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Brinkley L, Brock MA, Stinson G, Bilgili A, Jacobs JP, Bleiweis M, Peek GJ. The biological role and future therapeutic uses of nitric oxide in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, a narrative review. Perfusion 2024:2676591241228169. [PMID: 38226651 DOI: 10.1177/02676591241228169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO) is a gas naturally produced by the human body that plays an important physiological role. Specifically, it binds guanylyl cyclase to induce smooth muscle relaxation. NO's other protective functions have been well documented, particularly its protective endothelial functions, effects on decreasing pulmonary vascular resistance, antiplatelet, and anticoagulation properties. The use of nitric oxide donors as vasodilators has been known since 1876. Inhaled nitric oxide has been used as a pulmonary vasodilator and to improve ventilation perfusion matching since the 1990s. It is currently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for neonates with hypoxic respiratory failure, however, it is used off-label for acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute bronchiolitis, and COVID-19. PURPOSE In this article we review the currently understood biological action and therapeutic uses of NO through nitric oxide donors such as inhaled nitric oxide. We will then explore recent studies describing use of NO in cardiopulmonary bypass and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and speculate on NO's future uses.
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Exercise Training Effects on Circulating Endothelial and Progenitor Cells in Heart Failure. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9070222. [PMID: 35877584 PMCID: PMC9322098 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9070222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a major public health issue worldwide with increased prevalence and a high number of hospitalizations. Patients with chronic HF and either reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) or mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) present vascular endothelial dysfunction and significantly decreased circulating levels of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). EPCs are bone marrow-derived cells involved in endothelium regeneration, homeostasis, and neovascularization. One of the unsolved issues in the field of EPCs is the lack of an established method of identification. The most widely approved method is the use of monoclonal antibodies and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis via flow cytometry. The most frequently used markers are CD34, VEGFR-2, CD45, CD31, CD144, and CD146. Exercise training has demonstrated beneficial effects on EPCs by increasing their number in peripheral circulation and improving their functional capacities in patients with HFrEF or HFmrEF. There are two potential mechanisms of EPCs mobilization: shear stress and the hypoxic/ischemic stimulus. The combination of both leads to the release of EPCs in circulation promoting their repairment properties on the vascular endothelium barrier. EPCs are important therapeutic targets and one of the most promising fields in heart failure and, therefore, individualized exercise training programs should be developed in rehabilitation centers.
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Growth hormone-releasing hormone agonists ameliorate chronic kidney disease-induced heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2019835118. [PMID: 33468654 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019835118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) are lacking. Growth hormone-releasing hormone agonists (GHRH-As) have salutary effects in ischemic and nonischemic heart failure animal models. Accordingly, we hypothesized that GHRH-A treatment ameliorates chronic kidney disease (CKD)-induced HFpEF in a large-animal model. Female Yorkshire pigs (n = 16) underwent 5/6 nephrectomy via renal artery embolization and 12 wk later were randomized to receive daily subcutaneous injections of GHRH-A (MR-409; n = 8; 30 µg/kg) or placebo (n = 8) for 4 to 6 wk. Renal and cardiac structure and function were serially assessed postembolization. Animals with 5/6 nephrectomy exhibited CKD (elevated blood urea nitrogen [BUN] and creatinine) and faithfully recapitulated the hemodynamic features of HFpEF. HFpEF was demonstrated at 12 wk by maintenance of ejection fraction associated with increased left ventricular mass, relative wall thickness, end-diastolic pressure (EDP), end-diastolic pressure/end-diastolic volume (EDP/EDV) ratio, and tau, the time constant of isovolumic diastolic relaxation. After 4 to 6 wk of treatment, the GHRH-A group exhibited normalization of EDP (P = 0.03), reduced EDP/EDV ratio (P = 0.018), and a reduction in myocardial pro-brain natriuretic peptide protein abundance. GHRH-A increased cardiomyocyte [Ca2+] transient amplitude (P = 0.009). Improvement of the diastolic function was also evidenced by increased abundance of titin isoforms and their ratio (P = 0.0022). GHRH-A exerted a beneficial effect on diastolic function in a CKD large-animal model as demonstrated by improving hemodynamic, structural, and molecular characteristics of HFpEF. These findings have important therapeutic implications for the HFpEF syndrome.
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Buelna-Chontal M, García-Niño WR, Silva-Palacios A, Enríquez-Cortina C, Zazueta C. Implications of Oxidative and Nitrosative Post-Translational Modifications in Therapeutic Strategies against Reperfusion Damage. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:749. [PMID: 34066806 PMCID: PMC8151040 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications based on redox reactions "switch on-off" the biological activity of different downstream targets, modifying a myriad of processes and providing an efficient mechanism for signaling regulation in physiological and pathological conditions. Such modifications depend on the generation of redox components, such as reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide. Therefore, as the oxidative or nitrosative milieu prevailing in the reperfused heart is determinant for protective signaling, in this review we defined the impact of redox-based post-translational modifications resulting from either oxidative/nitrosative signaling or oxidative/nitrosative stress that occurs during reperfusion damage. The role that cardioprotective conditioning strategies have had to establish that such changes occur at different subcellular levels, particularly in mitochondria, is also presented. Another section is devoted to the possible mechanism of signal delivering of modified proteins. Finally, we discuss the possible efficacy of redox-based therapeutic strategies against reperfusion damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cecilia Zazueta
- Department of Cardiovascular Biomedicine, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (M.B.-C.); (W.R.G.-N.); (A.S.-P.); (C.E.-C.)
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Mintz J, Vedenko A, Rosete O, Shah K, Goldstein G, Hare JM, Ramasamy R, Arora H. Current Advances of Nitric Oxide in Cancer and Anticancer Therapeutics. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:94. [PMID: 33513777 PMCID: PMC7912608 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-lived, ubiquitous signaling molecule that affects numerous critical functions in the body. There are markedly conflicting findings in the literature regarding the bimodal effects of NO in carcinogenesis and tumor progression, which has important consequences for treatment. Several preclinical and clinical studies have suggested that both pro- and antitumorigenic effects of NO depend on multiple aspects, including, but not limited to, tissue of generation, the level of production, the oxidative/reductive (redox) environment in which this radical is generated, the presence or absence of NO transduction elements, and the tumor microenvironment. Generally, there are four major categories of NO-based anticancer therapies: NO donors, phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDE-i), soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) activators, and immunomodulators. Of these, NO donors are well studied, well characterized, and also the most promising. In this study, we review the current knowledge in this area, with an emphasis placed on the role of NO as an anticancer therapy and dysregulated molecular interactions during the evolution of cancer, highlighting the strategies that may aid in the targeting of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Mintz
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL 33328, USA;
| | - Anastasia Vedenko
- John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (A.V.); (J.M.H.)
| | - Omar Rosete
- Department of Urology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Khushi Shah
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA;
| | - Gabriella Goldstein
- College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
| | - Joshua M. Hare
- John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (A.V.); (J.M.H.)
- The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ranjith Ramasamy
- Department of Urology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
- The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Himanshu Arora
- John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (A.V.); (J.M.H.)
- Department of Urology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
- The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Nitric Oxide and S-Nitrosylation in Cardiac Regulation: G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase-2 and β-Arrestins as Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020521. [PMID: 33430208 PMCID: PMC7825736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac diseases including heart failure (HF), are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Among the prominent characteristics of HF is the loss of β-adrenoceptor (AR)-mediated inotropic reserve. This is primarily due to the derangements in myocardial regulatory signaling proteins, G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinases (GRKs) and β-arrestins (β-Arr) that modulate β-AR signal termination via receptor desensitization and downregulation. GRK2 and β-Arr2 activities are elevated in the heart after injury/stress and participate in HF through receptor inactivation. These GPCR regulators are modulated profoundly by nitric oxide (NO) produced by NO synthase (NOS) enzymes through S-nitrosylation due to receptor-coupled NO generation. S-nitrosylation, which is NO-mediated modification of protein cysteine residues to generate an S-nitrosothiol (SNO), mediates many effects of NO independently from its canonical guanylyl cyclase/cGMP/protein kinase G signaling. Herein, we review the knowledge on the NO system in the heart and S-nitrosylation-dependent modifications of myocardial GPCR signaling components GRKs and β-Arrs.
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Protective Effects of Polyphenols against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153469. [PMID: 32751587 PMCID: PMC7435883 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality across the world. It manifests as an imbalance between blood demand and blood delivery in the myocardium, which leads to cardiac ischemia and myocardial necrosis. While it is not easy to identify the first pathogenic cause of MI, the consequences are characterized by ischemia, chronic inflammation, and tissue degeneration. A poor MI prognosis is associated with extensive cardiac remodeling. A loss of viable cardiomyocytes is replaced with fibrosis, which reduces heart contractility and heart function. Recent advances have given rise to the concept of natural polyphenols. These bioactive compounds have been studied for their pharmacological properties and have proven successful in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Studies have focused on their various bioactivities, such as their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and free radical scavenging. In this review, we summarized the effects and benefits of polyphenols on the cardiovascular injury, particularly on the treatment of myocardial infarction in animal and human studies.
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium mishandling: central tenet in heart failure? Biophys Rev 2020; 12:865-878. [PMID: 32696300 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-020-00736-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitation-contraction coupling links excitation of the sarcolemmal surface membrane to mechanical contraction. In the heart this link is established via a Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release process, which, following sarcolemmal depolarisation, prompts Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) though the ryanodine receptor (RyR2). This substantially raises the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration to trigger systole. In diastole, Ca2+ is removed from the cytoplasm, primarily via the sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-dependent ATPase (SERCA) pump on the SR membrane, returning Ca2+ to the SR store. Ca2+ movement across the SR is thus fundamental to the systole/diastole cycle and plays an essential role in maintaining cardiac contractile function. Altered SR Ca2+ homeostasis (due to disrupted Ca2+ release, storage, and reuptake pathways) is a central tenet of heart failure and contributes to depressed contractility, impaired relaxation, and propensity to arrhythmia. This review will focus on the molecular mechanisms that underlie asynchronous Ca2+ cycling around the SR in the failing heart. Further, this review will illustrate that the combined effects of expression changes and disruptions to RyR2 and SERCA2a regulatory pathways are critical to the pathogenesis of heart failure.
