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Liu ZT, Liu MH, Xiong Y, Wang YJ, Bu XL. Crosstalk between bone and brain in Alzheimer's disease: Mechanisms, applications, and perspectives. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:5720-5739. [PMID: 38824621 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that involves multiple systems in the body. Numerous recent studies have revealed bidirectional crosstalk between the brain and bone, but the interaction between bone and brain in AD remains unclear. In this review, we summarize human studies of the association between bone and brain and provide an overview of their interactions and the underlying mechanisms in AD. We review the effects of AD on bone from the aspects of AD pathogenic proteins, AD risk genes, neurohormones, neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, brain-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), and the autonomic nervous system. Correspondingly, we elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the involvement of bone in the pathogenesis of AD, including bone-derived hormones, bone marrow-derived cells, bone-derived EVs, and inflammation. On the basis of the crosstalk between bone and the brain, we propose potential strategies for the management of AD with the hope of offering novel perspectives on its prevention and treatment. HIGHLIGHTS: The pathogenesis of AD, along with its consequent changes in the brain, may involve disturbing bone homeostasis. Degenerative bone disorders may influence the progression of AD through a series of pathophysiological mechanisms. Therefore, relevant bone intervention strategies may be beneficial for the comprehensive management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Ting Liu
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ming-Han Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan-Jiang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xian-Le Bu
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Zhao Y, Huang Z, Gao L, Ma H, Chang R. Osteopontin/SPP1: a potential mediator between immune cells and vascular calcification. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1395596. [PMID: 38919629 PMCID: PMC11196619 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1395596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is considered a common pathological process in various vascular diseases. Accumulating studies have confirmed that VC is involved in the inflammatory response in heart disease, and SPP1+ macrophages play an important role in this process. In VC, studies have focused on the physiological and pathological functions of macrophages, such as pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines and pro-fibrotic vesicles. Additionally, macrophages and activated lymphocytes highly express SPP1 in atherosclerotic plaques, which promote the formation of fatty streaks and plaque development, and SPP1 is also involved in the calcification process of atherosclerotic plaques that results in heart failure, but the crosstalk between SPP1-mediated immune cells and VC has not been adequately addressed. In this review, we summarize the regulatory effect of SPP1 on VC in T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells in different organs' VC, which could be a potential therapeutic target for VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zujuan Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Limei Gao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongbo Ma
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rong Chang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Xin Y, Zhang Z, Lv S, Xu S, Liu A, Li H, Li P, Han H, Liu Y. Elucidating VSMC phenotypic transition mechanisms to bridge insights into cardiovascular disease implications. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1400780. [PMID: 38803664 PMCID: PMC11128571 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1400780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death worldwide, despite advances in understanding cardiovascular health. Significant barriers still exist in effectively preventing and managing these diseases. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are crucial for maintaining vascular integrity and can switch between contractile and synthetic functions in response to stimuli such as hypoxia and inflammation. These transformations play a pivotal role in the progression of cardiovascular diseases, facilitating vascular modifications and disease advancement. This article synthesizes the current understanding of the mechanisms and signaling pathways regulating VSMC phenotypic transitions, highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Xin
- Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zipei Zhang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Shan Lv
- Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Shan Xu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Aidong Liu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Huize Han
- Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yinghui Liu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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Boccardi V, Orr ME, Polidori MC, Ruggiero C, Mecocci P. Focus on senescence: Clinical significance and practical applications. J Intern Med 2024; 295:599-619. [PMID: 38446642 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The older population is increasing worldwide, and life expectancy is continuously rising, predominantly thanks to medical and technological progress. Healthspan refers to the number of years an individual can live in good health. From a gerontological viewpoint, the mission is to extend the life spent in good health, promoting well-being and minimizing the impact of aging-related diseases to slow the aging process. Biologically, aging is a malleable process characterized by an intra- and inter-individual heterogeneous and dynamic balance between accumulating damage and repair mechanisms. Cellular senescence is a key component of this process, with senescent cells accumulating in different tissues and organs, leading to aging and age-related disease susceptibility over time. Removing senescent cells from the body or slowing down the burden rate has been proposed as an efficient way to reduce age-dependent deterioration. In animal models, senotherapeutic molecules can extend life expectancy and lifespan by either senolytic or senomorphic activity. Much research shows that dietary and physical activity-driven lifestyle interventions protect against senescence. This narrative review aims to summarize the current knowledge on targeting senescent cells to reduce the risk of age-related disease in animal models and their translational potential for humans. We focused on studies that have examined the potential role of senotherapeutics in slowing the aging process and modifying age-related disease burdens. The review concludes with a general discussion of the mechanisms underlying this unique trajectory and its implications for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Boccardi
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Miranda Ethel Orr
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
- Salisbury VA Medical Center, Salisbury, North Carolina, USA
| | - M Cristina Polidori
- Ageing Clinical Research, Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress-Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carmelinda Ruggiero
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Mecocci
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Liu G, Shu W, Chen Y, Fu Y, Fang S, Zheng H, Cheng W, Lin Q, Hu Y, Jiang N, Yu B. Bone-derived PDGF-BB enhances hippocampal non-specific transcytosis through microglia-endothelial crosstalk in HFD-induced metabolic syndrome. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:111. [PMID: 38685040 PMCID: PMC11057146 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic syndrome plays a crucial role in cognitive decline and brain-blood barrier (BBB) breakdown. However, whether the bone-brain axis participates in this pathological process remains unknown. Here, we report that platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) secretion by preosteoclasts in the bone accelerates neuroinflammation. The expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALPL), a nonspecific transcytosis marker, was upregulated during HFD challenge. MAIN BODY Preosteoclast-specific Pdgfb transgenic mice with high PDGF-BB concentrations in the circulation recapitulated the HFD-induced neuroinflammation and transcytosis shift. Preosteoclast-specific Pdgfb knockout mice were partially rescued from hippocampal neuroinflammation and transcytosis shifts in HFD-challenged mice. HFD-induced PDGF-BB elevation aggravated microglia-associated neuroinflammation and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) secretion, which increased ALPL expression and transcytosis shift through enhancing protein 1 (SP1) translocation in endothelial cells. CONCLUSION Our findings confirm the role of bone-secreted PDGF-BB in neuroinflammation and the transcytosis shift in the hippocampal region during HFD challenge and identify a novel mechanism of microglia-endothelial crosstalk in HFD-induced metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqiao Liu
