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Deng AF, Wang FX, Wang SC, Zhang YZ, Bai L, Su JC. Bone-organ axes: bidirectional crosstalk. Mil Med Res 2024; 11:37. [PMID: 38867330 PMCID: PMC11167910 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-024-00540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In addition to its recognized role in providing structural support, bone plays a crucial role in maintaining the functionality and balance of various organs by secreting specific cytokines (also known as osteokines). This reciprocal influence extends to these organs modulating bone homeostasis and development, although this aspect has yet to be systematically reviewed. This review aims to elucidate this bidirectional crosstalk, with a particular focus on the role of osteokines. Additionally, it presents a unique compilation of evidence highlighting the critical function of extracellular vesicles (EVs) within bone-organ axes for the first time. Moreover, it explores the implications of this crosstalk for designing and implementing bone-on-chips and assembloids, underscoring the importance of comprehending these interactions for advancing physiologically relevant in vitro models. Consequently, this review establishes a robust theoretical foundation for preventing, diagnosing, and treating diseases related to the bone-organ axis from the perspective of cytokines, EVs, hormones, and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Fu Deng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Fu-Xiao Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Si-Cheng Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Zhongye Hospital, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Ying-Ze Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Orthopaedic Research Institution of Hebei Province, NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic Equipment, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China.
| | - Long Bai
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- Wenzhou Institute of Shanghai University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jia-Can Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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2
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Essex AL, Huot JR, Deosthale P, Wagner A, Figueras J, Davis A, Damrath J, Pin F, Wallace J, Bonetto A, Plotkin LI. Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2) R47H Variant Causes Distinct Age- and Sex-Dependent Musculoskeletal Alterations in Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:1366-1381. [PMID: 35575023 PMCID: PMC9307075 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies proposed the Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2), a receptor expressed in myeloid cells including microglia in brain and osteoclasts in bone, as a link between brain and bone disease. The TREM2 R47H variant is a known risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia. To investigate whether altered TREM2 signaling could contribute to bone and skeletal muscle loss, independently of central nervous system defects, we used mice globally hemizygous for the TREM2 R47H variant (TREM2R47H/+ ), which do not exhibit AD pathology, and wild-type (WT) littermate control mice. Dxa/Piximus showed bone loss in female TREM2R47H/+ animals between 4 and 13 months of age and reduced cancellous and cortical bone (measured by micro-computed tomography [μCT]) at 13 months, which stalled out by 20 months of age. In addition, they exhibited decreased femoral biomechanical properties measured by three-point bending at 13 months of age, but not at 4 or 20 months. Male TREM2R47H/+ animals had decreased trabecular bone geometry but increased ultimate strain and failure force at 20 months of age versus WT. Only male TREM2R47H/+ osteoclasts differentiated more ex vivo after 7 days with receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) compared to WT littermates. Yet, estrogen receptor alpha expression was higher in female and male TREM2R47H/+ osteoclasts compared to WT mice. However, female TREM2R47H/+ osteoclasts expressed less complement 3 (C3), an estrogen responsive element, and increased protein kinase B (Akt) activity, suggesting altered estrogen signaling in TREM2R47H/+ cells. Despite lower bone volume/strength in TREM2R47H/+ mice, skeletal muscle function measured by plantar flexion and muscle contractility was increased in 13-month-old female mutant mice. Overall, these data demonstrate that an AD-associated TREM2 variant can alter bone and skeletal muscle strength in a sex-dimorphic manner independent of central neuropathology, potentially mediated through changes in osteoclastic intracellular signaling. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson L. Essex
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & PhysiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical CenterIndianapolisINUSA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal HealthIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Joshua R. Huot
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal HealthIndianapolisINUSA
- Department of SurgeryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Padmini Deosthale
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & PhysiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical CenterIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Alison Wagner
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & PhysiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Jorge Figueras
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & PhysiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Azaria Davis
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & PhysiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - John Damrath
- Weldon School of Biomedical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Fabrizio Pin
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal HealthIndianapolisINUSA
- Department of SurgeryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Simon Comprehensive Cancer CenterIndiana UniversityIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Joseph Wallace
- Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical CenterIndianapolisINUSA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal HealthIndianapolisINUSA
- Department of Biomechanical EngineeringIndiana University‐Purdue University IndianapolisIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Andrea Bonetto
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & PhysiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal HealthIndianapolisINUSA
- Department of SurgeryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Simon Comprehensive Cancer CenterIndiana UniversityIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Lilian I. Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & PhysiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical CenterIndianapolisINUSA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal HealthIndianapolisINUSA
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Malheiros-Souza D, Gaia LFP, Sousa FFDA, Favaro PIF, Rodrigues V, Rodrigues DBR. Evaluation of Hormonal Influence in Patients with Fractures Attributed to Osteoporosis. Rev Bras Ortop 2021; 56:804-808. [PMID: 34900111 PMCID: PMC8651443 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1726065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective
The present study aims to evaluate the influence of hormonal levels of vitamin D, calcitonin, testosterone, estradiol, and parathyroid in patients with fractures attributed to osteoporosis when compared with young patients with fractures resulting from high-impact accidents.
Methods
Blood samples were collected from 30 elderly patients with osteoporosis-attributed fractures (T-score ≤ -2.5) (osteoporotic group), and from 30 young patients with fractures resulting from high-impact accidents (control group). Measurement of 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D (Kit Diasorin, Saluggia, Italy), calcitonin (Kit Siemens, Tarrytown, NY, USA), testosterone, estradiol, and parathyroid hormone (Kit Beckman Couter, Indianapolis, IN, United States) was performed using a chemiluminescence technique. Data were inserted into a Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corp., Armonk, WA, USA) spreadsheet and analyzed using Statview statistical software. Results showing non-normal distribution were analyzed with nonparametric methods. The Mann-Whitney test was applied for group comparison, and a Spearman test correlated hormonal levels. Statistical significance was set at
p
< 0.05. All analyzes compared gender and subjects with and without osteoporosis.
Results
Women with osteoporosis had significantly lower levels of estradiol and vitamin D (
p
= 0.047 and
p
= 0.0275, respectively). Men with osteoporosis presented significantly higher levels of parathyroid hormone (
p
= 0.0065). There was no significant difference in testosterone and calcitonin levels.
Conclusion
Osteoporosis patients presented gender-related hormonal differences. Women had significantly lower levels of estradiol and vitamin D, whereas men had significantly higher parathyroid hormone levels, apparently impacting the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila Malheiros-Souza
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Imunologia, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brasil
| | - Leonardo Franco Pinheiro Gaia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Imunologia, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Pedro Ivo Ferreira Favaro
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Imunologia, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brasil
| | - Virmondes Rodrigues
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Imunologia, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brasil
| | - Denise Bertulucci Rocha Rodrigues
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Imunologia, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brasil.,Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Universidade de Uberaba, Uberaba, MG, Brasil
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The Effects of Osteoporotic and Non-osteoporotic Medications on Fracture Risk and Bone Mineral Density. Drugs 2021; 81:1831-1858. [PMID: 34724173 PMCID: PMC8578161 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-021-01625-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a highly prevalent bone disease affecting more than 37.5 million individuals in the European Union (EU) and the United States of America (USA). It is characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD), impaired bone quality, and loss of structural and biomechanical properties, resulting in reduced bone strength. An increase in morbidity and mortality is seen in patients with osteoporosis, caused by the approximately 3.5 million new osteoporotic fractures occurring every year in the EU. Currently, different medications are available for the treatment of osteoporosis, including anti-resorptive and osteoanabolic medications. Bisphosphonates, which belong to the anti-resorptive medications, are the standard treatment for osteoporosis based on their positive effects on bone, long-term experience, and low costs. However, not only medications used for the treatment of osteoporosis can affect bone: several other medications are suggested to have an effect on bone as well, especially on fracture risk and BMD. Knowledge about the positive and negative effects of different medications on both fracture risk and BMD is important, as it can contribute to an improvement in osteoporosis prevention and treatment in general, and, even more importantly, to the individual's health. In this review, we therefore discuss the effects of both osteoporotic and non-osteoporotic medications on fracture risk and BMD. In addition, we discuss the underlying mechanisms of action.