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Sharifi-Rad M, Anil Kumar NV, Zucca P, Varoni EM, Dini L, Panzarini E, Rajkovic J, Tsouh Fokou PV, Azzini E, Peluso I, Prakash Mishra A, Nigam M, El Rayess Y, Beyrouthy ME, Polito L, Iriti M, Martins N, Martorell M, Docea AO, Setzer WN, Calina D, Cho WC, Sharifi-Rad J. Lifestyle, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Back and Forth in the Pathophysiology of Chronic Diseases. Front Physiol 2020; 11:694. [PMID: 32714204 PMCID: PMC7347016 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 724] [Impact Index Per Article: 181.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Long term exposure to increased levels of pro-oxidant factors can cause structural defects at a mitochondrial DNA level, as well as functional alteration of several enzymes and cellular structures leading to aberrations in gene expression. The modern lifestyle associated with processed food, exposure to a wide range of chemicals and lack of exercise plays an important role in oxidative stress induction. However, the use of medicinal plants with antioxidant properties has been exploited for their ability to treat or prevent several human pathologies in which oxidative stress seems to be one of the causes. In this review we discuss the diseases in which oxidative stress is one of the triggers and the plant-derived antioxidant compounds with their mechanisms of antioxidant defenses that can help in the prevention of these diseases. Finally, both the beneficial and detrimental effects of antioxidant molecules that are used to reduce oxidative stress in several human conditions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sharifi-Rad
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Nanjangud V. Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Paolo Zucca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elena Maria Varoni
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Milan State University, Milan, Italy
| | - Luciana Dini
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Elisa Panzarini
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Jovana Rajkovic
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Elena Azzini
- CREA – Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Peluso
- CREA – Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
| | - Abhay Prakash Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, H.N.B. Garhwal (A Central) University, Srinagar, India
| | - Manisha Nigam
- Department of Biochemistry, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar, India
| | - Youssef El Rayess
- Department of Agriculture and Food Engineering, School of Engineering, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Marc El Beyrouthy
- Department of Agriculture and Food Engineering, School of Engineering, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Letizia Polito
- General Pathology Section, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine – DIMES, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marcello Iriti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan State University, Milan, Italy
| | - Natália Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
- Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad de Concepción UDT, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - William N. Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - William C. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Cao M, Yuan W, Peng M, Mao Z, Zhao Q, Sun X, Yan J. Role of CyPA in cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20193190. [PMID: 31825469 PMCID: PMC6928530 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20193190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological cardiac hypertrophy is a complex process and eventually develops into heart failure, in which the heart responds to various intrinsic or external stress, involving increased interstitial fibrosis, cell death and cardiac dysfunction. Studies have shown that oxidative stress is an important mechanism for this maladaptation. Cyclophilin A (CyPA) is a member of the cyclophilin (CyPs) family. Many cells secrete CyPA to the outside of the cells in response to oxidative stress. CyPA from blood vessels and the heart itself participate in a variety of signaling pathways to regulate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mediate inflammation, promote cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts, stimulate endothelial injury and vascular smooth muscle hyperplasia, and promote the dissolution of extracellular matrix (ECM) by activating matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The events triggered by CyPA cause a decline of diastolic and systolic function and finally lead to the occurrence of heart failure. This article aims to introduce the role and mechanism of CyPA in cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling, and highlights its potential role as a disease biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, China
| | - Meiling Peng
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, China
| | - Ziqi Mao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, China
| | - Qianru Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, China
| | - Xia Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, China
| | - Jinchuan Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, China
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Dries E, Santiago DJ, Gilbert G, Lenaerts I, Vandenberk B, Nagaraju CK, Johnson DM, Holemans P, Roderick HL, Macquaide N, Claus P, Sipido KR. Hyperactive ryanodine receptors in human heart failure and ischaemic cardiomyopathy reside outside of couplons. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 114:1512-1524. [PMID: 29668881 PMCID: PMC6106102 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims In ventricular myocytes from humans and large mammals, the transverse and axial tubular system (TATS) network is less extensive than in rodents with consequently a greater proportion of ryanodine receptors (RyRs) not coupled to this membrane system. TATS remodelling in heart failure (HF) and after myocardial infarction (MI) increases the fraction of non-coupled RyRs. Here we investigate whether this remodelling alters the activity of coupled and non-coupled RyR sub-populations through changes in local signalling. We study myocytes from patients with end-stage HF, compared with non-failing (non-HF), and myocytes from pigs with MI and reduced left ventricular (LV) function, compared with sham intervention (SHAM). Methods and results Single LV myocytes for functional studies were isolated according to standard protocols. Immunofluorescent staining visualized organization of TATS and RyRs. Ca2+ was measured by confocal imaging (fluo-4 as indicator) and using whole-cell patch-clamp (37°C). Spontaneous Ca2+ release events, Ca2+ sparks, as a readout for RyR activity were recorded during a 15 s period following conditioning stimulation at 2 Hz. Sparks were assigned to cell regions categorized as coupled or non-coupled sites according to a previously developed method. Human HF myocytes had more non-coupled sites and these had more spontaneous activity than in non-HF. Hyperactivity of these non-coupled RyRs was reduced by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) inhibition. Myocytes from MI pigs had similar changes compared with SHAM controls as seen in human HF myocytes. As well as by CaMKII inhibition, in MI, the increased activity of non-coupled sites was inhibited by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mito-ROS) scavenging. Under adrenergic stimulation, Ca2+ waves were more frequent and originated at non-coupled sites, generating larger Na+/Ca2+ exchange currents in MI than in SHAM. Inhibition of CaMKII or mito-ROS scavenging reduced spontaneous Ca2+ waves, and improved excitation–contraction coupling. Conclusions In HF and after MI, RyR microdomain re-organization enhances spontaneous Ca2+ release at non-coupled sites in a manner dependent on CaMKII activation and mito-ROS production. This specific modulation generates a substrate for arrhythmia that appears to be responsive to selective pharmacologic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eef Dries
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat Leuven, Belgium
| | - Demetrio J Santiago
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Gilbert
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilse Lenaerts
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert Vandenberk
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chandan K Nagaraju
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniel M Johnson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patricia Holemans
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat Leuven, Belgium
| | - H Llewelyn Roderick
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat Leuven, Belgium
| | - Niall Macquaide
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Claus
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karin R Sipido
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat Leuven, Belgium
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Enhanced Keap1-Nrf2 signaling protects the myocardium from isoproterenol-induced pathological remodeling in mice. Redox Biol 2019; 27:101212. [PMID: 31155513 PMCID: PMC6859568 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NFE2L2/Nrf2) is an inducible transcription factor that is essential for maintenance of redox signaling in response to stress. This suggests that if Nrf2 expression response could be enhanced for a defined physiological pro-oxidant stress then it would be protective. This has important implications for the therapeutic manipulation of the Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway which is now gaining a lot of attention. We tested this hypothesis through the generation of Nrf2 transgene expression mouse model with and without isoproterenol-induced cardiac stress. Cardiac-specific mouse Nrf2 transgenic (mNrf2-TG) and non-transgenic (NTG) mice were subjected to isoproterenol (ISO) treatment and assessed for myocardial structure, function (echocardiography and electrocardiography), and glutathione redox state. Myocardial infarction and fibrosis along with increased inflammation leading to myocardial dysfunction was noted in NTG mice exposed to ISO, while mNrf2-TG hearts were resistant to the ISO insult. Preservation of myocardial structure and function in the mNrf2-TG mice was associated with the enhanced Nrf2 expression displayed in these hearts with an increased basal and post-treatment expression of redox modulatory genes and an overall enhanced antioxidant status. Of note, myocardium of ISO-treated TG mice displayed significantly increased stabilization of the KEAP1-NRF2 complex and enhanced release of NRF2 to the nucleus resulting in overall decreased pro-oxidant markers. Taken together, we suggest that a basal enhanced Nrf2 expression in mouse heart results in maintenance of redox homeostasis and counteracts ISO-induced oxidative stress, and suppresses pathological remodeling. These data suggest that an alternative therapeutic approach to enhance the efficacy of the Keap1-Nrf2 system is to stimulate basal expression of Nrf2. Isoproterenol induces oxidative/inflammatory stresses and leading to myocardial remodeling. Cardiac specific expression of Nrf2 augments Keap1-Nrf2 association, thereby timely responds to isoproterenol-induced stress. Augmented levels of Keap1-Nrf2 signaling is crucial to combat isoproterenol toxicity in the heart. Enhanced Nrf2-dependent antioxidant defense suppresses oxidative stress and prevents pathological cardiac remodeling. A controlled activation of global antioxidant signaling is vital for myocardial protection in stress conditions.
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13
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Alterations of tumor microenvironment by nitric oxide impedes castration-resistant prostate cancer growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:11298-11303. [PMID: 30322928 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1812704115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune targeted therapy of nitric oxide (NO) synthases are being considered as a potential frontline therapeutic to treat patients diagnosed with locally advanced and metastatic prostate cancer. However, the role of NO in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is controversial because NO can increase in nitrosative stress while simultaneously possessing antiinflammatory properties. Accordingly, we tested the hypothesis that increased NO will lead to tumor suppression of CRPC through tumor microenvironment. S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), an NO donor, decreased the tumor burden in murine model of CRPC by targeting tumors in a cell nonautonomous manner. GSNO inhibited both the abundance of antiinflammatory (M2) macrophages and expression of pERK, indicating that tumor-associated macrophages activity is influenced by NO. Additionally, GSNO decreased IL-34, indicating suppression of tumor-associated macrophage differentiation. Cytokine profiling of CRPC tumor grafts exposed to GSNO revealed a significant decrease in expression of G-CSF and M-CSF compared with grafts not exposed to GSNO. We verified the durability of NO on CRPC tumor suppression by using secondary xenograft murine models. This study validates the significance of NO on inhibition of CRPC tumors through tumor microenvironment (TME). These findings may facilitate the development of previously unidentified NO-based therapy for CRPC.
