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Cho JH, Lee S, Jeon H, Kim AH, Lee W, Lee Y, Yang S, Yun J, Jung YS, Lee J. Tetrabromobisphenol A-Induced Apoptosis in Neural Stem Cells Through Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:74-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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2
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Potter H, Chial HJ, Caneus J, Elos M, Elder N, Borysov S, Granic A. Chromosome Instability and Mosaic Aneuploidy in Neurodegenerative and Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Front Genet 2019; 10:1092. [PMID: 31788001 PMCID: PMC6855267 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence from multiple laboratories has accumulated to show that mosaic neuronal aneuploidy and consequent apoptosis characterizes and may underlie neuronal loss in many neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia. Furthermore, several neurodevelopmental disorders, including Seckel syndrome, ataxia telangiectasia, Nijmegen breakage syndrome, Niemann–Pick type C, and Down syndrome, have been shown to also exhibit mosaic aneuploidy in neurons in the brain and in other cells throughout the body. Together, these results indicate that both neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders with apparently different pathogenic causes share a cell cycle defect that leads to mosaic aneuploidy in many cell types. When such mosaic aneuploidy arises in neurons in the brain, it promotes apoptosis and may at least partly underlie the cognitive deficits that characterize the neurological symptoms of these disorders. These findings have implications for both diagnosis and treatment/prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huntington Potter
- Department of Neurology, Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Heidi J Chial
- Department of Neurology, Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Julbert Caneus
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Mihret Elos
- Department of Neurology, Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Nina Elder
- Department of Neurology, Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Sergiy Borysov
- Department of Math and Science, Saint Leo University, Saint Leo, FL, United States
| | - Antoneta Granic
- AGE Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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3
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Liao R, Chen Y, Cheng L, Fan L, Chen H, Wan Y, You Y, Zheng Y, Jiang L, Chen Z, Zhang X, Hu W. Histamine H1 Receptors in Neural Stem Cells Are Required for the Promotion of Neurogenesis Conferred by H3 Receptor Antagonism following Traumatic Brain Injury. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:532-544. [PMID: 30745032 PMCID: PMC6409425 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurological recovery following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is limited, largely due to a deficiency in neurogenesis. The present study explores the effects of histamine H3 receptor (H3R) antagonism on TBI and mechanisms related to neurogenesis. H3R antagonism or H3R gene knockout alleviated neurological injury in the late phase of TBI, and also promoted neuroblast differentiation to enhance neurogenesis through activation of the histaminergic system. Histamine H1 receptor, but not H2 receptor, in neural stem cells is shown to be essential for this promotion by using Hrh1fl/fl;NestinCreERT2 and Hrh2fl/fl;NestinCreERT2 mice. Moreover, increase in mature and functional neurons at the penumbra area conferred by H3R antagonism was abrogated in Hrh1fl/fl;NestinCreERT2 mice. Taken together, H3R antagonism provides neuroprotection against TBI in the late phase through the promotion of neurogenesis, and the H1 receptor in neural stem cells is required for this action. H3R may serve as a new target for clinical treatment of TBI. Histamine H3R antagonism provides neuroprotection against traumatic brain injury H3R antagonism promotes neuroblast differentiation to enhance neurogenesis H1R in NSCs is required for the promotion of neurogenesis H3R antagonism increases mature and functional neurons mediated by H1R in NSCs
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujia Liao
- Department of Pharmacology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Youchao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Li Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Lishi Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Yushan Wan
- Department of Pharmacology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Yi You
- Department of Pharmacology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Yanrong Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Xiangnan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China.
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China; Pharmacy of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China.
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4
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Carbonara M, Fossi F, Zoerle T, Ortolano F, Moro F, Pischiutta F, Zanier ER, Stocchetti N. Neuroprotection in Traumatic Brain Injury: Mesenchymal Stromal Cells can Potentially Overcome Some Limitations of Previous Clinical Trials. Front Neurol 2018; 9:885. [PMID: 30405517 PMCID: PMC6208094 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. In the last 30 years several neuroprotective agents, attenuating the downstream molecular and cellular damaging events triggered by TBI, have been extensively studied. Even though many drugs have shown promising results in the pre-clinical stage, all have failed in large clinical trials. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) may offer a promising new therapeutic intervention, with preclinical data showing protection of the injured brain. We selected three of the critical aspects identified as possible causes of clinical failure: the window of opportunity for drug administration, the double-edged contribution of mechanisms to damage and recovery, and the oft-neglected role of reparative mechanisms. For each aspect, we briefly summarized the limitations of previous trials and the potential advantages of a newer approach using MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carbonara
- Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Fossi
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Zoerle
- Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ortolano
- Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Moro
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Pischiutta
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa R Zanier
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Nino Stocchetti
- Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplants, Milan University, Milan, Italy
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5
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Ghuman H, Mauney C, Donnelly J, Massensini AR, Badylak SF, Modo M. Biodegradation of ECM hydrogel promotes endogenous brain tissue restoration in a rat model of stroke. Acta Biomater 2018; 80:66-84. [PMID: 30232030 PMCID: PMC6217851 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The brain is considered to have a limited capacity to repair damaged tissue and no regenerative capacity following injury. Tissue lost after a stroke is therefore not spontaneously replaced. Extracellular matrix (ECM)-based hydrogels implanted into the stroke cavity can attract endogenous cells. These hydrogels can be formulated at different protein concentrations that govern their rheological and inductive properties. We evaluated histologically 0, 3, 4 and 8 mg/mL of porcine-derived urinary bladder matrix (UBM)-ECM hydrogel concentrations implanted in a 14-day old stroke cavity. Less concentrated hydrogels (3 and 4 mg/mL) were efficiently degraded with a 95% decrease in volume by 90 days, whereas only 32% of the more concentrated and stiffer hydrogel (8 mg/mL) was resorbed. Macrophage infiltration and density within the bioscaffold progressively increased in the less concentrated hydrogels and decreased in the 8 mg/mL hydrogels. The less concentrated hydrogels showed a robust invasion of endothelial cells with neovascularization. No neovascularization occurred with the stiffer hydrogel. Invasion of neural cells increased with time in all hydrogel concentrations. Differentiation of neural progenitors into mature neurons with axonal projections was evident, as well as a robust invasion of oligodendrocytes. However, relatively few astrocytes were present in the ECM hydrogel, although some were present in the newly forming tissue between degrading scaffold patches. Implantation of an ECM hydrogel partially induced neural tissue restoration, but a more complete understanding is required to evaluate its potential therapeutic application. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Extracellular matrix hydrogel promotes tissue regeneration in many peripheral soft tissues. However, the brain has generally been considered to lack the potential for tissue regeneration. We here demonstrate that tissue regeneration in the brain can be achieved using implantation of ECM hydrogel into a tissue cavity. A structure-function relationship is key to promote tissue regeneration in the brain. Specifically, weaker hydrogels that were retained in the cavity underwent an efficient biodegradation within 14 days post-implantation to promote a tissue restoration within the lesion cavity. In contrast, stiffer ECM hydrogel only underwent minor biodegradation and did not lead to a tissue restoration. Inductive hydrogels weaker than brain tissue provide the appropriate condition to promote an endogenous regenerative response that restores tissue in a cavity. This approach offers new avenues for the future treatment of chronic tissue damage caused by stroke and other acute brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmanvir Ghuman
- University of Pittsburgh, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Andre R Massensini
- University of Pittsburgh, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Stephen F Badylak
- University of Pittsburgh, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michel Modo
- University of Pittsburgh, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Radiology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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6
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Li L, Saiyin H, Xie J, Ma L, Xue L, Wang W, Liang W, Yu Q. Sevoflurane preconditioning induced endogenous neurogenesis against ischemic brain injury by promoting microglial activation. Oncotarget 2018; 8:28544-28557. [PMID: 28212538 PMCID: PMC5438671 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain ischemia causes irreversible damage to functional neurons in cases of infarct. Promoting endogenous neurogenesis to replace necrotic neurons is a promising therapeutic strategy for ischemia patients. The neuroprotective role of sevoflurane preconditioning implies that it might also enhance endogenous neurogenesis and functional restoration in the infarct region. By using a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model, we discovered that endogenous neurogenesis was enhanced by sevoflurane preconditioning. This enhancement process is characterized by the promotion of neuroblast proliferation within the subventricular zone (SVZ), migration and differentiation into neurons, and the presence of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes at the site of infarct. The newborn neurons in the sevoflurane preconditioning group showed miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs), increased synaptophysin and PSD95 staining density, indicating normal neuronal function. Furthermore, long-term behavioral improvement was observed in the sevoflurane preconditioning group consistent with endogenous neurogenesis. Further histological analyses showed that sevoflurane preconditioning accelerated microglial activation, including migration, phagocytosis and secretion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Intraperitoneal injection of minocycline, a microglial inhibitor, suppressed microglial activation and reversed neurogenesis. Our data showed that sevoflurane preconditioning promoted microglial activities, created a favorable microenvironment for endogenous neurogenesis and accelerated functional reconstruction in the infarct region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Hexige Saiyin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jingmo Xie
