent data surrounding the differential regulation of metabolism by distinct T-cell subsets in vitro and in vivo and discuss how differential metabolic regulation might facilitate T-cell function vis-à-vis proliferation, survival, and energy production. We further discuss the important therapeutic implications of differential metabolism across T-cell subsets and review recent successes in exploiting lymphocyte metabolism to treat immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Wahl
- Chemical Biology Doctoral Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
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19
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Gatza E, Wahl DR, Opipari AW, Sundberg TB, Reddy P, Liu C, Glick GD, Ferrara JLM. Manipulating the bioenergetics of alloreactive T cells causes their selective apoptosis and arrests graft-versus-host disease. Sci Transl Med 2011; 3:67ra8. [PMID: 21270339 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cells generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by glycolysis and by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Despite the importance of having sufficient ATP available for the energy-dependent processes involved in immune activation, little is known about the metabolic adaptations that occur in vivo to meet the increased demand for ATP in activated and proliferating lymphocytes. We found that bone marrow (BM) cells proliferating after BM transplantation (BMT) increased aerobic glycolysis but not OXPHOS, whereas T cells proliferating in response to alloantigens during graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) increased both aerobic glycolysis and OXPHOS. Metabolomic analysis of alloreactive T cells showed an accumulation of acylcarnitines consistent with changes in fatty acid oxidation. Alloreactive T cells also exhibited a hyperpolarized mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), increased superoxide production, and decreased amounts of antioxidants, whereas proliferating BM cells did not. Bz-423, a small-molecule inhibitor of the mitochondrial F(1)F(0) adenosine triphosphate synthase (F(1)F(0)-ATPase), selectively increased superoxide and induced the apoptosis of alloreactive T cells, which arrested established GVHD in several BMT models without affecting hematopoietic engraftment or lymphocyte reconstitution. These findings challenge the current paradigm that activated T cells meet their increased demands for ATP through aerobic glycolysis, and identify the possibility that bioenergetic and redox characteristics can be selectively exploited as a therapeutic strategy for immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Gatza
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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20
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Vinuesa CG, Sanz I, Cook MC. Dysregulation of germinal centres in autoimmune disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2009; 9:845-57. [PMID: 19935804 DOI: 10.1038/nri2637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In germinal centres, somatic hypermutation and B cell selection increase antibody affinity and specificity for the immunizing antigen, but the generation of autoreactive B cells is an inevitable by-product of this process. Here, we review the evidence that aberrant selection of these autoreactive B cells can arise from abnormalities in each of the germinal centre cellular constituents--B cells, T follicular helper cells, follicular dendritic cells and tingible body macrophages--or in the supply of antigen. As the progeny of germinal centre B cells includes long-lived plasma cells, selection of autoreactive B cells can propagate long-lived autoantibody responses and cause autoimmune diseases. Elucidation of crucial molecular signals in germinal centres has led to the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola G Vinuesa
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, GPO Box 334, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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21
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Sundberg TB, Swenson L, Wahl DR, Opipari AW, Glick GD. Apoptotic signaling activated by modulation of the F0F1-ATPase: implications for selective killing of autoimmune lymphocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 331:437-44. [PMID: 19706792 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.156422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
7-Chloro-5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methyl-3-(napthalen-2-ylmetyl)-4,5,-dihydro-1H-benzo[b][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (Bz-423) is a proapoptotic 1,4-benzodiazepine that potently suppresses disease in the murine model of lupus by selectively killing pathogenic lymphocytes. In MRL/MpJ-Fas(lpr) (MRL-lpr) mice, Bz-423 overcomes deficient expression of the Fas death receptor and hyperactivation of antiapoptotic phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signaling to specifically kill pathogenic CD4(+) T cells. Bz-423 binds to the oligomycin-sensitivity-conferring protein component of the mitochondrial F(0)F(1)-ATPase, which modulates the enzyme leading to formation of superoxide by the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Scavenging this reactive oxygen species blocks all subsequent components of the apoptotic cascade. To gain insight into how apoptotic signaling activated by Bz-423-induced superoxide contributes to the selective depletion of MRL-lpr CD4(+) T cells, we characterized the death mechanism in a CD4(+) T cell leukemia line (Jurkat). Although Bz-423-induced superoxide indirectly inactivates Akt, this response is not required for T cell death. Apoptosis instead results from parallel increases in levels of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins Noxa and Bak leading to specific activation of Bak, mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, and a commitment to apoptosis. By directly up-regulating proteins that trigger loss of mitochondrial outer membrane integrity, Bz-423 bypasses defective Fas function and antiapoptotic PI3K-Akt signaling in MRL-lpr CD4(+) T cells. Moreover, because disease-associated abnormalities should sensitize autoreactive CD4(+) T cells to transcriptional up-regulation of Noxa by redox signals and to Bak-dependent apoptosis, the apoptotic mechanism elucidated in Jurkat cells provides important clues into the cell-type- and disease-selective effects of Bz-423 in MRL-lpr mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Sundberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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22
