1
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Trypanosoma cruzi as an effective cancer antigen delivery vector. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:19695-700. [PMID: 22114198 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1110030108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the main challenges in cancer research is the development of vaccines that induce effective and long-lived protective immunity against tumors. Significant progress has been made in identifying members of the cancer testis antigen family as potential vaccine candidates. However, an ideal form for antigen delivery that induces robust and sustainable antigen-specific T-cell responses, and in particular of CD8(+) T lymphocytes, remains to be developed. Here we report the use of a recombinant nonpathogenic clone of Trypanosoma cruzi as a vaccine vector to induce vigorous and long-term T cell-mediated immunity. The rationale for using the highly attenuated T. cruzi clone was (i) the ability of the parasite to persist in host tissues and therefore to induce a long-term antigen-specific immune response; (ii) the existence of intrinsic parasite agonists for Toll-like receptors and consequent induction of highly polarized T helper cell type 1 responses; and (iii) the parasite replication in the host cell cytoplasm, leading to direct antigen presentation through the endogenous pathway and consequent induction of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells. Importantly, we found that parasites expressing a cancer testis antigen (NY-ESO-1) were able to elicit human antigen-specific T-cell responses in vitro and solid protection against melanoma in a mouse model. Furthermore, in a therapeutic protocol, the parasites expressing NY-ESO-1 delayed the rate of tumor development in mice. We conclude that the T. cruzi vector is highly efficient in inducing T cell-mediated immunity and protection against cancer cells. More broadly, this strategy could be used to elicit a long-term T cell-mediated immunity and used for prophylaxis or therapy of chronic infectious diseases.
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2
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Bender A, Karbach J, Neumann A, Jäger D, Al-Batran SE, Atmaca A, Weidmann E, Biskamp M, Gnjatic S, Pan L, Hoffman E, Old LJ, Knuth A, Jäger E. LUD 00-009: phase 1 study of intensive course immunization with NY-ESO-1 peptides in HLA-A2 positive patients with NY-ESO-1-expressing cancer. CANCER IMMUNITY 2007; 7:16. [PMID: 17944437 PMCID: PMC2935748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
NY-ESO-1 is a cancer-testis antigen and an attractive target for immunotherapy in patients with different malignancies. Here we report the results of a phase I clinical study of intensive course NY-ESO-1 peptide vaccination, evaluating the safety, immunogenicity and clinical response in HLA-A2 positive patients with NY-ESO-1 expressing cancers. Of 20 patients enrolled in the trial, 14 completed at least 2 cycles of immunization and were evaluable for clinical and immunological response. Five of these evaluable patients were treated in cohort 1 (baseline seropositive) and 9 patients were treated in cohort 2 (baseline seronegative). During vaccination, NY-ESO-1-specific CD8+ T-cells were induced in 3 of 9 baseline seronegative patients. In patients with pre-existing antigen-specific CD8+ T-cells, their number increased or remained stable. In contrast to previous immunization protocols with less intensive immunization schedules, we observed a rapid induction of high magnitude NY-ESO-1 peptide-specific T-cell responses detectable already on day 15-22 of immunization. A specific immune response of high magnitude and early onset may be more effective in eliminating minimal residual disease in adjuvant treatment situations and in preventing tumor progression due to immune escape mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Bender
- Klinik für Onkologie und Hämatologie,
Krankenhaus NordwestFrankfurtGermany
| | - Julia Karbach
- Klinik für Onkologie und Hämatologie,
Krankenhaus NordwestFrankfurtGermany
| | - Antje Neumann
- Klinik für Onkologie und Hämatologie,
Krankenhaus NordwestFrankfurtGermany
| | - Dirk Jäger
- Nationales Centrum für TumortherapieHeidelbergGermany
| | - Salah E. Al-Batran
- Klinik für Onkologie und Hämatologie,
Krankenhaus NordwestFrankfurtGermany
| | - Akin Atmaca
- Klinik für Onkologie und Hämatologie,
Krankenhaus NordwestFrankfurtGermany
| | - Eckhart Weidmann
- Klinik für Onkologie und Hämatologie,
Krankenhaus NordwestFrankfurtGermany
| | - Melina Biskamp
- Klinik für Onkologie und Hämatologie,
Krankenhaus NordwestFrankfurtGermany
| | | | - Linda Pan
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer ResearchNew
YorkUSA
| | | | | | | | - Elke Jäger
- Klinik für Onkologie und Hämatologie,
Krankenhaus NordwestFrankfurtGermany
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3
