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Mongellaz C, Vicente R, Noroski LM, Noraz N, Courgnaud V, Chinen J, Faria E, Zimmermann VS, Taylor N. Combined immunodeficiency caused by pathogenic variants in the ZAP70 C-terminal SH2 domain. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1155883. [PMID: 37313400 PMCID: PMC10258307 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1155883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction ZAP-70, a protein tyrosine kinase recruited to the T cell receptor (TCR), initiates a TCR signaling cascade upon antigen stimulation. Mutations in the ZAP70 gene cause a combined immunodeficiency characterized by low or absent CD8+ T cells and nonfunctional CD4+ T cells. Most deleterious missense ZAP70 mutations in patients are located in the kinase domain but the impact of mutations in the SH2 domains, regulating ZAP-70 recruitment to the TCR, are not well understood. Methods Genetic analyses were performed on four patients with CD8 lymphopenia and a high resolution melting screening for ZAP70 mutations was developed. The impact of SH2 domain mutations was evaluated by biochemical and functional analyses as well as by protein modeling. Results and discussion Genetic characterization of an infant who presented with pneumocystis pneumonia, mycobacterial infection, and an absence of CD8 T cells revealed a novel homozygous mutation in the C-terminal SH2 domain (SH2-C) of the ZAP70 gene (c.C343T, p.R170C). A distantly related second patient was found to be compound heterozygous for the R170C variant and a 13bp deletion in the ZAP70 kinase domain. While the R170C mutant was highly expressed, there was an absence of TCR-induced proliferation, associated with significantly attenuated TCR-induced ZAP-70 phosphorylation and a lack of binding of ZAP-70 to TCR-ζ. Moreover, a homozygous ZAP-70 R192W variant was identified in 2 siblings with combined immunodeficiency and CD8 lymphopenia, confirming the pathogenicity of this mutation. Structural modeling of this region revealed the critical nature of the arginines at positions 170 and 192, in concert with R190, forming a binding pocket for the phosphorylated TCR-ζ chain. Deleterious mutations in the SH2-C domain result in attenuated ZAP-70 function and clinical manifestations of immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Mongellaz
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
| | - Rita Vicente
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
| | - Lenora M. Noroski
- Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology Section, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nelly Noraz
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
| | - Valérie Courgnaud
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
| | - Javier Chinen
- Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology Section, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Emilia Faria
- Immunoallergy Department, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Valérie S. Zimmermann
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
| | - Naomi Taylor
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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McGuire MT, Tuckett AZ, Myint F, Zakrzewski JL. A Minimally Invasive, Accurate, and Efficient Technique for Intrathymic Injection in Mice. J Vis Exp 2022:10.3791/64309. [PMID: 36094273 PMCID: PMC9553093 DOI: 10.3791/64309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrathymic injection in mouse models is an important technique for studying thymic and immune function, including genetic and acquired T cell disorders. This requires methods for the direct deposition of reagents and/or cells into the thymus of living mice. Traditional methods of intrathymic injection include thoracic surgery or minimally invasive percutaneous blind injections, both of which have significant limitations. Ultra-high frequency ultrasound imaging devices have made image-guided percutaneous injections possible in mice, greatly improving the injection accuracy of the percutaneous injection approach and enabling the injection of smaller targets. However, image-guided injections rely on the utilization of an integrated rail system, making this a rigid and time-consuming procedure. A unique, safe, and efficient method for percutaneous intrathymic injections in mice is presented here, eliminating reliance on the rail system for injections. The technique relies on using a high-resolution micro-ultrasound unit to image the mouse thymus noninvasively. Using a free-hand technique, a radiologist can place a needle tip directly into the mouse thymus under sonographic guidance. Mice are cleaned and anesthetized before imaging. For an experienced radiologist adept at ultrasound-guided procedures, the learning period for the stated technique is quite short, typically within one session. The method has a low morbidity and mortality rate for the mice and is much faster than current mechanically assisted techniques for percutaneous injection. It allows the investigator to efficiently perform precise and reliable percutaneous injections of thymuses of any size (including very small organs such as the thymus of aged or immunodeficient mice) with minimal stress on the animal. This method enables the injection of individual lobes if desired and facilities large-scale experiments due to the time-saving nature of the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Faith Myint
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health
| | - Johannes L Zakrzewski
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health; Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center; Department of Oncology, Georgetown University;
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Baboon envelope LVs efficiently transduced human adult, fetal, and progenitor T cells and corrected SCID-X1 T-cell deficiency. Blood Adv 2020; 3:461-475. [PMID: 30755435 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018027508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells represent a valuable tool for treating cancers and infectious and inherited diseases; however, they are mainly short-lived in vivo. T-cell therapies would strongly benefit from gene transfer into long-lived persisting naive T cells or T-cell progenitors. Here we demonstrate that baboon envelope glycoprotein pseudotyped lentiviral vectors (BaEV-LVs) far outperformed other LV pseudotypes for transduction of naive adult and fetal interleukin-7-stimulated T cells. Remarkably, BaEV-LVs efficiently transduced thymocytes and T-cell progenitors generated by culture of CD34+ cells on Delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4). Upon NOD/SCIDγC-/- engraftment, high transduction levels (80%-90%) were maintained in all T-cell subpopulations. Moreover, T-cell lineage reconstitution was accelerated in NOD/SCIDγC-/- recipients after T-cell progenitor injection compared with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Furthermore, γC-encoding BaEV-LVs very efficiently transduced Dll4-generated T-cell precursors from a patient with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID-X1), which fully rescued T-cell development in vitro. These results indicate that BaEV-LVs are valuable tools for the genetic modification of naive T cells, which are important targets for gene therapy. Moreover, they allowed for the generation of gene-corrected T-cell progenitors that rescued SCID-X1 T-cell development in vitro. Ultimately, the coinjection of LV-corrected T-cell progenitors and hematopoietic stem cells might accelerate T-cell reconstitution in immunodeficient patients.
