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Nakanishi-Kimura A, Takakura A, Hoshi-Numahata M, Watanabe H, Nishiura M, Sato Y, Takao-Kawabata R, Iimura T. Dynamic morphometric changes in the mandibular osteocytic lacunae of ovariectomized rats in response to teriparatide, as revealed by three-dimensional fluorescence analyses: Possible involvement of osteocytic perilacunar remodeling. J Oral Biosci 2024; 66:49-60. [PMID: 38048848 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Teriparatide [TPTD; human parathyroid hormone (hPTH1-34)] is an anti-osteoporotic drug with bone anabolic effects. Clinical and preclinical studies have indicated that TPTD has value in oral and maxillofacial bone therapies, including jawbone regeneration, periodontal tissue repair, and the treatment of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. However, it is unclear whether the craniofacial bones respond to TPTD similarly to the axial and appendicular bones. Recent studies showed that TPTD acts on both osteocytes and osteoblasts. This study aimed to characterize distinct craniofacial bone sites, with a focus on morphometric changes in osteocytic lacunae in ovariectomized rats receiving TPTD. METHODS Conventional bone histomorphometric analyses of mandibular and parietal bone sections were conducted. High-resolution confocal imaging-based three-dimensional fluorescence morphometric analyses of osteocytic lacunae in distinct mandibular and parietal bone sites were conducted. RESULTS We observed dynamic changes in the morphometric characteristics of osteocytic lacunae specifically in alveolar and other mandibular bone sites upon TPTD administration. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that osteocytes in mandibular bone (specifically, alveolar bone) have unique functional characteristics of osteocytic perilacunar remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Nakanishi-Kimura
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, N13 W7, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan; Department of Orthodontics, Faculty and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, N13 W7, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - Aya Takakura
- Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, 632-1 Mifuku, Izunokuni-shi, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan.
| | - Marie Hoshi-Numahata
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, N13 W7, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan; Department of Orthodontics, Faculty and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, N13 W7, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Watanabe
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, N13 W7, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan; Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostics, Faculty and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, N13 W7, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - Mai Nishiura
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, N13 W7, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan; Department of Dentistry for Children and Disabled Persons, Faculty and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, N13 W7, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Sato
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, N13 W7, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - Ryoko Takao-Kawabata
- Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, 632-1 Mifuku, Izunokuni-shi, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan.
| | - Tadahiro Iimura
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, N13 W7, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan.
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Peña KA, Savransky S, Lewis B. Endosomal signaling via cAMP in parathyroid hormone (PTH) type 1 receptor biology. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 581:112107. [PMID: 37981188 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.112107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Compartmentalization of GPCR signaling is an emerging topic that highlights the physiological relevance of spatial bias in signaling. The parathyroid hormone (PTH) type 1 receptor (PTH1R) was the first GPCR described to signal via heterotrimeric G-protein and cAMP from endosomes after β-arrestin mediated internalization, challenging the canonical GPCR signaling model which established that signaling is terminated by receptor internalization. More than a decade later, many other GPCRs have been shown to signal from endosomes via cAMP, and recent studies have proposed that location of cAMP generation impacts physiological outcomes of GPCR signaling. Here, we review the extensive literature regarding PTH1R endosomal signaling via cAMP, the mechanisms that regulate endosomal generation of cAMP, and the implications of spatial bias in PTH1R physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina A Peña
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Sofya Savransky
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Graduate Program in Molecular Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Breanna Lewis
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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3