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Fontana J, Zima M, Vetvicka V. Biological Markers of Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases: After so Many Studies, What do We Know? Immunol Invest 2018; 47:823-843. [DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2018.1523925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Josef Fontana
- Center for Research on Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Zima
- Department of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Vetvicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
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15
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Sairam T, Patel AN, Subrahmanian M, Gopalan R, Pogwizd SM, Ramalingam S, Sankaran R, Rajasekaran NS. Evidence for a hyper-reductive redox in a sub-set of heart failure patients. J Transl Med 2018; 16:130. [PMID: 29776421 PMCID: PMC5960146 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress has been linked to heart failure (HF) in humans. Antioxidant-based treatments are often ineffective. Therefore, we hypothesize that some of the HF patients might have a reductive stress (RS) condition. Investigating RS-related mechanisms will aid in personalized optimization of redox homeostasis for better outcomes among HF patients. METHODS Blood samples were collected from HF patients (n = 54) and healthy controls (n = 42) and serum was immediately preserved in - 80 °C for redox analysis. Malondialdehyde (MDA; lipid peroxidation) levels by HPLC, reduced glutathione (GSH) and its redox ratio (GSH/GSSG) using enzymatic-recycling assay in the serum of HF patients were measured. Further, the activities of key antioxidant enzymes were analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Non-invasive echocardiography was used to relate circulating redox status with cardiac function and remodeling. RESULTS The circulatory redox state (GSH/MDA ratio) was used to stratify the HF patients into normal redox (NR), hyper-oxidative (HO), and hyper-reductive (HR) groups. While the majority of the HF patients exhibited the HO (42%), 41% of them had a normal redox (NR) state. Surprisingly, a subset of HF patients (17%) belonged to the hyper-reductive group, suggesting a strong implication for RS in the progression of HF. In all the groups of HF patients, SOD, GPx and catalase were significantly increased while GR activity was significantly reduced relative to healthy controls. Furthermore, echocardiography analyses revealed that 55% of HO patients had higher systolic dysfunction while 62.5% of the hyper-reductive patients had higher diastolic dysfunction. CONCLUSION These results suggest that RS may be associated with HF pathogenesis for a subset of cardiac patients. Thus, stratification of HF patients based on their circulating redox status may serve as a useful prognostic tool to guide clinicians designing personalized antioxidant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiagarajan Sairam
- PSG Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences & Research (Affiliated to the Tamilnadu Dr MGR Medical University), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Amit N Patel
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Meenu Subrahmanian
- PSG Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences & Research (Affiliated to the Tamilnadu Dr MGR Medical University), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajendiran Gopalan
- Department of Cardiology, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences & Research (Affiliated to the Tamilnadu Dr MGR Medical University), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Steven M Pogwizd
- Comprehensive Cardiovascular Center, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sudha Ramalingam
- PSG Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences & Research (Affiliated to the Tamilnadu Dr MGR Medical University), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramalingam Sankaran
- PSG Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences & Research (Affiliated to the Tamilnadu Dr MGR Medical University), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Namakkal Soorapan Rajasekaran
- Cardiac Aging & Redox Signaling Laboratory, Center for Free Radical Biology, Division of Molecular & Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, UAB
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, BMR2 Room 533
- 901 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294-2180, USA. .,PSG Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences & Research (Affiliated to the Tamilnadu Dr MGR Medical University), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. .,Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Djohan AH, Sia CH, Lee PS, Poh KK. Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Heart Failure: an Authentic Expectation for Potential Future Use and a Lack of Universal Definition. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2018; 11:393-402. [PMID: 29777508 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-018-9810-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a prevalent disease (especially among the elderly) with high mortality and morbidity rates. The pathological hallmark of CHF is a loss of cardiomyocytes leading to cardiac fibrosis and dysfunctional cardiac remodeling, which culminates in organ failure. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are bone marrow-derived cells that contribute to maintenance of the integrity of endothelial wall and protect ischemic myocardium through forming new blood vessels (vasculogenesis) or proliferation of pre-existing vasculature (angiogenesis). Despite its potential, little is known about EPCs and their function in CHF. Here, we define EPC and its role in health and CHF, highlighting their contributions as a cornerstone in the maintenance of a healthy endothelium. Thereafter, we explore the behavior and relevance of EPCs in the pathophysiology of CHF, their prognostic importance, and possible utilization of EPCs as therapy for CHF. Lastly, the restrictions surrounding the use of EPCs in clinical practice will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andie H Djohan
- Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ching-Hui Sia
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre Singapore, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, NUHS Tower Block, Level 9, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Poay Sian Lee
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kian-Keong Poh
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre Singapore, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, NUHS Tower Block, Level 9, Singapore, 119228, Singapore. .,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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17
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Moris D, Spartalis M, Tzatzaki E, Spartalis E, Karachaliou GS, Triantafyllis AS, Karaolanis GI, Tsilimigras DI, Theocharis S. The role of reactive oxygen species in myocardial redox signaling and regulation. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:324. [PMID: 28861421 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.06.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are subcellular messengers in gene regulatory and signal transduction pathways. In pathological situations, ROS accumulate due to excessive production or insufficient degradation, leading to oxidative stress (OS). OS causes oxidation of DNA, membranes, cellular lipids, and proteins, impairing their normal function and leading ultimately to cell death. OS in the heart is increased in response to ischemia/reperfusion, hypertrophy, and heart failure. The concentration of ROS is determined by their rates of production and clearance by antioxidants. Increases in OS in heart failure are primarily a result of the functional uncoupling of the respiratory chain due to inactivation of complex I. However, increased ROS in the failing myocardium may also be caused by impaired antioxidant capacity, such as decreased activity of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) or stimulation of enzymatic sources, including, cyclooxygenase, xanthine oxidase (XO), nitric oxide synthase, and nonphagocytic NAD(P)H oxidases (Noxs). Mitochondria are the main source of ROS during heart failure and aging. Increased production of ROS in the failing heart leads to mitochondrial permeability transition, which results in matrix swelling, outer membrane rupture, a release of apoptotic signaling molecules, and irreversible injury to the mitochondria. Alterations of "redox homeostasis" leads to major cellular consequences, and cellular survival requires an optimal regulation of the redox balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetrios Moris
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael Spartalis
- Division of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Tzatzaki
- Division of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Spartalis
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia-Sofia Karachaliou
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Georgios I Karaolanis
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
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18
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He N, Jia JJ, Li JH, Zhou YF, Lin BY, Peng YF, Chen JJ, Chen TC, Tong RL, Jiang L, Xie HY, Zhou L, Zheng SS. Remote ischemic perconditioning prevents liver transplantation-induced ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats: Role of ROS/RNS and eNOS. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:830-841. [PMID: 28223727 PMCID: PMC5296199 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i5.830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the underlying mechanisms of the protective role of remote ischemic perconditioning (RIPerC) in rat liver transplantation.
METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to sham, orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), ischemic postconditioning (IPostC) or RIPerC. After 3 h reperfusion, blood samples were taken for measurement of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine (Cr) and creatinine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB). The liver lobes were harvested for the following measurements: reactive oxygen species (ROS), H2O2, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and total nitric oxide (NO). These measurements were determined using an ROS/H2O2, JC1 and Total NOx Assay Kit, respectively. Endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) was analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting, and peroxynitrite was semi-quantified by western blotting of 3-nitrotyrosine.
RESULTS Compared with the OLT group, the grafts subjected to RIPerC showed significantly improved liver and remote organ functions (P < 0.05). ROS (P < 0.001) including H2O2 (P < 0.05) were largely elevated in the OLT group as compared with the sham group, and RIPerC (P < 0.05) reversed this trend. The collapse of ΔΨm induced by OLT ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury was significantly attenuated in the RIPerC group (P < 0.001). A marked increase of NO content and phosphoserine eNOS, both in protein and mRNA levels, was observed in liver graft of the RIPerC group as compared with the OLT group (P < 0.05). I/R-induced 3-nitrotyrosine content was significantly reduced in the RIPerC group as compared with the OLT group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the RIPerC and IPostC groups for all the results except Cr. The Cr level was lower in the RIPerC group than in the IPostC group (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION Liver graft protection by RIPerC is similar to or better than that of IPostC, and involves inhibition of oxidative stress and up-regulation of the PI3K/Akt/eNOS/NO pathway.
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Abstract
Heart failure (HF) patients suffer from exercise intolerance that diminishes their ability to perform normal activities of daily living and hence compromises their quality of life. This is due largely to detrimental changes in skeletal muscle mass, structure, metabolism, and function. This includes an impairment of muscle contractile performance, i.e., a decline in the maximal force, speed, and power of muscle shortening. Although numerous mechanisms underlie this reduction in contractility, one contributing factor may be a decrease in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Consistent with this, recent data demonstrate that acute ingestion of NO3 (-)-rich beetroot juice, a source of NO via the NO synthase-independent enterosalivary pathway, markedly increases maximal muscle speed and power in HF patients. This review discusses the role of muscle contractile dysfunction in the exercise intolerance characteristic of HF, and the evidence that dietary NO3 (-) supplementation may represent a novel and simple therapy for this currently underappreciated problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Coggan
- Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd. - Campus Box 8225, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Linda R Peterson
- Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd. - Campus Box 8225, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. - Campus Box 8086, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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20
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Simmons RD, Kumar S, Thabet SR, Sur S, Jo H. Omics-based approaches to understand mechanosensitive endothelial biology and atherosclerosis. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 8:378-401. [PMID: 27341633 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease that preferentially occurs in arterial regions exposed to d-flow can be used to indicate disturbed flow or disturbed blood flow. The mechanisms by which d-flow induces atherosclerosis involve changes in the transcriptome, methylome, proteome, and metabolome of multiple vascular cells, especially endothelial cells. Initially, we begin with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and the changes that occur at multiple levels owing to d-flow, especially in the endothelium. Also, there are a variety of strategies used for the global profiling of the genome, transcriptome, miRNA-ome, DNA methylome, and metabolome that are important to define the biological and pathophysiological mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Finally, systems biology can be used to integrate these 'omics' datasets, especially those that derive data based on a single animal model, in order to better understand the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis development in a holistic manner and how this integrative approach could be used to identify novel molecular diagnostics and therapeutic targets to prevent or treat atherosclerosis. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2016, 8:378-401. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1344 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel D Simmons
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Salim Raid Thabet
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sanjoli Sur
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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21
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Morris G, Berk M, Klein H, Walder K, Galecki P, Maes M. Nitrosative Stress, Hypernitrosylation, and Autoimmune Responses to Nitrosylated Proteins: New Pathways in Neuroprogressive Disorders Including Depression and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4271-4291. [PMID: 27339878 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9975-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide plays an indispensable role in modulating cellular signaling and redox pathways. This role is mainly effected by the readily reversible nitrosylation of selective protein cysteine thiols. The reversibility and sophistication of this signaling system is enabled and regulated by a number of enzymes which form part of the thioredoxin, glutathione, and pyridoxine antioxidant systems. Increases in nitric oxide levels initially lead to a defensive increase in the number of nitrosylated proteins in an effort to preserve their function. However, in an environment of chronic oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS), nitrosylation of crucial cysteine groups within key enzymes of the thioredoxin, glutathione, and pyridoxine systems leads to their inactivation thereby disabling denitrosylation and transnitrosylation and subsequently a state described as "hypernitrosylation." This state leads to the development of pathology in multiple domains such as the inhibition of enzymes of the electron transport chain, decreased mitochondrial function, and altered conformation of proteins and amino acids leading to loss of immune tolerance and development of autoimmunity. Hypernitrosylation also leads to altered function or inactivation of proteins involved in the regulation of apoptosis, autophagy, proteomic degradation, transcription factor activity, immune-inflammatory pathways, energy production, and neural function and survival. Hypernitrosylation, as a consequence of chronically elevated O&NS and activated immune-inflammatory pathways, can explain many characteristic abnormalities observed in neuroprogressive disease including major depression and chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis. In those disorders, increased bacterial translocation may drive hypernitrosylation and autoimmune responses against nitrosylated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Tir Na Nog, Bryn Road seaside 87, Llanelli, SA152LW, Wales, UK
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, 3220, Australia
- Orygen Youth Health Research Centre and the Centre of Youth Mental Health, Poplar Road 35, Parkville, 3052, Australia
- The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Kenneth Myer Building, Royal Parade 30, Parkville, 3052, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Level 1 North, Main Block, Parkville, 3052, Australia
| | - Hans Klein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, UMCG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ken Walder
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia
| | - Piotr Galecki
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
- Revitalis, Waalre, The Netherlands.
- IMPACT Strategic Research Center, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
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22
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Murphy E, Ardehali H, Balaban RS, DiLisa F, Dorn GW, Kitsis RN, Otsu K, Ping P, Rizzuto R, Sack MN, Wallace D, Youle RJ. Mitochondrial Function, Biology, and Role in Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circ Res 2016; 118:1960-91. [PMID: 27126807 PMCID: PMC6398603 DOI: 10.1161/res.0000000000000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a major leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and elsewhere. Alterations in mitochondrial function are increasingly being recognized as a contributing factor in myocardial infarction and in patients presenting with cardiomyopathy. Recent understanding of the complex interaction of the mitochondria in regulating metabolism and cell death can provide novel insight and therapeutic targets. The purpose of this statement is to better define the potential role of mitochondria in the genesis of cardiovascular disease such as ischemia and heart failure. To accomplish this, we will define the key mitochondrial processes that play a role in cardiovascular disease that are potential targets for novel therapeutic interventions. This is an exciting time in mitochondrial research. The past decade has provided novel insight into the role of mitochondria function and their importance in complex diseases. This statement will define the key roles that mitochondria play in cardiovascular physiology and disease and provide insight into how mitochondrial defects can contribute to cardiovascular disease; it will also discuss potential biomarkers of mitochondrial disease and suggest potential novel therapeutic approaches.
