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Trapé J, Fernández-Galán E, Auge JM, Carbonell-Prat M, Filella X, Miró-Cañís S, González-Fernández C. Factors influencing blood tumor marker concentrations in the absence of neoplasia. Tumour Biol 2024; 46:S35-S63. [PMID: 38517826 DOI: 10.3233/tub-220023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor markers (TMs) are a heterogeneous group of molecules used in the diagnosis, prognosis and follow-up of cancer patients. During neoplastic differentiation, cells can either directly synthesize or induce the synthesis of TMs, and the release of these molecules into the bloodstream allows their quantification in biological fluids. Although very small concentrations of TMs are usually present in the serum or plasma of healthy subjects, increased concentrations may also be found in the presence of benign diseases or due to technical interference, producing false positive results. MATERIAL AND METHODS AND RESULTS Our review analyses the causes of false positives described between January 1970 to February 2023 for the TMs most frequently used in clinical practice: α-fetoprotein (AFP), β2-microglobulin (β2-M), cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3), cancer antigen CA 19-9 (CA 19-9), cancer antigen CA 72-4 (CA 72-4), cancer antigen 125 (CA 125), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), chromogranin A (CgA), choriogonadotropin (hCG), cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA 21-1), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), human epididymis protein 4 (HE4), serum HER2 (sHER2), squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA), protein induced by vitamin K absence-II (PIVKA-II), Pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (Pro-GRP), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), Protein S-100 (S-100) and thyroglobulin (Tg). A total of 247 references were included. CONCLUSIONS A better understanding of pathophysiological processes and other conditions that affect the concentration of TMs might improve the interpretation of results and their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Trapé
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Althaia Xarxa Assistencial Universitària de Manresa, Manresa, Catalonia, Spain
- Tissue Repair and Regeneration Laboratory, Institut de Recerca i Innovació en Ciències de la Vida i de la Salut a la Catalunya Central, Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Spain
| | - Esther Fernández-Galán
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics - Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Auge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics - Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Xavier Filella
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics - Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Miró-Cañís
- Laboratori d'Anàlisis Clíniques, CLILAB Diagnòstics, Vilafranca del Penedès, Spain
| | - Carolina González-Fernández
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Althaia Xarxa Assistencial Universitària de Manresa, Manresa, Catalonia, Spain
- Gastrointestinal Oncology, Endoscopy and Surgery Research Group, Institut de Recerca i Innovació en Ciències de la Vida i de la Salut a la Catalunya Central, Barcelona, Spain
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Recent Advances in Multifunctional Antimicrobial Peptides as Immunomodulatory and Anticancer Therapy: Chromogranin A-Derived Peptides and Dermaseptins as Endogenous versus Exogenous Actors. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102014. [PMID: 36297449 PMCID: PMC9608009 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are produced by all living organisms exhibiting antimicrobial activities and representing the first line of innate defense against pathogens. In this context, AMPs are suggested as an alternative to classical antibiotics. However, several researchers reported their involvement in different processes defining them as Multifunctional AMPs (MF-AMPs). Interestingly, these agents act as the endogenous responses of the human organism against several dangerous stimuli. Still, they are identified in other organisms and evaluated for their anticancer therapy. Chromogranin A (CgA) is a glyco-phosphoprotein discovered for the first time in the adrenal medulla but also produced in several cells. CgA can generate different derived AMPs influencing numerous physiological processes. Dermaseptins (DRSs) are a family of α-helical-shaped polycationic peptides isolated from the skin secretions of several leaf frogs from the Phyllomedusidae family. Several DRSs were identified as AMPs and, until now, more than 65 DRSs have been classified. Recently, these exogenous molecules were characterized for their anticancer activity. In this review, we summarize the role of these two classes of MF-AMPs as an example of endogenous molecules for CgA-derived peptides, able to modulate inflammation but also as exogenous molecules for DRSs, exerting anticancer activities.