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Wang J, Zhao C, Zhang X, Yang L, Hu Y. Identification of a novel heterozygous PTH1R variant in a Chinese family with incomplete penetrance. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2024; 12:e2301. [PMID: 37840415 PMCID: PMC10767579 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in PTH1R are associated with Jansen-type metaphyseal chondrodysplasia (JMC), Blomstrand osteochondrodysplasia (BOCD), Eiken syndrome, enchondroma, and primary failure of tooth eruption (PFE). Inheritance of the PTH1R gene can be either autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive, indicating the complexity of the gene. Our objective was to identify the phenotypic differences in members of a family with a novel PTH1R mutation. METHODS The proband was a 13-year, 6-month-old girl presenting with short stature, abnormal tooth eruption, skeletal dysplasia, and midface hypoplasia. The brother and father of the proband presented with short stature and abnormal tooth eruption. High-throughput sequencing was performed on the proband, and the variant was confirmed in the proband and other family members by Sanger sequencing. Amino acid sequence alignment was performed using ClustalX software. Three-dimensional structures were analyzed and displayed using the I-TASSER website and PyMOL software. RESULTS High-throughput genome sequencing and Sanger sequencing validation showed that the proband, her father, and her brother all carried the PTH1R (NM_000316) c.1393G>A (p.E465K) mutation. The c.1393G>A (p.E465K) mutation was novel, as it has not been reported in the literature database. According to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines, the p.E465K variant was considered to have uncertain significance. Biological information analysis demonstrated that this identified variant was highly conserved and highly likely pathogenic. CONCLUSIONS We identified a novel heterozygous mutation in the PTH1R gene leading to clinical manifestations with incomplete penetrance that expands the spectrum of known PTH1R mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Linyi People's HospitalPostgrad Training Base Jinzhou Med UniversityLinyiChina
- Department of PediatricsLinyi People's HospitalLinyiChina
| | - Chaoyue Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Linyi People's HospitalPostgrad Training Base Jinzhou Med UniversityLinyiChina
- Department of PediatricsLinyi People's HospitalLinyiChina
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Linyi People's HospitalPostgrad Training Base Jinzhou Med UniversityLinyiChina
- Department of PediatricsLinyi People's HospitalLinyiChina
| | - Li Yang
- Department of PediatricsLinyi People's HospitalLinyiChina
| | - Yanyan Hu
- Department of PediatricsLinyi People's HospitalLinyiChina
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4
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Amano K, Kitaoka Y, Kato S, Fujiwara M, Okuzaki D, Aikawa T, Kogo M, Iida S. Pth1r Signal in Gli1+ Cells Maintains Postnatal Cranial Base Synchondrosis. J Dent Res 2023; 102:1241-1251. [PMID: 37575041 DOI: 10.1177/00220345231184405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cranial base synchondroses are the endochondral ossification centers for cranial base growth and thus indispensable for proper skull, brain, and midfacial development. The synchondroses are composed of mirror-image growth plates that are continuously maintained from the embryonic to postnatal stage through chondrocyte differentiation. Several factors, including Pth1r signaling, are known to control fetal synchondrosis development. However, there are currently no reports regarding any role for Pth1r signaling in postnatal cranial base and synchondrosis development. Also, the mesenchymal cells that source Pth1r signaling for synchondroses are not known. Here, we employed an inducible mouse model, a hedgehog-responsive Gli1-CreERT2 driver, focusing on the postnatal study. We performed 2 inducible protocols using Gli1-CreERT2;Tomatofl/+ mice that uncovered distinct patterning of Gli1-positive and Gli1-negative chondrocytes in the synchondrosis cartilage. Moreover, we generated Gli1-CreERT2;Pth1rfl/fl;Tomatofl/+ mice to assess their functions in postnatal synchondrosis and found that the mutants had survived postnatally. The mutant skulls morphologically presented unambiguous phenotypes where we noticed the shortened cranial base and premature synchondrosis closure. Histologically, gradual disorganization in mutant synchondroses caused an uncommon remaining central zone between hypertrophic zones on both sides while the successive differentiation of round, flat, and hypertrophic chondrocytes was observed in control sections. These mutant synchondroses disappeared and were finally replaced by bone. Of note, the mutant fusing synchondroses lost their characteristic patterning of Gli1-positive and Gli1-negative chondrocytes, suggesting that loss of Pth1r signaling alters the distribution of hedgehog-responsive chondrocytes. Moreover, we performed laser microdissection and RNA sequencing to characterize the flat proliferative and round resting chondrocytes where we found flat chondrocytes have a characteristic feature of both chondrocyte proliferation and maturation. Taken together, these data demonstrate that Pth1r signaling in Gli1-positive cells is essential for postnatal development and maintenance in cranial base synchondroses. Our findings will elucidate previously unknown aspects of Pth1r functions in cranial biology and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Amano
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- The first department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Y Kitaoka
- The first department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - S Kato
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - M Fujiwara
- The first department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
- The Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - D Okuzaki
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Aikawa
- The first department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - M Kogo