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23
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Vulesevic B, McNeill B, Giacco F, Maeda K, Blackburn NJR, Brownlee M, Milne RW, Suuronen EJ. Methylglyoxal-Induced Endothelial Cell Loss and Inflammation Contribute to the Development of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Diabetes 2016; 65:1699-713. [PMID: 26956489 PMCID: PMC4878427 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms for the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy remain largely unknown. Methylglyoxal (MG) can accumulate and promote inflammation and vascular damage in diabetes. We examined if overexpression of the MG-metabolizing enzyme glyoxalase 1 (GLO1) in macrophages and the vasculature could reduce MG-induced inflammation and prevent ventricular dysfunction in diabetes. Hyperglycemia increased circulating inflammatory markers in wild-type (WT) but not in GLO1-overexpressing mice. Endothelial cell number was reduced in WT-diabetic hearts compared with nondiabetic controls, whereas GLO1 overexpression preserved capillary density. Neuregulin production, endothelial nitric oxide synthase dimerization, and Bcl-2 expression in endothelial cells was maintained in the hearts of GLO1-diabetic mice and corresponded to less myocardial cell death compared with the WT-diabetic group. Lower receptor for advanced glycation end products and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were also observed in GLO1-diabetic versus WT-diabetic mice. Over a period of 8 weeks of hyperglycemia, GLO1 overexpression delayed and limited the loss of cardiac function. In vitro, MG and TNF-α were shown to synergize in promoting endothelial cell death, which was associated with increased angiopoietin 2 expression and reduced Bcl-2 expression. These results suggest that MG in diabetes increases inflammation, leading to endothelial cell loss. This contributes to the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy and identifies MG-induced endothelial inflammation as a target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branka Vulesevic
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian McNeill
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ferdinando Giacco
- Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Kay Maeda
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nick J R Blackburn
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Brownlee
- Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Ross W Milne
- Diabetes and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erik J Suuronen
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Oxidative stress and ca(2+) release events in mouse cardiomyocytes. Biophys J 2016; 107:2815-2827. [PMID: 25517148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular oxidative stress, associated with a variety of common cardiac diseases, is well recognized to affect the function of several key proteins involved in Ca(2+) signaling and excitation-contraction coupling, which are known to be exquisitely sensitive to reactive oxygen species. These include the Ca(2+) release channels of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (ryanodine receptors or RyR2s) and the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). Oxidation of RyR2s was found to increase the open probability of the channel, whereas CaMKII can be activated independent of Ca(2+) through oxidation. Here, we investigated how oxidative stress affects RyR2 function and SR Ca(2+) signaling in situ, by analyzing Ca(2+) sparks in permeabilized mouse cardiomyocytes under a broad range of oxidative conditions. The results show that with increasing oxidative stress Ca(2+) spark duration is prolonged. In addition, long and very long-lasting (up to hundreds of milliseconds) localized Ca(2+) release events started to appear, eventually leading to sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) depletion. These changes of release duration could be prevented by the CaMKII inhibitor KN93 and did not occur in mice lacking the CaMKII-specific S2814 phosphorylation site on RyR2. The appearance of long-lasting Ca(2+) release events was paralleled by an increase of RyR2 oxidation, but also by RyR-S2814 phosphorylation, and by CaMKII oxidation. Our results suggest that in a strongly oxidative environment oxidation-dependent activation of CaMKII leads to RyR2 phosphorylation and thereby contributes to the massive prolongation of SR Ca(2+) release events.
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25
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Neri M, Riezzo I, Pomara C, Schiavone S, Turillazzi E. Oxidative-Nitrosative Stress and Myocardial Dysfunctions in Sepsis: Evidence from the Literature and Postmortem Observations. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:3423450. [PMID: 27274621 PMCID: PMC4870364 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3423450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial depression in sepsis is common, and it is associated with higher mortality. In recent years, the hypothesis that the myocardial dysfunction during sepsis could be mediated by ischemia related to decreased coronary blood flow waned and a complex mechanism was invoked to explain cardiac dysfunction in sepsis. Oxidative stress unbalance is thought to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of cardiac impairment in septic patients. AIM In this paper, we review the current literature regarding the pathophysiology of cardiac dysfunction in sepsis, focusing on the possible role of oxidative-nitrosative stress unbalance and mitochondria dysfunction. We discuss these mechanisms within the broad scenario of cardiac involvement in sepsis. CONCLUSIONS Findings from the current literature broaden our understanding of the role of oxidative and nitrosative stress unbalance in the pathophysiology of cardiac dysfunction in sepsis, thus contributing to the establishment of a relationship between these settings and the occurrence of oxidative stress. The complex pathogenesis of septic cardiac failure may explain why, despite the therapeutic strategies, sepsis remains a big clinical challenge for effectively managing the disease to minimize mortality, leading to consideration of the potential therapeutic effects of antioxidant agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Neri
- Institute of Forensic Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo, Viale degli Aviatori 1, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - I. Riezzo
- Institute of Forensic Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo, Viale degli Aviatori 1, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - C. Pomara
- Institute of Forensic Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo, Viale degli Aviatori 1, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - S. Schiavone
- Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via L. Pinto 1, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - E. Turillazzi
- Institute of Forensic Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo, Viale degli Aviatori 1, 71100 Foggia, Italy
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Rammos C, Zeus T, Balzer J, Kubatz L, Hendgen-Cotta UB, Veulemans V, Hellhammer K, Totzeck M, Luedike P, Kelm M, Rassaf T. Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair in Mitral Regurgitation Reduces Cell-Free Hemoglobin and Improves Endothelial Function. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151203. [PMID: 26986059 PMCID: PMC4795750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective Endothelial dysfunction is predictive for cardiovascular events and may be caused by decreased bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO). NO is scavenged by cell-free hemoglobin with reduction of bioavailable NO up to 70% subsequently deteriorating vascular function. While patients with mitral regurgitation (MR) suffer from an impaired prognosis, mechanisms relating to coexistent vascular dysfunctions have not been described yet. Therapy of MR using a percutaneous mitral valve repair (PMVR) approach has been shown to lead to significant clinical benefits. We here sought to investigate the role of endothelial function in MR and the potential impact of PMVR. Methods and Results Twenty-seven patients with moderate-to-severe MR treated with the MitraClip® device were enrolled in an open-label single-center observational study. Patients underwent clinical assessment, conventional echocardiography, and determination of endothelial function by measuring flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery using high-resolution ultrasound at baseline and at 3-month follow-up. Patients with MR demonstrated decompartmentalized hemoglobin and reduced endothelial function (cell-free plasma hemoglobin in heme 28.9±3.8 μM, FMD 3.9±0.9%). Three months post-procedure, PMVR improved ejection fraction (from 41±3% to 46±3%, p = 0.03) and NYHA functional class (from 3.0±0.1 to 1.9±1.7, p<0.001). PMVR was associated with a decrease in cell free plasma hemoglobin (22.3±2.4 μM, p = 0.02) and improved endothelial functions (FMD 4.8±1.0%, p<0.0001). Conclusion We demonstrate here that plasma from patients with MR contains significant amounts of cell-free hemoglobin, which is accompanied by endothelial dysfunction. PMVR therapy is associated with an improved hemoglobin decompartmentalization and vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Rammos
- University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tobias Zeus
- University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jan Balzer
- University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura Kubatz
- University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulrike B. Hendgen-Cotta
- University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Verena Veulemans
- University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katharina Hellhammer
- University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Totzeck
- University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Luedike
- University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Malte Kelm
- University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tienush Rassaf
- University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Novel Perspectives in Redox Biology and Pathophysiology of Failing Myocytes: Modulation of the Intramyocardial Redox Milieu for Therapeutic Interventions-A Review Article from the Working Group of Cardiac Cell Biology, Italian Society of Cardiology. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:6353469. [PMID: 26881035 PMCID: PMC4736421 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6353469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of heart failure (HF) is still increasing worldwide, with enormous human, social, and economic costs, in spite of huge efforts in understanding pathogenetic mechanisms and in developing effective therapies that have transformed this syndrome into a chronic disease. Myocardial redox imbalance is a hallmark of this syndrome, since excessive reactive oxygen and nitrogen species can behave as signaling molecules in the pathogenesis of hypertrophy and heart failure, leading to dysregulation of cellular calcium handling, of the contractile machinery, of myocardial energetics and metabolism, and of extracellular matrix deposition. Recently, following new interesting advances in understanding myocardial ROS and RNS signaling pathways, new promising therapeutical approaches with antioxidant properties are being developed, keeping in mind that scavenging ROS and RNS tout court is detrimental as well, since these molecules also play a role in physiological myocardial homeostasis.
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Nakamura T, Lipton SA. Protein S-Nitrosylation as a Therapeutic Target for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 37:73-84. [PMID: 26707925 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
At physiological levels, nitric oxide (NO) contributes to the maintenance of normal neuronal activity and survival, thus serving as an important regulatory mechanism in the central nervous system. By contrast, accumulating evidence suggests that exposure to environmental toxins or the normal aging process can trigger excessive production of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (such as NO), contributing to the etiology of several neurodegenerative diseases. We highlight here protein S-nitrosylation, resulting from covalent attachment of an NO group to a cysteine thiol of the target protein, as a ubiquitous effector of NO signaling in both health and disease. We review our current understanding of this redox-dependent post-translational modification under neurodegenerative conditions, and evaluate how targeting dysregulated protein S-nitrosylation can lead to novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stuart A Lipton
- Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA.
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The role of endothelial mechanosensitive genes in atherosclerosis and omics approaches. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 591:111-31. [PMID: 26686737 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the U.S., and is a multifactorial disease that preferentially occurs in regions of the arterial tree exposed to disturbed blood flow. The detailed mechanisms by which d-flow induces atherosclerosis involve changes in the expression of genes, epigenetic patterns, and metabolites of multiple vascular cells, especially endothelial cells. This review presents an overview of endothelial mechanobiology and its relation to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis with special reference to the anatomy of the artery and the underlying fluid mechanics, followed by a discussion of a variety of experimental models to study the role of fluid mechanics and atherosclerosis. Various in vitro and in vivo models to study the role of flow in endothelial biology and pathobiology are discussed in this review. Furthermore, strategies used for the global profiling of the genome, transcriptome, miR-nome, DNA methylome, and metabolome, as they are important to define the biological and pathophysiological mechanisms of atherosclerosis. These "omics" approaches, especially those which derive data based on a single animal model, provide unprecedented opportunities to not only better understand the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis development in a holistic and integrative manner, but also to identify novel molecular and diagnostic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald M Bers
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis.