- Department of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lixiang Ma
- Department of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lei Xue
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Weimin Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Qiong Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
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7
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Caneus J, Granic A, Rademakers R, Dickson DW, Coughlan CM, Chial HJ, Potter H. Mitotic defects lead to neuronal aneuploidy and apoptosis in frontotemporal lobar degeneration caused by MAPT mutations. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 29:575-586. [PMID: 29282277 PMCID: PMC6004587 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-01-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutant Tau (MAPT) can lead to frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Previous studies associated MAPT mutations and altered function with aneuploidy and chromosome instability in human lymphocytes and in Drosophila development. Here we examine whether FTLD-causing mutations in human MAPT induce aneuploidy and apoptosis in the mammalian brain. First, aneuploidy was found in brain cells from MAPT mutant transgenic mice expressing FTLD mutant human MAPT. Then brain neurons from mice homozygous or heterozygous for the Tau (Mapt) null allele were found to exhibit increasing levels of aneuploidy with decreasing Tau gene dosage. To determine whether aneuploidy leads to neurodegeneration in FTLD, we measured aneuploidy and apoptosis in brain cells from patients with MAPT mutations and identified both increased aneuploidy and apoptosis in the same brain neurons and glia. To determine whether there is a direct relationship between MAPT-induced aneuploidy and apoptosis, we expressed FTLD-causing mutant forms of MAPT in karyotypically normal human cells and found that they cause aneuploidy and mitotic spindle defects that then result in apoptosis. Collectively, our findings reveal a neurodegenerative pathway in FTLD-MAPT in which neurons and glia exhibit mitotic spindle abnormalities, chromosome mis-segregation, and aneuploidy, which then lead to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julbert Caneus
- Department of Neurology, Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045.,Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045.,Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Antoneta Granic
- Department of Neurology, Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Neurology, Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045.,AGE Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, United Kingdom.,Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Biomedical Research Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, United Kingdom.,NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, United Kingdom
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224
| | | | - Christina M Coughlan
- Department of Neurology, Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Neurology, Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Heidi J Chial
- Department of Neurology, Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Neurology, Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Huntington Potter
- Department of Neurology, Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 .,Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045.,Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
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8
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Endothelial cell-oligodendrocyte interactions in small vessel disease and aging. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:369-379. [PMID: 28202749 PMCID: PMC5310718 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is a prevalent, neurological disease that significantly increases the risk of stroke and dementia. The main pathological changes are vascular, in the form of lipohyalinosis and arteriosclerosis, and in the white matter (WM), in the form of WM lesions. Despite this, it is unclear to what extent the key cell types involved–the endothelial cells (ECs) of the vasculature and the oligodendrocytes of the WM–interact. Here, we describe the work that has so far been carried out suggesting an interaction between ECs and oligodendrocytes in SVD. As these interactions have been studied in more detail in other disease states and in development, we explore these systems and discuss the role these mechanisms may play in SVD.
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9
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Bogoslovsky T, Bernstock JD, Bull G, Gouty S, Cox BM, Hallenbeck JM, Maric D. Development of a systems-based in situ multiplex biomarker screening approach for the assessment of immunopathology and neural tissue plasticity in male rats after traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:487-500. [PMID: 28463430 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) pose a massive burden of disease and continue to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. A major obstacle in developing effective treatments is the lack of comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms that mediate tissue damage and recovery after TBI. As such, our work aims to highlight the development of a novel experimental platform capable of fully characterizing the underlying pathobiology that unfolds after TBI. This platform encompasses an empirically optimized multiplex immunohistochemistry staining and imaging system customized to screen for a myriad of biomarkers required to comprehensively evaluate the extent of neuroinflammation, neural tissue damage, and repair in response to TBI. Herein, we demonstrate that our multiplex biomarker screening platform is capable of evaluating changes in both the topographical location and functional states of resident and infiltrating cell types that play a role in neuropathology after controlled cortical impact injury to the brain in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Our results demonstrate that our multiplex biomarker screening platform lays the groundwork for the comprehensive characterization of changes that occur within the brain after TBI. Such work may ultimately lead to the understanding of the governing pathobiology of TBI, thereby fostering the development of novel therapeutic interventions tailored to produce optimal tissue protection, repair, and/or regeneration with minimal side effects, and may ultimately find utility in a wide variety of other neurological injuries, diseases, and disorders that share components of TBI pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Bogoslovsky
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (CNRM/USUHS), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Joshua D Bernstock
- Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NINDS/NIH), Bethesda, Maryland.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Stem Cell Neurobiology, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Greg Bull
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (CNRM/USUHS), Rockville, Maryland.,Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shawn Gouty
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (CNRM/USUHS), Rockville, Maryland.,Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Brian M Cox
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (CNRM/USUHS), Rockville, Maryland.,Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John M Hallenbeck
- Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NINDS/NIH), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dragan Maric
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NINDS/NIH), Bethesda, Maryland
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10
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Pytte CL. Adult Neurogenesis in the Songbird: Region-Specific Contributions of New Neurons to Behavioral Plasticity and Stability. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2016; 87:191-204. [PMID: 27560148 DOI: 10.1159/000447048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the role of new neurons in learning and encoding new information has been largely based on studies of new neurons in the mammalian dentate gyrus and olfactory bulb - brain regions that may be specialized for learning. Thus the role of new neurons in regions that serve other functions has yet to be fully explored. The song system provides a model for studying new neuron function in brain regions that contribute differently to song learning, song auditory discrimination, and song motor production. These regions subserve learning as well as long-term storage of previously learned information. This review examines the differences between learning-based and activity-based retention of new neurons and explores the potential contributions of new neurons to behavioral stability in the song motor production pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn L Pytte
- Psychology Department, Queens College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, Flushing, N.Y., USA
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11
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Patel K, Sun D. Strategies targeting endogenous neurogenic cell response to improve recovery following traumatic brain injury. Brain Res 2016; 1640:104-113. [PMID: 26855258 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects over 1.7 million people in the United States alone and poses many clinical challenges due to the variability of the injuries and complexity of biochemical mechanisms involved. Thus far, there is still no effective therapy for TBI. Failure of preventative therapeutic strategies has led studies focusing on regenerative approaches. Recent studies have shown evidence that mature brains harbors multipotent neural stem cells capable of becoming mature neurons in the neurogenic regions. Following brain insults including TBI, the injured brain has increased level of neurogenic response in the subventricular zone and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and this endogenous response is associated with cognitive function following injury. In this review, we highlight recent development and strategies aimed at targeting this endogenous cell response to enhance post-TBI functional recovery. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:Brain injury and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushal Patel
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.