- The first department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - S Iida
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Vilardaga JP, Clark LJ, White AD, Sutkeviciute I, Lee JY, Bahar I. Molecular Mechanisms of PTH/PTHrP Class B GPCR Signaling and Pharmacological Implications. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:474-491. [PMID: 36503956 PMCID: PMC10461325 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnac032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The classical paradigm of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling via G proteins is grounded in a view that downstream responses are relatively transient and confined to the cell surface, but this notion has been revised in recent years following the identification of several receptors that engage in sustained signaling responses from subcellular compartments following internalization of the ligand-receptor complex. This phenomenon was initially discovered for the parathyroid hormone (PTH) type 1 receptor (PTH1R), a vital GPCR for maintaining normal calcium and phosphate levels in the body with the paradoxical ability to build or break down bone in response to PTH binding. The diverse biological processes regulated by this receptor are thought to depend on its capacity to mediate diverse modes of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling. These include transient signaling at the plasma membrane and sustained signaling from internalized PTH1R within early endosomes mediated by PTH. Here we discuss recent structural, cell signaling, and in vivo studies that unveil potential pharmacological outputs of the spatial versus temporal dimension of PTH1R signaling via cAMP. Notably, the combination of molecular dynamics simulations and elastic network model-based methods revealed how precise modulation of PTH signaling responses is achieved through structure-encoded allosteric coupling within the receptor and between the peptide hormone binding site and the G protein coupling interface. The implications of recent findings are now being explored for addressing key questions on how location bias in receptor signaling contributes to pharmacological functions, and how to drug a difficult target such as the PTH1R toward discovering nonpeptidic small molecule candidates for the treatment of metabolic bone and mineral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Vilardaga
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Lisa J Clark
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Alex D White
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ieva Sutkeviciute
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ji Young Lee
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ivet Bahar
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Yang D, Zhou Z, Wang S, Ying H, Wang S, Ma Q, Wu J, Jiao Q, Fan L, Chen M, Wang Y, Zhao L. A Novel Heterozygous Missense Variant in Parathyroid Hormone 1 is Related to the Occurrence of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2023; 27:74-80. [PMID: 36989525 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2022.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is one of the most common diseases in the pediatric orthopedics, with an incidence of 1-5%. Genetic factors are the bases of the pathogenesis of DDH, but the pathogenic variants and pathogenesis of DDH are still unknown. There are no key accurate diagnostic or prognostic molecular markers for DDH. The purpose of our study was to screen for genetic variant associated with DDH and explore its pathogenesis. Materials and Methods: The genetic variation of DDH was tested by variant NGS-based exome analyses, verified by the Sanger sequencing. Results: A four-generation family in which DDH was present in three generations was recruited. A novel heterozygous missense variant c.629C>T (p.(Ala210Val)) in exon 7/8 of the parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R) gene was identified through screening of two affected and one unaffected family members. The candidate variant was validated in all available family members with all three affected members being positive for the PTH1R variant. Conclusion: Our results are highly supportive of PTH1R as a novel candidate gene for DDH and demonstrated that the combination of pedigree information and next-generation sequencing is an effective method for identifying pathogenic variants associated with DDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Embryogenesis and Developmental Molecular Biology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zaiwei Zhou
- Shanghai Xunyin Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Shiqi Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hao Ying
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Sun Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qichao Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wu