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Menazza S, Aponte A, Sun J, Gucek M, Steenbergen C, Murphy E. Molecular Signature of Nitroso-Redox Balance in Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathies. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 4:e002251. [PMID: 26396203 PMCID: PMC4599508 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.115.002251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy is one of the most common types of cardiomyopathy. It has been proposed that an increase in oxidative stress in heart failure leads to a decrease in nitric oxide signaling, leading to impaired nitroso-redox signaling. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the occurrence of protein S-nitrosylation (SNO) and oxidation in biopsies from explanted dilated cardiomyopathy and nonfailing donor male and female human hearts. METHODS AND RESULTS Redox-based resin-assisted capture for oxidation and SNO proteomic analysis was used to measure protein oxidation and SNO, respectively. In addition, 2-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis using maleimide sulfhydryl-reactive fluors was used to identify the SNO proteins. Protein oxidation increased in dilated cardiomyopathy biopsies in comparison with those from healthy donors. Interestingly, we did not find a consistent decrease in SNO in failing hearts; we found that some proteins showed an increase in SNO and others showed a decrease, and there were sex-specific differences in the response. We found 10 proteins with a significant decrease in SNO and 4 proteins with an increase in SNO in failing female hearts. Comparing nonfailing and failing male hearts, we found 9 proteins with a significant decrease and 12 proteins with a significant increase. We also found an increase in S-glutathionylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in failing female versus male hearts, suggesting an increase in uncoupled nitric oxide synthase in female hearts. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the importance of nitroso-redox signaling in both physiological and pathological conditions, suggesting a potential target to treat heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Menazza
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD
| | - Angel Aponte
- Proteomic Core Facility, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD
| | - Junhui Sun
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD
| | - Marjan Gucek
- Proteomic Core Facility, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD
| | | | - Elizabeth Murphy
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD
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Irie T, Sips PY, Kai S, Kida K, Ikeda K, Hirai S, Moazzami K, Jiramongkolchai P, Bloch DB, Doulias PT, Armoundas AA, Kaneki M, Ischiropoulos H, Kranias E, Bloch KD, Stamler JS, Ichinose F. S-Nitrosylation of Calcium-Handling Proteins in Cardiac Adrenergic Signaling and Hypertrophy. Circ Res 2015; 117:793-803. [PMID: 26259881 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.307157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The regulation of calcium (Ca(2+)) homeostasis by β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) activation provides the essential underpinnings of sympathetic regulation of myocardial function, as well as a basis for understanding molecular events that result in hypertrophic signaling and heart failure. Sympathetic stimulation of the βAR not only induces protein phosphorylation but also activates nitric oxide-dependent signaling, which modulates cardiac contractility. Nonetheless, the role of nitric oxide in βAR-dependent regulation of Ca(2+) handling has not yet been explicated fully. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the role of protein S-nitrosylation, a major transducer of nitric oxide bioactivity, on βAR-dependent alterations in cardiomyocyte Ca(2+) handling and hypertrophy. METHODS AND RESULTS Using transgenic mice to titrate the levels of protein S-nitrosylation, we uncovered major roles for protein S-nitrosylation, in general, and for phospholamban and cardiac troponin C S-nitrosylation, in particular, in βAR-dependent regulation of Ca(2+) homeostasis. Notably, S-nitrosylation of phospholamban consequent upon βAR stimulation is necessary for the inhibitory pentamerization of phospholamban, which activates sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase and increases cytosolic Ca(2+) transients. Coincident S-nitrosylation of cardiac troponin C decreases myocardial sensitivity to Ca(2+). During chronic adrenergic stimulation, global reductions in cellular S-nitrosylation mitigate hypertrophic signaling resulting from Ca(2+) overload. CONCLUSIONS S-Nitrosylation operates in concert with phosphorylation to regulate many cardiac Ca(2+)-handling proteins, including phospholamban and cardiac troponin C, thereby playing an essential and previously unrecognized role in cardiac Ca(2+) homeostasis. Manipulation of the S-nitrosylation level may prove therapeutic in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Irie
- From the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (T.I., P.Y.S., S.K., K.K., K.I., S.H., P.J., D.B.B., M.K., K.D.B., F.I.), Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (K.M., A.A.A., K.D.B.), and Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.Y.S.); Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (P.-T.D., H.I.); Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children (M.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (E.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; and Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Discovery Institute University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH (J.S.S.)
| | - Patrick Y Sips
- From the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (T.I., P.Y.S., S.K., K.K., K.I., S.H., P.J., D.B.B., M.K., K.D.B., F.I.), Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (K.M., A.A.A., K.D.B.), and Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.Y.S.); Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (P.-T.D., H.I.); Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children (M.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (E.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; and Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Discovery Institute University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH (J.S.S.)
| | - Shinichi Kai
- From the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (T.I., P.Y.S., S.K., K.K., K.I., S.H., P.J., D.B.B., M.K., K.D.B., F.I.), Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (K.M., A.A.A., K.D.B.), and Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.Y.S.); Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (P.-T.D., H.I.); Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children (M.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (E.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; and Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Discovery Institute University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH (J.S.S.)
| | - Kotaro Kida
- From the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (T.I., P.Y.S., S.K., K.K., K.I., S.H., P.J., D.B.B., M.K., K.D.B., F.I.), Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (K.M., A.A.A., K.D.B.), and Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.Y.S.); Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (P.-T.D., H.I.); Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children (M.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (E.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; and Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Discovery Institute University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH (J.S.S.)
| | - Kohei Ikeda
- From the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (T.I., P.Y.S., S.K., K.K., K.I., S.H., P.J., D.B.B., M.K., K.D.B., F.I.), Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (K.M., A.A.A., K.D.B.), and Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.Y.S.); Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (P.-T.D., H.I.); Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children (M.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (E.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; and Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Discovery Institute University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH (J.S.S.)
| | - Shuichi Hirai
- From the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (T.I., P.Y.S., S.K., K.K., K.I., S.H., P.J., D.B.B., M.K., K.D.B., F.I.), Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (K.M., A.A.A., K.D.B.), and Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.Y.S.); Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (P.-T.D., H.I.); Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children (M.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (E.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; and Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Discovery Institute University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH (J.S.S.)
| | - Kasra Moazzami
- From the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (T.I., P.Y.S., S.K., K.K., K.I., S.H., P.J., D.B.B., M.K., K.D.B., F.I.), Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (K.M., A.A.A., K.D.B.), and Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.Y.S.); Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (P.-T.D., H.I.); Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children (M.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (E.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; and Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Discovery Institute University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH (J.S.S.)
| | - Pawina Jiramongkolchai
- From the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (T.I., P.Y.S., S.K., K.K., K.I., S.H., P.J., D.B.B., M.K., K.D.B., F.I.), Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (K.M., A.A.A., K.D.B.), and Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.Y.S.); Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (P.-T.D., H.I.); Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children (M.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (E.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; and Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Discovery Institute University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH (J.S.S.)
| | - Donald B Bloch
- From the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (T.I., P.Y.S., S.K., K.K., K.I., S.H., P.J., D.B.B., M.K., K.D.B., F.I.), Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (K.M., A.A.A., K.D.B.), and Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.Y.S.); Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (P.-T.D., H.I.); Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children (M.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (E.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; and Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Discovery Institute University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH (J.S.S.)
| | - Paschalis-Thomas Doulias
- From the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (T.I., P.Y.S., S.K., K.K., K.I., S.H., P.J., D.B.B., M.K., K.D.B., F.I.), Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (K.M., A.A.A., K.D.B.), and Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.Y.S.); Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (P.-T.D., H.I.); Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children (M.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (E.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; and Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Discovery Institute University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH (J.S.S.)
| | - Antonis A Armoundas
- From the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (T.I., P.Y.S., S.K., K.K., K.I., S.H., P.J., D.B.B., M.K., K.D.B., F.I.), Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (K.M., A.A.A., K.D.B.), and Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.Y.S.); Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (P.-T.D., H.I.); Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children (M.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (E.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; and Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Discovery Institute University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH (J.S.S.)
| | - Masao Kaneki
- From the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (T.I., P.Y.S., S.K., K.K., K.I., S.H., P.J., D.B.B., M.K., K.D.B., F.I.), Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (K.M., A.A.A., K.D.B.), and Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.Y.S.); Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (P.-T.D., H.I.); Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children (M.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (E.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; and Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Discovery Institute University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH (J.S.S.)
| | - Harry Ischiropoulos
- From the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (T.I., P.Y.S., S.K., K.K., K.I., S.H., P.J., D.B.B., M.K., K.D.B., F.I.), Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (K.M., A.A.A., K.D.B.), and Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.Y.S.); Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (P.-T.D., H.I.); Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children (M.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (E.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; and Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Discovery Institute University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH (J.S.S.)
| | - Evangelia Kranias
- From the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (T.I., P.Y.S., S.K., K.K., K.I., S.H., P.J., D.B.B., M.K., K.D.B., F.I.), Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (K.M., A.A.A., K.D.B.), and Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.Y.S.); Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (P.-T.D., H.I.); Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children (M.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (E.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; and Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Discovery Institute University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH (J.S.S.)
| | - Kenneth D Bloch
- From the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (T.I., P.Y.S., S.K., K.K., K.I., S.H., P.J., D.B.B., M.K., K.D.B., F.I.), Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (K.M., A.A.A., K.D.B.), and Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.Y.S.); Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (P.-T.D., H.I.); Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children (M.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (E.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; and Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Discovery Institute University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH (J.S.S.)
| | - Jonathan S Stamler
- From the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (T.I., P.Y.S., S.K., K.K., K.I., S.H., P.J., D.B.B., M.K., K.D.B., F.I.), Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (K.M., A.A.A., K.D.B.), and Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.Y.S.); Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (P.-T.D., H.I.); Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children (M.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (E.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; and Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Discovery Institute University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH (J.S.S.)
| | - Fumito Ichinose
- From the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (T.I., P.Y.S., S.K., K.K., K.I., S.H., P.J., D.B.B., M.K., K.D.B., F.I.), Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (K.M., A.A.A., K.D.B.), and Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.Y.S.); Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (P.-T.D., H.I.); Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children (M.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (E.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; and Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Discovery Institute University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH (J.S.S.).
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Hatzistergos KE, Paulino EC, Dulce RA, Takeuchi LM, Bellio MA, Kulandavelu S, Cao Y, Balkan W, Kanashiro-Takeuchi RM, Hare JM. S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase Deficiency Enhances the Proliferative Expansion of Adult Heart Progenitors and Myocytes Post Myocardial Infarction. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 4:JAHA.115.001974. [PMID: 26178404 PMCID: PMC4608081 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.115.001974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Mammalian heart regenerative activity is lost before adulthood but increases after cardiac injury. Cardiac repair mechanisms, which involve both endogenous cardiac stem cells (CSCs) and cardiomyocyte cell-cycle reentry, are inadequate to achieve full recovery after myocardial infarction (MI). Mice deficient in S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR−⁄−), an enzyme regulating S-nitrosothiol turnover, have preserved cardiac function after MI. Here, we tested the hypothesis that GSNOR activity modulates cardiac cell proliferation in the post-MI adult heart. Methods and Results GSNOR−⁄− and C57Bl6/J (wild-type [WT]) mice were subjected to sham operation (n=3 GSNOR−⁄−; n=3 WT) or MI (n=41 GSNOR−⁄−; n=65 WT). Compared with WT,GSNOR−⁄− mice exhibited improved survival, cardiac performance, and architecture after MI, as demonstrated by higher ejection fraction (P<0.05), lower endocardial volumes (P<0.001), and diminished scar size (P<0.05). In addition, cardiomyocytes from post-MI GSNOR−⁄− hearts exhibited faster calcium decay and sarcomeric relaxation times (P<0.001). Immunophenotypic analysis illustrated that post-MI GSNOR−⁄− hearts demonstrated enhanced neovascularization (P<0.001), c-kit+ CSC abundance (P=0.013), and a ≈3-fold increase in proliferation of adult cardiomyocytes and c-kit+/CD45− CSCs (P<0.0001 and P=0.023, respectively) as measured by using 5-bromodeoxyuridine. Conclusions Loss of GSNOR confers enhanced post-MI cardiac regenerative activity, characterized by enhanced turnover of cardiomyocytes and CSCs. Endogenous denitrosylases exert an inhibitory effect over cardiac repair mechanisms and therefore represents a potential novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos E Hatzistergos
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, FL (K.E.H., E.C.P., R.A.D., L.M.T., M.A.B., S.K., Y.C., W.B., R.M.K.T., J.M.H.)