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4
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Silvia G, Alessandro A. Intrathymic delivery a new route for adenoviral-associated vector gene therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 145:499-501. [PMID: 31830489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregori Silvia
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Aiuti Alessandro
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
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5
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Pouzolles M, Machado A, Guilbaud M, Irla M, Gailhac S, Barennes P, Cesana D, Calabria A, Benedicenti F, Sergé A, Raman I, Li QZ, Montini E, Klatzmann D, Adjali O, Taylor N, Zimmermann VS. Intrathymic adeno-associated virus gene transfer rapidly restores thymic function and long-term persistence of gene-corrected T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 145:679-697.e5. [PMID: 31513879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with T-cell immunodeficiencies are generally treated with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, but alternatives are needed for patients without matched donors. An innovative intrathymic gene therapy approach that directly targets the thymus might improve outcomes. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the efficacy of intrathymic adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotypes to transduce thymocyte subsets and correct the T-cell immunodeficiency in a zeta-associated protein of 70 kDa (ZAP-70)-deficient murine model. METHODS AAV serotypes were injected intrathymically into wild-type mice, and gene transfer efficiency was monitored. ZAP-70-/- mice were intrathymically injected with an AAV8 vector harboring the ZAP70 gene. Thymus structure, immunophenotyping, T-cell receptor clonotypes, T-cell function, immune responses to transgenes and autoantibodies, vector copy number, and integration were evaluated. RESULTS AAV8, AAV9, and AAV10 serotypes all transduced thymocyte subsets after in situ gene transfer, with transduction of up to 5% of cells. Intrathymic injection of an AAV8-ZAP-70 vector into ZAP-70-/- mice resulted in a rapid thymocyte differentiation associated with the development of a thymic medulla. Strikingly, medullary thymic epithelial cells expressing the autoimmune regulator were detected within 10 days of gene transfer, correlating with the presence of functional effector and regulatory T-cell subsets with diverse T-cell receptor clonotypes in the periphery. Although thymocyte reconstitution was transient, gene-corrected peripheral T cells harboring approximately 1 AAV genome per cell persisted for more than 40 weeks, and AAV vector integration was detected. CONCLUSIONS Intrathymic AAV-transduced progenitors promote a rapid restoration of the thymic architecture, with a single wave of thymopoiesis generating long-term peripheral T-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pouzolles
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Alice Machado
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Mickaël Guilbaud
- INSERM UMR1089, Université de Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Magali Irla
- Center of Immunology Marseille-Luminy (CIML), INSERM U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Aix-Marseille Université UM2, Marseille, France
| | - Sarah Gailhac
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Barennes
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France
| | - Daniela Cesana
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Calabria
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Benedicenti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Arnauld Sergé
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Indu Raman
- Microarray Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Microarray Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex; Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex
| | - Eugenio Montini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - David Klatzmann
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Biotherapy (CIC-BTi) and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (i2B), Paris, France
| | - Oumeya Adjali
- INSERM UMR1089, Université de Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France.
| | - Naomi Taylor
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France; Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
| | - Valérie S Zimmermann
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
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Alfranca A, Campanero MR, Redondo JM. New Methods for Disease Modeling Using Lentiviral Vectors. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:825-837. [PMID: 30213701 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors (LVs) transduce quiescent cells and provide stable integration to maintain transgene expression. Several approaches have been adopted to optimize LV safety profiles. Similarly, LV targeting has been tailored through strategies including the modification of envelope components, the use of specific regulatory elements, and the selection of appropriate administration routes. Models of aortic disease based on a single injection of pleiotropic LVs have been developed that efficiently transduce the three aorta layers in wild type mice. This approach allows the dissection of pathways involved in aortic aneurysm formation and the identification of targets for gene therapy in aortic diseases. LVs provide a fast, efficient, and affordable alternative to genetically modified mice to study disease mechanisms and develop therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arantzazu Alfranca
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel R Campanero
- Department of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain; CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Miguel Redondo
- Gene Regulation in Cardiovascular Remodeling and Inflammation Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain; CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Sheikh IS, Keefe KM, Sterling NA, Junker IP, Eneanya CI, Liu Y, Tang XQ, Smith GM. Retrogradely Transportable Lentivirus Tracers for Mapping Spinal Cord Locomotor Circuits. Front Neural Circuits 2018; 12:60. [PMID: 30090059 PMCID: PMC6068242 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrograde tracing is a key facet of neuroanatomical studies involving long distance projection neurons. Previous groups have utilized a variety of tools ranging from classical chemical tracers to newer methods employing viruses for gene delivery. Here, we highlight the usage of a lentivirus that permits highly efficient retrograde transport (HiRet) from synaptic terminals within the cervical and lumbar enlargements of the spinal cord. By injecting HiRet, we can clearly identify supraspinal and propriospinal circuits innervating motor neuron pools relating to forelimb and hindlimb function. We observed robust labeling of propriospinal neurons, including high fidelity details of dendritic arbors and axon terminals seldom seen with chemical tracers. In addition, we examine changes in interneuronal circuits occurring after a thoracic contusion, highlighting populations that potentially contribute to spontaneous behavioral recovery in this lesion model. Our study demonstrates that the HiRet lentivirus is a unique tool for examining neuronal circuitry within the brain and spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran S Sheikh
- Department of Neuroscience, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Center for Neural Rehabilitation and Repair, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kathleen M Keefe
- Department of Neuroscience, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Center for Neural Rehabilitation and Repair, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Noelle A Sterling