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Patil KC, Soekmadji C. Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Bone Remodeling and Bone Metastasis: Implications in Prostate Cancer. Subcell Biochem 2021; 97:297-361. [PMID: 33779922 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67171-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone metastasis is the tendency of certain primary tumors to spawn and dictate secondary neoplasia in the bone. The process of bone metastasis is regulated by the dynamic crosstalk between metastatic cancer cells, cellular components of the bone marrow microenvironment (osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes), and the bone matrix. The feed-forward loop mechanisms governs the co-option of homeostatic bone remodeling by cancer cells in bone. Recent developments have highlighted the discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their diverse roles in distant outgrowths. Several studies have implicated EV-mediated interactions between cancer cells and the bone microenvironment in synergistically promoting pathological skeletal metabolism in the metastatic site. Nevertheless, the potential role that EVs serve in arbitrating intricate sequences of coordinated events within the bone microenvironment remains an emerging field. In this chapter, we review the role of cellular participants and molecular mechanisms in regulating normal bone physiology and explore the progress of current research into bone-derived EVs in directly triggering and coordinating the processes of physiological bone remodeling. In view of the emerging role of EVs in interorgan crosstalk, this review also highlights the multiple systemic pathophysiological processes orchestrated by the EVs to direct organotropism in bone in prostate cancer. Given the deleterious consequences of bone metastasis and its clinical importance, in-depth knowledge of the multifarious role of EVs in distant organ metastasis is expected to open new possibilities for prognostic evaluation and therapeutic intervention for advanced bone metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani C Patil
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Carolina Soekmadji
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. .,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Naqvi SM, Panadero Pérez JA, Kumar V, Verbruggen ASK, McNamara LM. A Novel 3D Osteoblast and Osteocyte Model Revealing Changes in Mineralization and Pro-osteoclastogenic Paracrine Signaling During Estrogen Deficiency. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:601. [PMID: 32656194 PMCID: PMC7326002 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent in vitro studies have revealed that the mechanobiological responses of osteoblasts and osteocytes are fundamentally impaired during estrogen deficiency. However, these two-dimensional (2D) cell culture studies do not account for in vivo biophysical cues. Thus, the objectives of this study are to (1) develop a three-dimensional (3D) osteoblast and osteocyte model integrated into a bioreactor and (2) apply this model to investigate whether estrogen deficiency leads to changes in osteoblast to osteocyte transition, mechanosensation, mineralization, and paracrine signaling associated with bone resorption by osteoclasts. MC3T3-E1s were expanded in media supplemented with estrogen (17β-estradiol). These cells were encapsulated in gelatin-mtgase before culture in (1) continued estrogen (E) or (2) no further estrogen supplementation. Constructs were placed in gas permeable and water impermeable cell culture bags and maintained at 5% CO2 and 37°C. These bags were either mechanically stimulated in a custom hydrostatic pressure (HP) bioreactor or maintained under static conditions (control). We report that osteocyte differentiation, characterized by the presence of dendrites and staining for osteocyte marker dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 (DMP1), was significantly greater under estrogen withdrawal (EW) compared to under continuous estrogen treatment (day 21). Mineralization [bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteopontin (OPN), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), calcium] and gene expression associated with paracrine signaling for osteoclastogenesis [receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-β ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin OPG ratio] were significantly increased in estrogen deficient and mechanically stimulated cells. Interestingly, BSP and DMP-1 were also increased at day 1 and day 21, respectively, which play a role in regulation of biomineralization. Furthermore, the increase in pro-osteoclastogenic signaling may be explained by altered mechanoresponsiveness of osteoblasts or osteocytes during EW. These findings highlight the impact of estrogen deficiency on bone cell function and provide a novel in vitro model to investigate the mechanisms underpinning changes in bone cells after estrogen deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Laoise M. McNamara
- Mechanobiology and Medical Device Research Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Bagnato G, Leopizzi M, Urciuoli E, Peruzzi B. Nuclear Functions of the Tyrosine Kinase Src. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082675. [PMID: 32290470 PMCID: PMC7215861 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Src is the representative member of the Src-family kinases (SFKs), a group of tyrosine kinases involved in several cellular processes. Its main function has been for long confined to the plasma membrane/cytoplasm compartment, being a myristoylated protein anchored to the cell membrane and functioning downstream to receptors, most of them lacking intrinsic kinase activity. In the last decades, new roles for some SFKs have been described in the nuclear compartment, suggesting that these proteins can also be involved in directly regulating gene transcription or nucleoskeleton architecture. In this review, we focused on those nuclear functions specifically attributable to Src, by considering its function as both tyrosine kinase and adapting molecule. In particular, we addressed the Src involvement in physiological as well as in pathological conditions, especially in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bagnato
- Multifactorial Disease and Complex Phenotype Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (E.U.)
| | - Martina Leopizzi
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, Polo Pontino, Sapienza University, 04100 Latina, Italy;
| | - Enrica Urciuoli
- Multifactorial Disease and Complex Phenotype Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (E.U.)
| | - Barbara Peruzzi
- Multifactorial Disease and Complex Phenotype Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (E.U.)
- Correspondence:
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Connexin 43 hemichannels protect bone loss during estrogen deficiency. Bone Res 2019; 7:11. [PMID: 31016065 PMCID: PMC6476886 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-019-0050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen deficiency in postmenopausal women is a major cause of bone loss, resulting in osteopenia, osteoporosis, and a high risk for bone fracture. Connexin 43 (Cx43) hemichannels (HCs) in osteocytes play an important role in osteocyte viability, bone formation, and remodeling. We showed here that estrogen deficiency reduced Cx43 expression and HC function. To determine if functional HCs protect osteocytes and bone loss during estrogen deficiency, we adopted an ovariectomy model in wild-type (WT) and two transgenic Cx43 mice: R76W (dominant-negative mutant inhibiting only gap junction channels) and Cx43 Δ130–136 (dominant-negative mutant compromising both gap junction channels and HCs). The bone mineral density (BMD), bone structure, and histomorphometric changes of cortical and trabecular bones after ovariectomy were investigated. Our results showed that the Δ130–136 transgenic cohort had greatly decreased vertebral trabecular bone mass compared to WT and R76W mice, associated with a significant increase in the number of apoptotic osteocyte and empty lacunae. Moreover, osteoclast surfaces in trabecular and cortical bones were increased after ovariectomy in the R76W and WT mice, respectively, but not in ∆130–136 mice. These data demonstrate that impairment of Cx43 HCs in osteocytes accelerates vertebral trabecular bone loss and increase in osteocyte apoptosis, and further suggest that Cx43 HCs in osteocytes protect trabecular bone against catabolic effects due to estrogen deficiency. Channels that form between cells and their extracellular environment help protect bone tissue from the damage wrought by low estrogen levels, a major cause of bone loss in post-menopausal women. Jean Jiang from the UT Health San Antonio and colleagues showed that depleting the estrogen hormone in mouse bone cells reduced levels of connexin 43 and impaired the protein’s ability to forms pores known as ‘hemichannels’. The researchers surgically removed the ovaries of various mouse strains to induce estrogen deficiencies. They found that transgenic mice without working hemichannels had reduced bone mass compared to normal mice or mice that could make hemichannels but lacked the ability for those channels to come together to form complete passageways. The findings highlight the importance of connexin 43 hemichannels in protecting bone tissue against osteoporosis.
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Fuentes N, Silveyra P. Estrogen receptor signaling mechanisms. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 116:135-170. [PMID: 31036290 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 483] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The primary female sex hormones, estrogens, are responsible for the control of functions of the female reproductive system, as well as the development of secondary sexual characteristics that appear during puberty and sexual maturity. Estrogens exert their actions by binding to specific receptors, the estrogen receptors (ERs), which in turn activate transcriptional processes and/or signaling events that result in the control of gene expression. These actions can be mediated by direct binding of estrogen receptor complexes to specific sequences in gene promoters (genomic effects), or by mechanisms that do not involve direct binding to DNA (non-genomic effects). Whether acting via direct nuclear effects, indirect non-nuclear actions, or a combination of both, the effects of estrogens on gene expression are controlled by highly regulated complex mechanisms. In this chapter, we summarize the knowledge gained in the past 60years since the discovery of the estrogen receptors on the mechanisms governing estrogen-mediated gene expression. We provide an overview of estrogen biosynthesis, and we describe the main mechanisms by which the female sex hormone controls gene transcription in different tissues and cell types. Specifically, we address the molecular events governing regulation of gene expression via the nuclear estrogen receptors (ERα, and ERβ) and the membrane estrogen receptor (GPER1). We also describe mechanisms of cross-talk between signaling cascades activated by both nuclear and membrane estrogen receptors. Finally, we discuss natural compounds that are able to target specific estrogen receptors and their implications for human health and medical therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Fuentes
- Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Patricia Silveyra
- Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States; The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Nursing, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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Mahmoodzadeh S, Dworatzek E. The Role of 17β-Estradiol and Estrogen Receptors in Regulation of Ca 2+ Channels and Mitochondrial Function in Cardiomyocytes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:310. [PMID: 31156557 PMCID: PMC6529529 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous epidemiological, clinical, and animal studies showed that cardiac function and manifestation of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are different between males and females. The underlying reasons for these sex differences are definitely multifactorial, but major evidence points to a causal role of the sex steroid hormone 17β-estradiol (E2) and its receptors (ER) in the physiology and pathophysiology of the heart. Interestingly, it has been shown that cardiac calcium (Ca2+) ion channels and mitochondrial function are regulated in a sex-specific manner. Accurate mitochondrial function and Ca2+ signaling are of utmost importance for adequate heart function and crucial to maintaining the cardiovascular health. Due to the highly sensitive nature of these processes in the heart, this review article highlights the current knowledge regarding sex dimorphisms in the heart implicating the importance of E2 and ERs in the regulation of cardiac mitochondrial function and Ca2+ ion channels, thus the contractility. In particular, we provide an overview of in-vitro and in-vivo studies using either E2 deficiency; ER deficiency or selective ER activation, which suggest that E2 and ERs are strongly involved in these processes. In this context, this review also discusses the divergent E2-responses resulting from the activation of different ER subtypes in these processes. Detailed understanding of the E2 and ER-mediated molecular and cellular mechanisms in the heart under physiological and pathological conditions may help to design more specifically targeted drugs for the management of CVDs in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokoufeh Mahmoodzadeh
- Department of Molecular Muscle Physiology, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Shokoufeh Mahmoodzadeh
| | - Elke Dworatzek