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qin Jiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Lingyan Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Mengjie Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yichen Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Csukasi F, Bosakova M, Barta T, Martin JH, Arcedo J, Barad M, Rico-Llanos GA, Zieba J, Becerra J, Krejci P, Duran I, Krakow D. Skeletal diseases caused by mutations in PTH1R show aberrant differentiation of skeletal progenitors due to dysregulation of DEPTOR. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:963389. [PMID: 36726589 PMCID: PMC9885499 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.963389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the balance between skeletogenesis and adipogenesis is a pathogenic feature in multiple skeletal disorders. Clinically, enhanced bone marrow adiposity in bones impairs mobility and increases fracture risk, reducing the quality of life of patients. The molecular mechanism that underlies the balance between skeletogenesis and adipogenesis is not completely understood but alterations in skeletal progenitor cells' differentiation pathway plays a key role. We recently demonstrated that parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) control the levels of DEPTOR, an inhibitor of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), and that DEPTOR levels are altered in different skeletal diseases. Here, we show that mutations in the PTH receptor-1 (PTH1R) alter the differentiation of skeletal progenitors in two different skeletal genetic disorders and lead to accumulation of fat or cartilage in bones. Mechanistically, DEPTOR controls the subcellular localization of TAZ (transcriptional co-activator with a PDZ-binding domain), a transcriptional regulator that governs skeletal stem cells differentiation into either bone and fat. We show that DEPTOR regulation of TAZ localization is achieved through the control of Dishevelled2 (DVL2) phosphorylation. Depending on nutrient availability, DEPTOR directly interacts with PTH1R to regulate PTH/PTHrP signaling or it forms a complex with TAZ, to prevent its translocation to the nucleus and therefore inhibit its transcriptional activity. Our data point DEPTOR as a key molecule in skeletal progenitor differentiation; its dysregulation under pathologic conditions results in aberrant bone/fat balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Csukasi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration (LABRET), Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, University of Malaga, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND), Malaga, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Michaela Bosakova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, Brno, Czechia
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Tomas Barta
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jorge H Martin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jesus Arcedo
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration (LABRET), Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, University of Malaga, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND), Malaga, Spain
| | - Maya Barad
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gustavo A Rico-Llanos
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration (LABRET), Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, University of Malaga, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND), Malaga, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jennifer Zieba
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jose Becerra
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration (LABRET), Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, University of Malaga, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND), Malaga, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pavel Krejci
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, Brno, Czechia
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Ivan Duran
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration (LABRET), Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, University of Malaga, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND), Malaga, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Deborah Krakow
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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8
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Coudert A, Battafarano G, Del Fattore A. Editorial: Identification of New Molecular Mechanisms of Bone Disease, volume II. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1166647. [PMID: 36960412 PMCID: PMC10028265 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1166647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Coudert
- UFR d’odontologie (Département des Sciences Biologiques), Université Paris Diderot BIOSCAR-INSERM U1132, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Battafarano
- Bone Physiopathology Research Unit, Translational Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giulia Battafarano,
| | - Andrea Del Fattore
- Bone Physiopathology Research Unit, Translational Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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9
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Yamaguchi T, Hosomichi K, Shirota T, Miyamoto Y, Ono W, Ono N. Primary failure of tooth eruption: Etiology and management. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2022; 58:258-267. [PMID: 36159186 PMCID: PMC9489741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary failure of eruption (PFE) is a rare disorder defined as incomplete tooth eruption despite the presence of a clear eruption pathway. PFE is known to be caused by rare variants in the parathyroid hormone 1 receptor gene (PTH1R). Although several PTH1R variants have been reported, the etiology of PFE remains unclear. However, important studies that help elucidate the pathology of PFE have recently been published. The purpose of this review is to summarize current treatment options, clinical symptoms or phenotypes for diagnosis, genetic information including solid evidence in mouse disease models and disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cells, thus approaching the etiology of PFE from the perspective of the latest research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazuyoshi Hosomichi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shirota
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Miyamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wanida Ono