- Department of Neuroscience, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Center for Neural Rehabilitation and Repair, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ian P Junker
- Department of Neuroscience, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Center for Neural Rehabilitation and Repair, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Chidubem I Eneanya
- Department of Neuroscience, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Center for Neural Rehabilitation and Repair, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yingpeng Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Center for Neural Rehabilitation and Repair, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xiao-Qing Tang
- Department of Neuroscience, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Center for Neural Rehabilitation and Repair, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - George M Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Center for Neural Rehabilitation and Repair, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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8
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Kugyelka R, Kohl Z, Olasz K, Prenek L, Berki T, Balogh P, Boldizsár F. Correction of T cell deficiency in ZAP-70 knock-out mice by simple intraperitoneal adoptive transfer of thymocytes. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 192:302-314. [PMID: 29431868 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase zeta chain-associated protein of 70 kDa (ZAP-70) plays a key role in T cell development and signalling. In the absence of ZAP-70, T cell development is arrested in the CD4+ CD8+ double-positive stage, thus ZAP-70 homozygous knockout (ZAP-70-/- ) mice have no mature T cells in their peripheral lymphoid organs and blood, causing severe immunodeficiency. We investigated the early kinetics and long-term effects of wild-type thymocyte transfer on T cell repopulation in ZAP-70-/- mice. We used a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection to deliver donor thymocytes to the recipients. Here, we show that after i.p. injection donor thymocytes leave the peritoneum through milky spots in the omentum and home to the thymus, where donor-originated CD4- CD8- double-negative thymocytes most probably restore T cell development and the disrupted thymic architecture. Subsequently, newly developed, donor-originated, single-positive αβ T cells appear in peripheral lymphoid organs, where they form organized T cell zones. The established chimerism was found to be stable, as donor-originated cells were present in transferred ZAP-70-/- mice as late as 8 months after i.p. injection. We demonstrate that a simple i.p. injection of ZAP-70+/+ thymocytes is a feasible method for the long-term reconstitution of T cell development in ZAP-70-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kugyelka
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Z Kohl
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - K Olasz
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - L Prenek
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - T Berki
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - P Balogh
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - F Boldizsár
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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Gravett M, Cepek J, Fenster A. An ultra-high field strength MR image-guided robotic needle delivery system for in-bore small animal interventions. Med Phys 2017; 44:5544-5555. [PMID: 28849592 DOI: 10.1002/mp.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to develop and validate an image-guided robotic needle delivery system for accurate and repeatable needle targeting procedures in mouse brains inside the 12 cm inner diameter gradient coil insert of a 9.4 T MR scanner. Many preclinical research techniques require the use of accurate needle deliveries to soft tissues, including brain tissue. Soft tissues are optimally visualized in MR images, which offer high-soft tissue contrast, as well as a range of unique imaging techniques, including functional, spectroscopy and thermal imaging, however, there are currently no solutions for delivering needles to small animal brains inside the bore of an ultra-high field MR scanner. This paper describes the mechatronic design, evaluation of MR compatibility, registration technique, mechanical calibration, the quantitative validation of the in-bore image-guided needle targeting accuracy and repeatability, and demonstrated the system's ability to deliver needles in situ. METHODS Our six degree-of-freedom, MR compatible, mechatronic system was designed to fit inside the bore of a 9.4 T MR scanner and is actuated using a combination of piezoelectric and hydraulic mechanisms. The MR compatibility and targeting accuracy of the needle delivery system are evaluated to ensure that the system is precisely calibrated to perform the needle targeting procedures. A semi-automated image registration is performed to link the robot coordinates to the MR coordinate system. Soft tissue targets can be accurately localized in MR images, followed by automatic alignment of the needle trajectory to the target. Intra-procedure visualization of the needle target location and the needle were confirmed through MR images after needle insertion. RESULTS The effects of geometric distortions and signal noise were found to be below threshold that would have an impact on the accuracy of the system. The system was found to have negligible effect on the MR image signal noise and geometric distortion. The system was mechanically calibrated and the mean image-guided needle targeting and needle trajectory accuracies were quantified in an image-guided tissue mimicking phantom experiment to be 178 ± 54 μm and 0.27 ± 0.65°, respectively. CONCLUSIONS An MR image-guided system for in-bore needle deliveries to soft tissue targets in small animal models has been developed. The results of the needle targeting accuracy experiments in phantoms indicate that this system has the potential to deliver needles to the smallest soft tissue structures relevant in preclinical studies, at a wide variety of needle trajectories. Future work in the form of a fully-automated needle driver with precise depth control would benefit this system in terms of its applicability to a wider range of animal models and organ targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Gravett
- Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Jeremy Cepek
- Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.,Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Aaron Fenster
- Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada
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10
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Xu X, Tailor CS, Grunebaum E. Gene therapy for primary immune deficiencies: a Canadian perspective. ALLERGY, ASTHMA, AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 13:14. [PMID: 28261277 PMCID: PMC5327566 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-017-0184-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of gene therapy (GT) for the treatment of primary immune deficiencies (PID) including severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) has progressed significantly in the recent years. In particular, long-term studies have shown that adenosine deaminase (ADA) gene delivery into ADA-deficient hematopoietic stem cells that are then transplanted into the patients corrects the abnormal function of the ADA enzyme, which leads to immune reconstitution. In contrast, the outcome was disappointing for patients with X-linked SCID, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome and chronic granulomatous disease who received GT followed by autologous gene corrected transplantations, as many developed hematological malignancies. The malignancies were attributed to the predilection of the viruses used for gene delivery to integrated at oncogenic areas. The availability of safer and more efficient self-inactivating lentiviruses for gene delivery has reignited the interest in GT for many PID that are now in various stages of pre-clinical studies and clinical trials. Moreover, advances in early diagnosis of PID and gene editing technology coupled with enhanced abilities to generate and manipulate stem cells ex vivo are expected to further contribute to the benefit of GT for PID. Here we review the past, the present and the future of GT for PID, with particular emphasis on the Canadian perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobai Xu