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12
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Choi JL, Tan JKY, Sellers DL, Wei H, Horner PJ, Pun SH. Guanidinylated block copolymers for gene transfer: A comparison with amine-based materials for in vitro and in vivo gene transfer efficiency. Biomaterials 2015; 54:87-96. [PMID: 25907042 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is currently no cure for neuron loss in the brain, which can occur due to traumatic injury or neurodegenerative disease. One proposed method to enhance brain neurogenesis is gene transfer to neural progenitor cells. In this work, a guanidine-based copolymer was synthesized and compared to an amine-based copolymer analog previously shown to effectively deliver genes in the murine brain. The guanidine-based copolymer was more efficient at gene transfer to immortalized, cultured cell lines; however, the amine-based copolymer was more effective at gene transfer in the brain. DNA condensation studies revealed that the nucleic acid complexes formed with the guanidine-based copolymer were more susceptible to unpackaging in the presence of anionic proteoglycans compared to complexes formed with the amine-based copolymer. Therefore, polyplexes formed from the amine-based copolymer may be more resistant to destabilization by the heparan sulfate proteoglycans present in the stem cell niches of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Choi
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - James-Kevin Y Tan
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Drew L Sellers
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Hua Wei
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Philip J Horner
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
| | - Suzie H Pun
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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13
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Ricks CB, Shin SS, Becker C, Grandhi R. Extracellular matrices, artificial neural scaffolds and the promise of neural regeneration. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:1573-7. [PMID: 25368641 PMCID: PMC4211196 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.141778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Over last 20 years, extracellular matrices have been shown to be useful in promoting tissue regeneration. Recently, they have been used and have had success in achieving neurogenesis. Recent developments in extracellular matrix design have allowed their successful in vivo incorporation to engender an environment favorable for neural regeneration in animal models. Promising treatments under investigation include manipulation of the intrinsic extracellular matrix and incorporation of engineered naometer-sized scaffolds through which inhibition of molecules serving as barriers to neuroregeneration and delivery of neurotrophic factors and/or cells for successful tissue regeneration can be achieved. Further understanding of the changes incurred within the extracellular matrix following central nervous system injury will undoubtedly help design a clinically efficacious extracellular matrix scaffold that can mitigate or reverse neural degeneration in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian B Ricks
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Samuel S Shin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Ramesh Grandhi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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14
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Tobin MK, Bonds JA, Minshall RD, Pelligrino DA, Testai FD, Lazarov O. Neurogenesis and inflammation after ischemic stroke: what is known and where we go from here. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:1573-84. [PMID: 25074747 PMCID: PMC4269726 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and future directions regarding therapeutic options after injury. Ischemic stroke is a devastating disease process affecting millions of people worldwide every year. The mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of stroke are not fully understood but there is increasing evidence demonstrating the contribution of inflammation to the drastic changes after cerebral ischemia. This inflammation not only immediately affects the infarcted tissue but also causes long-term damage in the ischemic penumbra. Furthermore, the interaction between inflammation and subsequent neurogenesis is not well understood but the close relationship between these two processes has garnered significant interest in the last decade or so. Current approved therapy for stroke involving pharmacological thrombolysis is limited in its efficacy and new treatment strategies need to be investigated. Research aimed at new therapies is largely about transplantation of neural stem cells and using endogenous progenitor cells to promote brain repair. By understanding the interaction between inflammation and neurogenesis, new potential therapies could be developed to further establish brain repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Tobin
- 1] Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA [2] Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA [3] Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jacqueline A Bonds
- 1] Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA [2] Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Richard D Minshall
- 1] Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA [2] Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dale A Pelligrino
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Fernando D Testai
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Orly Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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15
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Harraz MM, Xu JC, Guiberson N, Dawson TM, Dawson VL. MiR-223 regulates the differentiation of immature neurons. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2014; 2:18. [PMID: 25400937 PMCID: PMC4229944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small non-coding microRNA RNA molecules can regulate stem cell function. The role of microRNAs in neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) differentiation is not entirely clear. METHODS MiRNA profiling, loss and gain of function studies coupled with dendritic tree development morphometric analysis and calcium influx imaging were utilized to investigate the role of micoRNA-223 in differentiating NS/PCs. RESULTS MiRNA profiling in human NS/PCs before and after differentiation in vitro reveals modulation of miRNAs following differentiation of NS/PCs. MiR-223, a microRNA well characterized as a hematopoietic-specific miRNA was identified. Cell-autonomous inhibition of miR-223 in the adult mouse dentate gyrus NS/PCs led to a significant increase in immature neurons soma size, dendritic tree total length, branch number per neuron and complexity, while neuronal migration in the dentate gyrus remained unaffected. Overexpression of miR-223 decreased dendritic tree total length, branch number and complexity in neurons differentiated from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Inhibition of miR-223 enhanced N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) induced calcium influx in human neurons differentiated from NS/PCs. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings indicate that miR-223 regulates the differentiation of neurons derived from NS/PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged M Harraz
- />Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- />Department of Histology and Genetics, Suez Canal University School of Medicine, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Jin-Chong Xu
- />Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, BRB 731 21205 Baltimore, MD USA
- />Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Noah Guiberson
- />Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, BRB 731 21205 Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Ted M Dawson
- />Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- />Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, BRB 731 21205 Baltimore, MD USA
- />Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- />Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Valina L Dawson
- />Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- />Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, BRB 731 21205 Baltimore, MD USA
- />Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- />Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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16
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Stem cell-based therapies for ischemic stroke. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:468748. [PMID: 24719869 PMCID: PMC3955655 DOI: 10.1155/2014/468748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, stem cell-based approaches have attracted more attention from scientists and clinicians due to their possible therapeutical effect on stroke. Animal studies have demonstrated that the beneficial effects of stem cells including embryonic stem cells (ESCs), inducible pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), and mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) might be due to cell replacement, neuroprotection, endogenous neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and modulation on inflammation and immune response. Although several clinical studies have shown the high efficiency and safety of stem cell in stroke management, mainly MSCs, some issues regarding to cell homing, survival, tracking, safety, and optimal cell transplantation protocol, such as cell dose and time window, should be addressed. Undoubtably, stem cell-based gene therapy represents a novel potential therapeutic strategy for stroke in future.