| | - Ellena C Paulino
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, FL (K.E.H., E.C.P., R.A.D., L.M.T., M.A.B., S.K., Y.C., W.B., R.M.K.T., J.M.H.)
| | - Raul A Dulce
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, FL (K.E.H., E.C.P., R.A.D., L.M.T., M.A.B., S.K., Y.C., W.B., R.M.K.T., J.M.H.)
| | - Lauro M Takeuchi
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, FL (K.E.H., E.C.P., R.A.D., L.M.T., M.A.B., S.K., Y.C., W.B., R.M.K.T., J.M.H.)
| | - Michael A Bellio
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, FL (K.E.H., E.C.P., R.A.D., L.M.T., M.A.B., S.K., Y.C., W.B., R.M.K.T., J.M.H.) Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (M.A.B., R.M.K.T., J.M.H.)
| | - Shathiyah Kulandavelu
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, FL (K.E.H., E.C.P., R.A.D., L.M.T., M.A.B., S.K., Y.C., W.B., R.M.K.T., J.M.H.)
| | - Yenong Cao
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, FL (K.E.H., E.C.P., R.A.D., L.M.T., M.A.B., S.K., Y.C., W.B., R.M.K.T., J.M.H.)
| | - Wayne Balkan
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, FL (K.E.H., E.C.P., R.A.D., L.M.T., M.A.B., S.K., Y.C., W.B., R.M.K.T., J.M.H.) Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (W.B., J.M.H.)
| | - Rosemeire M Kanashiro-Takeuchi
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, FL (K.E.H., E.C.P., R.A.D., L.M.T., M.A.B., S.K., Y.C., W.B., R.M.K.T., J.M.H.) Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (M.A.B., R.M.K.T., J.M.H.)
| | - Joshua M Hare
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, FL (K.E.H., E.C.P., R.A.D., L.M.T., M.A.B., S.K., Y.C., W.B., R.M.K.T., J.M.H.) Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (W.B., J.M.H.) Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (M.A.B., R.M.K.T., J.M.H.)
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Coggan AR, Leibowitz JL, Spearie CA, Kadkhodayan A, Thomas DP, Ramamurthy S, Mahmood K, Park S, Waller S, Farmer M, Peterson LR. Acute Dietary Nitrate Intake Improves Muscle Contractile Function in Patients With Heart Failure: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Trial. Circ Heart Fail 2015; 8:914-20. [PMID: 26179185 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.115.002141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle strength, velocity, and power are markedly reduced in patients with heart failure, which contributes to their impaired exercise capacity and lower quality of life. This muscle dysfunction may be partially because of decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. We therefore sought to determine whether ingestion of inorganic nitrate (NO3 (-)) would increase NO production and improve muscle function in patients with heart failure because of systolic dysfunction. METHODS AND RESULTS Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover design, we determined the effects of dietary NO3 (-) in 9 patients with heart failure. After fasting overnight, subjects drank beetroot juice containing or devoid of 11.2 mmol of NO3 (-). Two hours later, muscle function was assessed using isokinetic dynamometry. Dietary NO3 (-) increased (P<0.05-0.001) breath NO by 35% to 50%. This was accompanied by 9% (P=0.07) and 11% (P<0.05) increases in peak knee extensor power at the 2 highest movement velocities tested (ie, 4.71 and 6.28 rad/s). Maximal power (calculated by fitting peak power data with a parabola) was therefore greater (ie, 4.74±0.41 versus 4.20±0.33 W/kg; P<0.05) after dietary NO3 (-) intake. Calculated maximal velocity of knee extension was also higher after NO3 (-) ingestion (ie, 12.48±0.95 versus 11.11±0.53 rad/s; P<0.05). Blood pressure was unchanged, and no adverse clinical events occurred. CONCLUSIONS In this pilot study, acute dietary NO3 (-) intake was well tolerated and enhanced NO bioavailability and muscle power in patients with systolic heart failure. Larger-scale studies should be conducted to determine whether the latter translates into an improved quality of life in this population. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01682356.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Coggan
- From the Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory, Division of Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology (A.R.C., J.L.L., L.R.P.), Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (J.L.L., A.K., D.P.T., S.R., K.M., S.P., M.F., L.R.P.), and Center for Applied Research Sciences (C.A.S.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
| | - Joshua L Leibowitz
- From the Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory, Division of Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology (A.R.C., J.L.L., L.R.P.), Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (J.L.L., A.K., D.P.T., S.R., K.M., S.P., M.F., L.R.P.), and Center for Applied Research Sciences (C.A.S.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Catherine Anderson Spearie
- From the Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory, Division of Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology (A.R.C., J.L.L., L.R.P.), Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (J.L.L., A.K., D.P.T., S.R., K.M., S.P., M.F., L.R.P.), and Center for Applied Research Sciences (C.A.S.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Ana Kadkhodayan
- From the Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory, Division of Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology (A.R.C., J.L.L., L.R.P.), Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (J.L.L., A.K., D.P.T., S.R., K.M., S.P., M.F., L.R.P.), and Center for Applied Research Sciences (C.A.S.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Deepak P Thomas
- From the Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory, Division of Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology (A.R.C., J.L.L., L.R.P.), Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (J.L.L., A.K., D.P.T., S.R., K.M., S.P., M.F., L.R.P.), and Center for Applied Research Sciences (C.A.S.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Sujata Ramamurthy
- From the Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory, Division of Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology (A.R.C., J.L.L., L.R.P.), Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (J.L.L., A.K., D.P.T., S.R., K.M., S.P., M.F., L.R.P.), and Center for Applied Research Sciences (C.A.S.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Kiran Mahmood
- From the Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory, Division of Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology (A.R.C., J.L.L., L.R.P.), Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (J.L.L., A.K., D.P.T., S.R., K.M., S.P., M.F., L.R.P.), and Center for Applied Research Sciences (C.A.S.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Soo Park
- From the Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory, Division of Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology (A.R.C., J.L.L., L.R.P.), Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (J.L.L., A.K., D.P.T., S.R., K.M., S.P., M.F., L.R.P.), and Center for Applied Research Sciences (C.A.S.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Suzanne Waller
- From the Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory, Division of Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology (A.R.C., J.L.L., L.R.P.), Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (J.L.L., A.K., D.P.T., S.R., K.M., S.P., M.F., L.R.P.), and Center for Applied Research Sciences (C.A.S.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Marsha Farmer
- From the Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory, Division of Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology (A.R.C., J.L.L., L.R.P.), Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (J.L.L., A.K., D.P.T., S.R., K.M., S.P., M.F., L.R.P.), and Center for Applied Research Sciences (C.A.S.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Linda R Peterson
- From the Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory, Division of Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology (A.R.C., J.L.L., L.R.P.), Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (J.L.L., A.K., D.P.T., S.R., K.M., S.P., M.F., L.R.P.), and Center for Applied Research Sciences (C.A.S.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Tahergorabi Z, Khazaei M. Leptin and its cardiovascular effects: Focus on angiogenesis. Adv Biomed Res 2015; 4:79. [PMID: 26015905 PMCID: PMC4434486 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.156526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is an endocrine hormone synthesized by adipocytes. It plays a key role in the energy homeostasis in central and peripheral tissues and has additional roles are attributed to it, such as the regulation of reproduction, immune function, bone homeostasis, and angiogenesis. The plasma concentration of leptin significantly increases in obese individuals. In the present review, we give an introduction concerning leptin, its receptors, signaling pathways, and its effect on cardiovascular system, especially on angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoya Tahergorabi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Chiu CZ, Wang BW, Shyu KG. Molecular regulation of the expression of leptin by hypoxia in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:5. [PMID: 25573199 PMCID: PMC4298872 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-014-0109-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leptin, produced mainly by white adipose tissue, is a hormone that promotes vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration and proliferation, a process involved in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Leptin expression in human coronary artery smooth cell (HCASMC) is induced by hypoxia. However, our understanding of the process of atherosclerosis in HCASMC is only emerging. Since the mechanisms by which hypoxia regulates leptin in HCASMC are as yet unknown, this study aims to investigate the mechanics of molecular regulation of leptin expression in HCASMC under hypoxia. We subjected cultured HCASMCs to hypoxia for varying periods of time. Through use of different signal pathway inhibitors, we were able to sort out and identify the pathway through which hypoxia-induced leptin expression occurs. Results Leptin mRNA and protein levels increased after 2.5% hypoxia for 2-to-4 hours, with earlier expression of angiotensin II (AngII) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The addition before hypoxia of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway inhibitor (SP600125), JNK small interfering RNA (siRNA), AngII receptor blockers (ARBs; losartan), or N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC, an ROS scavenger), had the effect of inhibiting JNK phosphorylation and leptin expression. Gel shift assay and luciferase promoter study showed that leptin/activator protein 1 (AP-1) binding and transcriptional activity to the leptin promoter increased after hypoxia, and SP600125, JNK siRNA, losartan, and NAC abolished the binding and transcriptional activity induced by hypoxia. The use of SP600125, JNK siRNA, losartan, and NAC effectively inhibited the binding and transcriptional activity induced by hypoxia. Migration and proliferation, ROS generation, and the presence of leptin in the nuclei of HCASMCs also increased under hypoxia. Conclusion Hypoxia in HCASMCs increases leptin expression through the induction of AngII, ROS, and the JNK pathway to enhance atherosclerosis in HCASMCs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12929-014-0109-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Zuan Chiu
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan. .,Division of Cardiology, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, 95 Wen- Chang Road, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Bao-Wei Wang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Kou-Gi Shyu
- Division of Cardiology, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, 95 Wen- Chang Road, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical, University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Dulce RA, Mayo V, Rangel EB, Balkan W, Hare JM. Interaction between neuronal nitric oxide synthase signaling and temperature influences sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium leak: role of nitroso-redox balance. Circ Res 2015; 116:46-55. [PMID: 25326127 PMCID: PMC4282621 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.305172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Although nitric oxide (NO) signaling modulates cardiac function and excitation-contraction coupling, opposing results because of inconsistent experimental conditions, particularly with respect to temperature, confound the ability to elucidate NO signaling pathways. Here, we show that temperature significantly modulates NO effects. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that temperature profoundly affects nitroso-redox equilibrium, thereby affecting sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium (Ca(2+)) leak. METHODS AND RESULTS We measured SR Ca(2+) leak in cardiomyocytes from wild-type (WT), NO/redox imbalance (neuronal nitric oxide synthase-deficient mice-1 [NOS1(-/-)]), and hyper S-nitrosoglutathione reductase-deficient (GSNOR(-/-)) mice. In WT cardiomyocytes, SR Ca(2+) leak increased because temperature decreased from 37°C to 23°C, whereas in NOS1(-/-) cells, the leak suddenly increased when the temperature surpassed 30°C. GSNOR(-/-) cardiomyocytes exhibited low leak throughout the temperature range. Exogenously added NO had a biphasic effect on NOS1(-/-) cardiomyocytes; reducing leak at 37°C but increasing it at subphysiological temperatures. Oxypurinol and Tempol diminished the leak in NOS1(-/-) cardiomyocytes. Cooling from 37°C to 23°C increased reactive oxygen species generation in WT but decreased it in NOS1(-/-) cardiomyocytes. Oxypurinol further reduced reactive oxygen species generation. At 23°C in WT cells, leak was decreased by tetrahydrobiopterin, an essential NOS cofactor. Cooling significantly increased SR Ca(2+) content in NOS1(-/-) cells but had no effect in WT or GSNOR(-/-). CONCLUSIONS Ca(2+) leak and temperature are normally inversely proportional, whereas NOS1 deficiency reverses this effect, increasing leak and elevating reactive oxygen species production because temperature increases. Reduced denitrosylation (GSNOR deficiency) eliminates the temperature dependence of leak. Thus, temperature regulates the balance between NO and reactive oxygen species which in turn has a major effect on SR Ca(2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul A Dulce
- From the Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL
| | - Vera Mayo
- From the Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL
| | - Erika B Rangel
- From the Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL
| | - Wayne Balkan
- From the Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL
| | - Joshua M Hare
- From the Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL.