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Moawad UK, Soliman SMM, Mazher KM, Hassan RM, Nabil TM. Histological, histochemical, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical identification and characterization of the neurosecretory cells of the adult rabbit's adrenal medulla. Anat Histol Embryol 2022; 51:280-288. [PMID: 35119700 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation was conducted on the adrenal glands of 40 adult New Zealand rabbits of both sexes to characterize and identify the histological, histochemical, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical features of the neurosecretory cells of the adrenal medulla. The obtained specimens of adrenal medulla were subjected to routine histological techniques and then stained with different histological stains, including general, non-specific, specific, and highly specific stains for neurosecretory cells, in addition to immunohistochemical reactions. The obtained results showed two types of adrenal medullary neurosecretory cells containing secretory granules (SGs) of different electron densities: adrenaline and noradrenaline (NA) secreting cells. These secretory granules showed a strong positive reaction to the Grimelius silver impregnation technique. Sections stained with Gomori's chrome alum haematoxylin stain, and the secretory granules showed a strong dark blackish-blue positive colour. The medullary cells showed typical chromaffin reactions when stained by H&E and Giemsa stains after formol dichromate 'Ortha's fluid' fixation. The noradrenaline secretory granules gave a strong positive Schmorl's test, while the adrenaline ones showed a moderate reaction. Immunohistochemically, the adrenal medullary cells were subjected to anti-chromogranin A (CHGA) antibody using the PAP technique, which gave positive reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usama Kamal Moawad
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | | | - Khaled Mohamed Mazher
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Randa Mohamed Hassan
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Taghreed Mohamed Nabil
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Bralewska M, Biesiada L, Grzesiak M, Rybak-Krzyszkowska M, Huras H, Gach A, Pietrucha T, Sakowicz A. Chromogranin A demonstrates higher expression in preeclamptic placentas than in normal pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021; 21:680. [PMID: 34620125 PMCID: PMC8496087 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-021-04139-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although preeclampsia has long been recognized as a condition affecting late pregnancy, little is known of its pathogenesis or treatment. The placenta releases a number of hormones and molecules that influence the course of pregnancy, one of which is chromogranin A, a soluble protein secreted mainly from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. Its role in pregnancy and pregnancy-related disorders remains unclear. Therefore, the main aim of the proposed study is to determine whether chromogranin A is related with the occurrence of preeclampsia. METHODS Placental samples were collected from 102 preeclamptic patients and 103 healthy controls, and Chromogranin A gene (CHGA) expression was measured using real-time RT-PCR, The RT-PCR results were verified on the protein level using ELISA. The normal distribution of the data was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test. The clinical and personal characteristics of the groups were compared using the Student's t-test for normally-distributed data, and the χ2 test for categorical variables. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for non-normally distributed data. As the log- transformation was not suitable for the given outcomes, the Box- Cox Transformation was used to normalize data from ELISA tests and CHGA expression. Values of P < .05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS Chromogranin A gene expression was found to be significantly higher in the study group than in controls. Protein analyses showed that although the CgA concentration in placental samples did not differ significantly, the catestatin (CST) level was significantly lower in samples obtained from women with preeclampsia, according to the controls. CONCLUSIONS FOR PRACTICE This study for the first time reveals that chromogranin A gene expression level is associated with preeclampsia. Moreover, the depletion in catestatin level, which plays a protective role in hypertension development, might be a marker of developing preeclampsia. Further studies may unravel role of Chromogranin A in the discussed disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalina Bralewska
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Lidia Biesiada
- Department of Obstetrics, Perinatology and Gynecology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital-Research Institute in Lodz, Rzgowska 281/289, Lodz, Poland
| | - Mariusz Grzesiak
- Department of Obstetrics, Perinatology and Gynecology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital-Research Institute in Lodz, Rzgowska 281/289, Lodz, Poland
| | - Magda Rybak-Krzyszkowska
- Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology, University Hospital in Krakow, Kopernika 36, Krakow, Poland
| | - Hubert Huras
- Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology, University Hospital in Krakow, Kopernika 36, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gach
- Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital-Research Institute in Lodz, Rzgowska 281/289, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Pietrucha
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Sakowicz
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, Lodz, Poland
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Zheng HT, Zhuang ZX, Chen CJ, Liao HY, Chen HL, Hsueh HC, Chen CF, Chen SE, Huang SY. Effects of acute heat stress on protein expression and histone modification in the adrenal gland of male layer-type country chickens. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6499. [PMID: 33753796 PMCID: PMC7985386 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85868-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The adrenal gland responds to heat stress by epinephrine and glucocorticoid release to alleviate the adverse effects. This study investigated the effect of acute heat stress on the protein profile and histone modification in the adrenal gland of layer-type country chickens. A total of 192 roosters were subject to acute heat stress and thereafter classified into a resistant or susceptible group according to body temperature change. The iTRAQ analysis identified 80 differentially expressed proteins, in which the resistant group had a higher level of somatostatin and hydroxy-δ-5-steroid dehydrogenase but a lower parathymosin expression in accordance with the change of serum glucocorticoid levels. Histone modification analysis identified 115 histone markers. The susceptible group had a higher level of tri-methylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) and showed a positive crosstalk with K36me and K37me in the H3 tails. The differential changes of body temperature projected in physiological regulation at the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis suggest the genetic heterogeneity in basic metabolic rate and efficiency for heat dissipation to acclimate to thermal stress and maintain body temperature homeostasis. The alteration of adrenal H3K27me3 level was associated with the endocrine function of adrenal gland and may contribute to the thermotolerance of chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Teng Zheng
- grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
| | - Zi-Xuan Zhuang
- grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
| | - Chao-Jung Chen
- grid.411508.90000 0004 0572 9415Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, 2 Yude Road, Taichung, 40447 Taiwan ,grid.254145.30000 0001 0083 6092Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh–Shih Road, Taichung, 40402 Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Liao
- grid.411508.90000 0004 0572 9415Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, 2 Yude Road, Taichung, 40447 Taiwan
| | - Hung-Lin Chen
- grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
| | - Huang-Chun Hsueh
- grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
| | - Chih-Feng Chen
- grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan ,grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
| | - Shuen-Ei Chen
- grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan ,grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan ,grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture (IDCSA), National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan ,grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749Research Center for Sustainable Energy and Nanotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
| | - San-Yuan Huang
- grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan ,grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan ,grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749Research Center for Sustainable Energy and Nanotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
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Li R, Li Y, Li C, Zheng D, Chen P. Gut Microbiota and Endocrine Disorder. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1238:143-164. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-2385-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Petrov AM, Astafev AA, Mast N, Saadane A, El-Darzi N, Pikuleva IA. The Interplay between Retinal Pathways of Cholesterol Output and Its Effects on Mouse Retina. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120867. [PMID: 31842366 PMCID: PMC6995521 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian retina, cholesterol excess is mainly metabolized to oxysterols by cytochromes P450 27A1 (CYP27A1) and 46A1 (CYP46A1) or removed on lipoprotein particles containing apolipoprotein E (APOE). In contrast, esterification by sterol-O-acyltransferase 1 (SOAT) plays only a minor role in this process. Accordingly, retinal cholesterol levels are unchanged in Soat1-/- mice but are increased in Cyp27a1-/-Cyp46a1-/- and Apoe-/- mice. Herein, we characterized Cyp27a1-/-Cyp46a1-/-Soat1-/- and Cyp27a1-/-Cyp46a1-/-Apoe-/- mice. In the former, retinal cholesterol levels, anatomical gross structure, and vasculature were normal, yet the electroretinographic responses were impaired. Conversely, in Cyp27a1-/-Cyp46a1-/-Apoe-/- mice, retinal cholesterol levels were increased while anatomical structure and vasculature were unaffected with only male mice showing a decrease in electroretinographic responses. Sterol profiling, qRT-PCR, proteomics, and transmission electron microscopy mapped potential compensatory mechanisms in the Cyp27a1-/-Cyp46a1-/-Soat1-/- and Cyp27a1-/-Cyp46a1-/-Apoe-/- retina. These included decreased cholesterol biosynthesis along with enhanced formation of intra- and extracellular vesicles, possibly a reserve mechanism for lowering retinal cholesterol. In addition, there was altered abundance of proteins in Cyp27a1-/-Cyp46a1-/-Soat1-/- mice that can affect photoreceptor function, survival, and retinal energy homeostasis (glucose and fatty acid metabolism). Therefore, the levels of retinal cholesterol do not seem to predict retinal abnormalities, and it is rather the network of compensatory mechanisms that appears to determine retinal phenotype.
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Mice overexpressing chromogranin A display hypergranulogenic adrenal glands with attenuated ATP levels contributing to the hypertensive phenotype. J Hypertens 2019; 36:1115-1128. [PMID: 29389743 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Elevated circulating chromogranin A (CHGA) is observed in human hypertension. CHGA is critical for granulogenesis and exocytosis of catecholamine stores from secretory large dense core vesicles (LDCV). This study aims to understand the morphological, molecular and phenotypic changes because of excess CHGA and the mechanistic link eventuating in hyper-adrenergic hypertension. METHODS Blood pressure and heart rate was monitored in mouse models expressing normal and elevated level of CHGA by telemetry. Catecholamine and oxidative stress radicals were measured. Adrenal ultrastructure, LDCV content and mitochondrial abundance were compared and respiration analyzed by Seahorse assay. Effect of CHGA dosage on adrenal ATP content, electron transport chain components and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP-2) were compared in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS Mice with excess-CHGA displayed hypertensive phenotype, higher heart rate and increased sympathetic tone. They had elevated plasma catecholamine and adrenal ROS levels. Excess-CHGA caused an increase in size and abundance of LDCV and adrenal mitochondria. Nonetheless, they had attenuated levels of ATP. Isolated adrenal mitochondria from mice with elevated CHGA showed higher maximal respiration rates in the presence of protonophore, which uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. Elevated CHGA resulted in overexpression of UCP2 and diminished ATP. In vitro in chromaffin cells overexpressing CHGA, concomitant increase in UCP2 protein and decreased ATP was detected. CONCLUSION Elevated CHGA expression resulted in underlying bioenergetic dysfunction in ATP production despite higher mitochondrial mass. The outcome was unregulated negative feedback of LDCV exocytosis and secretion, resulting in elevated levels of circulating catecholamine and consequently the hypertensive phenotype.