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17
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Feng N, Han Q, Li J, Wang S, Li H, Yao X, Zhao RC. Generation of highly purified neural stem cells from human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells by Sox1 activation. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:515-29. [PMID: 24138016 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are ideal candidates in stem cell-based therapy for neurodegenerative diseases. However, it is unfeasible to get enough quantity of NSCs for clinical application. Generation of NSCs from human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAD-MSCs) will provide a solution to this problem. Currently, the differentiation of hAD-MSCs into highly purified NSCs with biological functions is rarely reported. In our study, we established a three-step NSC-inducing protocol, in which hAD-MSCs were induced to generate NSCs with high purity after sequentially cultured in the pre-inducing medium (Step1), the N2B27 medium (Step2), and the N2B27 medium supplement with basic fibroblast growth factor and epidermal growth factor (Step3). These hAD-MSC-derived NSCs (adNSCs) can form neurospheres and highly express Sox1, Pax6, Nestin, and Vimentin; the proportion was 96.1% ± 1.3%, 96.8% ± 1.7%, 96.2% ± 1.3%, and 97.2% ± 2.5%, respectively, as detected by flow cytometry. These adNSCs can further differentiate into astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and functional neurons, which were able to generate tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium current. Additionally, we found that the neural differentiation of hAD-MSCs were significantly suppressed by Sox1 interference, and what's more, Step1 was a key step for the following induction, probably because it was associated with the initiation and nuclear translocation of Sox1, an important transcriptional factor for neural development. Finally, we observed that bone morphogenetic protein signal was inhibited, and Wnt/β-catenin signal was activated during inducing process, and both signals were related with Sox1 expression. In conclusion, we successfully established a three-step inducing protocol to derive NSCs from hAD-MSCs with high purity by Sox1 activation. These findings might enable to acquire enough autologous transplantable NSCs for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianhua Feng
- 1 Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine , Beijing, People's Republic of China
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18
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Harraz MM, Xu JC, Guiberson N, Dawson TM, Dawson VL. MiR-223 regulates the differentiation of immature neurons. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2014; 2. [PMID: 25400937 PMCID: PMC4229944 DOI: 10.1186/2052-8426-2-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Small non-coding microRNA RNA molecules can regulate stem cell function. The role of microRNAs in neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) differentiation is not entirely clear. Methods MiRNA profiling, loss and gain of function studies coupled with dendritic tree development morphometric analysis and calcium influx imaging were utilized to investigate the role of micoRNA-223 in differentiating NS/PCs. Results MiRNA profiling in human NS/PCs before and after differentiation in vitro reveals modulation of miRNAs following differentiation of NS/PCs. MiR-223, a microRNA well characterized as a hematopoietic-specific miRNA was identified. Cell-autonomous inhibition of miR-223 in the adult mouse dentate gyrus NS/PCs led to a significant increase in immature neurons soma size, dendritic tree total length, branch number per neuron and complexity, while neuronal migration in the dentate gyrus remained unaffected. Overexpression of miR-223 decreased dendritic tree total length, branch number and complexity in neurons differentiated from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Inhibition of miR-223 enhanced N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) induced calcium influx in human neurons differentiated from NS/PCs. Conclusions Taken together, these findings indicate that miR-223 regulates the differentiation of neurons derived from NS/PCs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2052-8426-2-18) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged M Harraz
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA ; Department of Histology and Genetics, Suez Canal University School of Medicine, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Jin-Chong Xu
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, BRB 731 21205 Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Noah Guiberson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, BRB 731 21205 Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA ; Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, BRB 731 21205 Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA ; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA ; Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, BRB 731 21205 Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA ; Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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19
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Achanta P, Capilla-Gonzalez V, Purger D, Reyes J, Sailor K, Song H, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Gonzalez-Perez O, Ford E, Quinones-Hinojosa A. Subventricular zone localized irradiation affects the generation of proliferating neural precursor cells and the migration of neuroblasts. Stem Cells 2013; 30:2548-60. [PMID: 22948813 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is a part of the standard treatment for brain tumor patients, often resulting in irreversible neuropsychological deficits. These deficits may be due to permanent damage to the neural stem cell (NSC) niche, damage to local neural progenitors, or neurotoxicity. Using a computed tomography-guided localized radiation technique, we studied the effects of radiation on NSC proliferation and neuroblast migration in the mouse brain. Localized irradiation of the subventricular zone (SVZ) eliminated the proliferating neural precursor cells and migrating neuroblasts. After irradiation, type B cells in the SVZ lacked the ability to generate migrating neuroblasts. Neuroblasts from the unirradiated posterior SVZ did not follow their normal migratory path through the irradiated anterior SVZ. Our results indicate that the migrating neuroblasts were not replenished, despite the presence of type B cells in the SVZ post-irradiation. This study provides novel insights into the effects of localized SVZ radiation on neurogenesis and cell migration that may potentially lead to the development of new radiotherapy strategies to minimize damage to NSCs and neuroblast migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragathi Achanta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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20
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Adult neurogenesis in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Int Neurourol J 2012; 16:57-61. [PMID: 22816045 PMCID: PMC3395800 DOI: 10.5213/inj.2012.16.2.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis occurs during embryonic development and continues throughout adulthood. Although spontaneous adult neurogenesis is restricted to selective germinal regions, including the subventricular zone and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, neural stem cells (NSCs) are widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Besides their ability to integrate into existing neural networks during physiological conditions, NSCs also proliferate and differentiate in response to injury, thus promising the potential use of endogenous NSCs for the treatment of neuropathological conditions. In this review, we discuss recent progress in the understanding of adult neurogenesis in the brain and peripheral nervous system.