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada
| | | | - Eyal Grunebaum
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
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11
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Takeda A, Hossain MS, Rantakari P, Simmons S, Sasaki N, Salmi M, Jalkanen S, Miyasaka M. Thymocytes in Lyve1-CRE/S1pr1f/f Mice Accumulate in the Thymus due to Cell-Intrinsic Loss of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor Expression. Front Immunol 2016; 7:489. [PMID: 27877175 PMCID: PMC5099144 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell emigration from the thymus is essential for immunological homeostasis. While stromal cell-produced sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) has been shown to promote thymocyte egress via the S1P receptor, S1PR1, the significance of S1P/S1PR1 signaling in the thymic stromal cells that surround T cells remains unclear. To address this issue, we developed conditional knockout mice (Lyve1-CRE/S1pr1f/f mice) in which S1pr1 was selectively targeted in cells expressing the lymphatic endothelial cell marker, Lyve1. In these mice, T cells were significantly reduced in secondary lymphoid tissues, and CD62L+ mature CD4 and CD8 single-positive (SP) T cells accumulated in the medulla failed to undergo thymus egress. Using a Lyve1 reporter strain in which Lyve1 lineage cells expressed tdTomato fluorescent protein, we unexpectedly found that a considerable proportion of the thymocytes were fluorescently labeled, indicating that they belonged to the Lyve1 lineage. The CD4 and CD8 SP thymocytes in Lyve1-CRE/S1pr1f/f mice exhibited an egress-competent phenotype (HSAlow, CD62Lhigh, and Qa-2high), but were CD69high and lacked S1PR1 expression. In addition, CD4 SP thymocytes from these mice were unable to migrate to the periphery after their intrathymic injection into wild-type (WT) mice. In contrast, WT T cells could migrate to the periphery in both WT and Lyve1-CRE/S1pr1f/f thymuses. These results demonstrated that thymocyte egress is mediated by T cell-expressed, but not stromal cell-expressed, S1PR1 and caution against using the Lyve1-CRE system for selectively gene deletion in lymphatic endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Takeda
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | | | - Pia Rantakari
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | - Szandor Simmons
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan; WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Naoko Sasaki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University , Suita , Japan
| | - Marko Salmi
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sirpa Jalkanen
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | - Masayuki Miyasaka
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan; Interdisciplinary Program for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Academic Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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12
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Abstract
In the recent past, the gene therapy field has witnessed a remarkable series of
successes, many of which have involved primary immunodeficiency diseases, such
as X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency, adenosine deaminase deficiency,
chronic granulomatous disease, and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. While such progress
has widened the choice of therapeutic options in some specific cases of primary
immunodeficiency, much remains to be done to extend the geographical
availability of such an advanced approach and to increase the number of diseases
that can be targeted. At the same time, emerging technologies are stimulating
intensive investigations that may lead to the application of precise genetic
editing as the next form of gene therapy for these and other human genetic
diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Candotti
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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13
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Abstract
Intrathymic injection is used in several T cell-associated immunological studies to deliver cells or other substances directly into the thymus. Here, we describe the intrathymic injection procedure involving surgical incision of the mouse with or without a thoracotomy. Though this procedure can result in poor recovery, postsurgical complications, and distress to the animal, it is actually a simple procedure that can be carried out relatively easily and quickly with experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugata Manna
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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14
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Tuckett AZ, Zakrzewski JL, Li D, van den Brink MR, Thornton RH. Free-hand ultrasound guidance permits safe and efficient minimally invasive intrathymic injections in both young and aged mice. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2015; 41:1105-1111. [PMID: 25701534 PMCID: PMC4346466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate whether use of an aseptic free-hand approach to ultrasound-guided injection facilitates injection into the thymic gland in mice. We used this interventional radiology technique in young, aged and immunodeficient mice and found that the thymus was visible in all cases. The mean injection period was 8 seconds in young mice and 19 seconds in aged or immunodeficient mice. Injection accuracy was confirmed by intrathymic location of an injected dye or by in vivo bioluminescence imaging of injected luciferase-expressing cells. Accurate intrathymic injection was confirmed in 97% of cases. No major complications were observed. We conclude that an aseptic freehand technique for ultrasound-guided intrathymic injection is safe and accurate and reduces the time required for intrathymic injections. This method facilitates large-scale experiments and injection of individual thymic lobes and is clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Duan Li
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of
Radiology
| | - Marcel R.M. van den Brink
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of
Immunology
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of
Medicine
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15
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Candotti F. Gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells as treatment for primary immunodeficiency diseases. Int J Hematol 2014; 99:383-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-014-1524-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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16