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Matsuda Y, Kimura N, Yoshimoto T, Sekiguchi Y, Tomoishi J, Kasahara I, Hara Y, Ogawa Y. Dopamine-Secreting Paraganglioma in the Retroperitoneum. Endocr Pathol 2017; 28:36-40. [PMID: 27743246 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-016-9457-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas, which exclusively produce dopamine, are very rare. Herein, we report for the first time a Japanese case of an exclusively dopamine-producing paraganglioma accompanied by detailed immunohistochemical analyses. A 70-year-old Japanese woman was referred to our hospital for functional examination of her left retroperitoneal mass. Her adrenal functions were normal, except for excessive dopamine secretion. After the tumorectomy, her dopamine level normalized. The histopathological diagnosis of the tumor was paraganglioma; this was confirmed by positive immunostaining of chromogranin A (CgA), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH), and succinate dehydrogenase gene subunit B (SDHB). However, the immunostaining of CgA in the tumor cells showed peculiar dot-like staining located corresponding to Golgi complex in the perinuclear area, rather than the diffuse cytoplasmic staining usually observed in epinephrine- or norepinephrine-producing functional pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. The immunohistochemical results suggested that the tumor cells had sparse neuroendocrine granules in the cytoplasm, resulting in inhibition of catecholamine synthesis from dopamine to norepinephrine in neurosecretory granules. This may be the mechanism responsible for exclusive dopamine secretion in the present case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Matsuda
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Ome Municipal General Hospital, Tokyo, 198-0042, Japan
- Department of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Noriko Kimura
- Department of Clinical Research Pathology Division, National Hospital Organization Hakodate Hospital, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8512, Japan
| | - Takanobu Yoshimoto
- Department of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Sekiguchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Ome Municipal General Hospital, Tokyo, 198-0042, Japan
| | - Junzo Tomoishi
- Department of Urology, Ome Municipal General Hospital, Tokyo, 198-0042, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kasahara
- Department of Pathology, Ome Municipal General Hospital, Tokyo, 198-0042, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Hara
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Ome Municipal General Hospital, Tokyo, 198-0042, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
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Choi Y, Miura M, Nakata Y, Sugasawa T, Nissato S, Otsuki T, Sugawara J, Iemitsu M, Kawakami Y, Shimano H, Iijima Y, Tanaka K, Kuno S, Allu PKR, Mahapatra NR, Maeda S, Takekoshi K. A common genetic variant of the chromogranin A-derived peptide catestatin is associated with atherogenesis and hypertension in a Japanese population. Endocr J 2015. [PMID: 26211667 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej14-0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CHGA) is a major protein in the secretory granules of chromaffin cells. CHGA also gives rise to cardiovascular/metabolism regulatory peptides, such as catestatin (CST) and pancreastatin (PST). While CST is a potent inhibitor of catecholamine secretion, PST is a potent physiological inhibitor of glucose-induced insulin secretion. Recently, several SNPs were identified in the CST and PST domains of CHGA locus in different populations. Among the discovered SNPs, CST variant allele Ser-364 was associated with blood pressure alteration and PST variant allele Ser-297 was associated with significantly higher plasma glucose level. In this study, we examined whether these CST and PST variant alleles exist and influence cardiovascular and metabolic phenotypes in Japanese population. Our study comprised of 343 Japanese subjects aged 45-85 years (143 men and 200 women, mean age 66 ± 8 years). We determined the genotypes of CST and PST by PCR-direct sequencing method and carried out genotype-phenotype association analysis. In 343 participants, the minor allele frequency of CST variant Ser-364 was 6.10%. On the other hand, we did not detect the PST variant Ser-297 in this entire study population. The presence of Ser-364 allele was associated with increased in baPWV (an index of systemic arterial stiffness) that suggests an initiation and/or progression atherogenesis and hypertension. The Ser-364 allele was also associated with elevated systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure, consistent with increased baPWV. In conclusion, the CST Ser-364 allele may increase the risk for cardiovascular diseases in Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngju Choi
- Division of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8574, Japan
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Buzueva II, Filyushina EE, Shmerling MD, Markel AL, Yakobson GS. Chromogranin location in the adrenal glands of ISIAH rats. Bull Exp Biol Med 2013; 154:393-5. [PMID: 23484208 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-013-1958-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Comparative immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study of the adrenals from hypertensive ISIAH rats and normotensive WAG rats (control) showed a more intense reaction to chromogranin A in the ISIAH adrenal in comparison with the control. Electron microscopy and morphometric analysis showed high volume and numerical densities of the secretory granules in chromaffin cells of hypertensive rats. The results indicate stimulation of the adrenal medullary substance in ISIAH rats. Presumably, intensive accumulation of chromogranin A and secretory granules in chromaffin cells of hypertensive rats reflects a certain imbalance of chromogranin A and catecholamines biogenesis, this, in turn, leading to stable stimulation of the sympathoadrenal component and higher stress sensitivity of these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- I I Buzueva
- Institute of Physiology, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.
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Avolio E, Facciolo RM, Alò R, Mele M, Carelli A, Canonaco A, Mosciaro L, Talani G, Biggio G, Sanna E, Mahata SK, Canonaco M. Expression variations of chromogranin A and α1,2,4 GABA(A)Rs in discrete limbic and brainstem areas rescue cardiovascular alterations. Neurosci Res 2013; 77:8-15. [PMID: 23916832 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent interferences of hemodynamic functions via modified brain neuronal mechanisms have proven to be major causes of dementia and sleeping disorders. In this work, cerebral expression differences of the neuroactive vesicular chromogranin A (CgA) and distinct α GABA(A)R subunits were detected in the facultative hibernating hamster. In particular, damaged neuronal fields of hypotensive torpor (TORP) state were correlated to elevated CgA and GABA(A)R α1, α4 mRNA levels in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), central amygdalar nucleus (CeA) plus solitary tractus nucleus (NTS). Conversely, few neurodegeneration signals of hypertensive arousal (AROU) state, accounted for mostly lower CgA levels in the same areas. This state also provided increased α2-containing sites in amygdala, hippocampal and NTS neurons together with elevated α4-containing receptors in the periventricular hypothalamic nucleus (Pe). Interestingly in our hibernating model, CgA appeared to preferentially feature inhibitory neurosignals as indicated by preliminary perfusion of amygdalar sites with its highly specific antihypertensive derived peptide (catestatin) promoting GABA-dependent sIPSCs. Overall, evident neuronal damages plus altered expression capacities of CgA and α1-, α2-, α4-GABA(A)Rs in CeA, Pe, PVN as well as NTS during both hibernating states corroborate for the first time key molecular switching events guaranteeing useful cardiovascular rescuing abilities of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ennio Avolio