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21
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McGinn MJ, Colello RJ, Sun D. Age-related proteomic changes in the subventricular zone and their association with neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:1159-68. [PMID: 22344963 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In the mammalian central nervous system, generation of new neurons persists in the subventricular zone (SVZ) throughout life. However, the capacity for neurogenesis in this region declines with aging. Recent studies have examined the degree of these age-related neurogenic declines and the changes of cytoarchitecture of the SVZ with aging. However, little is known about the molecular changes in the SVZ with aging. In this study, we dissected the SVZs from rats aged postnatal day 28, 3 months, and 24 months. The SVZ tissues were processed for 2-D gel electrophoresis to identify protein changes following aging. Protein spots were subsequently subjected to mass spectrometry analysis to compare age-related alterations in the SVZ proteome. We also examined the level of cell proliferation in the SVZ in animals of these three age groups by using bromodeoxyuridine labeling. We found significant age-related changes in the expression of several proteins that play critical roles in the proliferation and survival of neural stem/progenitor cells in the SVZ. Among these proteins, glial fibrillary acidic protein, ubiquitin carboxy terminal hydrolase 1, glutathione S-transferase omega, and preproalbumin were increased with aging, whereas collapsin response-mediated protein 4 (CRMP-4), CRMP-5, and microsomal protease ER60 exhibited declines with aging. We have also observed a significant decline of neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation in the SVZ with aging. These alterations in protein expression in the SVZ with aging likely underlie the diminishing proliferative capacity of stem/progenitor cells in the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J McGinn
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
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22
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Bregy A, Nixon R, Lotocki G, Alonso OF, Atkins CM, Tsoulfas P, Bramlett HM, Dietrich WD. Posttraumatic hypothermia increases doublecortin expressing neurons in the dentate gyrus after traumatic brain injury in the rat. Exp Neurol 2011; 233:821-8. [PMID: 22197046 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that moderate hypothermia reduces histopathological damage and improves behavioral outcome after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI). Further investigations have clarified the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of hypothermia by showing that cooling reduces multiple cell injury cascades. The purpose of this study was to determine whether hypothermia could also enhance endogenous reparative processes following TBI such as neurogenesis and the replacement of lost neurons. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent moderate fluid-percussion brain injury and then were randomized into normothermia (37°C) or hypothermia (33°C) treatment. Animals received injections of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) to detect mitotic cells after brain injury. After 3 or 7 days, animals were perfusion-fixed and processed for immunocytochemistry and confocal analysis. Sections were stained for markers selective for cell proliferation (BrdU), neuroblasts and immature neurons (doublecortin), and mature neurons (NeuN) and then analyzed using non-biased stereology to quantify neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG). At 7 days after TBI, both normothermic and hypothermic TBI animals demonstrated a significant increase in the number of BrdU-immunoreactive cells in the DG as compared to sham-operated controls. At 7 days post-injury, hypothermia animals had a greater number of BrdU (ipsilateral cortex) and doublecortin (ipsilateral and contralateral cortex) immunoreactive cells in the DG as compared to normothermia animals. Because adult neurogenesis following injury may be associated with enhanced functional recovery, these data demonstrate that therapeutic hypothermia sustains the increase in neurogenesis induced by TBI and this may be one of the mechanisms by which hypothermia promotes reparative strategies in the injured nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amade Bregy
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Neurotrauma Research Center, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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23
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Kovesdi E, Gyorgy AB, Kwon SKC, Wingo DL, Kamnaksh A, Long JB, Kasper CE, Agoston DV. The effect of enriched environment on the outcome of traumatic brain injury; a behavioral, proteomics, and histological study. Front Neurosci 2011; 5:42. [PMID: 21503146 PMCID: PMC3072528 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2011.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
De novo hippocampal neurogenesis contributes to functional recovery following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Enriched environment (EEN) can improve the outcome of TBI by positively affecting neurogenesis. Blast induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) characterized by memory impairment and increased anxiety levels, is a leading cause of chronic disability among soldiers. Using a rodent model of bTBI we asked: (a) whether long-term exposure to EEN after injury can ameliorate behavioral abnormalities and (b) what the effects of EEN are at the molecular and cellular levels and on de novo neurogenesis. We found that housing injured animals in EEN resulted in significantly improved spatial memory while animals in normal housing (NH) showed persistent memory impairment. VEGF and Tau protein but not Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were normalized in the dorsal hippocampus (DHC) of EEN rats while all three markers remained elevated in NH rats. Interestingly, after peaking at 6 weeks post-injury, anxiety returned to normal levels at 2 months independent of housing conditions. Housing animals in EEN had no significant effect on VEGF and Tau protein levels in the ventral hippocampus (VHC) and the amygdala (AD). We also found that EEN reduced IL-6 and IFNγ levels in the VHC; these markers remained elevated following NH. We observed an increase in GFAP and DCX immunoreactivities in the VHC of NH animals at 2 months post-injury. Conversely, injured animals housed in EEN showed no increase in GFAP or DCX immunoreactivity in their VHC. In summary, long-term exposure of injured animals to EEN appears to play a positive role in the restoration of memory functions but not on anxiety, which returned to normal levels after a significant period of time. Cellular and molecular changes in response to EEN appear to be a part of neurogenesis-independent as well as dependent recovery processes triggered by bTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erzsebet Kovesdi
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Affairs Central Office Washington, DC, USA
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24
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Lazarov O, Mattson MP, Peterson DA, Pimplikar SW, van Praag H. When neurogenesis encounters aging and disease. Trends Neurosci 2010; 33:569-79. [PMID: 20961627 PMCID: PMC2981641 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we consider the evidence that a reduction in neurogenesis underlies aging-related cognitive deficits and impairments in disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The molecular and cellular alterations associated with impaired neurogenesis in the aging brain are discussed. Dysfunction of presenilin-1, misprocessing of amyloid precursor protein and toxic effects of hyperphosphorylated tau and β-amyloid probably contribute to impaired neurogenesis in AD. Because factors such as exercise, environmental enrichment and dietary energy restriction enhance neurogenesis, and protect against age-related cognitive decline and AD, knowledge of the underlying neurogenic signaling pathways could lead to novel therapeutic strategies for preserving brain function. In addition, manipulation of endogenous neural stem cells and stem cell transplantation, as stand-alone or adjunct treatments, seems promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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25
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Marr RA, Thomas RM, Peterson DA. Insights into neurogenesis and aging: potential therapy for degenerative disease? FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2010; 5:527-541. [PMID: 20806052 PMCID: PMC2929019 DOI: 10.2217/fnl.10.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis is the process by which new neural cells are generated from a small population of multipotent stem cells in the adult CNS. This natural generation of new cells is limited in its regenerative capabilities and also declines with age. The use of stem cells in the treatment of neurodegenerative disease may hold great potential; however, the age-related incidence of many CNS diseases coincides with reduced neurogenesis. This review concisely summarizes current knowledge related to adult neurogenesis and its alteration with aging and examines the feasibility of using stem cell and gene therapies to combat diseases of the CNS with advancing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Marr
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine & Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Rosanne M Thomas
- Department of Physical Therapy, Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine
| | - Daniel A Peterson
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine & Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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26
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Neuronal microRNA deregulation in response to Alzheimer's disease amyloid-beta. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11070. [PMID: 20552018 PMCID: PMC2884018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal brain development and function depends on microRNA (miRNA) networks to fine tune the balance between the transcriptome and proteome of the cell. These small non-coding RNA regulators are highly enriched in brain where they play key roles in neuronal development, plasticity and disease. In neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), brain miRNA profiles are altered; thus miRNA dysfunction could be both a cause and a consequence of disease. Our study dissects the complexity of human AD pathology, and addresses the hypothesis that amyloid-β (Aβ) itself, a known causative factor of AD, causes neuronal miRNA deregulation, which could contribute to the pathomechanisms of AD. We used sensitive TaqMan low density miRNA arrays (TLDA) on murine primary hippocampal cultures to show that about half of all miRNAs tested were down-regulated in response to Aβ peptides. Time-course assays of neuronal Aβ treatments show that Aβ is in fact a powerful regulator of miRNA levels as the response of certain mature miRNAs is extremely rapid. Bioinformatic analysis predicts that the deregulated miRNAs are likely to affect target genes present in prominent neuronal pathways known to be disrupted in AD. Remarkably, we also found that the miRNA deregulation in hippocampal cultures was paralleled in vivo by a deregulation in the hippocampus of Aβ42-depositing APP23 mice, at the onset of Aβ plaque formation. In addition, the miRNA deregulation in hippocampal cultures and APP23 hippocampus overlaps with those obtained in human AD studies. Taken together, our findings suggest that neuronal miRNA deregulation in response to an insult by Aβ may be an important factor contributing to the cascade of events leading to AD.