- Department of Molecular Muscle Physiology, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Gender in Medicine, Charité Universitaetsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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He HL, Liu C, Li BX, Wang CQ, Li HT, Gu L. Estrogen-induced Tgfbr1 and Bmpr1a Expression Repressed via Estrogen Receptor Beta in MC3T3-E1 Cells. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 131:2558-2565. [PMID: 30381589 PMCID: PMC6213849 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.244117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Estrogen, as an important hormone in human physiological process, is closely related to bone metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of estrogen on osteoblasts metabolism in MC3T3-E1 cells. Methods We treated the MC3T3-E1 cells with different concentrations of β-estradiol (0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 nmol/L), observed the morphological changes of the cells, and detected the cell's proliferation and apoptosis of MC3T3-E1 cells. Two transcriptome libraries were constructed and sequenced. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to confirm the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and then treated the MC3T3-E1 cells with estrogen receptor (ER) inhibitors α and β, respectively, and then examined the expression of Tgfbr1 and Bmpr1a genes. The promoter of Tgfbr1 and Bmpr1a gene was analyzed, and the ER response elements were identified. Finally, ChIP was used to verify the binding of ER to Tgfbr1 and Bmpr1a promoter. Results In the high-concentration β-estradiol treatment group (1 nmol/L and 10 nmol/L), there was no significant difference in the morphology of the cells under the microscope, 1 nmol/L and 10 nmol/L treated group appeared statistically significant difference in cell apoptosis and proliferation (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). We found 460 DEGs compared with the control group. Among the DEGs, there were 66 upregulated genes and 394 downregulated genes. Gene ontology classification and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis revealed that many bone metabolism-related biological processes and cell signaling pathways were disordered. The qRT-PCR verification showed that the expressions of Tgfbr1- and Bmpr1a-related genes in bone metabolism pathway in the 10 nmol/L treatment group were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). ER β was involved in the inhibitory effect of Tgfbr1 and Bmpr1a genes. The bioinformatics of the promoter found that there were three ER response elements in the promoter of Tgfbr1, and there were two ER response elements in Bmpr1a promoter regions. ChIP experiments showed that estrogen could enhance the binding of ERs to Tgfbr1 and Bmpr1a genes. Conclusions Estrogen can promote the apoptosis and proliferation of osteoblasts simultaneously, and the mechanism may be the joint action of transforming growth factor-beta, Wnt, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and nuclear factor-kappaB bone metabolism-related signaling pathway. Estrogen inhibits the expression of Tgfbr1 and Bmpr1a genes through ER β and affects the metabolism of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Liang He
- Department of Orthopedics, Benq Medical Center of Suzhou, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Benq Medical Center of Suzhou, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
| | - Bing-Xue Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Benq Medical Center of Suzhou, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
| | - Chen-Qiu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Benq Medical Center of Suzhou, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
| | - Hai-Tao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Benq Medical Center of Suzhou, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
| | - Lin Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Benq Medical Center of Suzhou, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
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12
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Wang Y, Wang K, Hu Z, Zhou H, Zhang L, Wang H, Li G, Zhang S, Cao X, Shi F. MicroRNA-139-3p regulates osteoblast differentiation and apoptosis by targeting ELK1 and interacting with long noncoding RNA ODSM. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1107. [PMID: 30382082 PMCID: PMC6208413 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have confirmed that microRNAs and lncRNAs can affect bone cell differentiation and bone formation. In this study, miR-139-3p was upregulated in the femurs of hindlimb unloading mice and MC3T3-E1 cells under simulated microgravity; this effect was related to osteoblast differentiation and apoptosis. Silencing miR-139-3p attenuated the suppression of differentiation and the promotion of MC3T3-E1 cell apoptosis induced by simulated microgravity. ELK1 is a target of miR-139-3p and is essential for miR-139-3p to regulate osteoblast differentiation and apoptosis. An osteoblast differentiation-related lncRNA that could interact with miR-139-3p (lncRNA ODSM) was identified in MC3T3-E1 cells under simulated microgravity. Further investigations demonstrated that lncRNA ODSM could promote MC3T3-E1 cell differentiation. Therefore, this research was the first to reveal the critical role of the lncRNA ODSM/miR-139-3p/ELK1 pathway in osteoblasts, and these findings suggest the potential value of miR-139-3p in osteoporosis diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Ke Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Zebing Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Han Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Gaozhi Li
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
| | - Xinsheng Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
| | - Fei Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
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13
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Sheng Y, Tang J, Ren K, Manor LC, Cao H. Integrative computational approach to evaluate risk genes for postmenopausal osteoporosis. IET Syst Biol 2018; 12:118-122. [PMID: 29745905 PMCID: PMC8687217 DOI: 10.1049/iet-syb.2017.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, numerous studies reported over a hundred of genes playing roles in the etiology of postmenopausal osteoporosis (PO). However, many of these candidate genes were lack of replication and results were not always consistent. Here, the authors proposed a computational workflow to curate and evaluate PO related genes. They integrate large-scale literature knowledge data and gene expression data (PO case/control: 10/10) for the marker evaluation. Pathway enrichment, sub-network enrichment, and gene-gene interaction analysis were conducted to study the pathogenic profile of the candidate genes, with four metrics proposed and validated for each gene. By using the authors' approach, a scalable PO genetic database was developed; including PO related genes, diseases, pathways, and the supporting references. The PO case/control classification supported the effectiveness of the four proposed metrics, which successfully identified eight well-studied top PO genes (e.g. TGFB1, IL6, IL1B, TNF, ESR2, IGF1, HIF1A, and COL1A1) and highlighted one recently reported PO genes (e.g. IFNG). The computational biology approach and the PO database developed in this study provide a valuable resource which may facilitate understanding the genetic profile of PO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Sheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongling People's Hospital, Tongling, Anhui Province 244000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jilei Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Qidong People's Hospital, Nantong 226200, People's Republic of China
| | - Kewei Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University Medical School, Jiangyin 214400, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lydia C Manor
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's National Health Systems, Washington DC, 20010, USA
| | - Hongbao Cao
- Department of Biology Product, Elsevier Inc, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
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14
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Ho MX, Poon CCW, Wong KC, Qiu ZC, Wong MS. Icariin, but Not Genistein, Exerts Osteogenic and Anti-apoptotic Effects in Osteoblastic Cells by Selective Activation of Non-genomic ERα Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:474. [PMID: 29867480 PMCID: PMC5958194 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genistein and icariin are flavonoid compounds that exhibit estrogen-like properties in inducing bone formation and reducing bone loss associated with estrogen deficiency in both preclinical and clinical studies. However, the mechanisms that are involved in mediating their estrogenic actions in bone cells are far from clear. The present study aimed to study the signaling pathways that mediate the estrogenic actions of genistein and icariin in osteoblastic cells. The effects of genistein and icariin on the activation of estrogen receptor (ER) and the downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway in murine osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells and rat osteoblastic UMR-106 cells were studied. As expected, genistein displayed higher binding affinity toward ERβ than ERα and significantly induced estrogen response element (ERE)-dependent transcription in UMR-106 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, icariin failed to bind to ERα or ERβ and did not induce ERE-dependent transcription in UMR-106 cells at 10-10 to 10-7 M. The effects of genistein (10 nM) and icariin (0.1 μM) on cell proliferation and differentiation in osteoblastic UMR-106 cells were abolished in the presence of ER antagonist ICI 182,780 (1 μM), MAPK inhibitor U0126 (10 μM), and PI3K inhibitor LY294002 (10 μM). Genistein at 10 nM rapidly induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation at 5–10 min in UMR-106 cells and the phosphorylation of ERα at both Ser118 and Ser167 in both MC3T3-E1 and transfected UMR-106 cells whereas icariin at 0.1 μM rapidly activated both ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation in UMR-106 cells and subsequent ERα phosphorylation at both Ser118 and Ser167 in MC3T3-E1 and transfected UMR-106 cells. Confocal imaging studies confirmed that the phosphorylation of ERα at Ser 118 and Ser 167 by genistein and icariin in MC3T3-E1 cells was mediated via MAPK- and PI3K-dependent pathway, respectively. Furthermore, our studies showed that icariin exerted stronger anti-apoptotic effects than genistein and 17β-estradiol (E2) and inhibited the cleavage of downstream caspase-3 in MC3T3-E1 cells induced by a potent PI3K inhibitor, PI828 (at 2 μM). These results indicated that the mechanisms that mediate the estrogenic actions of icariin in osteoblastic cells are different from those of genistein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xian Ho
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Christina C-W Poon
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ka-Chun Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zuo-Cheng Qiu
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Man-Sau Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
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15
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Stromal cells in breast cancer as a potential therapeutic target. Oncotarget 2018; 9:23761-23779. [PMID: 29805773 PMCID: PMC5955086 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer in the United States is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in women. About 1 in 8 women will develop invasive breast cancer over the course of her lifetime and breast cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer-related death. In pursuit of novel therapeutic strategies, researchers have examined the tumor microenvironment as a potential anti-cancer target. In addition to neoplastic cells, the tumor microenvironment is composed of several critical normal cell types, including fibroblasts, vascular and lymph endothelial cells, osteoclasts, adipocytes, and immune cells. These cells have important roles in healthy tissue stasis, which frequently are altered in tumors. Indeed, tumor-associated stromal cells often contribute to tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis. Consequently, these host cells may serve as a possible target in anti-tumor and anti-metastatic therapeutic strategies. Targeting the tumor associated host cells offers the benefit that such cells do not mutate and develop resistance in response to treatment, a major cause of failure in cancer therapeutics targeting neoplastic cells. This review discusses the role of host cells in the tumor microenvironment during tumorigenesis, progression, and metastasis, and provides an overview of recent developments in targeting these cell populations to enhance cancer therapy efficacy.
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16
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Torre E. Molecular signaling mechanisms behind polyphenol-induced bone anabolism. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2017; 16:1183-1226. [PMID: 29200988 PMCID: PMC5696504 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-017-9529-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
For millennia, in the different cultures all over the world, plants have been extensively used as a source of therapeutic agents with wide-ranging medicinal applications, thus becoming part of a rational clinical and pharmacological investigation over the years. As bioactive molecules, plant-derived polyphenols have been demonstrated to exert many effects on human health by acting on different biological systems, thus their therapeutic potential would represent a novel approach on which natural product-based drug discovery and development could be based in the future. Many reports have provided evidence for the benefits derived from the dietary supplementation of polyphenols in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Polyphenols are able to protect the bone, thanks to their antioxidant properties, as well as their anti-inflammatory actions by involving diverse signaling pathways, thus leading to bone anabolic effects and decreased bone resorption. This review is meant to summarize the research works performed so far, by elucidating the molecular mechanisms of action of polyphenols in a bone regeneration context, aiming at a better understanding of a possible application in the development of medical devices for bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Torre
- Nobil Bio Ricerche srl, Via Valcastellana, 26, 14037 Portacomaro, AT Italy
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17
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Wong KC, Cao S, Dong X, Law MC, Chan TH, Wong MS. (-)-Epiafzelechin Protects against Ovariectomy-induced Bone Loss in Adult Mice and Modulate Osteoblastic and Osteoclastic Functions In Vitro. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9050530. [PMID: 28531166 PMCID: PMC5452259 DOI: 10.3390/nu9050530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to characterize the bone protective effects of (-)-epiafzelechin (EAF), a flavan-3-ol, in mature ovariectomized mice model and its ability to stimulate osteoblastic activity and inhibit osteoclastic activity. Mature C57BL/6 mice (three to four months old) were either ovariectomised (OVX) or sham-operated and subjected to treatment (vehicle, 17β-oestradiol (E2, 200 μg/kg/day) or EAF (500 μg/kg/day) orally for six weeks. EAF and E2 significantly reduced urinary calcium (Ca) excretion, serum osteocalcin (OCN), and urinary deoxy-pyridinoline (DPD); increased bone mineral density (BMD); and improved micro-architectural properties in OVX mice. EAF significantly increased cell viability, alkaline phosphatise (ALP) activity, and collagen content, as well as runt-related transcriptional factor 2 (Runx2) mRNA expression in murine osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. In addition, EAF significantly reduced the viability of osteoclast precursor murine leukemia monocyte RAW 264.7 cells and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activities in mature osteoclastic RAW 264.7 cells. EAF is a bioactive flavan-3-ol that protects estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss in OVX mice and exerts direct modulating effects in bone cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Chun Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), Shenzhen 518057, China.