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Godefroy E, Wang Y, Souleimanian NE, Scotto L, Stevanovic S, Chen YT, Valmori D, Ayyoub M. Assessment of CD4+ T cells specific for the tumor antigen SSX-1 in cancer-free individuals. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:1183-92. [PMID: 17186289 PMCID: PMC11030208 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0269-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Proteins encoded by genes of the SSX family are specifically expressed in tumors and are therefore relevant targets for cancer immunotherapy. One of the first identified family members, SSX-1, is expressed in a large fraction of synovial sarcomas as a fusion protein together with the product of the SYT gene. In addition, the full-length SSX-1 antigen is frequently expressed in tumors of several other histological types such as sarcoma, melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, ovarian cancer and myeloma. To date, however, SSX-1 specific T cell responses have not been investigated and no SSX-1 derived T cell epitopes have been described. Here, we have assessed the presence of CD4(+) T cells directed against the SSX-1 antigen in circulating lymphocytes of cancer-free individuals. After a single in vitro stimulation with a pool of peptides spanning the entire SSX-1 protein we could detect and isolate SSX-1-specific CD4(+) T cells from 5/5 donors analyzed. SSX-1-specific polyclonal populations isolated from these cultures recognized peptides located in three distinct regions of the protein containing clusters of sequences with significant predicted binding to frequently expressed MHC class II alleles. Characterization of specific clonal CD4(+) T cell populations derived from one donor allowed the identification of several naturally processed epitopes recognized in association with HLA-DR. These data document the existence of a significant repertoire of CD4(+) T cells specific for SSX-1 derived sequences in circulating lymphocytes of any individual that can be exploited for the development of both passive and active immunotherapeutic approaches to control disease evolution in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Godefroy
- Ludwig Institute Clinical Trial Center, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 650 West 168th Street, Black Building Room 20-07, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Ludwig Institute Clinical Trial Center, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 650 West 168th Street, Black Building Room 20-07, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Naira E. Souleimanian
- Ludwig Institute Clinical Trial Center, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 650 West 168th Street, Black Building Room 20-07, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Luigi Scotto
- Ludwig Institute Clinical Trial Center, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 650 West 168th Street, Black Building Room 20-07, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Stefan Stevanovic
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Yao-Tseng Chen
- Department of Pathology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY USA
| | - Danila Valmori
- Ludwig Institute Clinical Trial Center, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 650 West 168th Street, Black Building Room 20-07, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Maha Ayyoub
- Ludwig Institute Clinical Trial Center, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 650 West 168th Street, Black Building Room 20-07, New York, NY 10032 USA
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4
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Odunsi K, Qian F, Matsuzaki J, Mhawech-Fauceglia P, Andrews C, Hoffman EW, Pan L, Ritter G, Villella J, Thomas B, Rodabaugh K, Lele S, Shrikant P, Old LJ, Gnjatic S. Vaccination with an NY-ESO-1 peptide of HLA class I/II specificities induces integrated humoral and T cell responses in ovarian cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:12837-42. [PMID: 17652518 PMCID: PMC1937553 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0703342104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
NY-ESO-1 is a "cancer-testis" antigen expressed in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and is among the most immunogenic tumor antigens defined to date. The NY-ESO-1 peptide epitope, ESO(157-170), is recognized by HLA-DP4-restricted CD4+ T cells and HLA-A2- and A24-restricted CD8+ T cells. To test whether providing cognate helper CD4+ T cells would enhance the antitumor immune response, we conducted a phase I clinical trial of immunization with ESO(157-170) mixed with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (Montanide ISA51) in 18 HLA-DP4+ EOC patients with minimal disease burden. NY-ESO-1-specific Ab responses and/or specific HLA-A2-restricted CD8+ and HLA-DP4-restricted CD4+ T cell responses were induced by a course of at least five vaccinations at three weekly intervals in a high proportion of patients. There were no serious vaccine-related adverse events. Vaccine-induced CD8+ and CD4+ T cell clones were shown to recognize NY-ESO-1-expressing tumor targets. T cell receptor analysis indicated that tumor-recognizing CD4+ T cell clones were structurally distinct from non-tumor-recognizing clones. Long-lived and functional vaccine-elicited CD8+ and CD4+ T cells were detectable in some patients up to 12 months after immunization. These results confirm the paradigm that the provision of cognate CD4+ T cell help is important for cancer vaccine design and provides the rationale for a phase II study design using ESO(157-170) epitope or the full-length NY-ESO-1 protein for immunotherapy in patients with EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunle Odunsi