- Comparative Neuroanatomy Laboratory, University of Calabria, Ponte P. Bucci 4B, 87030 Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy; Health Center srl, via Alimena 6, 87100 Cosenza, Italy; VA San Diego Healthcare System/Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838, USA
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Cerebrospinal fluid levels of chromogranin A in the treatment-naïve early stage Parkinson’s disease: a pilot study. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 120:1559-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Loh YP, Koshimizu H, Cawley NX, Tota B. Serpinins: role in granule biogenesis, inhibition of cell death and cardiac function. Curr Med Chem 2013; 19:4086-92. [PMID: 22834799 DOI: 10.2174/092986712802429957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Serpinins are a family of peptides derived from proteolytic cleavage of the penultimate and the last pair of basic residues at the C-terminus of Chromogranin A. Three forms of naturally occurring serpinin have been found in AtT-20 pituitary cells and rat heart. They are serpinin, pyrogutaminated (pGlu) -serpinin and a C-terminally extended form, serpinin-RRG. In addition pGlu-serpinin has been found in brain, primarily in neurites and nerve terminals and shown to have protective effects against oxidative stress on neurons and pituitary cells. Serpinin has also been demonstrated to regulate granule biogenesis in endocrine cells by up-regulating the protease inhibitor, protease nexin-1 transcription via a cAMP-PKA-sp1 pathway. This leads to inhibition of granule protein degradation in the Golgi complex which in turn promotes granule formation. More recently, pGlu-serpinin has been demonstrated to enhance both myocardial contractility (inotropy) and relaxation (lusitropy). In the Langendorff perfused rat heart, pGlu-serpinin showed a concentration-dependent positive inotropic effect exerted through a cAMP-PKA dependent pathway. In conclusion, the serpinin peptides have profound effects at many levels that affect the endocrine and nervous systems and cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y P Loh
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Program on Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 49, Room 5A22, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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15
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Sahu BS, Obbineni JM, Sahu G, Allu PKR, Subramanian L, Sonawane PJ, Singh PK, Sasi BK, Senapati S, Maji SK, Bera AK, Gomathi BS, Mullasari AS, Mahapatra NR. Functional genetic variants of the catecholamine-release-inhibitory peptide catestatin in an Indian population: allele-specific effects on metabolic traits. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:43840-52. [PMID: 23105094 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.407916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Catestatin (CST), a chromogranin A (CHGA)-derived peptide, is a potent inhibitor of catecholamine release from adrenal chromaffin cells and postganglionic sympathetic axons. We re-sequenced the CST region of CHGA in an Indian population (n = 1010) and detected two amino acid substitution variants: G364S and G367V. Synthesized CST variant peptides (viz. CST-Ser-364 and CST-Val-367) were significantly less potent than the wild type peptide (CST-WT) to inhibit nicotine-stimulated catecholamine secretion from PC12 cells. Consistently, the rank-order of blockade of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-stimulated inward current and intracellular Ca(2+) rise by these peptides in PC12 cells was: CST-WT > CST-Ser-364 > CST-Val-367. Structural analysis by CD spectroscopy coupled with molecular dynamics simulations revealed the following order of α-helical content: CST-WT > CST-Ser-364 > CST-Val-367; docking of CST peptides onto a major human nAChR subtype and molecular dynamics simulations also predicted the above rank order for their binding affinity with nAChR and the extent of occlusion of the receptor pore, providing a mechanistic basis for differential potencies. The G364S polymorphism was in strong linkage disequilibrium with several common CHGA genetic variations. Interestingly, the Ser-364 allele (detected in ∼15% subjects) was strongly associated with profound reduction (up to ∼2.1-fold) in plasma norepinephrine/epinephrine levels consistent with the diminished nAChR desensitization-blocking effect of CST-Ser-364 as compared with CST-WT. Additionally, the Ser-364 allele showed strong associations with elevated levels of plasma triglyceride and glucose levels. In conclusion, a common CHGA variant in an Indian population influences several biochemical parameters relevant to cardiovascular/metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavani S Sahu
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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16
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Trapé J, Filella X, Alsina-Donadeu M, Juan-Pereira L, Bosch-Ferrer Á, Rigo-Bonnin R. Increased plasma concentrations of tumour markers in the absence of neoplasia. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011; 49:1605-20. [PMID: 21892908 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumour markers are a very heterogeneous group of molecules that are generally found in very small concentrations in the plasma and serum of healthy individuals. In the process of neoplastic differentiation the cell can synthesize, release, or induce synthesis of other cells, thus increasing their concentration in plasma and serum. These substances may also increase their plasma concentration in patients without cancer due to processes that increase the release or reduce catabolism, and so give rise to false positives. An understanding of the main physiopathological processes that increase the concentrations of these substances could improve our interpretation of tumour markers and their clinical application. In this study we review the physiopathological processes that may increase the plasma concentrations of tumour markers. We performed a bibliography review in PubMed, searching for causes of false positives for the following tumour markers: α-Fetoprotein, CA 125, CA 15-3, CA 19-9, CA 72-4, carcinoembryonic antigen, CYFRA 21-1, squamous cell carcinoma, prostatic specific antigen, β(2)-microglobulin, choriogonadotropin (β chain), chromogranin A, neuron specific enolase, HER2-neu, progastrin releasing peptide, S-100, and thyroglobulin. The results favour the use of tests which can identify pathological processes that may increase tumour marker concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Trapé
- Laboratory Medicine, Biological Diagnosis Department, Manresa Althaia Xarxa Assistencial de Manresa, Manresa, Catalonia, Spain.