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Sisi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), Shenzhen 518057, China.
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiaoli Dong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Man-Chun Law
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Tak-Hang Chan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Man-Sau Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), Shenzhen 518057, China.
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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18
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Da YM, Niu KY, Liu SY, Wang K, Wang WJ, Jia J, Qin LH, Bai WP. Does Cimicifuga racemosa have the effects like estrogen on the sublingual gland in ovariectomized rats? Biol Res 2017; 50:11. [PMID: 28288692 PMCID: PMC5348896 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-017-0115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cimicifuga racemosa is one of the herbs used for the treatment of climacteric syndrome, and it has been cited as an alternative therapy to estrogen. Apart from hectic fevers, dyspareunia and so on, dry mouth also increase significantly after menopause. It has not yet been reported whether C. racemosa has any impact on the sublingual gland, which may relate to dry mouth. In an attempt to determine this, we have compared the effects of estrogen and C. racemosa on the sublingual gland of ovariectomized rats. Results HE staining showed that the acinar cell area had contracted and that the intercellular spaces were broadened in the OVX (ovariectomized rats) group, while treatment with estradiol (E2) and iCR (isopropanolic extract of C. racemosa) improved these lesions. Transmission electron microscopy showed that rough endoplasmic reticulum expansion in mucous and serous acinar epithelial cells and apoptotic cells was more commonly seen in the OVX group than in the SHAM (sham-operated rats) group. Mitochondria and plasma membrane infolding lesions in the striated ducts were also observed. These lesions were alleviated by both treatments. It is of note that, in the OVX + iCR group, the volume of mitochondria in the striated duct was larger than in other groups. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the ratio of caspase-3 positive cells was significantly increased in the acinar cells of the OVX group compared with the SHAM group (p < 0.05); and the MA (mean absorbance) of caspase-3 in the striated ducts also increased (p < 0.05). Estradiol decreased the ratio of caspase-3 positive cells and the MA of caspase-3 in striated ducts significantly (p < 0.05). ICR also reduced the ratio of caspase-3 positive cells and the MA in the striated ducts (p < 0.05), but the reduction of the MA in striated ducts was inferior to that of the OVX + E2 group (p < 0.05). Conclusion Both estradiol and iCR can inhibit subcellular structural damage, and down-regulate the expression of caspase-3 caused by ovariectomy, but their effects were not identical, suggesting that both drugs confer a protective effect on the sublingual gland of ovariectomized rats, but that the specific location and mechanism of action producing these effects were different. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40659-017-0115-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Meng Da
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, NO.69 of Yongding Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China.,Department of Stomatology, Hebei Provincial Eye Hospital, NO. 399 of Quannan East Street, Qiaodong District, Xingtai, Hebei, China
| | - Kai-Yu Niu
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, NO.69 of Yongding Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Ya Liu
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, NO.69 of Yongding Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Peking University Health Science Center, School of Basic Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Juan Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Peking University Health Science Center, School of Basic Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Jia
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, NO.69 of Yongding Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China.
| | - Li-Hua Qin
- Department of Anatomy, Peking University Health Science Center, School of Basic Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Wen-Pei Bai
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 10 Tieyi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
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19
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Siddiqui JA, Partridge NC. Physiological Bone Remodeling: Systemic Regulation and Growth Factor Involvement. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 31:233-45. [PMID: 27053737 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00061.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone remodeling is essential for adult bone homeostasis. It comprises two phases: bone formation and resorption. The balance between the two phases is crucial for sustaining bone mass and systemic mineral homeostasis. This review highlights recent work on physiological bone remodeling and discusses our knowledge of how systemic and growth factors regulate this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawed A Siddiqui
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
| | - Nicola C Partridge
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
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20
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Dossat AM, Jourdi H, Wright KN, Strong CE, Sarkar A, Kabbaj M. Viral-mediated Zif268 expression in the prefrontal cortex protects against gonadectomy-induced working memory, long-term memory, and social interaction deficits in male rats. Neuroscience 2017; 340:243-257. [PMID: 27816701 PMCID: PMC5154846 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In humans, some males experience reductions in testosterone levels, as a natural consequence of aging or in the clinical condition termed hypogonadism, which are associated with impaired cognitive performance and mood disorder(s). Some of these behavioral deficits can be reversed by testosterone treatment. Our previous work in rats reported that sex differences in the expression of the transcription factor Zif268, a downstream target of testosterone, within the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) mediates sex differences in social interaction. In the present study, we aimed to examine the effects of gonadectomy (GNX) in male rats on mPFC Zif268 expression, mood and cognitive behaviors. We also examined whether reinstitution of Zif268 in GNX rats will correct some of the behavioral deficits observed following GNX. Our results show that GNX induced a downregulation of Zif268 protein in the mPFC, which was concomitant with impaired memory in the y-maze and spontaneous object recognition test, reduced social interaction time, and depression-like behaviors in the forced swim test. Reinstitution of mPFC Zif268, using a novel adeno-associated-viral (AAV) construct, abrogated GNX-induced working memory and long-term memory impairments, and reductions in social interaction time, but not GNX-induced depression-like behaviors. These findings suggest that mPFC Zif268 exerts beneficial effects on memory and social interaction, and could be a potential target for novel treatments for behavioral impairments observed in hypogonadal and aged men with declining levels of gonadal hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Dossat
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
| | - Hussam Jourdi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Balamand, Souk-El-Gharb, Mount-Lebanon, Lebanon
| | - Katherine N Wright
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
| | - Caroline E Strong
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
| | - Ambalika Sarkar
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
| | - Mohamed Kabbaj
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States.
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21
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Ward WE, Kaludjerovic J, Dinsdale EC. A Mouse Model for Studying Nutritional Programming: Effects of Early Life Exposure to Soy Isoflavones on Bone and Reproductive Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:E488. [PMID: 27187422 PMCID: PMC4881113 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13050488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, our research group has characterized and used a mouse model to demonstrate that "nutritional programming" of bone development occurs when mice receive soy isoflavones (ISO) during the first days of life. Nutritional programming of bone development can be defined as the ability for diet during early life to set a trajectory for better or compromised bone health at adulthood. We have shown that CD-1 mice exposed to soy ISO during early neonatal life have higher bone mineral density (BMD) and greater trabecular inter-connectivity in long bones and lumbar spine at young adulthood. These skeletal sites also withstand greater forces before fracture. Because the chemical structure of ISO resembles that of 17-β-estradiol and can bind to estrogen receptors in reproductive tissues, it was prudent to expand analyses to include measures of reproductive health. This review highlights aspects of our studies in CD-1 mice to understand the early life programming effects of soy ISO on bone and reproductive health. Preclinical mouse models can provide useful data to help develop and guide the design of studies in human cohorts, which may, depending on findings and considerations of safety, lead to dietary interventions that optimize bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy E Ward
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Jovana Kaludjerovic
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Elsa C Dinsdale
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
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22
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Grassi F, Tyagi AM, Calvert JW, Gambari L, Walker LD, Yu M, Robinson J, Li JY, Lisignoli G, Vaccaro C, Adams J, Pacifici R. Hydrogen Sulfide Is a Novel Regulator of Bone Formation Implicated in the Bone Loss Induced by Estrogen Deficiency. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:949-63. [PMID: 26614970 PMCID: PMC4862919 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) is a gasotransmitter known to regulate bone formation and bone mass in unperturbed mice. However, it is presently unknown whether H2 S plays a role in pathologic bone loss. Here we show that ovariectomy (ovx), a model of postmenopausal bone loss, decreases serum H2 S levels and the bone marrow (BM) levels of two key H2 S-generating enzymes, cystathione β-synthase (CBS) and cystathione γ-lyase (CSE). Treatment with the H2 S-donor GYY4137 (GYY) normalizes serum H2 S in ovx mice, increases bone formation, and completely prevents the loss of trabecular bone induced by ovx. Mechanistic studies revealed that GYY increases murine osteoblastogenesis by activating Wnt signaling through increased production of the Wnt ligands Wnt16, Wnt2b, Wnt6, and Wnt10b in the BM. Moreover, in vitro treatment with 17β-estradiol upregulates the expression of CBS and CSE in human BM stromal cells (hSCs), whereas an H2 S-releasing drug induces osteogenic differentiation of hSCs. In summary, regulation of H2 S levels is a novel mechanism by which estrogen stimulates osteoblastogenesis and bone formation in mice and human cells. Blunted production of H2 S contributes to ovx-induced bone loss in mice by limiting the compensatory increase in bone formation elicited by ovx. Restoration of H2 S levels is a potential novel therapeutic approach for postmenopausal osteoporosis. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdul Malik Tyagi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John W Calvert
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Laura Gambari
- Laboratorio di Immunoreumatologia e Rigenerazione Tissutale, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lindsey D Walker
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mingcan Yu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jerid Robinson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jau-Yi Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gina Lisignoli
- Laboratorio di Immunoreumatologia e Rigenerazione Tissutale, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Vaccaro
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jonathan Adams
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Roberto Pacifici
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Immunology and Molecular Pathogenesis Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Tanshinol Rescues the Impaired Bone Formation Elicited by Glucocorticoid Involved in KLF15 Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:1092746. [PMID: 27051474 PMCID: PMC4808655 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1092746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Decreased bone formation is responsible for the pathogenesis of glucocorticoid- (GC-) induced osteoporosis (GIO), while the mechanism remains to be elucidated. The aim was to investigate how natural antioxidant tanshinol attenuates oxidative stress and rescues impaired bone formation elicited by GC in Sprague-Dawley rats and in C2C12 cells and/or MC3T3-E1 cells. The results showed that tanshinol prevented bone loss and decreased biomechanical characteristics and suppressed reduction of biomarkers related to osteogenesis in GIO rats. Further study revealed that tanshinol reversed decrease of transcription activity of Osterix-luc and rescued impairment of osteoblastic differentiation and bone formation involved in induction of KLF15 mRNA. Meanwhile, tanshinol diminished inhibition of protein expression of β-catenin and Tcf4 and transcription activity of Tcf4-luc induced by GC, especially under conditions of KLF siRNA in vitro. Additionally, tanshinol attenuated increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, phosphorylation of p66Shc expression, TUNEL-positive cells, and caspase-3 activity elicited by KLF15 under conditions of GC. Taken together, the present findings suggest that tanshinol attenuated the decrease of bone formation and bone mass and bone quality elicited by GC involved in KLF15/Wnt signaling transduction and counteracted GC-evoked oxidative stress and subsequent cell apoptosis involved in KLF15/p66Shc pathway cascade.