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Suerth JD, Schambach A, Baum C. Genetic modification of lymphocytes by retrovirus-based vectors. Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 24:598-608. [PMID: 22995202 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The genetic modification of lymphocytes is an important topic in the emerging field of gene therapy. Many clinical trials targeting immunodeficiency syndromes or cancer have shown therapeutic benefit; further applications address inflammatory and infectious disorders. Retroviral vector development requires a detailed understanding of the interactions with the host. Most researchers have used simple gammaretroviral vectors to modify lymphocytes, either directly or via hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Lentiviral, spumaviral (foamyviral) and alpharetroviral vectors were designed to reduce the necessity for cell stimulation and to utilize potentially safer integration properties. Novel surface modifications (pseudotyping) and transgenes, built using synthetic components, expand the retroviral toolbox, altogether promising increased specificity and potency. Product consistency will be an important criterion for routine clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia D Suerth
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
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17
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Abstract
More than two decades have passed since genetically modified HIV was used for gene delivery. Through continuous improvements these early marker gene-carrying HIVs have evolved into safer and more effective lentiviral vectors. Lentiviral vectors offer several attractive properties as gene-delivery vehicles, including: (i) sustained gene delivery through stable vector integration into host genome; (ii) the capability of infecting both dividing and non-dividing cells; (iii) broad tissue tropisms, including important gene- and cell-therapy-target cell types; (iv) no expression of viral proteins after vector transduction; (v) the ability to deliver complex genetic elements, such as polycistronic or intron-containing sequences; (vi) potentially safer integration site profile; and (vii) a relatively easy system for vector manipulation and production. Accordingly, lentivector technologies now have widespread use in basic biology and translational studies for stable transgene overexpression, persistent gene silencing, immunization, in vivo imaging, generating transgenic animals, induction of pluripotent cells, stem cell modification and lineage tracking, or site-directed gene editing. Moreover, in the present high-throughput '-omics' era, the commercial availability of premade lentiviral vectors, which are engineered to express or silence genome-wide genes, accelerates the rapid expansion of this vector technology. In the present review, we assess the advances in lentiviral vector technology, including basic lentivirology, vector designs for improved efficiency and biosafety, protocols for vector production and infection, targeted gene delivery, advanced lentiviral applications and issues associated with the vector system.
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18
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Liu X, Wu J, Yammine M, Zhou J, Posocco P, Viel S, Liu C, Ziarelli F, Fermeglia M, Pricl S, Victorero G, Nguyen C, Erbacher P, Behr JP, Peng L. Structurally Flexible Triethanolamine Core PAMAM Dendrimers Are Effective Nanovectors for DNA Transfection in Vitro and in Vivo to the Mouse Thymus. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:2461-73. [DOI: 10.1021/bc200275g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Liu
- Aix-Marseille
Université,
Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille, CNRS UPR 3118, Département de Chimie, 163 avenue
de Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 09, France
- State Key Laboratory of Virology,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Jiangyu Wu
- Aix-Marseille
Université,
Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille, CNRS UPR 3118, Département de Chimie, 163 avenue
de Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 09, France
- State Key Laboratory of Virology,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Miriam Yammine
- INSERM U928, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288
Marseille cedex 09, France
| | - Jiehua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Paola Posocco
- Molecular Simulation
Engineering
(MOSE) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste,
Italy
| | - Stephane Viel
- Aix-Marseille Université, LCP UMR 6264, Campus de Saint Jérôme,
av. Escadrille Normandie Niémen, case 512, 13013 Marseille,
France
| | - Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Fabio Ziarelli
- Aix-Marseille Université, Fédération des Sciences Chimiques, Spectropole,
av. Escadrille Normandie Niémen, case 511, 13013 Marseille,
France
| | - Maurizio Fermeglia
- Molecular Simulation
Engineering
(MOSE) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste,
Italy
| | - Sabrina Pricl
- Molecular Simulation
Engineering
(MOSE) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste,
Italy
| | | | - Catherine Nguyen
- INSERM U928, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288
Marseille cedex 09, France
| | - Patrick Erbacher
- Polyplus-transfection SA, Bioparc, Boulevard S. Brandt, BP90018, 67401 Illkirch,
France
| | - Jean-Paul Behr
- Laboratoire de Chimie Génétique,
Faculté de Pharmacie, CNRS UMR7514, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Ling Peng
- Aix-Marseille
Université,
Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille, CNRS UPR 3118, Département de Chimie, 163 avenue
de Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 09, France
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19
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Liu LL, Du XM, Wang Z, Wu BJ, Jin M, Xin B, Wang D, Bai ZL. A simplified intrathymic injection technique for mice. Biotech Histochem 2011; 87:140-7. [DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2011.577755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- LL Liu
- Laboratory for Developmental Immunology, School of Life Science, Shandong University,
Jinan 250100
| | - XM Du
- Laboratory Medicine of Jinan Military Hospital,
Jinan 250031
| | - Z Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Shenyang Normal University,
Shenyang 110034, China
| | - BJ Wu
- Laboratory for Developmental Immunology, School of Life Science, Shandong University,
Jinan 250100
| | - M Jin
- Laboratory for Developmental Immunology, School of Life Science, Shandong University,
Jinan 250100
| | - B Xin
- Laboratory for Developmental Immunology, School of Life Science, Shandong University,
Jinan 250100
| | - D Wang
- Laboratory for Developmental Immunology, School of Life Science, Shandong University,
Jinan 250100
| | - ZL Bai
- Laboratory for Developmental Immunology, School of Life Science, Shandong University,
Jinan 250100
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20
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Abstract
After more than 1500 gene therapy clinical trials in the past two decades, the overall conclusion is that for gene therapy (GT) to be successful, the vector systems must still be improved in terms of delivery, expression and safety. The recent development of more efficient and stable vector systems has created great expectations for the future of GT. Impressive results were obtained in three primary immunodeficiencies and other inherited diseases such as congenital blindness, adrenoleukodystrophy or junctional epidermolysis bullosa. However, the development of leukemia in five children included in the GT clinical trials for X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency and the silencing of the therapeutic gene in the chronic granulomatous disease clearly showed the importance of improving safety and efficiency. In this review, we focus on the main strategies available to achieve physiological or tissue-specific expression of therapeutic transgenes and discuss the importance of controlling transgene expression to improve safety. We propose that tissue-specific and/or physiological viral vectors offer the best balance between efficiency and safety and will be the tools of choice for future clinical trials in GT of inherited diseases.