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17
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Marques FZ, Campain AE, Davern PJ, Yang YHJ, Head GA, Morris BJ. Global identification of the genes and pathways differentially expressed in hypothalamus in early and established neurogenic hypertension. Physiol Genomics 2011; 43:766-71. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00009.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus has an important etiological role in the onset and maintenance of hypertension and stress responses in the Schlager high blood pressure (BP) (BPH/2J) mouse, a genetic model of neurogenic hypertension. Using Affymetrix GeneChip Mouse Gene 1.0 ST Arrays we identified 1,019 hypothalamic genes whose expression differed between 6 wk old BPH/2J and normal BP (BPN/3J) strains, and 466 for 26 wk old mice. Of these, 459 were in 21 mouse BP quantitative trait loci. We validated 46 genes by qPCR. Gene changes that would increase sympathetic outflow at both ages were: Dynll1 encoding dynein light chain LC8-type 1, which physically destabilizes neuronal nitric oxide synthase, decreasing neuronal nitric oxide, and Hcrt encoding hypocretin and Npsr1 encoding neuropeptide S receptor 1, each involved in sympathetic response to stress. At both ages we identified genes for inflammation, such as CC-chemokine ligand 19 ( Ccl19), and oxidative stress. Via reactive oxygen species generation, these could contribute to oxidative damage. Other genes identified could be responding to such perturbations. Atp2b1, the major gene from genome-wide association studies of BP variation, was underexpressed in the early phase. Comparison of profiles of young and adult BPH/2J mice, after adjusting for maturation genes, pointed to the proopiomelanocortin-α gene ( Pomc) and neuropeptide Y gene ( Npy), among others, as potentially causative. The present study has identified a diversity of genes and possible mechanisms involved in hypertension etiology and maintenance in the hypothalamus of BPH/2J mice, highlighting both common and divergent processes in each phase of the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Z. Marques
- Basic & Clinical Genomics Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, and
| | - Anna E. Campain
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales; and
| | - Pamela J. Davern
- the Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yee Hwa J. Yang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales; and
| | - Geoffrey A. Head
- the Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brian J. Morris
- Basic & Clinical Genomics Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, and
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18
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Chen Y, Mahata M, Rao F, Khandrika S, Courel M, Fung MM, Zhang K, Stridsberg M, Ziegler MG, Hamilton BA, Lipkowitz MS, Taupenot L, Nievergelt C, Mahata SK, O'Connor DT. Chromogranin A regulates renal function by triggering Weibel-Palade body exocytosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20:1623-32. [PMID: 19520754 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2008111148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CHGA), a protein released from secretory granules of chromaffin cells and sympathetic nerves, triggers endothelin-1 release from endothelial cells. CHGA polymorphisms associate with an increased risk for ESRD, but whether altered CHGA-endothelium interactions may explain this association is unknown. Here, CHGA led to the release of endothelin-1 and Weibel-Palade body exocytosis in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. In addition, CHGA triggered secretion of endothelin-1 from glomerular endothelial cells and TGF-beta1 from mesangial cells cocultured with glomerular endothelial cells. In humans, plasma CHGA correlated positively with endothelin-1 and negatively with GFR. GFR was highly heritable in twin pairs, and common promoter haplotypes of CHGA predicted GFR. In patients with progressive hypertensive renal disease, a CHGA haplotype predicted rate of GFR decline. In conclusion, these data suggest that CHGA acts through the glomerular endothelium to regulate renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838, USA
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19
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Yamakoshi T, Park SB, Jang WC, Kim K, Yamakoshi Y, Hirose H. Relationship between salivary Chromogranin-A and stress induced by simulated monotonous driving. Med Biol Eng Comput 2009; 47:449-56. [PMID: 19194732 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-009-0447-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the use of salivary Chromogranin-A (CgA), which is already used in general as a mental stress marker, for studying the stressful situation created by simulated monotonous driving. After informed consent, 25 healthy male and female subjects were studied under constant environment-controlled conditions. We measured the following physiological variables: blood pressure (BP), cardiac output, total peripheral resistance (TPR), normalized pulse volume (NPV) as an index of alpha-adrenergic sympathetic activity to the finger arteriolar vessels, levels of cortisol and CgA during monotonous driving. The induced stress led to the expected decreases in NPV and increases in TPR and BP caused by peripherally related sympathetic acceleration. However, CgA levels were found to fall gradually in accordance with the gradual increase of subjective rating of stress (SRS) and significantly (p < 0.01) decreased over the period of the simulated monotonous driving. Our hypothesis for the gradual decrease of CgA levels during the simulated monotonous driving is as follows. CgA, catestatin and catecholamines are co-released into the extra-cellular environment. Peripheral sympathetic activity was accelerated by stress resulting from the simulated monotonous driving. Upon peripheral vessel constriction, an increase in TPR then increased BP which, in turn, activated catestatin. Consequently, secretion of CgA was blocked by the co-secreted catestatin from chromaffin granules. The results obtained strongly indicate that, although CgA has been reported as a possible marker of stress, CgA levels are not increased in the stressful situation of simulated monotonous driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Yamakoshi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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20
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Crivellato E, Nico B, Ribatti D. The chromaffin vesicle: advances in understanding the composition of a versatile, multifunctional secretory organelle. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 291:1587-602. [PMID: 19037853 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Chromaffin vesicles (CV) are highly sophisticated secretory organelles synthesized in adrenal medullary chromaffin cells. They contain a complex mixture of structural proteins, catecholamine neurotransmitters, peptide hormones, and the relative processing enzymes, as well as protease inhibitors. In addition, CV store ATP, ascorbic acid, and calcium. During the last decades, extensive studies have contributed to increase our understanding of the molecular composition of CV. Yet, the recent development of biochemical and imaging procedures has greatly increased the list of CV-soluble constituents and opened new horizons as to the complexity of CV involvement in acute stress responses. Thus, a coherent picture of CV molecular composition is still to be drawn. This review article will provide a detailed account of the content of CV soluble molecules as it emerges from the most recent analytical studies. Moreover, this review article will attempt at focussing on the physiological and pathophysiological implications of the products released by CV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Crivellato
- Department of Medical and Morphological Research, Section of Anatomy, University of Udine School of Medicine, Udine, Italy.