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Davey RA, Grossmann M. Androgen Receptor Structure, Function and Biology: From Bench to Bedside. Clin Biochem Rev 2016; 37:3-15. [PMID: 27057074 PMCID: PMC4810760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The actions of androgens such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone are mediated via the androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-dependent nuclear transcription factor and member of the steroid hormone nuclear receptor family. Given its widespread expression in many cells and tissues, the AR has a diverse range of biological actions including important roles in the development and maintenance of the reproductive, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, immune, neural and haemopoietic systems. AR signalling may also be involved in the development of tumours in the prostate, bladder, liver, kidney and lung. Androgens can exert their actions via the AR in a DNA binding-dependent manner to regulate target gene transcription, or in a non-DNA binding-dependent manner to initiate rapid, cellular events such as the phosphorylation of 2(nd) messenger signalling cascades. More recently, ligand-independent actions of the AR have also been identified. Given the large volume of studies relating to androgens and the AR, this review is not intended as an extensive review of all studies investigating the AR, but rather as an overview of the structure, function, signalling pathways and biology of the AR as well as its important role in clinical medicine, with emphasis on recent developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Davey
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia
| | - Mathis Grossmann
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia
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You MK, Kim DW, Jeong KS, Bang MA, Kim HS, Rhuy J, Kim HA. St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) stimulates human osteoblastic MG-63 cell proliferation and attenuates trabecular bone loss induced by ovariectomy. Nutr Res Pract 2015; 9:459-65. [PMID: 26425274 PMCID: PMC4575957 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2015.9.5.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECFTIVES The effect of St. John's Wort extract (SJW) on MG-63 cell proliferation and trabecular bone loss induced by ovariectomy was examined. MATERIALS/METHODS Proliferation, expression of estrogen receptor (ER) α and ER β, and gene expressions of osteoprotegerin (OPG), osteocalcin (OC) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were examined in MG-63 cells treated with or without SJW. Ovariectomized rats were treated with SJW at the dose of 100 or 200 mg/kg/day, β-estradiol-3-benzoate (E2), or vehicle only (OVX-C), and sham operated rats were treated with vehicle only (Sham-C). Serum ALP and C-telopeptide (CTX), and femoral trabecular bone loss were examined. RESULTS SJW increased MG-63 cell proliferation and expression of ER α and ER β, and positive effect was shown on gene expressions of ALP, OC and OPG. SJW also showed estrogen like effect on bone associated with slowing down in trabecular bone loss. Histopathology by H&E showed rats treated with SJW displayed denser structure in metaphyseal region of distal femur compared with rats in OVX-C. SJW was shown to reduce serum CTX in OVX rats. CONCLUSION The present study provides new insight in preventing estrogen deficiency induced bone loss of SJW and possibility for its application in bone health supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-kyoung You
- Department of Food and Nutrition / Research Institute of Human Ecology, Mokpo National University, 61 Dorim-ri, 1666 Youngsan-ro, Cheonggye-myeon, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 534-729, Korea
| | - Du-Woon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology/Food Functional Research Center, Jeonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | - Kyu-Shik Jeong
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Mi-Ae Bang
- Jeonnam Biofood Technology Center, Naju, Jeonnam 520-330, Korea
| | - Hwan-Seon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology/Food Functional Research Center, Jeonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | - Jin Rhuy
- Department of Food and Nutrition / Research Institute of Human Ecology, Mokpo National University, 61 Dorim-ri, 1666 Youngsan-ro, Cheonggye-myeon, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 534-729, Korea
| | - Hyeon-A Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition / Research Institute of Human Ecology, Mokpo National University, 61 Dorim-ri, 1666 Youngsan-ro, Cheonggye-myeon, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 534-729, Korea
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Da Y, Niu K, Wang K, Cui G, Wang W, Jin B, Sun Y, Jia J, Qin L, Bai W. A comparison of the effects of estrogen and Cimicifuga racemosa on the lacrimal gland and submandibular gland in ovariectomized rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121470. [PMID: 25793872 PMCID: PMC4368816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to observe the effects of estradiol and Cimicifuga racemosa on the lacrimal gland and submandibular gland of ovariectomized rats. We randomly divided 20 adult female SD rats into four groups-a sham-operated group (SHAM), ovariectomized (OVX) group, ovariectomized group treated with estradiol (OVX+ E), and ovariectomized group treated with the isopropanolic extract of Cimicifuga racemosa (OVX+ iCR). The SHAM group and OVX group used distilled water to instead the drugs. Two weeks after ovariectomy, the estradiol and iCR were administered for 4 weeks. Next, we used H&E staining and electron microscopy to observe any histological changes in the lacrimal and submandibular glands and immunohistochemical staining to observe the expressions of cleaved caspase-3 (Casp-3) and Cu-Zn SOD (superoxide dismutase). The H&E staining find that both drugs can prevent the cells of area from shrinkage in the two kinds of gland. But under the electron microscopy, estradiol and iCR have different efficacy. Estradiol is more effective at protecting mitochondria in lacrimal gland acinar cells than iCR, and iCR is more effective at suppressing endoplasmic reticulum expansion than estradiol. Both estradiol and iCR have a similar protective function on mitochondria in the submandibular gland. The protective function of the two glands may inhibit apoptosis by suppressing the expression of Casp-3. In addition, iCR increases the expression of Cu-Zn SOD in duct system of submandibular gland. The results suggest that both estradiol and iCR confer a protective effect on the lacrimal and submandibular glands of ovariectomized rats via different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunmeng Da
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Beijing, China
| | - Kaiyu Niu
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Guangxia Cui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Civil Aviation General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Biao Jin
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Jia
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JJ); (LQ); (WB)
| | - Lihua Qin
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JJ); (LQ); (WB)
| | - Wenpei Bai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JJ); (LQ); (WB)
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17beta-estradiol promotes the odonto/osteogenic differentiation of stem cells from apical papilla via mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 5:125. [PMID: 25403930 PMCID: PMC4446088 DOI: 10.1186/scrt515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Estrogen plays an important role in the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, while stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP) can contribute to the formation of dentin/bone-like tissues. To date, the effects of estrogen on the differentiation of SCAP remain unclear. Methods SCAP was isolated and treated with 10-7 M 17beta-estradiol (E2). The odonto/osteogenic potency and the involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway were subsequently investigated by using methyl-thiazolyl-tetrazolium (MTT) assay, and other methods. Results MTT and flow cytometry results demonstrated that E2 treatment had no effect on the proliferation of SCAP in vitro, while alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay and alizarin red staining showed that E2 can significantly promote ALP activity and mineralization ability in SCAP. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot assay revealed that the odonto/osteogenic markers (ALP, DMP1/DMP1, DSPP/DSP, RUNX2/RUNX2, OSX/OSX and OCN/OCN) were significantly upregulated in E2-treated SCAP. In addition, the expression of phosphor-p38 and phosphor-JNK in these stem cells was enhanced by E2 treatment, as was the expression of the nuclear downstream transcription factors including phosphor-Sp1, phosphor-Elk-1, phosphor-c-Jun and phosphor-c-Fos, indicating the activation of MAPK signaling pathway during the odonto/osteogenic differentiation of E2-treated SCAP. Conversely, the differentiation of E2-treated SCAP was inhibited in the presence of MAPK specific inhibitors. Conclusions The ondonto/osteogenic differentiation of SCAP is enhanced by 10-7 M 17beta-estradiol via the activation of MAPK signaling pathway.