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Free radicals in adolescent varicocele testis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:912878. [PMID: 25580183 PMCID: PMC4279722 DOI: 10.1155/2014/912878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We examine the relationship between the structure and function of the testis and the oxidative and nitrosative stress, determined by an excessive production of free radicals and/or decreased availability of antioxidant defenses, which occur in the testis of adolescents affected by varicocele. Moreover, the effects of surgical treatment on oxidative stress were provided. We conducted a PubMed and Medline search between 1980 and 2014 using “adolescent,” “varicocele,” “free radicals,” “oxidative and nitrosative stress,” “testis,” and “seminiferous tubules” as keywords. Cross-references were checked in each of the studies, and relevant articles were retrieved. We conclude that increased concentration of free radicals, generated by conditions of hypoxia, hyperthermia, and hormonal dysfunction observed in adolescent affected by varicocele, can harm germ cells directly or indirectly by influencing nonspermatogenic cells and basal lamina. With regard to few available data in current literature, further clinical trials on the pre- and postoperative ROS and RNS levels together with morphological studies of the cellular component of the testis are fundamental for complete comprehension of the role played by free radicals in the pathogenesis of adolescent varicocele and could justify its pharmacological treatment with antioxidants.
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Deletion of metallothionein exacerbates intermittent hypoxia-induced oxidative and inflammatory injury in aorta. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:141053. [PMID: 25177426 PMCID: PMC4142187 DOI: 10.1155/2014/141053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study was to explore the effect of metallothionein (MT) on intermittent hypoxia (IH) induced aortic pathogenic changes. Markers of oxidative damages, inflammation, and vascular remodeling were observed by immunohistochemical staining after 3 days and 1, 3, and 8 weeks after IH exposures. Endogenous MT was induced after 3 days of IH but was significantly decreased after 8 weeks of IH. Compared with the wild-type mice, MT knock-out mice exhibited earlier and more severe pathogenic changes of oxidative damages, inflammatory responses, and cellular apoptosis, as indicated by the significant accumulation of collagen, increased levels of connective tissue growth factor, transforming growth factor β1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1,3-nitrotyrosine, and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in the aorta. These findings suggested that chronic IH may lead to aortic damages characterized by oxidative stress and inflammation, and MT may play a pivotal role in the above pathogenesis process.
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Murphy E, Kohr M, Menazza S, Nguyen T, Evangelista A, Sun J, Steenbergen C. Signaling by S-nitrosylation in the heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 73:18-25. [PMID: 24440455 PMCID: PMC4214076 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide is a gaseous signaling molecule that is well-known for the Nobel prize-winning research that defined nitric oxide as a physiological regulator of blood pressure in the cardiovascular system. Nitric oxide can signal via the classical pathway involving activation of guanylyl cyclase or by a post-translational modification, referred to as S-nitrosylation (SNO) that can occur on cysteine residues of proteins. As proteins with cysteine residues are common, this allows for amplification of the nitric oxide signaling. This review will focus on the possible mechanisms through which SNO can alter protein function in cardiac cells, and the role of SNO occupancy in these mechanisms. The specific mechanisms that regulate protein SNO, including redox-dependent processes, will also be discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Redox Signalling in the Cardiovascular System".
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Murphy
- Cardiac Physiology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, NHLBI, NIH, USA.
| | - Mark Kohr
- Cardiac Physiology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, NHLBI, NIH, USA; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sara Menazza
- Cardiac Physiology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, NHLBI, NIH, USA
| | - Tiffany Nguyen
- Cardiac Physiology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, NHLBI, NIH, USA
| | | | - Junhui Sun
- Cardiac Physiology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, NHLBI, NIH, USA
| | - Charles Steenbergen
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Searle J, Shih J, Muller R, Vollert JO, Müller C, Danne O, Datwyler S, Möckel M. The role of myeloperoxidase (MPO) for prognostic evaluation in sensitive cardiac troponin I negative chest pain patients in the emergency department. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL-ACUTE CARDIOVASCULAR CARE 2014; 2:203-10. [PMID: 24222831 DOI: 10.1177/2048872613484688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnostic work-up of patients with acute chest pain in the emergency department (ED) is a challenging task. Serial troponin testing is required to rule-out acute myocardial infarction. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the value of myeloperoxidase (MPO) testing in sensitive cardiac troponin I (cTnI) negative patients with suspected acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in the routine setting of an ED. METHODS MPO was assessed in 432 consecutive patients presenting to the ED with ACS. In 266 patients, serial blood samples were available. After 6 weeks, major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were assessed. MPO and cTnI were measured in all available samples. For cTnI, a sensitive assay was used. Cut-off values were derived from an independent sample of 300 healthy volunteers. RESULTS Incidence of MACE in our population was 13%. MPO levels revealed sensitivity (Sens) of 82.1% and specificity (Spec) of 37.2% for MACE compared with 60.7% Sens and 61.4% Spec for sensitive cTnI. In serial sensitive cTnI negative patients (n=218), MACE incidence was 6.4%. MPO continued to demonstrate significant discriminatory power for the prognosis of MACE. Multivariate analyses confirmed these findings. CONCLUSION MPO has an independent prognostic value overall and most notably in patients tested negative with a higher sensitive cardiac troponin I assay. MPO could be a promising biomarker for the initial evaluation of patients in chest pain units and is worth further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Searle
- Department of Cardiology, CVK and Emergency Medicine CVK, CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
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Hsieh HJ, Liu CA, Huang B, Tseng AH, Wang DL. Shear-induced endothelial mechanotransduction: the interplay between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) and the pathophysiological implications. J Biomed Sci 2014; 21:3. [PMID: 24410814 PMCID: PMC3898375 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-21-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemodynamic shear stress, the blood flow-generated frictional force acting on the vascular endothelial cells, is essential for endothelial homeostasis under normal physiological conditions. Mechanosensors on endothelial cells detect shear stress and transduce it into biochemical signals to trigger vascular adaptive responses. Among the various shear-induced signaling molecules, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) have been implicated in vascular homeostasis and diseases. In this review, we explore the molecular, cellular, and vascular processes arising from shear-induced signaling (mechanotransduction) with emphasis on the roles of ROS and NO, and also discuss the mechanisms that may lead to excessive vascular remodeling and thus drive pathobiologic processes responsible for atherosclerosis. Current evidence suggests that NADPH oxidase is one of main cellular sources of ROS generation in endothelial cells under flow condition. Flow patterns and magnitude of shear determine the amount of ROS produced by endothelial cells, usually an irregular flow pattern (disturbed or oscillatory) producing higher levels of ROS than a regular flow pattern (steady or pulsatile). ROS production is closely linked to NO generation and elevated levels of ROS lead to low NO bioavailability, as is often observed in endothelial cells exposed to irregular flow. The low NO bioavailability is partly caused by the reaction of ROS with NO to form peroxynitrite, a key molecule which may initiate many pro-atherogenic events. This differential production of ROS and RNS (reactive nitrogen species) under various flow patterns and conditions modulates endothelial gene expression and thus results in differential vascular responses. Moreover, ROS/RNS are able to promote specific post-translational modifications in regulatory proteins (including S-glutathionylation, S-nitrosylation and tyrosine nitration), which constitute chemical signals that are relevant in cardiovascular pathophysiology. Overall, the dynamic interplay between local hemodynamic milieu and the resulting oxidative and S-nitrosative modification of regulatory proteins is important for ensuing vascular homeostasis. Based on available evidence, it is proposed that a regular flow pattern produces lower levels of ROS and higher NO bioavailability, creating an anti-atherogenic environment. On the other hand, an irregular flow pattern results in higher levels of ROS and yet lower NO bioavailability, thus triggering pro-atherogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Danny Ling Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
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Chronic cadmium treatment promotes oxidative stress and endothelial damage in isolated rat aorta. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68418. [PMID: 23874620 PMCID: PMC3709967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadmium is a highly toxic metal that is present in phosphate fertilizers, and the incidence of cadmium poisoning in the general population has increased, mainly due to cigarette smoking. Once absorbed, cadmium accumulates in the tissues, causing harmful effects including high blood pressure, endothelial damage and oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is known to efficiently produce oxidized low-density lipoprotein and consequently atherosclerosis, mainly in the aorta. However, the mechanisms through which endothelial damage is induced by cadmium have not been elucidated. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of this metal in the isolated aorta and the possible role of oxidative stress. Rats received 100 mg.L(-1) cadmium chloride (CdCl2) in the drinking water or distilled water alone for four weeks. The pressor effect of cadmium was followed throughout the exposure period by tail plethysmography. At the end of the fourth week, the blood cadmium content was established, and the vascular reactivity of the isolated aorta to phenylephrine, acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside was analyzed in the context of endothelium denudation and incubation with L-NAME, apocynin, losartan, enalapril, superoxide dismutase (SOD) or catalase. We observed an increased response to phenylephrine in cadmium-treated rats. This increase was abolished by catalase and SOD incubation. Apocynin treatment reduced the phenylephrine response in both treatment groups, but its effect was greater in cadmium-treated rats, and NOX2 expression was greater in the cadmium group. These results suggested that cadmium in blood concentrations similar to those found in occupationally exposed populations is able to stimulate NOX2 expression, contributing to oxidative stress and reducing NO bioavailability, despite enhanced eNOS expression. These findings suggest that cadmium exposure promotes endothelial damage that might contribute to inflammation, vascular injury and the development of atherosclerosis.