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21
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Prasad P, Yanagihara AA, Small-Howard AL, Turner H, Stokes AJ. Secretogranin III directs secretory vesicle biogenesis in mast cells in a manner dependent upon interaction with chromogranin A. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:5024-34. [PMID: 18802106 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.7.5024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are granular immunocytes that reside in the body's barrier tissues. These cells orchestrate inflammatory responses. Proinflammatory mediators are stored in granular structures within the mast cell cytosol. Control of mast cell granule exocytosis is a major therapeutic goal for allergic and inflammatory diseases. However, the proteins that control granule biogenesis and abundance in mast cells have not been elucidated. In neuroendocrine cells, whose dense core granules are strikingly similar to mast cell granules, granin proteins regulate granulogenesis. Our studies suggest that the Secretogranin III (SgIII) protein is involved in secretory granule biogenesis in mast cells. SgIII is abundant in mast cells, and is organized into vesicular structures. Our results show that over-expression of SgIII in mast cells is sufficient to cause an expansion of a granular compartment in these cells. These novel granules store inflammatory mediators that are released in response to physiological stimuli, indicating that they function as bona fide secretory vesicles. In mast cells, as in neuroendocrine cells, we show that SgIII is complexed with Chromogranin A (CgA). CgA is granulogenic when complexed with SgIII. Our data show that a novel non-granulogenic truncation mutant of SgIII (1-210) lacks the ability to interact with CgA. Thus, in mast cells, a CgA-SgIII complex may play a key role in secretory granule biogenesis. SgIII function in mast cells is unlikely to be limited to its partnership with CgA, as our interaction trap analysis suggests that SgIII has multiple binding partners, including the mast cell ion channel TRPA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Prasad
- Center for Biomedical Research at The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
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22
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Kabadi SV, Ally A. Negative cardiotropism by catestatin and its variants. Endocrinology 2008; 149:4778-9. [PMID: 18809948 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shruti V Kabadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 179 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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23
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Han L, Suda M, Tsuzuki K, Wang R, Ohe Y, Hirai H, Watanabe T, Takeuchi T, Hosaka M. A large form of secretogranin III functions as a sorting receptor for chromogranin A aggregates in PC12 cells. Mol Endocrinol 2008; 22:1935-49. [PMID: 18483175 DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Granin-family proteins, including chromogranin A and secretogranin III, are sorted to the secretory granules in neuroendocrine cells. We previously demonstrated that secretogranin III binds chromogranin A and targets it to the secretory granules in pituitary corticotrope-derived AtT-20 cells. However, secretogranin III has not been identified in adrenal chromaffin and PC12 cells, where chromogranin A is correctly sorted to the secretory granules. In this study, low levels of a large and noncleaved secretogranin III have been identified in PC12 cells and rat adrenal glands. Although the secretogranin III expression was limited in PC12 cells, when the FLAG-tagged secretogranin III lacking the secretory granule membrane-binding domain was expressed excessively, hemagglutinin-tagged chromogranin A was unable to target to the secretory granules at the tips and shifted to the constitutive secretory pathway. Secretogranin III was able to bind the aggregated form of chromogranin A, suggesting that a small quantity of secretogranin III is enough to carry a large quantity of chromogranin A. Furthermore, secretogranin III bound adrenomedullin, a major peptide hormone in chromaffin cells. Indeed, small interfering RNA-directed secretogranin III depletion impaired intracellular retention of chromogranin A and adrenomedullin, suggesting that they are constitutively released to the medium. We suggest that the sorting function of secretogranin III for chromogranin A is common in PC12 and chromaffin cells as well as in other endocrine cells, and a small amount of secretogranin III is able to sort chromogranin A aggregates together with adrenomedullin to secretory granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Han
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan
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24
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Salem RM, Cadman PE, Chen Y, Rao F, Wen G, Hamilton BA, Rana BK, Smith DW, Stridsberg M, Ward HJ, Mahata M, Mahata SK, Bowden DW, Hicks PJ, Freedman BI, Schork NJ, O'Connor DT. Chromogranin A polymorphisms are associated with hypertensive renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19:600-14. [PMID: 18235090 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2007070754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromogranin A is released together with epinephrine and norepinephrine from catecholaminergic cells. Specific endopeptidases cleave chromogranin A into biologically active peptide fragments, including catestatin, which inhibits catecholamine release. Previous studies have suggested that a deficit in this sympathetic "braking" system might be an early event in the pathogenesis of human hypertension. Whether chromogranin A (CHGA) polymorphisms predict end-organ complications of hypertension, such as end-stage renal disease, is unknown. Among blacks, we studied common genetic variants spanning the CHGA locus in 2 independent case-control studies of hypertensive ESRD. Two haplotypes were significantly more frequent among subjects with hypertensive ESRD: 1) in the promoter (5') region, G-462A-->T-415C-->C-89A, haplotype ATC (adjusted odds ratio = 2.65; P = 0.037), and 2) at the 3'-end, C11825T (3'-UTR, C+87T)-->G12602C, haplotype TC (adjusted odds ratio = 2.73, P = 0.0196). Circulating levels of catestatin were lower among those with hypertensive ESRD than controls, an unexpected finding given that peptide levels are usually elevated in ESRD because of reduced renal elimination. We found that the 3'-UTR + 87T variant decreased reporter gene expression, providing a possible mechanistic explanation for diminished catestatin. In summary, common variants in chromogranin A associate with the risk of hypertensive ESRD in blacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rany M Salem
- Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California at San Diego and Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System (0838), 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838, USA
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25
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Rao F, Wessel J, Wen G, Zhang L, Rana BK, Kennedy BP, Greenwood TA, Salem RM, Chen Y, Khandrika S, Hamilton BA, Smith DW, Holstein-Rathlou NH, Ziegler MG, Schork NJ, O'Connor DT. Renal albumin excretion: twin studies identify influences of heredity, environment, and adrenergic pathway polymorphism. Hypertension 2007; 49:1015-31. [PMID: 17353515 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.106.081679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Albumin excretion marks early glomerular injury in hypertension. This study investigated heritability of albumin excretion in twin pairs and its genetic determination by adrenergic pathway polymorphism. Genetic associations used single nucleotide polymorphisms at adrenergic pathway loci spanning catecholamine biosynthesis, storage, catabolism, receptor action, and postreceptor signal transduction. We studied 134 single nucleotide polymorphisms at 46 loci for a total of >51,000 genotypes. Albumin excretion heritability was 45.2+/-7.4% (P=2x10(-7)), and the phenotype aggregated significantly with adrenergic, renal, metabolic, and hemodynamic traits. In the adrenergic system, excretions of both norepinephrine and epinephrine correlated with albumin. In the kidney, albumin excretion correlated with glomerular and tubular traits (Na(+) and K(+) excretion; fractional excretion of Na(+) and Li(+)). Albumin excretion shared genetic determination (genetic covariance) with epinephrine excretion, and environmental determination with glomerular filtration rate and electrolyte intake/excretion. Albumin excretion associated with polymorphisms at multiple points in the adrenergic pathway: catecholamine biosynthesis (tyrosine hydroxylase), catabolism (monoamine oxidase A), storage/release (chromogranin A), receptor target (dopamine D1 receptor), and postreceptor signal transduction (sorting nexin 13 and rho kinase). Epistasis (gene-by-gene interaction) occurred between alleles at rho kinase, tyrosine hydroxylase, chromogranin A, and sorting nexin 13. Dopamine D1 receptor polymorphism showed pleiotropic effects on both albumin and dopamine excretion. These studies establish new roles for heredity and environment in albumin excretion. Urinary excretions of albumin and catecholamines are highly heritable, and their parallel suggests adrenergic mediation of early glomerular permeability alterations. Albumin excretion is influenced by multiple adrenergic pathway genes and is, thus, polygenic. Such functional links between adrenergic activity and glomerular injury suggest novel approaches to its prediction, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangwen Rao
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Genetics and Genomics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838, USA
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26
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Zhang K, Rao F, Wen G, Salem RM, Vaingankar S, Mahata M, Mahapatra NR, Lillie EO, Cadman PE, Friese RS, Hamilton BA, Hook VY, Mahata SK, Taupenot L, O'Connor DT. Catecholamine storage vesicles and the metabolic syndrome: The role of the chromogranin A fragment pancreastatin. Diabetes Obes Metab 2006; 8:621-33. [PMID: 17026486 PMCID: PMC10843892 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2006.00575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chromogranins or secretogranins (granins), present in secretory granules of virtually all neuroendocrine cells and neurones, are structurally related proteins encoded by different genetic loci: chromogranins A and B, and secretogranins II through VI. Compelling evidence supports both intracellular and extracellular functions for this protein family. Within the cells of origin, a granulogenic or sorting role in the regulated pathway of hormone or neurotransmitter secretion has been documented, especially for chromogranin A (CHGA). Granins also function as pro-hormones, giving rise by proteolytic processing to an array of peptide fragments for which diverse autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine activities have been demonstrated. CHGA measurements yield insight into the pathogenesis of such human diseases as essential hypertension, in which deficiency of the catecholamine release-inhibitory CHGA fragment catestatin may trigger sympathoadrenal overactivity as an aetiologic culprit in the syndrome. The CHGA dysglycaemic fragment pancreastatin is functional in humans in vivo, affecting both carbohydrate (glucose) and lipid (fatty acid) metabolism. Pancreastatin is cleaved from CHGA in hormone storage granules in vivo, and its plasma concentration varies in human disease. The pancreastatin region of CHGA gives rise to three naturally occurring human variants, one of which (Gly297Ser) occurs in the functionally important carboxy-terminus of the peptide, and substantially increases the peptide's potency to inhibit cellular glucose uptake. These observations establish a role for pancreastatin in human intermediary metabolism and disease, and suggest that qualitative hereditary alterations in pancreastatin's primary structure may give rise to interindividual differences in glucose disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuixing Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California 92093-0838, USA
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