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Rana K, Davey RA, Zajac JD. Human androgen deficiency: insights gained from androgen receptor knockout mouse models. Asian J Androl 2014; 16:169-77. [PMID: 24480924 PMCID: PMC3955325 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.122590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of androgen action is complex. Recently, significant advances have been made into our understanding of how androgens act via the androgen receptor (AR) through the use of genetically modified mouse models. A number of global and tissue-specific AR knockout (ARKO) models have been generated using the Cre-loxP system which allows tissue- and/or cell-specific deletion. These ARKO models have examined a number of sites of androgen action including the cardiovascular system, the immune and hemopoetic system, bone, muscle, adipose tissue, the prostate and the brain. This review focuses on the insights that have been gained into human androgen deficiency through the use of ARKO mouse models at each of these sites of action, and highlights the strengths and limitations of these Cre-loxP mouse models that should be considered to ensure accurate interpretation of the phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeffrey D Zajac
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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29
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Levin ER. Translating extranuclear steroid receptor signaling to clinical medicine. Discov Oncol 2014; 5:140-5. [PMID: 24752388 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-014-0179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence and function of extranuclear steroid receptors (SR) to rapidly modulate signal transduction is now acknowledged as present in cells and organs throughout the body. Work over the past 15 years has defined key mechanisms that are required for sex steroid receptors to traffic to the plasma membrane, but mechanisms of localization in other cell organelles such as mitochondria is still unclear. Signaling by membrane-localized SR has now been reported to impact many aspects of adult organ functions, while the roles in organ development are under investigation. In hormone-responsive cancers, both extranuclear and nuclear sex steroid receptors appear to collaborate in the regulation of some key genes that promote malignancy. Here, I review what is understood about the impact of extranuclear steroid receptor signaling to mitigate or promote disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis R Levin
- Division of Endocrinology, Departments of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92717, USA,
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Yang RS, Lu YH, Chiang W, Liu SH. Osteoporosis Prevention by Adlay ( Yì Yǐ: The Seeds of Coix Lachryma-Jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf) in a Mouse Model. J Tradit Complement Med 2014; 3:134-8. [PMID: 24716168 PMCID: PMC3924971 DOI: 10.4103/2225-4110.110408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is characterized by reduced bone mass and quality due to an imbalanced bone remodeling. A grass crop, adlay (Coix lachryma-jobi), is a kind of nourishing food, which has also been used in traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, we investigated the effect of adlay (C. lachryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf) on osteoporosis using an ovariectomized mouse model. The adlay diet (10% and 30% adlay in mouse diet) or water extract of adlay (0.3 g/kg/day) was given to ovariectomized mice for 4 weeks. In some experiments, the primary rat osteoblast cells were used to test the possible mechanism of adlay on osteoporosis. The body weight was slightly increased and uterus weight was markedly decreased in ovariectomized mice, which were not affected by adlay treatment. Adlay diet (30%) and adlay extract feedings significantly reversed the decreased bone alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium contents and bone mineral density in ovariectomized mice. Moreover, adlay extracts increased the osteoblast cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Adlay extracts also increased the protein expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 in osteoblast cells. ERK inhibitor PD98059 significantly reversed the increased osteoblast cell proliferation by adlay extracts. Taken together, these findings indicate that adlay effectively alleviates the osteoporotic status in ovariectomized mice. Adlay is capable of increasing the proliferation of osteoblast cells via an ERK-regulated signaling pathway. Adlay may be a helpful healthy food for osteoporosis prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Sen Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiang Lu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wenchang Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
Studies from the 1950s and 1960s already recognize the fact that osteocytes, although long living cells, die, as evidenced by accumulation of osteocytic lacunae devoid of cells. More recently, it was demonstrated that these cells die by apoptosis. The rate of osteocyte apoptosis is regulated by the age of the bone, as well as by systemic hormones, local growth factors, cytokines, pharmacological agents, and mechanical forces. Apoptotic osteocytes, in turn, recruit osteoclasts to initiate targeted bone resorption. This results in the removal of "dead" bone and may improve the mechanical properties of the skeleton. However, the molecular regulators of osteocyte survival and targeted bone remodeling are not completely known. In this review, the current knowledge on the molecular mechanism that lead to osteocyte death or survival, and the signals that mediate targeted bone resorption is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian I Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS-5035, Indianapolis, IN, USA,
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32
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Abstract
Osteocytes, the most abundant cells in bone, have been long postulated to detect and respond to mechanical and hormonal stimuli and to coordinate the function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The discovery that the inhibitor of bone formation sclerostin is primarily expressed in osteocytes in bone and downregulated by anabolic stimuli provided a mechanism by which osteocytes influence the activity of osteoblasts. Advances of the last few years provided experimental evidence demonstrating that osteocytes also participate in the recruitment of osteoclasts and the initiation of bone remodeling. Apoptotic osteocytes trigger yet-to-be-identified signals that attract osteoclast precursors to specific areas of bone, which in turn differentiate to mature, bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Osteocytes are also the source of molecules that regulate the generation and activity of osteoclasts, such as OPG and RANKL; and genetic manipulations of the mouse genome leading to loss or gain of function or to altered expression of either molecule in osteocytes markedly affect bone resorption. This review highlights these investigations and discusses how the novel concept of osteocyte-driven bone resorption and formation impacts our understanding of the mechanisms by which current therapies control bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresita Bellido
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS5035, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA,
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Abstract
Mouse models with cell-specific deletion of the estrogen receptor (ER) α, the androgen receptor (AR) or the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL), as well as cascade-selective estrogenic compounds have provided novel insights into the function and signalling of ERα and AR. The studies reveal that the effects of estrogens on trabecular versus cortical bone mass are mediated by direct effects on osteoclasts and osteoblasts, respectively. The protection of cortical bone mass by estrogens is mediated via ERα, using a non-nucleus-initiated mechanism. By contrast, the AR of mature osteoblasts is indispensable for the maintenance of trabecular bone mass in male mammals, but not required for the anabolic effects of androgens on cortical bone. Most unexpectedly, and independently of estrogens, ERα in osteoblast progenitors stimulates Wnt signalling and periosteal bone accrual in response to mechanical strain. RANKL expression in B lymphocytes, but not T lymphocytes, contributes to the loss of trabecular bone caused by estrogen deficiency. In this Review, we summarize this evidence and discuss its implications for understanding the regulation of trabecular and cortical bone mass; the integration of hormonal and mechanical signals; the relative importance of estrogens versus androgens in the male skeleton; and, finally, the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros C Manolagas
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Centre for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA
| | - Charles A O'Brien
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Centre for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA
| | - Maria Almeida
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Centre for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA
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Spyropoulou A, Basdra EK. Mechanotransduction in bone: Intervening in health and disease. World J Exp Med 2013; 3:74-86. [DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v3.i4.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanotransduction has been proven to be one of the most significant variables in bone remodeling and its alterations have been shown to result in a variety of bone diseases. Osteoporosis, Paget’s disease, orthopedic disorders, osteopetrosis as well as hyperparathyroidism and hyperthyroidism all comprise conditions which have been linked with deregulated bone remodeling. Although the significance of mechanotransduction for bone health and disease is unquestionable, the mechanisms behind this important process have not been fully understood. This review will discuss the molecules that have been found to be implicated in mechanotransduction, as well as the mechanisms underlying bone health and disease, emphasizing on what is already known as well as new molecules potentially taking part in conveying mechanical signals from the cell surface towards the nucleus under physiological or pathologic conditions. It will also focus on the model systems currently used in mechanotransduction studies, like osteoblast-like cells as well as three-dimensional constructs and their applications among others. It will also examine the role of mechanostimulatory techniques in preventing and treating bone degenerative diseases and consider their applications in osteoporosis, craniofacial development, skeletal deregulations, fracture treatment, neurologic injuries following stroke or spinal cord injury, dentistry, hearing problems and bone implant integration in the near future.
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Inactivation of the androgen receptor in bone-forming cells leads to trabecular bone loss in adult female mice. BONEKEY REPORTS 2013; 2:440. [PMID: 24422138 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2013.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Removal of the androgen receptor (AR) from bone-forming cells has been shown to reduce trabecular bone volume in male mice. In female mice, the role of AR in the regulation of bone homeostasis has been poorly understood. We generated a mouse strain in which the AR is completely inactivated only in mineralizing osteoblasts and osteocytes by breeding mice carrying osteocalcin promoter-regulated Cre-recombinase with mice possessing loxP recombination sites flanking exon 2 of the AR gene (AR(ΔOB/ΔOB) mice). In female AR(ΔOB/ΔOB) mice, the trabecular bone volume was reduced owing to a smaller number of trabeculae at 6 months of age compared with the control AR(fl/fl) animals. In male AR(ΔOB/ΔOB) mice, an increase in trabecular bone separation could already be detected at 3.5 months of age, and at 6 months, the trabecular bone volume was significantly reduced compared with that of male AR(fl/fl) mice. No AR-dependent changes were observed in the cortical bone of either sex. On the basis of micro-computed tomography and histomorphometry, we conclude that in male mice, the AR is involved in the regulation of osteoclast number by osteoblasts, whereas in female mice, the lack of the AR in the bone-forming cells leads to a decreased number of trabeculae upon aging.
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Tsilidis KK, Rohrmann S, McGlynn KA, Nyante SJ, Lopez DS, Bradwin G, Feinleib M, Joshu CE, Kanarek N, Nelson WG, Selvin E, Platz EA. Association between endogenous sex steroid hormones and inflammatory biomarkers in US men. Andrology 2013; 1:919-28. [PMID: 24124163 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2013.00129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sex steroid hormones and inflammatory biomarkers are both associated with the development and progression of chronic diseases, but their interrelationship is relatively uncharacterized. We examined the association of sex hormones and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) with biomarkers of inflammation, C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cell (WBC) count. The study included data from 809 adult men in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004. Geometric means and 95% confidence intervals were estimated separately for CRP and WBC concentrations by sex steroid hormones and SHBG using weighted linear regression models. Higher concentrations of total (slope per one quintile in concentration, -0.18; p-trend, 0.001) and calculated free (slope, -0.13; p-trend, 0.03) testosterone were statistically significantly associated with lower concentrations of CRP, but not with WBC count. Men in the bottom quintile of total testosterone (≤3.3 ng/mL), who might be considered to have clinically low testosterone, were more likely to have elevated CRP (≥3 mg/L) compared with men in the top four quintiles (OR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.00-2.61). Total and calculated free estradiol (E2) were positively associated with both CRP (Total E2: slope, 0.14; p-trend, <0.001; Free E2: slope, 0.15; p-trend, <0.001) and WBC (Total E2: slope, 0.02; p-trend, 0.08; Free E2: slope, 0.02; p-trend, 0.02) concentrations. SHBG concentrations were inversely associated with WBC count (slope, -0.03; p-trend, 0.04), but not with CRP. These cross-sectional findings are consistent with the hypothesis that higher androgen and lower oestrogen concentrations may have an anti-inflammatory effect in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Tsilidis
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
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Faienza MF, Ventura A, Marzano F, Cavallo L. Postmenopausal osteoporosis: the role of immune system cells. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:575936. [PMID: 23762093 PMCID: PMC3677008 DOI: 10.1155/2013/575936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, new evidences of the relationship between immune system and bone have been accumulated both in animal models and in humans affected by bone disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis, bone metastasis, periodontitis, and osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue with a subsequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fractures. The combined effects of estrogen deprivation and raising of FSH production occurring in menopause cause a marked stimulation of bone resorption and a rapid bone loss which is central for the onset of postmenopausal osteoporosis. This review focuses on the role of immune system in postmenopausal osteoporosis and on therapeutic strategies targeting osteoimmunology pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Felicia Faienza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy.