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology
- Immunology
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
| | - Feng Qian
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology
- Immunology
| | | | | | - Christopher Andrews
- Clinical Biostatistics, Cancer Prevention, and Population Science, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263; and
| | - Eric W. Hoffman
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
| | - Linda Pan
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
| | - Gerd Ritter
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lloyd J. Old
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
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5
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Michielin O, Blanchet JS, Fagerberg T, Valmori D, Rubio-Godoy V, Speiser D, Ayyoub M, Alves P, Luescher I, Gairin JE, Cerottini JC, Romero P. Tinkering with nature: the tale of optimizing peptide based cancer vaccines. Cancer Treat Res 2007; 123:267-91. [PMID: 16211875 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-27545-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Michielin
- Office of Information Technology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Epalinges, Switzerland
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6
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Ohkuri T, Sato M, Abe H, Tsuji K, Yamagishi Y, Ikeda H, Matsubara N, Kitamura H, Nishimura T. Identification of a novel NY-ESO-1 promiscuous helper epitope presented by multiple MHC class II molecules found frequently in the Japanese population. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:1092-8. [PMID: 17488334 PMCID: PMC11158738 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
NY-ESO-1 is a cancer-testis antigen that elicits strong cellular and humoral immune responses against NY-ESO-1-expressing tumors. Although CD4(+) T cells play a critical role in inducing antitumor immunity, little is known about MHC class II-restricted helper epitopes of the NY-ESO-1 antigen compared with MHC class I-restricted epitopes. Here, we searched for new NY-ESO-1 helper epitopes presented by MHC class II molecules, especially those found frequently in the Japanese population. We established five NY-ESO-1-specific helper T-cell lines from healthy Japanese donors using NY-ESO-1 recombinant protein and peptide. Using MHC class II-specific antibodies and a panel of Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B-cell lines, it was demonstrated that four out of the five T-cell lines recognized a region within NY-ESO-1(119-143) in the context of HLA-DRB1*0802, DRB1*0901, DRB1*1502 or DRB1*0405/*0410. In addition, using a set of overlapping 15-mer synthetic peptides, we found that NY-ESO-1(122-138) was a promiscuous region that bound to four distinct HLA-DR molecules found in the Japanese population. These findings expand the usefulness of NY-ESO-1 as a tool for tumor vaccine therapy in eliciting NY-ESO-1-specific helper T-cell responses, especially in Japanese cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Ohkuri
- Division of Immunoregulation, Section of Disease Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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7
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Jäger E, Karbach J, Gnjatic S, Neumann A, Bender A, Valmori D, Ayyoub M, Ritter E, Ritter G, Jäger D, Panicali D, Hoffman E, Pan L, Oettgen H, Old LJ, Knuth A. Recombinant vaccinia/fowlpox NY-ESO-1 vaccines induce both humoral and cellular NY-ESO-1-specific immune responses in cancer patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:14453-8. [PMID: 16984998 PMCID: PMC1570182 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0606512103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
NY-ESO-1 is a cancer/testis antigen expressed in a range of human malignancies, and a number of vaccine strategies targeting NY-ESO-1 are being developed. In the present study, the safety and immunogenicity of recombinant vaccinia-NY-ESO-1 and recombinant fowlpox-NY-ESO-1 were analyzed in a series of 36 patients with a range of different tumor types. Each construct was first tested individually at two different dose levels and then in a prime-boost setting with recombinant vaccinia-NY-ESO-1 followed by recombinant fowlpox-NY-ESO-1. The vaccines were well tolerated either individually or together. NY-ESO-1-specific antibody responses and/or specific CD8 and CD4 T cell responses directed against a broad range of NY-ESO-1 epitopes were induced by a course of at least four vaccinations at monthly intervals in a high proportion of patients. CD8 T cell clones derived from five vaccinated patients were shown to lyse NY-ESO-1-expressing melanoma target cells. In several patients with melanoma, there was a strong impression that the natural course of the disease was favorably influenced by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Jäger