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Shu
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, Liuzhou People's Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Yingqi Chen
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Fu
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Trauma Center, Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hengyang Medical College, South China University, Hengyang, China
| | - Shuai Fang
- Trauma Center, Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hengyang Medical College, South China University, Hengyang, China
| | - Haonan Zheng
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weike Cheng
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingrong Lin
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Hu
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Bin Yu
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Zhao Y, Yang Y, Wu X, Zhang L, Cai X, Ji J, Chen S, Vera A, Boström KI, Yao Y. CDK1 inhibition reduces osteogenesis in endothelial cells in vascular calcification. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e176065. [PMID: 38456502 PMCID: PMC10972591 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.176065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is a severe complication of cardiovascular diseases. Previous studies demonstrated that endothelial lineage cells transitioned into osteoblast-like cells and contributed to vascular calcification. Here, we found that inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) prevented endothelial lineage cells from transitioning to osteoblast-like cells and reduced vascular calcification. We identified a robust induction of CDK1 in endothelial cells (ECs) in calcified arteries and showed that EC-specific gene deletion of CDK1 decreased the calcification. We found that limiting CDK1 induced E-twenty-six specific sequence variant 2 (ETV2), which was responsible for blocking endothelial lineage cells from undergoing osteoblast differentiation. We also found that inhibition of CDK1 reduced vascular calcification in a diabetic mouse model. Together, the results highlight the importance of CDK1 suppression and suggest CDK1 inhibition as a potential option for treating vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xiuju Wu
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xinjiang Cai
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jaden Ji
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sydney Chen
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Abigail Vera
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kristina I. Boström
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- The Molecular Biology Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yucheng Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Cheng W, Fu Y, Lin Z, Huang M, Chen Y, Hu Y, Lin Q, Yu B, Liu G. Lipoteichoic acid restrains macrophage senescence via β-catenin/FOXO1/REDD1 pathway in age-related osteoporosis. Aging Cell 2024; 23:e14072. [PMID: 38126583 PMCID: PMC10928565 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis and its related fractures are common causes of morbidity and mortality in older adults, but its underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we found that lipoteichoic acid (LTA) treatment could ameliorate age-related bone degeneration and attenuate intramedullary macrophage senescence. FOXO1 signaling, which was downregulated and deactivated in aging macrophages, played a key role in the process. Blocking FOXO1 signaling caused decreased REDD1 expression and increased phosphorylation level of mTOR, a major driver of aging, as well as aggravated bone loss and deteriorated macrophage senescence. Moreover, LTA elevated FOXO1 signaling through β-catenin pathway while β-catenin inhibition significantly suppressed FOXO1 signaling, promoted senescence-related protein expression, and accelerated bone degeneration and macrophage senescence. Our findings indicated that β-catenin/FOXO1/REDD1 signaling plays a physiologically significant role that protecting macrophages from senescence during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weike Cheng
- Department of OrthopaedicsNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative MedicineNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yong Fu
- Department of OrthopaedicsNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative MedicineNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zexin Lin
- Department of OrthopaedicsNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative MedicineNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Mouzhang Huang
- Department of OrthopaedicsNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative MedicineNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yingqi Chen
- Department of OrthopaedicsNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative MedicineNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yanjun Hu
- Department of OrthopaedicsNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative MedicineNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Qingrong Lin
- Department of OrthopaedicsNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative MedicineNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of OrthopaedicsNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative MedicineNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Guanqiao Liu
- Department of OrthopaedicsNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative MedicineNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
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Liu X, Zhang P, Gu Y, Guo Q, Liu Y. Type H vessels: functions in bone development and diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1236545. [PMID: 38033859 PMCID: PMC10687371 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1236545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Type H vessels are specialized blood vessels found in the bone marrow that are closely associated with osteogenic activity. They are characterized by high expression of endomucin and CD31. Type H vessels form in the cancellous bone area during long bone development to provide adequate nutritional support for cells near the growth plate. They also influence the proliferation and differentiation of osteoprogenitors and osteoclasts in a paracrine manner, thereby creating a suitable microenvironment to facilitate new bone formation. Because of the close relationship between type H vessels and osteogenic activity, it has been found that type H vessels play a role in the physiological and pathological processes of bone diseases such as fracture healing, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, osteonecrosis, and tumor bone metastasis. Moreover, experimental treatments targeting type H vessels can improve the outcomes of these diseases. Here, we reviewed the molecular mechanisms related to type H vessels and their associated osteogenic activities, which are helpful in further understanding the role of type H vessels in bone metabolism and will provide a theoretical basis and ideas for comprehending bone diseases from the vascular perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Zhongshan City People’s Hospital, Zhongshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Peilin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiaoyue Guo
- Endocrinology Research Center, Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yonggan Liu
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Zhongshan City People’s Hospital, Zhongshan, Guangdong, China
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