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Bartell SM, Han L, Kim HN, Kim SH, Katzenellenbogen JA, Katzenellenbogen BS, Chambliss KL, Shaul PW, Roberson PK, Weinstein RS, Jilka RL, Almeida M, Manolagas SC. Non-nuclear-initiated actions of the estrogen receptor protect cortical bone mass. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:649-56. [PMID: 23443267 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive evidence has suggested that at least some of the effects of estrogens on bone are mediated via extranuclear estrogen receptor α signaling. However, definitive proof for this contention and the extent to which such effects may contribute to the overall protective effects of estrogens on bone maintenance have remained elusive. Here, we investigated the ability of a 17β-estradiol (E2) dendrimer conjugate (EDC), incapable of stimulating nuclear-initiated actions of estrogen receptor α, to prevent the effects of ovariectomy (OVX) on the murine skeleton. We report that EDC was as potent as an equimolar dose of E2 in preventing bone loss in the cortical compartment that represents 80% of the entire skeleton, but was ineffective on cancellous bone. In contrast, E2 was effective in both compartments. Consistent with its effect on cortical bone mass, EDC partially prevented the loss of both vertebral and femoral strength. In addition, EDC, as did E2, prevented the OVX-induced increase in osteoclastogenesis, osteoblastogenesis, and oxidative stress. Nonetheless, the OVX-induced decrease in uterine weight was unaltered by EDC but was restored by E2. These results demonstrate that the protection of cortical bone mass by estrogens is mediated, at least in part, via a mechanism that is distinct from the classic mechanism of estrogen action on reproductive organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoshana M Bartell
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, MS 587, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
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39
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Lee HR, Jeung EB, Cho MH, Kim TH, Leung PCK, Choi KC. Molecular mechanism(s) of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and their potent oestrogenicity in diverse cells and tissues that express oestrogen receptors. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 17:1-11. [PMID: 23279634 PMCID: PMC3823132 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01649.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are natural or synthetic compounds present in the environment which can interfere with hormone synthesis and normal physiological functions of male and female reproductive organs. Most EDCs tend to bind to steroid hormone receptors including the oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and androgen receptor (AR). As EDCs disrupt the actions of endogenous hormones, they may induce abnormal reproduction, stimulation of cancer growth, dysfunction of neuronal and immune system. Although EDCs represent a significant public health concern, there are no standard methods to determine effect of EDCs on human beings. The mechanisms underlying adverse actions of EDC exposure are not clearly understood. In this review, we highlighted the toxicology of EDCs and its effect on human health, including reproductive development in males and females as shown in in vitro and in vivo models. In addition, this review brings attention to the toxicity of EDCs via interaction of genomic and non-genomic signalling pathways through hormone receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Rim Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
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40
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Khosla S, Oursler MJ, Monroe DG. Estrogen and the skeleton. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2012; 23:576-81. [PMID: 22595550 PMCID: PMC3424385 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 524] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen is the major hormonal regulator of bone metabolism in women and men. Therefore, there is considerable interest in unraveling the pathways by which estrogen exerts its protective effects on bone. Although the major consequence of the loss of estrogen is an increase in bone resorption, estrogen deficiency is associated with a gap between bone resorption and formation, indicating that estrogen is also important for maintaining bone formation at the cellular level. Direct estrogen effects on osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteoblasts lead to inhibition of bone remodeling, decreased bone resorption, and maintenance of bone formation, respectively. Estrogen also modulates osteoblast/osteocyte and T-cell regulation of osteoclasts. Unraveling these pleiotropic effects of estrogen may lead to new approaches to prevent and treat osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundeep Khosla
- Endocrine Research Unit and Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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41
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Lim V, Li J, Gong Y, Yuan JM, Wu TS, Hammond G, Jin A, Koh WP, Yong E. Serum free estradiol and estrogen receptor-α mediated activity are related to decreased incident hip fractures in older women. Bone 2012; 50:1311-6. [PMID: 22445734 PMCID: PMC3353105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
There is paucity of data from Asian women on the association between serum estrogens and osteoporotic hip fracture risk. We conducted a case-control study nested within a population-based prospective cohort, The Singapore Chinese Health Study, to evaluate serum estrogens levels, ERα-mediated estrogenic activity and hip fracture risk in postmenopausal Asian women. Among 35,298 women who were recruited between 1993 and 1998, 15,410 women donated blood for research between 1999 and 2004. From this subcohort, we identified 140 cases who subsequently suffered hip fracture after blood donation, and 278 age-matched controls. Serum levels of total estrone, estradiol and sex hormone binding globulin levels were measured in a blinded fashion among cases and controls. ERα-mediated estrogenic activity of serum samples was quantified using a sensitive ERα-driven cell bioassay. Women with hip fracture had lower serum estrogens than control women. Compared to the lowest quintile, women in the highest quintile of free estradiol exhibited a statistically significant 57% reduction in risk of hip fracture (95% confidence interval (CI), 6-80%), with a dose-dependent relationship (p for trend=0.021). High levels of ERα-mediated estrogenic activity were also associated with decreased risk of hip fracture (p for trend=0.048). Overall, women with relatively high levels of both free estradiol and ERα-mediated estrogenic activity had a 55% reduction in hip fracture risk (95% CI, 17-76%) compared to women with low levels of both. High levels of free estradiol and ERα-mediated estrogen activity in sera were associated with reduced hip fracture risk in Chinese postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Lim
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Yinhan Gong
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, and Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tsung Sheng Wu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Hammond
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Aizhen Jin
- National Registry of Diseases Office, Ministry of Health, Singapore
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore
| | - E.L. Yong
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
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42
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Koganti S, Snyder R, Thekkumkara T. Pharmacologic effects of 2-methoxyestradiol on angiotensin type 1 receptor down-regulation in rat liver epithelial and aortic smooth muscle cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 9:76-93. [PMID: 22366193 DOI: 10.1016/j.genm.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delayed onset of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in female patients is not well understood, but could be due in part to the protective effect of estrogen before menopause. Experimental studies have identified the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) as a key factor in the progression of CVD. OBJECTIVE We examined the effects of the estrogen metabolite 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2) on AT1R expression. METHODS Rat liver cells were exposed to 2ME2 for 24 hours, and angiotensin II (AngII) binding and AT1R mRNA expressions were assessed. RESULTS In the presence of 2ME2, cells exhibited significant down-regulation of AngII binding that was both dose and time dependent, independent of estrogen receptors (ERα/ERβ). Down-regulation of AngII binding was AT1R specific, with no change in receptor affinity. Under similar conditions, we observed lower expression of AT1R mRNA, significant inhibition of AngII-mediated increase in intracellular Ca(2+), and increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Pretreatment of cells with the MEK inhibitor PD98059 prevented 2ME2-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and down-regulation of AT1R expression, which suggests that the observed inhibitory effect is mediated through ERK1/2 signaling intermediates. Similar analyses in stably transfected CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) cell lines with a constitutively active cytomegalovirus promoter showed no change in AT1R expression, which suggests that 2ME2-mediated effects are through transcriptional regulation. The effects of 2ME2 on AT1R down-regulation through ERK1/2 were consistently reproduced in primary rat aortic smooth muscle cells. CONCLUSIONS Because AT1R has a critical role in the control of CVD, 2ME2-induced changes in receptor expression may provide beneficial effects to the cardiovascular and other systems.
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MESH Headings
- 2-Methoxyestradiol
- Angiotensin II/drug effects
- Angiotensin II/genetics
- Angiotensin II/metabolism
- Animals
- Aorta/drug effects
- Cricetinae
- Down-Regulation
- Estradiol/analogs & derivatives
- Estradiol/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Liver/drug effects
- Male
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/drug effects
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/drug effects
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaramakrishna Koganti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pacifici
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, and Immunology and Molecular Pathogenesis Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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44
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Zhao R. Immune regulation of osteoclast function in postmenopausal osteoporosis: a critical interdisciplinary perspective. Int J Med Sci 2012; 9:825-32. [PMID: 23136547 PMCID: PMC3491443 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.5180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive studies on cross talk between immune and skeletal systems in autoimmune diseases give rise to a new discipline of 'osteoimmunology', which explores the molecular regulation of osteoclasts by immune system. Postmenopausal osteoporosis is recognized as a cytokine driven disease, but the mechanism that how estrogen deficiency interplaying with cytokines to stimulate bone loss remains to be elucidated. Although the effect of individual cytokines on osteoclast formation is well characterized, the major challenge is to fit a multitude of redundant pathways and cytokines into a systemic model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. This review presents current findings and hypothesis to explain estrogen deficiency-stimulated bone loss in a critical interdisciplinary perspective. To better understand the interaction between osteoclasts and immune system in postmenopausal osteoporosis, many of the lessons have been explored in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renqing Zhao
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang, Jinhua, China.