- *Ludwig Institute Clinical Trial Center, Medizinische Klinik II, Hämatologie–Onkologie, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Steinbacher Hohl 2–26, 60488 Frankfurt, Germany
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Julia Karbach
- *Ludwig Institute Clinical Trial Center, Medizinische Klinik II, Hämatologie–Onkologie, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Steinbacher Hohl 2–26, 60488 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
| | - Antje Neumann
- *Ludwig Institute Clinical Trial Center, Medizinische Klinik II, Hämatologie–Onkologie, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Steinbacher Hohl 2–26, 60488 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Armin Bender
- *Ludwig Institute Clinical Trial Center, Medizinische Klinik II, Hämatologie–Onkologie, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Steinbacher Hohl 2–26, 60488 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Danila Valmori
- Ludwig Institute Clinical Trial Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032
| | - Maha Ayyoub
- Ludwig Institute Clinical Trial Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032
| | - Erika Ritter
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
| | - Gerd Ritter
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
| | - Dirk Jäger
- Medizinische Onkologie, Nationales Centrum für Tumorerkrankungen, Universitätsklinik Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dennis Panicali
- Therion Biologics Corporation, 76 Rogers Street, Cambridge, MA 02142-1119; and
| | - Eric Hoffman
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
| | - Linda Pan
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
| | - Herbert Oettgen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
| | - Lloyd J. Old
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Alexander Knuth
- **Klinik und Poliklinik für Onkologie, Universitätsspital, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
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8
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Purbhoo MA, Sutton DH, Brewer JE, Mullings RE, Hill ME, Mahon TM, Karbach J, Jäger E, Cameron BJ, Lissin N, Vyas P, Chen JL, Cerundolo V, Jakobsen BK. Quantifying and imaging NY-ESO-1/LAGE-1-derived epitopes on tumor cells using high affinity T cell receptors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:7308-16. [PMID: 16751374 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.12.7308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Presentation of intracellular tumor-associated Ags (TAAs) in the context of HLA class I molecules offers unique cancer-specific cell surface markers for the identification and targeting of tumor cells. For most peptide Ags, the levels of and variations in cell surface presentation remain unknown, yet these parameters are of crucial importance when considering specific TAAs as targets for anticancer therapy. Here we use a soluble TCR with picomolar affinity for the HLA-A2-restricted 157-165 epitope of the NY-ESO-1 and LAGE-1 TAAs to investigate presentation of this immunodominant epitope on the surface of a variety of cancer cells. By single molecule fluorescence microscopy, we directly visualize HLA-peptide presentation for the first time, demonstrating that NY-ESO-1/LAGE-1-positive tumor cells present 10-50 NY-ESO-1/LAGE-1(157-165) epitopes per cell.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/pathology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/analysis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Antigens, Surface
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- HCT116 Cells
- HLA-A2 Antigen/immunology
- HLA-A2 Antigen/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunodominant Epitopes/analysis
- Immunodominant Epitopes/biosynthesis
- Immunodominant Epitopes/metabolism
- Immunosuppressive Agents/metabolism
- Melanoma/immunology
- Melanoma/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/analysis
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptide Fragments/analysis
- Peptide Fragments/biosynthesis
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
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9
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Jackson H, Dimopoulos N, Mifsud NA, Tai TY, Chen Q, Svobodova S, Browning J, Luescher I, Stockert L, Old LJ, Davis ID, Cebon J, Chen W. Striking Immunodominance Hierarchy of Naturally Occurring CD8+ and CD4+ T Cell Responses to Tumor Antigen NY-ESO-1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:5908-17. [PMID: 16670298 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.10.5908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Immunodominance has been well-demonstrated in many antiviral and antibacterial systems, but much less so in the setting of immune responses against cancer. Tumor Ag-specific CD8+ T cells keep cancer cells in check via immunosurveillance and shape tumor development through immunoediting. Because most tumor Ags