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Mugoni V, Postel R, Catanzaro V, De Luca E, Turco E, Digilio G, Silengo L, Murphy M, Medana C, Stainier D, Bakkers J, Santoro M. Ubiad1 is an antioxidant enzyme that regulates eNOS activity by CoQ10 synthesis. Cell 2013; 152:504-18. [PMID: 23374346 PMCID: PMC3574195 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Protection against oxidative damage caused by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) by an antioxidant network is essential for the health of tissues, especially in the cardiovascular system. Here, we identified a gene with important antioxidant features by analyzing a null allele of zebrafish ubiad1, called barolo (bar). bar mutants show specific cardiovascular failure due to oxidative stress and ROS-mediated cellular damage. Human UBIAD1 is a nonmitochondrial prenyltransferase that synthesizes CoQ10 in the Golgi membrane compartment. Loss of UBIAD1 reduces the cytosolic pool of the antioxidant CoQ10 and leads to ROS-mediated lipid peroxidation in vascular cells. Surprisingly, inhibition of eNOS prevents Ubiad1-dependent cardiovascular oxidative damage, suggesting a crucial role for this enzyme and nonmitochondrial CoQ10 in NO signaling. These findings identify UBIAD1 as a nonmitochondrial CoQ10-forming enzyme with specific cardiovascular protective function via the modulation of eNOS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Mugoni
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Ruben Postel
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht and Netherlands Heart Institute, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Valeria Catanzaro
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Elisa De Luca
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Emilia Turco
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Digilio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Silengo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Michael P. Murphy
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Claudio Medana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Didier Y.R. Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Jeroen Bakkers
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht and Netherlands Heart Institute, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Massimo M. Santoro
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Corresponding author
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van de Sandt AM, Windler R, Gödecke A, Ohlig J, Zander S, Reinartz M, Graf J, van Faassen EE, Rassaf T, Schrader J, Kelm M, Merx MW. Endothelial NOS (NOS3) impairs myocardial function in developing sepsis. Basic Res Cardiol 2013; 108:330. [PMID: 23397596 PMCID: PMC3597270 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-013-0330-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS)3-derived nitric oxide (NO) modulates inotropic response and diastolic interval for optimal cardiac performance under non-inflammatory conditions. In sepsis, excessive NO production plays a key role in severe hypotension and myocardial dysfunction. We aimed to determine the role of NOS3 on myocardial performance, NO production, and time course of sepsis development. NOS3(-/-) and C57BL/6 wildtype mice were rendered septic by cecum ligation and puncture (CLP). Cardiac function was analyzed by serial echocardiography, in vivo pressure and isolated heart measurements. Cardiac output (CO) increased to 160 % of baseline at 10 h after sepsis induction followed by a decline to 63 % of baseline after 18 h in wildtype mice. CO was unaltered in septic NOS3(-/-) mice. Despite the hyperdynamic state, cardiac function and mean arterial pressure were impaired in septic wildtype as early as 6 h post CLP. At 12 h, cardiac function in septic wildtype was refractory to catecholamines in vivo and respective isolated hearts showed impaired pressure development and limited coronary flow reserve. Hemodynamics remained stable in NOS3(-/-) mice leading to significant survival benefit. Unselective NOS inhibition in septic NOS3(-/-) mice diminished this survival benefit. Plasma NO( x )- and local myocardial NO( x )- and NO levels (via NO spin trapping) demonstrated enhanced NO( x )- and bioactive NO levels in septic wildtype as compared to NOS3(-/-) mice. Significant contribution by inducible NOS (NOS2) during this early phase of sepsis was excluded. Our data suggest that NOS3 relevantly contributes to bioactive NO pool in developing sepsis resulting in impaired cardiac contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette M van de Sandt
- Division of Cardiology, Pneumology and Angiology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Dulce RA, Yiginer O, Gonzalez DR, Goss G, Feng N, Zheng M, Hare JM. Hydralazine and organic nitrates restore impaired excitation-contraction coupling by reducing calcium leak associated with nitroso-redox imbalance. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:6522-33. [PMID: 23319593 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.412130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the combined use of hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate confers important clinical benefits in patients with heart failure, the underlying mechanism of action is still controversial. We used two models of nitroso-redox imbalance, neuronal NO synthase-deficient (NOS1(-/-)) mice and spontaneously hypertensive heart failure rats, to test the hypothesis that hydralazine (HYD) alone or in combination with nitroglycerin (NTG) or isosorbide dinitrate restores Ca(2+) cycling and contractile performance and controls superoxide production in isolated cardiomyocytes. The response to increased pacing frequency was depressed in NOS1(-/-) compared with wild type myocytes. Both sarcomere length shortening and intracellular Ca(2+) transient (Δ[Ca(2+)]i) responses in NOS1(-/-) cardiomyocytes were augmented by HYD in a dose-dependent manner. NTG alone did not affect myocyte shortening but reduced Δ[Ca(2+)]i across the range of pacing frequencies and increased myofilament Ca(2+) sensitivity thereby enhancing contractile efficiency. Similar results were seen in failing myocytes from the heart failure rat model. HYD alone or in combination with NTG reduced sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) leak, improved SR Ca(2+) reuptake, and restored SR Ca(2+) content. HYD and NTG at low concentrations (1 μm), scavenged superoxide in isolated cardiomyocytes, whereas in cardiac homogenates, NTG inhibited xanthine oxidoreductase activity and scavenged NADPH oxidase-dependent superoxide more efficiently than HYD. Together, these results revealed that by reducing SR Ca(2+) leak, HYD improves Ca(2+) cycling and contractility impaired by nitroso-redox imbalance, and NTG enhanced contractile efficiency, restoring cardiac excitation-contraction coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul A Dulce
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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Haldar SM, Stamler JS. S-nitrosylation: integrator of cardiovascular performance and oxygen delivery. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:101-10. [PMID: 23281416 DOI: 10.1172/jci62854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Delivery of oxygen to tissues is the primary function of the cardiovascular system. NO, a gasotransmitter that signals predominantly through protein S-nitrosylation to form S-nitrosothiols (SNOs) in target proteins, operates coordinately with oxygen in mammalian cellular systems. From this perspective, SNO-based signaling may have evolved as a major transducer of the cellular oxygen-sensing machinery that underlies global cardiovascular function. Here we review mechanisms that regulate S-nitrosylation in the context of its essential role in "systems-level" control of oxygen sensing, delivery, and utilization in the cardiovascular system, and we highlight examples of aberrant S-nitrosylation that may lead to altered oxygen homeostasis in cardiovascular diseases. Thus, through a bird's-eye view of S-nitrosylation in the cardiovascular system, we provide a conceptual framework that may be broadly applicable to the functioning of other cellular systems and physiological processes and that illuminates new therapeutic promise in cardiovascular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptarsi M Haldar
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Division, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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48
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Diesterified nitrone rescues nitroso-redox levels and increases myocyte contraction via increased SR Ca(2+) handling. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52005. [PMID: 23300588 PMCID: PMC3531448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide (O2−) are important cardiac signaling molecules that regulate myocyte contraction. For appropriate regulation, NO and O2.− must exist at defined levels. Unfortunately, the NO and O2.− levels are altered in many cardiomyopathies (heart failure, ischemia, hypertrophy, etc.) leading to contractile dysfunction and adverse remodeling. Hence, rescuing the nitroso-redox levels is a potential therapeutic strategy. Nitrone spin traps have been shown to scavenge O2.− while releasing NO as a reaction byproduct; and we synthesized a novel, cell permeable nitrone, 2–2–3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole 1-oxide (EMEPO). We hypothesized that EMEPO would improve contractile function in myocytes with altered nitroso-redox levels. Ventricular myocytes were isolated from wildtype (C57Bl/6) and NOS1 knockout (NOS1−/−) mice, a known model of NO/O2.− imbalance, and incubated with EMEPO. EMEPO significantly reduced O2.− (lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence) and elevated NO (DAF-FM diacetate) levels in NOS1−/− myocytes. Furthermore, EMEPO increased NOS1−/− myocyte basal contraction (Ca2+ transients, Fluo-4AM; shortening, video-edge detection), the force-frequency response and the contractile response to β-adrenergic stimulation. EMEPO had no effect in wildtype myocytes. EMEPO also increased ryanodine receptor activity (sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ leak/load relationship) and phospholamban Serine16 phosphorylation (Western blot). We also repeated our functional experiments in a canine post-myocardial infarction model and observed similar results to those seen in NOS1−/− myocytes. In conclusion, EMEPO improved contractile function in myocytes experiencing an imbalance of their nitroso-redox levels. The concurrent restoration of NO and O2.− levels may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of various cardiomyopathies.
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Lenarčič Živković M, Zaręba-Kozioł M, Zhukova L, Poznański J, Zhukov I, Wysłouch-Cieszyńska A. Post-translational S-nitrosylation is an endogenous factor fine tuning the properties of human S100A1 protein. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:40457-70. [PMID: 22989881 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.418392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND S100A1 protein is a proposed target of molecule-guided therapy for heart failure. RESULTS S-Nitrosylation of S100A1 is present in cells, increases Ca(2+) binding, and tunes the overall protein conformation. CONCLUSION Thiol-aromatic molecular switch is responsible for NO-related modification of S100A1 properties. SIGNIFICANCE Post-translational S-nitrosylation may provide functional diversity and specificity to S100A1 and other S100 protein family members. S100A1 is a member of the Ca(2+)-binding S100 protein family. It is expressed in brain and heart tissue, where it plays a crucial role as a modulator of Ca(2+) homeostasis, energy metabolism, neurotransmitter release, and contractile performance. Biological effects of S100A1 have been attributed to its direct interaction with a variety of target proteins. The (patho)physiological relevance of S100A1 makes it an important molecular target for future therapeutic intervention. S-Nitrosylation is a post-translational modification of proteins, which plays a role in cellular signal transduction under physiological and pathological conditions. In this study, we confirmed that S100A1 protein is endogenously modified by Cys(85) S-nitrosylation in PC12 cells, which are a well established model system for studying S100A1 function. We used isothermal calorimetry to show that S-nitrosylation facilitates the formation of Ca(2+)-loaded S100A1 at physiological ionic strength conditions. To establish the unique influence of the S-nitroso group, our study describes high resolution three-dimensional structures of human apo-S100A1 protein with the Cys(85) thiol group in reduced and S-nitrosylated states. Solution structures of the proteins are based on NMR data obtained at physiological ionic strength. Comparative analysis shows that S-nitrosylation fine tunes the overall architecture of S100A1 protein. Although the typical S100 protein intersubunit four-helix bundle is conserved upon S-nitrosylation, the conformation of S100A1 protein is reorganized at the sites most important for target recognition (i.e. the C-terminal helix and the linker connecting two EF-hand domains). In summary, this study discloses cysteine S-nitrosylation as a new factor responsible for increasing functional diversity of S100A1 and helps explain the role of S100A1 as a Ca(2+) signal transmitter sensitive to NO/redox equilibrium within cells.
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50
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Niggli E, Ullrich ND, Gutierrez D, Kyrychenko S, Poláková E, Shirokova N. Posttranslational modifications of cardiac ryanodine receptors: Ca(2+) signaling and EC-coupling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1833:866-75. [PMID: 22960642 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In cardiac muscle, a number of posttranslational protein modifications can alter the function of the Ca(2+) release channel of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), also known as the ryanodine receptor (RyR). During every heartbeat RyRs are activated by the Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release mechanism and contribute a large fraction of the Ca(2+) required for contraction. Some of the posttranslational modifications of the RyR are known to affect its gating and Ca(2+) sensitivity. Presently, research in a number of laboratories is focused on RyR phosphorylation, both by PKA and CaMKII, or on RyR modifications caused by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). Both classes of posttranslational modifications are thought to play important roles in the physiological regulation of channel activity, but are also known to provoke abnormal alterations during various diseases. Only recently it was realized that several types of posttranslational modifications are tightly connected and form synergistic (or antagonistic) feed-back loops resulting in additive and potentially detrimental downstream effects. This review summarizes recent findings on such posttranslational modifications, attempts to bridge molecular with cellular findings, and opens a perspective for future work trying to understand the ramifications of crosstalk in these multiple signaling pathways. Clarifying these complex interactions will be important in the development of novel therapeutic approaches, since this may form the foundation for the implementation of multi-pronged treatment regimes in the future. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cardiomyocyte Biology: Cardiac Pathways of Differentiation, Metabolism and Contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst Niggli
- Department of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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