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21
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Abstract
Lentiviral vectors (LVs) have emerged as potent and versatile vectors for ex vivo or in vivo gene transfer into dividing and nondividing cells. Robust phenotypic correction of diseases in mouse models has been achieved paving the way toward the first clinical trials. LVs can deliver genes ex vivo into bona fide stem cells, particularly hematopoietic stem cells, allowing for stable transgene expression upon hematopoietic reconstitution. They are also useful to generate induced pluripotent stem cells. LVs can be pseudotyped with distinct viral envelopes that influence vector tropism and transduction efficiency. Targetable LVs can be generated by incorporating specific ligands or antibodies into the vector envelope. Immune responses toward the transgene products and transduced cells can be repressed using microRNA-regulated vectors. Though there are safety concerns regarding insertional mutagenesis, their integration profile seems more favorable than that of gamma-retroviral vectors (gamma-RVs). Moreover, it is possible to minimize this risk by modifying the vector design or by employing integration-deficient LVs. In conjunction with zinc-finger nuclease technology, LVs allow for site-specific gene correction or addition in predefined chromosomal loci. These recent advances underscore the improved safety and efficacy of LVs with important implications for clinical trials.
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22
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Abstract
The thymus provides a specialized environment allowing the differentiation of T lymphocytes from bone marrow-derived progenitor cells. We and others have demonstrated that gene transfer into distinct thymocyte populations can be obtained, both in vivo and ex vivo, using lentiviral vectors. Here, we describe techniques for intrathymic lentiviral transduction in mice, using a surgical approach wherein the thoracic cavity is exposed as well as a significantly less invasive strategy wherein virions are directly injected through the skin. Moreover, thymocyte differentiation from murine and human progenitors is now feasible in vitro, under conditions wherein the Notch and IL-7 signaling pathways are activated. We describe methods allowing transduction of murine and human progenitors and their subsequent differentiation into more mature thymocytes. Conditions for lentiviral gene transfer into more differentiated human thymocyte subsets are also presented. Optimization of technologies for HIV-based gene transfer into murine and human thymocyte progenitors will advance strategies aimed at modulating T-cell differentiation and function in-vivo; approaches potentially targeting patients with genetic and acquired immunodeficiencies as well as immune-sensitive tumors. Furthermore, this technology will foster the progression of basic research aimed at elucidating molecular aspects of T-cell differentiation in mice and humans.
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23
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Moreau A, Vicente R, Dubreil L, Adjali O, Podevin G, Jacquet C, Deschamps JY, Klatzmann D, Cherel Y, Taylor N, Moullier P, Zimmermann VS. Efficient intrathymic gene transfer following in situ administration of a rAAV serotype 8 vector in mice and nonhuman primates. Mol Ther 2008; 17:472-9. [PMID: 19088703 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2008.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus is the primary site of T-cell development and plays a key role in the induction of self-tolerance. We previously showed that the intrathymic (i.t.) injection of a transgene-expressing lentiviral vector (LV) in mice can result in the correction of a T cell-specific genetic defect. Nevertheless, the efficiency of thymocyte transduction did not exceed 0.1-0.3% and we were unable to detect any thymus transduction in macaques. As such, we initiated studies to assess the capacity of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors to transduce murine and primate thymic cells. In vivo administration of AAV serotype 2-derived single-stranded AAV (ssAAV) and self-complementary AAV (scAAV) vectors pseudotyped with capsid proteins of serotypes 1, 2, 4, 5, and 8 demonstrated that murine thymus transduction was significantly enhanced by scAAV2/8. Transgene expression was detected in 5% of thymocytes and, notably, transduced cells represented 1% of peripheral T lymphocytes. Moreover, i.t. administration of scAAV2/8 particles in macaques, by endoscopic-mediated guidance, resulted in significant gene transfer. Thus, in healthy animals, where thymic gene transfer does not provide a selective advantage, scAAV2/8 is a unique tool promoting the in situ transduction of thymocytes with the subsequent export of gene-modified lymphocytes to the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Moreau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U649-Laboratoire de Thérapie Génique, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France
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24
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Irla M, Saade M, Kissenpfennig A, Poulin LF, Leserman L, Marche PN, Jouvin-Marche E, Berger F, Nguyen C. ZAP-70 restoration in mice by in vivo thymic electroporation. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2059. [PMID: 18446234 PMCID: PMC2323614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral and non-viral vectors have been developed for gene therapy, but their use is associated with unresolved problems of efficacy and safety. Efficient and safe methods of DNA delivery need to be found for medical application. Here we report a new monopolar system of non-viral electro-gene transfer into the thymus in vivo that consists of the local application of electrical pulses after the introduction of the DNA. We assessed the proof of concept of this approach by correcting ZAP-70 deficient severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) in mice. The thymic electro-gene transfer of the pCMV-ZAP-70-IRES-EGFP vector in these mice resulted in rapid T cell differentiation in the thymus with mature lymphocytes detected by three weeks in secondary lymphoid organs. Moreover, this system resulted in the generation of long-term functional T lymphocytes. Peripheral reconstituted T cells displayed a diversified T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, and were responsive to alloantigens in vivo. This process applied to the thymus could represent a simplified and effective alternative for gene therapy of T cell immunodeficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Irla
- INSERM U928, Université de la Méditerranée, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Murielle Saade
- INSERM U928, Université de la Méditerranée, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Adrien Kissenpfennig
- Infection and Immunity, Centre for Cancer Research & Cell Biology (CCRCB), Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, INSERM U631, and CNRS UMR6102, Marseille, France
| | - Lionel Franz Poulin
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, INSERM U631, and CNRS UMR6102, Marseille, France
| | - Lee Leserman
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, INSERM U631, and CNRS UMR6102, Marseille, France