are self Ags, the breadth and depth of antitumor immune responses have not been well-appreciated. To design and develop antitumor vaccines, it is important to understand the immunodominance hierarchy and its underlying mechanisms, and to identify the most immunodominant tumor Ag-specific T cells. We have comprehensively analyzed spontaneous cellular immune responses of one individual and show that multiple tumor Ags are targeted by the patient's immune system, especially the "cancer-testis" tumor Ag NY-ESO-1. The pattern of anti-NY-ESO-1 T cell responses in this patient closely resembles the classical broad yet hierarchical antiviral immunity and was confirmed in a second subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Jackson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Austin Health, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
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10
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Malmberg KJ. Effective immunotherapy against cancer: a question of overcoming immune suppression and immune escape? Cancer Immunol Immunother 2004; 53:879-92. [PMID: 15338206 PMCID: PMC11042482 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0577-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2003] [Accepted: 10/09/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, the breakthroughs in understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for immune activation and the advent of recombinant DNA technologies have changed the view on immunotherapy from "a dream scenario" to becoming a clinical reality. It is now clear that both cellular immunity comprising T and NK cells, as well as strategies based on antibodies, can provide strong antitumoral effects, and evidence is emerging that these strategies may also cure patients with previously incurable cancers. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. Progress in immunotherapy against cancer requires a combination of new, improved clinical protocols and strategies for overcoming mechanisms of immune escape and tumor-induced immune suppression. This review discusses some of the salient issues that still need to be resolved, focusing on the role of oxidative stress and the use of antioxidants to alleviate the immune hyporesponsiveness induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Johan Malmberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), F59, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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11
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Romero P, Cerottini JC, Speiser DE. Monitoring tumor antigen specific T-cell responses in cancer patients and phase I clinical trials of peptide-based vaccination. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2004; 53:249-55. [PMID: 14704832 PMCID: PMC11032775 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-003-0473-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2003] [Accepted: 10/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Numerous phase I and II clinical trials testing the safety and immunogenicity of various peptide vaccine formulations based on CTL-defined tumor antigens in cancer patients have been reported during the last 7 years. While specific T-cell responses can be detected in a variable fraction of immunized patients, an even smaller but significant fraction of these patients have objective tumor responses. Efficient therapeutic vaccination should aim at boosting naturally occurring antitumor T- and B-cell responses and at sustaining a large number of tumor antigen specific and fully functional effector T cells at tumor sites. Recent progress in our ability to quantitatively and qualitatively monitor tumor antigen specific CD8 T-cell responses will greatly help in making rapid progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Romero
- Divison of Clinical Onco-Immunology, Lausanne branch, University Hospital (CHUV), Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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12
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Abstract
Recent advances in basic medical sciences have led to a deeper understanding of the molecular characteristics of soft-tissue sarcomas. Likewise, novel technologies have led to a better appreciation of the relationship between an antigenic stimulus and the subsequent immune response against the antigen. In the past few years, the intersection of the understanding of the immune system and the knowledge of sarcoma biology has become apparent. As seen with other forms of cancer, there is a detectable autologous immune response against sarcomas. It is the hope of many investigators that the hints of a tumor-specific immune response will be enough to generate a signal that can be amplified and directed against the host sarcoma. The data regarding the initial evidence of immune responses against sarcomas are reviewed in the context of current or potential clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Maki
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 223, New York, NY 10021-6007, USA.
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