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The FGF-2/FGFRs neurotrophic system promotes neurogenesis in the adult brain. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2009; 116:995-1005. [PMID: 19291360 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-009-0207-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis occurs in two regions of the adult brain, namely, the subventricular zone (SVZ) throughout the wall of the lateral ventricle and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG) in hippocampal formation. Adult neurogenesis requires several neurotrophic factors to sustain and regulate the proliferation and differentiation of the adult stem cell population. In the present review, we examine the cellular and functional aspects of a trophic system mediated by fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and its receptors (FGFRs) related to neurogenesis in the SVZ and SGZ of the adult rat brain. In the SVZ, FGF-2 is expressed in GFAP-positive cells of SVZ but is not present in proliferating precursor cells, which instead express FGFR-1 and FGFR-2, but not FGFR-3 mRNA, although expressed in the SVZ, and FGFR-4. Therefore, it seems that in the SVZ FGF-2 may be released by GFAP-positive cells, different from the precursor cell lineage, and via volume transmission it reaches the proliferating precursor cells. FGFR-1 mRNA is also expressed in the SGZ and is localized in BrdU-labeled precursor cells, whereas FGFR-2 and FGFR-3 mRNA, although expressed in the SGZ, are not located within proliferating precursor cells. An aged-related decline of proliferating precursor cells in the SVZ and DG of old rats has been well documented, and there is the suggestion that in part it could be the consequence of alterations in growth factor expression levels. Thus, the old precursors may respond to growth factors, suggesting that during aging the basic components for neuronal precursor cell proliferation are retained and the capacity to increase neurogenesis after appropriate stimulation is still preserved. In conclusion, the trophic system mediated by FGF-2 and its receptors contributes to create an important micro-environmental niche that promotes neurogenesis in the adult and aged brain.
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Shetty AK, Rao MS, Hattiangady B. Behavior of hippocampal stem/progenitor cells following grafting into the injured aged hippocampus. J Neurosci Res 2009; 86:3062-74. [PMID: 18618674 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Multipotent neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) from the embryonic hippocampus are potentially useful as donor cells to repopulate the degenerated regions of the aged hippocampus after stroke, epilepsy, or Alzheimer's disease. However, the efficacy of the NSC grafting strategy for repairing the injured aged hippocampus is unknown. To address this issue, we expanded FGF-2-responsive NSCs from the hippocampus of embryonic day 14 green fluorescent protein-expressing transgenic mice as neurospheres in vitro and grafted them into the hippocampus of 24-month-old F344 rats 4 days after CA3 region injury. Engraftment, migration, and neuronal/glial differentiation of cells derived from NSCs were analyzed 1 month after grafting. Differentiation of neurospheres in culture dishes or after placement on organotypic hippocampal slice cultures demonstrated that these cells had the ability to generate considerable numbers of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Following grafting into the injured aged hippocampus, cells derived from neurospheres survived and dispersed, but exhibited no directed migration into degenerated or intact hippocampal cell layers. Phenotypic analyses of graft-derived cells revealed neuronal differentiation in 3%-5% of cells, astrocytic differentiation in 28% of cells, and oligodendrocytic differentiation in 6%-10% cells. The results demonstrate for the first time that NSCs derived from the fetal hippocampus survive and give rise to all three CNS phenotypes following transplantation into the injured aged hippocampus. However, grafted NSCs do not exhibit directed migration into lesioned areas or widespread neuronal differentiation, suggesting that direct grafting of primitive NSCs is not adequate for repair of the injured aged brain without priming the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Shetty
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Glenn MJ, Kirby ED, Gibson EM, Wong-Goodrich SJ, Mellott TJ, Blusztajn JK, Williams CL. Age-related declines in exploratory behavior and markers of hippocampal plasticity are attenuated by prenatal choline supplementation in rats. Brain Res 2008; 1237:110-23. [PMID: 18786518 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental choline in the maternal diet produces a lasting enhancement in memory in offspring that resists age-related decline and is accompanied by neuroanatomical, neurophysiological and neurochemical changes in the hippocampus. The present study was designed to examine: 1) if prenatal choline supplementation alters behaviors that contribute to risk or resilience in cognitive aging, and 2) whether, at old age (25 months), prenatally choline-supplemented rats show evidence of preserved hippocampal plasticity. A longitudinal design was used to look at exploration of an open field, with and without objects, at 1 and 24 months of age in male and female rats whose mothers were fed a diet supplemented with choline (SUP; 5 mg/kg choline chloride) or not supplemented (CON; 1.1 mg/kg choline chloride) on embryonic days 12-17. Aging caused a significant decline in open field exploration that was more pronounced in males but interest in novel objects was maintained in both sexes. Prenatal choline supplementation attenuated, but did not prevent age-related decline in exploration in males and increased object exploration in young females. Following behavioral assessment, rats were euthanized to assess markers of hippocampal plasticity. Aged SUP males and females had more newly proliferated cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and protein levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) were significantly elevated in female SUP rats in comparison to all other groups. Taken together, these findings provide the first evidence that prenatal choline supplementation causes changes in exploratory behaviors over the lifespan and preserves some features of hippocampal plasticity that can be seen even at 2 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Glenn
- Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Brinton RD, Thompson RF, Foy MR, Baudry M, Wang J, Finch CE, Morgan TE, Pike CJ, Mack WJ, Stanczyk FZ, Nilsen J. Progesterone receptors: form and function in brain. Front Neuroendocrinol 2008; 29:313-39. [PMID: 18374402 PMCID: PMC2398769 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Emerging data indicate that progesterone has multiple non-reproductive functions in the central nervous system to regulate cognition, mood, inflammation, mitochondrial function, neurogenesis and regeneration, myelination and recovery from traumatic brain injury. Progesterone-regulated neural responses are mediated by an array of progesterone receptors (PR) that include the classic nuclear PRA and PRB receptors and splice variants of each, the seven transmembrane domain 7TMPRbeta and the membrane-associated 25-Dx PR (PGRMC1). These PRs induce classic regulation of gene expression while also transducing signaling cascades that originate at the cell membrane and ultimately activate transcription factors. Remarkably, PRs are broadly expressed throughout the brain and can be detected in every neural cell type. The distribution of PRs beyond hypothalamic borders, suggests a much broader role of progesterone in regulating neural function. Despite the large body of evidence regarding progesterone regulation of reproductive behaviors and estrogen-inducible responses as well as effects of progesterone metabolite neurosteroids, much remains to be discovered regarding the functional outcomes resulting from activation of the complex array of PRs in brain by gonadally and/or glial derived progesterone. Moreover, the impact of clinically used progestogens and developing selective PR modulators for targeted outcomes in brain is a critical avenue of investigation as the non-reproductive functions of PRs have far-reaching implications for hormone therapy to maintain neurological health and function throughout menopausal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Diaz Brinton