| | - Patrice N. Marche
- INSERM, U823, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, Institut Albert Bonniot, UMR-S823, Grenoble, France
| | - Evelyne Jouvin-Marche
- INSERM, U823, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, Institut Albert Bonniot, UMR-S823, Grenoble, France
| | - François Berger
- INSERM U836, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, UMR-S836, Grenoble, France
| | - Catherine Nguyen
- INSERM U928, Université de la Méditerranée, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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25
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Santilli G, Thornhill SI, Kinnon C, Thrasher AJ. Gene therapy of inherited immunodeficiencies. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 8:397-407. [PMID: 18352845 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.4.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary immunodeficiencies (PID) are a group of inherited diseases that affect the development or activity of the immune system. In severe cases allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation has proved to be a successful curative modality but it is limited by toxicity and reduced efficacy in mismatched donor settings. OBJECTIVE Gene therapy for PID has been developed as an alternative strategy and has entered the clinical arena. In this review we discuss the outcomes of recent gene therapy trials and some of the problems that remain to be tackled. METHODS Results from clinical trials for X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID-X1), adenosine deaminase deficient SCID (ADA-SCID), and X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (X-CGD) are discussed. In addition, other conditions are highlighted such as the Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome (WAS) for which gene therapy has shown considerable promise in preclinical studies, and are currently being translated into novel clinical approaches. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Whilst these encouraging results demonstrate that gene therapy can be used successfully to treat monogenic PID, the occurrence of vector-related side effects has highlighted the need for accurate assessment of the associated risks and a requirement for improvements in vector design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Santilli
- University College London, Institute of Child Health, Centre for Immunodeficiency, Molecular Immunology Unit, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
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26
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Candotti F, Roifman C, Puck JM. Immunodeficiencies: injecting some safety into SCID gene therapy? Gene Ther 2008; 13:741-3. [PMID: 18360945 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Swainson L, Mongellaz C, Adjali O, Vicente R, Taylor N. Lentiviral Transduction of Immune Cells. Innate Immun 2008; 415:301-20. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-570-1_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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28
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de la Cueva T, Naranjo A, de la Cueva E, Rubio D. Refinement of intrathymic injection in mice. Lab Anim (NY) 2007; 36:27-32. [PMID: 17450167 DOI: 10.1038/laban0507-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Direct intrathymic injection is a common procedure used in several types of experimental protocols in the mouse. Currently available approaches involve major surgical procedures that expose the thoracic cavity, resulting in an increased risk of poor recovery and postsurgical complications. The authors sought to refine this surgery to reduce animal pain and distress without compromising overall efficiency of the technique. Using a minimally invasive method that does not expose the thoracic cavity, the authors gave accurately placed intrathymic injections, as confirmed by analyses with a reporter dye. They describe this new approach for intrathymic injection in mice that reduces complications associated with lengthy periods of anesthesia and thoracic cavity exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa de la Cueva
- Animal Facility, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Darwin 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
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29
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Abstract
Primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDs) continue to illuminate mechanisms of human immunity and hypersensitivity. New discoveries in common variable immunodeficiency, the most enigmatic of PID syndromes, reveal molecular pathways of importance in human antibody production. FOXP3 mutations demonstrate the essential role that T-regulatory cells play in controlling autoantibody formation and disease. Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 deficiency emphasizes the key role that innate immunity plays in the defense of bacterial disease occurring early in life. With respect to therapy, subcutaneous immunoglobulin treatment may indeed be a better treatment than intravenous immunoglobulin for many patients with antibody deficiency. Finally, PIDs remain in the vanguard for the treatment of inherited disorders by gene therapy. Gene therapy has cured patients with chronic granulomatous disease and severe combined immunodeficiency, but not without morbidity and mortality. Into the 21st century, PIDs continue to instruct us in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Hernandez
- Section of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Rady Children's Hospital, 3020 Children's Way, MC 5114, San Diego, CA 92123-6791, USA
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30
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Baum C, Schambach A, Bohne J, Galla M. Retrovirus Vectors: Toward the Plentivirus? Mol Ther 2006; 13:1050-63. [PMID: 16632409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2006.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2005] [Revised: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant retroviral vectors based upon simple gammaretroviruses, complex lentiviruses, or potentially nonpathogenic spumaviruses represent relatively well characterized tools that are widely used for stable gene transfer. Different members of the Retroviridae family have developed distinct and potentially useful features related to their life cycle. These natural differences can be exploited for specialized applications in gene therapy and could conceivably be combined to create future retroviral hybrid vectors, ideally incorporating the following features: an efficient, noncytopathic packaging system with low likelihood of recombination; serum resistance; an ability to pseudotype with cell-specific envelopes; high-fidelity reverse transcription before cell entry; unrestricted cytoplasmic transport and nuclear import; an insulated expression cassette; specific chromosomal targeting; and physiologic or regulated levels of transgene expression. We envisage that, compared to contemporary vectors, a hybrid vector combining these properties would have increased therapeutic efficacy and an enhanced biosafety profile. Many of the above goals will require the inclusion of nonretroviral components into vector particles or transgenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Baum