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45
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Effects of kalsis, a dietary supplement, on bone metabolism in the ovariectomized rats. J Osteoporos 2012; 2012:639427. [PMID: 23094197 PMCID: PMC3471437 DOI: 10.1155/2012/639427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied the ability of Kalsis, a food supplement that contains selenium, citric acid, and vitamin E, to prevent the effects of ovariectomy on bone loss. Six-month-old, Wistar female rats were studied. Groups (n = 12): SHAM: sham-operated rats; OVX: ovariectomized rats, treated with vehicle; OVX + Kalsis: ovariectomized rats treated with Kalsis (25 mg/kg/day) for 3 months. Bone mineral density (BMD) was determined by DXA in lumbar spine and femur. Computerized microtomography (μCT) in femur and serum osteocalcin (BGP), aminoterminal propeptide of procollagen I (PINP), β-isomer of carboxyterminal telopeptide of collagen I (CTX), and 5b isoenzyme of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) were performed. Treatment with Kalsis prevented BMD loss in OVX group. μCT showed a decrease in BV/TV, and trabecular number, and an increase in trabecular separation in OVX rats. Kalsis administration attenuated partially bone loss observed by μCT due to ovariectomy. BGP, PINP, and the resorption index (CTX/TRAP) were increased in OVX group. Treatment with Kalsis maintained this increase. The mechanism of action of this supplement is not through a decrease in bone remodelling rate. The antioxidant action of this food supplement, due to the synergism of all its components, as a cause of its beneficial effect is suggested.
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46
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Increased JNK in males compared with females in a rodent model of abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Surg Res 2011; 176:687-95. [PMID: 22316675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.11.1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In humans, there is a 4:1 male:female ratio in the incidence of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) is an important upstream regulator of several enzymes involved in AAA formation, including the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a gender difference between males and females in JNK during AAA formation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male and female C57/B6 mice underwent aortic perfusion with elastase or heat inactivated elastase with aortas harvested at d 3 and 14 for phenotype determination, RT-PCR, Western blot, and zymography. Additionally, in vitro experiments using siRNA were conducted to define JNK regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). A t-test was used to compare between groups. RESULTS Males formed larger AAAs at d 14 compared with females (P < 0.001), with significantly higher levels of JNK1 protein, proMMP9, proMMP2, and active MMP2. At d 3, males had more JNK1 mRNA, protein, and MMP activity. Knockdown of JNK 1 or 2 in vitro decreased MMP activity, while knockdown of JNK 1 and 2 together blocked all MMP activity. CONCLUSION Alterations in JNK between genders is partially responsible for the differential rates of experimental AAA formation, likely through differential regulation of MMPs.
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47
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Plotkin LI, Bivi N, Bellido T. A bisphosphonate that does not affect osteoclasts prevents osteoblast and osteocyte apoptosis and the loss of bone strength induced by glucocorticoids in mice. Bone 2011; 49:122-7. [PMID: 20736091 PMCID: PMC3010455 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although a major effect of bisphosphonates on bone is inhibition of resorption resulting from their ability to interfere with osteoclast function, these agents also prevent osteoblast and osteocyte apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. However, the contribution of the latter property to the overall beneficial effects of the drugs on bone remains unknown. We compared herein the action on glucocorticoid-induced bone disease of the classical bisphosphonate alendronate with that of IG9402, a bisphosphonate analog that preserves osteoblast and osteocyte viability but does not induce osteoclast apoptosis in vitro. The bisphosphonates were injected daily (2.3 μmol/kg) to 5-month-old Swiss Webster mice (6-11 per group), starting 3 days before implantation of pellets releasing the glucocorticoid prednisolone (2.1 mg/kg/day). IG9402 did not affect levels of circulating C-telopeptide or osteocalcin, markers of resorption and formation, respectively, nor did it decrease mRNA levels of osteocalcin or collagen 1a1 in bone. On the other hand, alendronate decreased all these parameters. Moreover, IG9402 did not reduce cancellous mineralizing surface, mineral apposition rate, or bone formation rate, whereas alendronate induced a decrease in each of these bone formation measures. These findings demonstrate that, in contrast to alendronate, IG9402 does not inhibit bone turnover. Both alendronate and IG9402, on the other hand, activated survival kinase signaling in vivo, as evidenced by induction of ERK phosphorylation in bone. Furthermore, both bisphosphonates prevented the increase in osteoblast and osteocyte apoptosis as well as the decrease in vertebral bone mass and strength induced by glucocorticoids. We conclude that a bisphosphonate that does not affect osteoclasts prevents osteoblast and osteocyte apoptosis and the loss of bone strength induced by glucocorticoids in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- L I Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA.
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48
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Bellido T, Plotkin LI. Novel actions of bisphosphonates in bone: preservation of osteoblast and osteocyte viability. Bone 2011; 49:50-5. [PMID: 20727997 PMCID: PMC2994972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bisphosphonates stop bone loss by inhibiting the activity of bone-resorbing osteoclasts. However, the effect of bisphosphonates on bone mass cannot completely explain the reduction in fracture incidence observed in patients treated with these agents. Recent research efforts provided an explanation to this dichotomy by demonstrating that part of the beneficial effect of bisphosphonates on the skeleton is due to prevention of osteoblast and osteocyte apoptosis. Work of our group, independently confirmed by other investigators, demonstrated that bisphosphonates are able to prevent osteoblast and osteocyte apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. This prosurvival effect is strictly dependent on the expression of connexin (Cx) 43, as demonstrated in vitro using cells lacking Cx43 or expressing dominant-negative mutants of the protein as well as in vivo using Cx43 osteoblast/osteocyte-specific conditional knock-out mice. Remarkably, this Cx43-dependent survival effect of bisphosphonates is independent of gap junctions and results from opening of Cx43 hemichannels. Hemichannel opening leads to activation of the kinases Src and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), followed by phosphorylation of the ERK cytoplasmic target p90(RSK) kinase and its substrates BAD and C/EBPβ, resulting in inhibition of apoptosis. The antiapoptotic effect of bisphosphonates is separate from the effect of the drugs on osteoclasts, as analogs that lack antiresorptive activity are still able to inhibit osteoblast and osteocyte apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, a bisphosphonate analog that does not inhibit osteoclast activity prevented osteoblast and osteocyte apoptosis and the loss of bone mass and strength induced by glucocorticoids in mice. Preservation of the bone-forming function of mature osteoblasts and maintenance of the osteocytic network, in combination with lack anticatabolic actions, open new therapeutic possibilities for bisphosphonates in the treatment of osteopenic conditions in which decreased bone resorption is not desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresita Bellido
- Dept. Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Div. Endocrinology, Dept. Internal Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Lilian I. Plotkin
- Dept. Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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49
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Xie H, Sun M, Liao XB, Yuan LQ, Sheng ZF, Meng JC, Wang D, Yu ZY, Zhang LY, Zhou HD, Luo XH, Li H, Wu XP, Wei QY, Tang SY, Wang ZY, Liao EY. Estrogen receptor α36 mediates a bone-sparing effect of 17β-estrodiol in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26:156-68. [PMID: 20578216 PMCID: PMC3179309 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a membrane-based estrogen receptor (ER), ER-α36, was identified and cloned that transduces membrane-initiated estrogen signaling such as activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) signaling pathway. Here we show that the postmenopausal level of estradiol (E2) induces mitogenic, antiapoptotic, and antiosteogenic effects and proapoptotic effects in postmenopausal osteoblasts and osteoclasts with high levels of ER-α36 expression, respectively. We also found that ER-α36 mediated the effects of postmenopausal-level E(2) on proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation of osteoblasts through transient activation of the MAPK/ERK pathway, whereas ER-α36-mediated postmenopausal-level E(2) induces apoptosis of osteoclasts through prolonged activation of the MAPK/ERK pathway with the involvement of reactive oxygen species. We also show that the levels of ER-α36 expression in bone are positively associated with bone mineral density but negatively associated with bone biochemical markers in postmenopausal women. Thus the higher levels of ER-α36 expression are required for preserving bone mass in postmenopausal and menopausal women who become osteoporotic if ER-α36-mediated activities are dysregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xie
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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50
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Zhou F, Zhao W, Zuo Z, Sheng Y, Zhou X, Hou Y, Cheng H, Zhou R. Characterization of androgen receptor structure and nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of the rice field eel. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:37030-40. [PMID: 20841357 PMCID: PMC2978631 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.161968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) plays a critical role in prostate cancer and male sexual differentiation. We have identified AR from a primitive vertebrate with a sex reversal characteristic, the rice field eel. AR of this species (eAR) is distinct from human AR, especially in the ligand binding domain (LBD), and its expression in gonads shows an increasing tendency during gonadal transformation from ovary via ovotestis to testis. eAR has a restricted androgen-dependent transactivation function after a nuclear translocation upon dihydrotestosterone exposure. A functional nuclear localization signal was further identified in the DNA binding domain and hinge region. Although nuclear export is CRM1-independent, eAR has a novel nuclear export signal, which is negatively charged, indicating that a nuclear export pathway may be mediated by electrostatic interaction. Further, our studies have identified critical sequences for ligand binding in the C terminus. A structure of three α-helices in the LBD has been conserved from eels to humans during vertebrate evolution, despite a distinct amino acid sequence. Mutation analysis confirmed that the LBD is essential for dihydrotestosterone-induced nuclear import of eAR and following transactivation function in the nucleus. In addition, eAR interacts with both Sox9a1 and Sox9a2, and their interaction regulates transactivation of eAR. Our data suggest that the primitive species conserves and especially acquires key novel domains, the nuclear export signal and LBD, for the eAR function in spite of a rapid sequence evolution.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Androgens/pharmacology
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- COS Cells
- Cell Nucleus/genetics
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Dihydrotestosterone/pharmacology
- Eels/genetics
- In Situ Hybridization
- Karyopherins/genetics
- Karyopherins/metabolism
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Nuclear Localization Signals
- Phylogeny
- Protein Conformation
- Receptors, Androgen/chemistry
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- SOX9 Transcription Factor/genetics
- SOX9 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Subcellular Fractions
- Transcriptional Activation
- Exportin 1 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhou
- From the Department of Genetics and Center for Developmental Biology, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- From the Department of Genetics and Center for Developmental Biology, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhixiang Zuo
- From the Department of Genetics and Center for Developmental Biology, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yue Sheng
- From the Department of Genetics and Center for Developmental Biology, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- From the Department of Genetics and Center for Developmental Biology, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yu Hou
- From the Department of Genetics and Center for Developmental Biology, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hanhua Cheng
- From the Department of Genetics and Center for Developmental Biology, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Rongjia Zhou
- From the Department of Genetics and Center for Developmental Biology, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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