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Blatt NB, Boitano AE, Lyssiotis CA, Opipari AW, Glick GD. Bz-423 superoxide signals B cell apoptosis via Mcl-1, Bak, and Bax. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:966-73. [PMID: 19481066 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 05/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bz-423 is a pro-apoptotic 1,4-benzodiazepine with therapeutic properties in murine models of lupus demonstrating selectivity for autoreactive lymphocytes. Bz-423 modulates the F(1)F(0)-ATPase, inducing the formation of superoxide within the mitochondrial respiratory chain, which then functions as a second messenger initiating apoptosis. In order to understand some of the features that contribute to the increased sensitivity of lymphocytes, we report the signaling pathway engaged by Bz-423 in a Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Ramos). Following the generation of superoxide, Bz-423-induced apoptosis requires the activation of Bax and Bak to induce mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization and cytochrome c release. Knockdown of the BH3-only proteins Bad, Bim, Bik, and Puma inhibits Bz-423 apoptosis, suggesting that these proteins serve as upstream sensors of the oxidant stress induced by Bz-423. Treatment with Bz-423 results in superoxide-dependent Mcl-1 degradation, implicating this protein as the link between Bz-423-induced superoxide and Bax and Bak activation. In contrast to fibroblasts, B cell death induced by Bz-423 is independent of c-Jun N-terminal kinase. These results demonstrate that superoxide generated from the mitochondrial respiratory chain as a consequence of a respiratory transition can signal a specific apoptotic response that differs across cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal B Blatt
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, F6865 Mott SPC 5297, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5297, United States.
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Hong S, Pedersen PL. ATP synthase and the actions of inhibitors utilized to study its roles in human health, disease, and other scientific areas. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2008; 72:590-641, Table of Contents. [PMID: 19052322 PMCID: PMC2593570 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00016-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP synthase, a double-motor enzyme, plays various roles in the cell, participating not only in ATP synthesis but in ATP hydrolysis-dependent processes and in the regulation of a proton gradient across some membrane-dependent systems. Recent studies of ATP synthase as a potential molecular target for the treatment of some human diseases have displayed promising results, and this enzyme is now emerging as an attractive molecular target for the development of new therapies for a variety of diseases. Significantly, ATP synthase, because of its complex structure, is inhibited by a number of different inhibitors and provides diverse possibilities in the development of new ATP synthase-directed agents. In this review, we classify over 250 natural and synthetic inhibitors of ATP synthase reported to date and present their inhibitory sites and their known or proposed modes of action. The rich source of ATP synthase inhibitors and their known or purported sites of action presented in this review should provide valuable insights into their applications as potential scaffolds for new therapeutics for human and animal diseases as well as for the discovery of new pesticides and herbicides to help protect the world's food supply. Finally, as ATP synthase is now known to consist of two unique nanomotors involved in making ATP from ADP and P(i), the information provided in this review may greatly assist those investigators entering the emerging field of nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangjin Hong
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185, USA
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24
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Kim I, Shu CW, Xu W, Shiau CW, Grant D, Vasile S, Cosford NDP, Reed JC. Chemical biology investigation of cell death pathways activated by endoplasmic reticulum stress reveals cytoprotective modulators of ASK1. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:1593-603. [PMID: 19004820 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807308200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is caused by many disease-relevant conditions, inducing conserved signaling events collectively known as the unfolded protein response. When ER stress is excessive or prolonged, cell death (usually occurring by apoptosis) is triggered. We undertook a chemical biology approach for investigating mechanisms of ER stress-induced cell death. Using a cell-based high throughput screening assay to identify compounds that rescued a neuronal cell line from thapsigargin-induced cell death, we identified benzodiazepinones that selectively inhibit cell death caused by inducers of ER stress (thapsigargin and tunicamycin) but not by inducers of extrinsic (tumor necrosis factor) or intrinsic (mitochondrial) cell death pathways. The compounds displayed activity in several cell lines and primary cultured neurons. Mechanism of action studies revealed that these compounds inhibit ER stress-induced activation of p38 MAPK and kinases responsible for c-Jun phosphorylation. Active benzodiazepinones suppressed cell death at the level of apoptotic signal kinase-1 (ASK1) within the IRE1 pathway but without directly inhibiting the kinase activity of ASK1 or >400 other kinases tested. Rather, active compounds enhanced phosphorylation of serine 967 of ASK1, promoting ASK1 binding to 14-3-3, an event associated with suppression of ASK1 function. Reducing ASK1 protein expression using small interfering RNA also protected cells from ER stress-induced apoptosis, confirming the importance of this protein kinase. Taken together, these findings demonstrate an essential role for ASK1 in cell death induced by ER stress. The compounds identified may prove useful for revealing endogenous mechanisms that regulate inhibitory phosphorylation of ASK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- InKi Kim
- Burnham Center for Chemical Genomics, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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25
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Blatt NB, Boitano AE, Lyssiotis CA, Opipari AW, Glick GD. Bz-423 superoxide signals apoptosis via selective activation of JNK, Bak, and Bax. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:1232-42. [PMID: 18718527 PMCID: PMC2837238 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bz-423 is a proapoptotic 1,4-benzodiazepine with potent therapeutic properties in murine models of lupus and psoriasis. Bz-423 modulates the F(1)F(0)-ATPase, inducing the formation of superoxide within the mitochondrial respiratory chain, which then functions as a second messenger initiating apoptosis. Herein, we report the signaling pathway activated by Bz-423 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts containing knockouts of key apoptotic proteins. Bz-423-induced superoxide activates cytosolic ASK1 and its release from thioredoxin. A mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade follows, leading to the specific phosphorylation of JNK. JNK signals activation of Bax and Bak which then induces mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization to cause the release of cytochrome c and a commitment to apoptosis. The response of these cells to Bz-423 is critically dependent on both superoxide and JNK activation as antioxidants and the JNK inhibitor SP600125 prevents Bax translocation, cytochrome c release, and cell death. These results demonstrate that superoxide generated from the mitochondrial respiratory chain as a consequence of a respiratory transition can signal a sequential and specific apoptotic response. Collectively, these data suggest that the selectivity of Bz-423 observed in vivo results from cell-type specific differences in redox balance and signaling by ASK1 and Bcl-2 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal B. Blatt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Anthony E. Boitano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | | | - Anthony W. Opipari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Gary D. Glick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Subramanian C, Opipari AW, Bian X, Castle VP, Kwok RPS. Ku70 acetylation mediates neuroblastoma cell death induced by histone deacetylase inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:4842-7. [PMID: 15778293 PMCID: PMC555706 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0408351102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) are therapeutic drugs that inhibit deacetylase activity, thereby increasing acetylation of many proteins, including histones. HDACIs have antineoplastic effects in preclinical and clinical trials and are being considered for cancers with unmet therapeutic need, including neuroblastoma (NB). Uncertainty of how HDACI-induced protein acetylation leads to cell death, however, makes it difficult to determine which tumors are likely to be responsive to these agents. Here, we show that NB cells are sensitive to HDACIs, and that the mechanism by which HDACIs induce apoptosis involves Bax. In these cells, Bax associates with cytoplasmic Ku70, a protein that typically increases chemotherapy resistance. Our data show that in NB cells Ku70 binds to Bax in an acetylation-sensitive manner. Upon HDACI treatment, acetylated Ku70 releases Bax, allowing it to translocate to mitochondria and trigger cytochrome c release, leading to caspase-dependent death. This study shows that Ku70 is an important Bax-binding protein, and that this interaction can be therapeutically regulated in NB cells. Whereas the Bax-binding ability of Ku70 allows it to block apoptosis in response to certain agents, it is also a molecular target for the action of HDACIs, and in this context, a mediator of NB cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Subramanian
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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27
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Perl A, Gergely P, Nagy G, Koncz A, Banki K. Mitochondrial hyperpolarization: a checkpoint of T-cell life, death and autoimmunity. Trends Immunol 2004; 25:360-7. [PMID: 15207503 PMCID: PMC4034110 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2004.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andras Perl
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, College of Medicine, 750 East Adams St, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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