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, School of Pharmacy, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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Acharya MM, Hattiangady B, Shetty AK. Progress in neuroprotective strategies for preventing epilepsy. Prog Neurobiol 2008; 84:363-404. [PMID: 18207302 PMCID: PMC2441599 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2007] [Revised: 09/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuroprotection is increasingly considered as a promising therapy for preventing and treating temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The development of chronic TLE, also termed as epileptogenesis, is a dynamic process. An initial precipitating injury (IPI) such as the status epilepticus (SE) leads to neurodegeneration, abnormal reorganization of the brain circuitry and a significant loss of functional inhibition. All of these changes likely contribute to the development of chronic epilepsy, characterized by spontaneous recurrent motor seizures (SRMS) and learning and memory deficits. The purpose of this review is to discuss the current state of knowledge pertaining to neuroprotection in epileptic conditions, and to highlight the efficacy of distinct neuroprotective strategies for preventing or treating chronic TLE. Although the administration of certain conventional and new generation anti-epileptic drugs is effective for primary neuroprotection such as reduced neurodegeneration after acute seizures or the SE, their competence for preventing the development of chronic epilepsy after an IPI is either unknown or not promising. On the other hand, alternative strategies such as the ketogenic diet therapy, administration of distinct neurotrophic factors, hormones or antioxidants seem useful for preventing and treating chronic TLE. However, long-term studies on the efficacy of these approaches introduced at different time-points after the SE or an IPI are lacking. Additionally, grafting of fetal hippocampal cells at early time-points after an IPI holds considerable promise for preventing TLE, though issues regarding availability of donor cells, ethical concerns, timing of grafting after SE, and durability of graft-mediated seizure suppression need to be resolved for further advances with this approach. Overall, from the studies performed so far, there is consensus that neuroprotective strategies need to be employed as quickly as possible after the onset of the SE or an IPI for considerable beneficial effects. Nevertheless, ideal strategies that are capable of facilitating repair and functional recovery of the brain after an IPI and preventing the evolution of IPI into chronic epilepsy are still hard to pin down.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munjal M. Acharya
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery) Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710. Medical Research and Surgery Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705
| | - Bharathi Hattiangady
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery) Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710. Medical Research and Surgery Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705
| | - Ashok K. Shetty
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery) Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710. Medical Research and Surgery Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705
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Wang JM, Irwin RW, Liu L, Chen S, Brinton RD. Regeneration in a degenerating brain: potential of allopregnanolone as a neuroregenerative agent. Curr Alzheimer Res 2008; 4:510-7. [PMID: 18220513 PMCID: PMC3182411 DOI: 10.2174/156720507783018262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Confronting the efficacy of a regenerative therapeutic is the degenerative environment that is characterized by neuronal loss, physical plague and glial scar barriers and inflammation. But perhaps more fundamental from a regenerative perspective, are changes in the biochemical milieu of steroid and peptide growth factors, cytokines and neurotransmitter systems. Data from multiple levels of analysis indicate that gonadal steroid hormones and their metabolites can promote neural health whereas their decline or absence are associated with decline in neural health and increased risk of neurodegenerative disease including Alzheimer’s. Among the steroids in decline, is allopregnanolone (APα), a neurosteroid metabolite of progesterone, which was found to be reduced in the serum [1,2] and plasma [3] and brain of aged vs. young subjects [4]. Further, Alzheimer disease (AD) victims showed an even further reduction in plasma and brain levels of APα relative to age-matched neurologically normal controls [1,4,5]. Our earlier work has shown that APα is a neurogenic agent for rodent hippocampal neural progenitors and for human neural progenitor cells derived from the cerebral cortex [6]. Our ongoing research seeks to determine the neurogenic potential of APα in the triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (3xTgAD) as AD related pathology progresses from imperceptible to mild to severe. Initial analyses suggest that neurogenic potential changes with age in nontransgenic mice and that the neurogenic profile differs between non-transgenic and 3xTgAD mice. Comparative analyses indicate that APα modifies neurogenesis in both non-transgenic and 3xTgAD mice. Preliminary data suggest that APα may modify Alzheimer’s pathology progression. Together the data indicate that APα may maintain the regenerative ability of the brain and modify progression of AD related pathology. Challenges for efficacy of regenerative agents within a degenerative milieu are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ming Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, University of Southern California, School of Pharmacy, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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Arévalo-Martín Á, García-Ovejero D, Gómez O, Rubio-Araiz A, Navarro-Galve B, Guaza C, Molina-Holgado E, Molina-Holgado F. CB2 cannabinoid receptors as an emerging target for demyelinating diseases: from neuroimmune interactions to cell replacement strategies. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 153:216-25. [PMID: 17891163 PMCID: PMC2219542 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Revised: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amongst the various demyelinating diseases that affect the central nervous system, those induced by an inflammatory response stand out because of their epidemiological relevance. The best known inflammatory-induced demyelinating disease is multiple sclerosis, but the immune response is a common pathogenic mechanism in many other less common pathologies (e.g., acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and acute necrotizing haemorrhagic encephalomyelitis). In all such cases, modulation of the immune response seems to be a logical therapeutic approach. Cannabinoids are well known immunomodulatory molecules that act through CB1 and CB2 receptors. While activation of CB1 receptors has a psychotropic effect, activation of CB2 receptors alone does not. Therefore, to bypass the ethical problems that could result from the treatment of inflammation with psychotropic molecules, considerable effort is being made to study the potential therapeutic value of activating CB2 receptors. In this review we examine the current knowledge and understanding of the utility of cannabinoids as therapeutic molecules for inflammatory-mediated demyelinating pathologies. Moreover, we discuss how CB2 receptor activation is related to the modulation of immunopathogenic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Á Arévalo-Martín
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Unidad de Neurología Experimental, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), 45071 Toledo, Spain-Research Unit associated to the Instituto Cajal (CSIC) Madrid, Spain
| | - D García-Ovejero
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Unidad de Neurología Experimental, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), 45071 Toledo, Spain-Research Unit associated to the Instituto Cajal (CSIC) Madrid, Spain
| | - O Gómez
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Unidad de Neurología Experimental, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), 45071 Toledo, Spain-Research Unit associated to the Instituto Cajal (CSIC) Madrid, Spain
| | - A Rubio-Araiz
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Unidad de Neurología Experimental, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), 45071 Toledo, Spain-Research Unit associated to the Instituto Cajal (CSIC) Madrid, Spain
| | - B Navarro-Galve
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Unidad de Neurología Experimental, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), 45071 Toledo, Spain-Research Unit associated to the Instituto Cajal (CSIC) Madrid, Spain
| | - C Guaza
- Neuroimmunology Group, Instituto Cajal (CSIC) Madrid, Spain
| | - E Molina-Holgado
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Unidad de Neurología Experimental, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), 45071 Toledo, Spain-Research Unit associated to the Instituto Cajal (CSIC) Madrid, Spain
| | - F Molina-Holgado
- King's College London, The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases London, UK
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Glass R, Synowitz M, Kronenberg G, Walzlein JH, Markovic DS, Wang LP, Gast D, Kiwit J, Kempermann G, Kettenmann H. Glioblastoma-induced attraction of endogenous neural precursor cells is associated with improved survival. J Neurosci 2006; 25:2637-46. [PMID: 15758174 PMCID: PMC6725181 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5118-04.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural precursor cells contribute to adult neurogenesis and to limited attempts of brain repair after injury. Here we report that in a murine experimental glioblastoma model, endogenous neural precursors migrate from the subventricular zone toward the tumor and surround it. The association of endogenous precursors with syngenic tumor grafts was observed, after injecting red fluorescent protein-labeled G261 cells into the caudate-putamen of transgenic mice, which express green fluorescent protein under a promoter for nestin (nestin-GFP). Fourteen days after inoculation, the nestin-GFP cells surrounded the tumors in several cell layers and expressed markers of early noncommitted and committed precursors. Nestin-GFP cells were further identified by a characteristic membrane current pattern as recorded in acute brain slices. 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine labeling and dye tracing experiments revealed that the tumor-associated precursors originated from the subventricular zone. Moreover, in cultured explants from the subventricular zone, the neural precursors showed extensive tropism for glioblastomas. Tumor-induced endogenous precursor cell accumulation decreased with age of the recipient; this correlated with increased tumor size and shorter survival times in aged mice. Coinjection of glioblastoma cells with neural precursors improved the survival time of old mice to a level similar to that in young mice. Coculture experiments showed that neural precursors suppressed the rapid increase in tumor cell number, which is characteristic of glioblastoma, and induced glioblastoma cell apoptosis. Our results indicate that tumor cells attract endogenous precursor cells; the presence of precursor cells is antitumorigenic; and this cellular interaction decreases with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Glass