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
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31
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Baum C, Kustikova O, Modlich U, Li Z, Fehse B. Mutagenesis and oncogenesis by chromosomal insertion of gene transfer vectors. Hum Gene Ther 2006; 17:253-63. [PMID: 16544975 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence reveals that random insertion of gene transfer vectors into the genome of repopulating hematopoietic cells may alter their fate in vivo. Although most insertional mutations are expected to have few if any consequences for cellular survival, clonal dominance caused by retroviral vector insertions in (or in the vicinity of) proto-oncogenes or other signaling genes has been described for both normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Important insights into these side effects were initially obtained in murine models. Results from ongoing clinical studies have revealed that similar adverse events may also occur in human gene therapy. However, it remains unknown to what extent the outcome of insertional mutagenesis induced by gene vectors is related to (1) the architecture and type of vector used, (2) intrinsic properties of the target cell, and (3) extrinsic and potentially disease-specific factors influencing clonal competition in vivo. This review discusses reports addressing these questions, underlining the need for models that demonstrate and quantify the functional consequences of insertional mutagenesis. Improving vector design appears to be the most straightforward approach to increase safety, provided all relevant cofactors are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Baum
- Experimental Cell Therapy, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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32
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Baum C, Kustikova O, Modlich U, Li Z, Fehse B. Mutagenesis and Oncogenesis by Chromosomal Insertion of Gene Transfer Vectors. Hum Gene Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.ft-190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Baum C, Kustikova O, Modlich U, Li Z, Fehse B. Mutagenesis and Oncogenesis by Chromosomal Insertion of Gene Transfer Vectors. Hum Gene Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.ft-181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Coopman PJ, Mueller SC. The Syk tyrosine kinase: a new negative regulator in tumor growth and progression. Cancer Lett 2006; 241:159-73. [PMID: 16442709 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Revised: 11/03/2005] [Accepted: 11/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The spleen tyrosine kinase Syk was long thought to be a hematopoietic cell-specific signaling molecule. Recent evidence demonstrated that it is also expressed by many non-hematopoietic cell types and that it plays a negative role in cancer. A significant drop in its expression was first observed during breast cancer progression, but an anomalous Syk expression has now also been evidenced in many other tumor types. Mechanistic studies using Syk re-expression demonstrated its suppressive function in tumorigenesis and metastasis formation, which is surprising for a tyrosine kinase. Loss of Syk expression is regulated, albeit not exclusively, by its promoter hypermethylation. The molecular mechanism of its tumor-suppressive function remains largely unknown; the identification of its activators and effectors in non-hematopoietic cells will be a challenge for the years to come. An increasing number of clinical studies reveal a correlation between reduced Syk expression and an increased risk for metastasis formation, and assign Syk as a potential new prognostic marker in different tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Coopman
- CNRS UMR 5539, Université Montpellier 2, 34095 Montpellier, France.
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Seggewiss R, Dunbar CE. A new direction for gene therapy: intrathymic T cell-specific lentiviral gene transfer. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:2064-7. [PMID: 16075048 PMCID: PMC1180563 DOI: 10.1172/jci26041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Reports of neoplasia related to insertional activation of protooncogenes by retroviral vectors have raised serious safety concerns in the field of gene therapy. Modification of current approaches is urgently required to minimize the deleterious consequences of insertional mutagenesis. In this issue of the JCI, Adjali and colleagues report on their treatment of SCID mice lacking the 70-kDa protein tyrosine kinase, ZAP-70, with direct intrathymic injection of a ZAP-70-expressing T cell-specific lentiviral vector, which resulted in T cell reconstitution. Using lentiviral vectors and in situ gene transfer may represent a safer approach than using retroviral vectors for ex vivo gene transfer into HSCs, avoiding 3 factors potentially linked to leukemogenesis, namely HSC targets, ex vivo transduction and expansion, and standard Moloney leukemia virus-based retroviral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Seggewiss
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Adjali O, Vicente RR, Ferrand C, Jacquet C, Mongellaz C, Tiberghien P, Chebli K, Zimmermann VS, Taylor N. Intrathymic administration of hematopoietic progenitor cells enhances T cell reconstitution in ZAP-70 severe combined immunodeficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:13586-91. [PMID: 16174749 PMCID: PMC1224628 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0504268102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) present with opportunistic infections that are almost universally fatal in infancy. The mainstay treatment for these patients is allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation, but sustained polyclonal T cell reconstitution is too often unsatisfactory. Although transplantation is conventionally performed by i.v. administration of HSC, we hypothesized that an intrathymic strategy would be superior. Indeed, several progenitor cell populations are incapable of homing to the thymus, the major site of T cell differentiation, and it appears that there are extensive time periods during which the thymus is refractory to progenitor cell import. To test this hypothesis, nonconditioned infant ZAP-70-deficient SCID mice were intrathymically injected with WT bone marrow progenitor cells, a procedure accomplished without surgical intervention. Upon intrathymic HSC injection, there was a more rapid T cell differentiation, with mature thymocytes detected by 4 weeks after transplantation. Intrathymic injection of HSC also resulted in significantly higher numbers of peripheral T cells, increased percentages of naïve T cells, and more diverse T cell receptor repertoires. Moreover, T cell reconstitution after intrathymic transplantation was obtained after injection of 10-fold fewer donor HSC. Thus, this intrathymic transplantation approach may improve the outcome of SCID patients by enhancing T cell reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumeya Adjali
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5535/IFR 122, 34293 Montpellier, France
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