- Cellular Neuroscience Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13092 Berlin, Germany
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Lippoldt A, Reichel A, Moenning U. Progress in the identification of stroke-related genes: emerging new possibilities to develop concepts in stroke therapy. CNS Drugs 2005; 19:821-32. [PMID: 16185092 DOI: 10.2165/00023210-200519100-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a very complex disease influenced by many risk factors: genetic, environmental and comorbidities, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity and having had a previous stroke. Neuroprotective therapies that have been found to be successful in laboratory animals have failed to produce the same benefits in clinical trials. Currently, a re-analysis of the clinical trial failures is underway and new therapeutic approaches using the growing knowledge from neurogenesis and neuroinflammation studies, combined with the information from gene expression studies, are taking place. This review focuses on possible ways to identify therapeutic targets using the new discoveries in neuroinflammation and intrinsic regenerative mechanisms of the brain. Molecular events associated with ischaemia trigger an environment for inflammation. Within the ischaemic region and its penumbra, a battery of chemokines and cytokines are released, which have both detrimental and beneficial effects, depending on the specific timepoint after injury and the current activation status of microglia/macrophages. Preventive therapies and treatments for stroke may be established by identifying the genes that are responsible for the induction of those phenotypic changes of microglia/macrophages that switch them to become players in tissue repair and regeneration processes. To aid in the establishment of new target sources for novel therapeutic agents, animal stroke models should closely mimic stroke in humans. To do so, these models should take into account the various risk factors for stroke. For example, hypertensive animals have a more vulnerable blood-brain barrier that in turn may trigger a greater degree of damage after stroke. Furthermore, in aged animals an accelerated astrocytic and microglial reaction has been observed and the regenerative capacity of aged brains is not as high as young brains. Improvements in animal models may also help to ensure better success rates of potential therapies in clinical studies. Inflammation in the brain is a double-edged sword--characterised by the deleterious effect of nerve cell damage and nerve cell death, as well as the beneficial influence on regeneration. The major challenge to develop successful stroke therapies is to broaden the knowledge regarding the underlying pathologic processes and the intrinsic mechanisms of the brain to drive regenerative and plasticity-related changes. On this basis, new concepts can be created leading to better stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lippoldt
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Research, Schering AG Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Munoz JR, Stoutenger BR, Robinson AP, Spees JL, Prockop DJ. Human stem/progenitor cells from bone marrow promote neurogenesis of endogenous neural stem cells in the hippocampus of mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:18171-6. [PMID: 16330757 PMCID: PMC1312406 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0508945102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem/progenitor cells from bone marrow and other sources have been shown to repair injured tissues by differentiating into tissue-specific phenotypes, by secreting chemokines, and, in part, by cell fusion. Here we prepared the stem/progenitor cells from human bone marrow (MSCs) and implanted athem into the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus of immunodeficient mice. The implanted human MSCs markedly increased the proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells that expressed the stem cell marker Sox2. Labeling of the mice with BrdUrd demonstrated that, 7 days after implantation of the human MSCs, BrdUrd-labeled endogenous cells migrated throughout the dorsal hippocampus (positive for doublecortin) and expressed markers for astrocytes and for neural or oligodendrocyte progenitors. Subpopulations of BrdUrd-labeled cells exhibited short cytoplasmic processes immunoreactive for nerve growth factor and VEGF. By 30 days after implantation, the newly generated cells expressed markers for more mature neurons and astrocytes. Also, subpopulations of BrdUrd-labeled cells exhibited elaborate processes immunoreactive for ciliary neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-4/5, nerve growth factor, or VEGF. Therefore, implantation of human MSCs stimulated proliferation, migration, and differentiation of the endogenous neural stem cells that survived as differentiated neural cells. The results provide a paradigm to explain recent observations in which MSCs or related stem/progenitor cells were found to produce improvements in disease models even though a limited number of the cells engrafted.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Munoz
- Center for Gene Therapy, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Zaltzman R, Alexandrovich A, Beni SM, Trembovler V, Shohami E, Gozes I. Brain injury-dependent expression of activity-dependent neuroprotective protein. J Mol Neurosci 2005; 24:181-7. [PMID: 15456931 DOI: 10.1385/jmn:24:2:181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2004] [Accepted: 02/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP), a crucial brain development factor, contains a unique sequence, termed NAPVSIPQ, which protects mice against closed head injury (CHI). The aim of this study was to determine whether CHI affects ADNP mRNA expression in the injured brain hemisphere. Male C57JBL/6J mice were subjected to CHI. Brains were removed 5 h, 24 h, 7 d, and 29 d post-CHI. A comparison was made between ADNP mRNA in the injured versus the noninjured hemisphere using real-time polymerase chain reaction. A nonsignificant change (p >0.05) was found 5 h, 24 h, and 7 d post-CHI. However, a significant increase (p <0.05) in ADNP mRNA expression was detected in the injured cerebral hemisphere 29 d post-CHI. The data presented may be associated with ADNP's crucial involvement in brain development and response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Zaltzman
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Setoguchi T, Kondo T. Nuclear export of OLIG2 in neural stem cells is essential for ciliary neurotrophic factor-induced astrocyte differentiation. J Cell Biol 2004; 166:963-8. [PMID: 15452140 PMCID: PMC2172021 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200404104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2004] [Accepted: 08/13/2004] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cell (NSC) differentiation is precisely controlled by a network of transcription factors, which themselves are regulated by extracellular signals (Bertrand, N., D.S. Castro, and F. Guillemot, 2002. Nat. Rev. Neurosci 3:517-530; Shirasaki, R. and S.L. Pfaff, 2002. Annu. Rev. Neurosci 25:251-281). One way that the activity of such transcription factors is controlled is by the regulation of their movement between the cytosol and nucleus (Vandromme, M., C. Gauthier-Rouviere, N. Lamb, and A. Fernandez, 1996. Trends Biochem.Sci. 21:59-64; Lei, E.P. and P.A. Silver, 2002. Dev. Cell 2:261-272). Here we show that the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor OLIG2, which has been shown to be required for motor neuron and oligodendrocyte development, is found in the cytoplasm, but not the nucleus, of astrocytes in culture and of a subset of astrocytes in the subventricular zone. We demonstrate that the accumulation of OLIG2 in the nucleus of NSCs blocks the CNTF-induced astrocyte differentiation and that the translocation of OLIG2 to the cytoplasm is promoted by activated AKT. We propose that the AKT-stimulated export of OLIG2 from the nucleus of NSCs is essential for the astrocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Setoguchi
- Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, E.D. Adrian Building, Forvie site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 2PY, UK.
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39
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Peterson DA. Umbilical cord blood cells and brain stroke injury: bringing in fresh blood to address an old problem. J Clin Invest 2004; 114:312-4. [PMID: 15286794 PMCID: PMC484988 DOI: 10.1172/jci22540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of brain tissue following stroke leads to functional impairment with limited brain self-repair. New evidence suggests that delivery of circulating CD34(+) human umbilical cord blood cells can produce functional recovery in an animal stroke model with concurrent angiogenesis and neurogenesis leading to some restoration of cortical tissue. While some alternative interpretations of this data are offered herein, the study provides encouraging evidence of functional recovery from stroke in an animal model using stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Peterson
- Department of Neuroscience, The Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA.
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