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Noriaki Ono
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
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10
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Sarac Sivrikoz T, Kalayci T, Senturk L, Karaman V, Kalelioglu IH, Has R, Kayserili H, Uyguner ZO, Nishimura G, Altunoglu U. Prenatal ultrasonographic features in Blomstrand osteochondrodysplasia: Antenatal case series confirmed by postmortem radiology and molecular diagnosis. Prenat Diagn 2022; 42:1503-1510. [PMID: 35808914 DOI: 10.1002/pd.6208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Blomstrand osteochondrodysplasia (BOCD, MIM #215045) is an ultrarare lethal skeletal dysplasia (LSD) perinatally, characterized by extremely advanced bone maturation, generalized osteosclerosis, and severe tetramicromelia caused by biallelic loss-of-function mutations in the parathyroid hormone receptor-1 gene (PTHR1). We aim to describe prenatal ultrasonographic features in a retrospective fetal case series of BOCD and emphasize the importance of multidisciplinary antenatal evaluation of LSDs to improve the differential diagnosis. METHOD Prenatal ultrasound findings of five fetal cases diagnosed with BOCD between 2000 and 2019 in the Prenatal Diagnosis Unit and Medical Genetics were reviewed, along with postmortem examination results and confirmatory molecular results. RESULTS All fetuses presented with severe sonographic findings of LSDs comprising tetramicromelia, thoracic hypoplasia, and retro-micrognathia. Marked cervical hyperextension was present in three fetuses. Flared metaphyses were prenatally identified in only one fetus. X-rays of four fetuses evaluated postmortem showed advanced bone maturation, generalized osteosclerosis, and dumbbell-like appearance of long bones due to metaphyseal enlargement. CONCLUSION The presence of retro-micrognathia along with a protruding tongue and severe metaphyseal flaring can suggest a diagnosis of BOCD, when prenatal ultrasound findings are indicative for LSD. The diagnosis can be ascertained through postmortem clinical and radiological evaluation and/or molecular testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugba Sarac Sivrikoz
- Division of Perinatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tugba Kalayci
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Leyli Senturk
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Volkan Karaman
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kalelioglu
- Division of Perinatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Recep Has
- Division of Perinatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hulya Kayserili
- Department of Medical Genetics, Koc University School of Medicine (KUSOM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zehra Oya Uyguner
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gen Nishimura
- Center for Intractable Diseases, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Umut Altunoglu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Medical Genetics, Koc University School of Medicine (KUSOM), Istanbul, Turkey
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11
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Zhai X, Mao C, Shen Q, Zang S, Shen DD, Zhang H, Chen Z, Wang G, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Liu Z. Molecular insights into the distinct signaling duration for the peptide-induced PTH1R activation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6276. [PMID: 36271004 PMCID: PMC9586930 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The parathyroid hormone type 1 receptor (PTH1R), a class B1 G protein-coupled receptor, plays critical roles in bone turnover and Ca2+ homeostasis. Teriparatide (PTH) and Abaloparatide (ABL) are terms as long-acting and short-acting peptide, respectively, regarding their marked duration distinctions of the downstream signaling. However, the mechanistic details remain obscure. Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy structures of PTH- and ABL-bound PTH1R-Gs complexes, adapting similar overall conformations yet with notable differences in the receptor ECD regions and the peptide C-terminal portions. 3D variability analysis and site-directed mutagenesis studies uncovered that PTH-bound PTH1R-Gs complexes display less motions and are more tolerant of mutations in affecting the receptor signaling than ABL-bound complexes. Furthermore, we combined the structural analysis and signaling assays to delineate the molecular basis of the differential signaling durations induced by these peptides. Our study deepens the mechanistic understanding of ligand-mediated prolonged or transient signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwen Zhai
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166 Jiangsu China
| | - Chunyou Mao
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCenter for Structural Pharmacology and Therapeutics Development, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China ,grid.415999.90000 0004 1798 9361Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingya Shen
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XLiangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaokun Zang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dan-Dan Shen
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huibing Zhang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaohong Chen
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166 Jiangsu China
| | - Gang Wang
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166 Jiangsu China
| | - Changming Zhang
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166 Jiangsu China
| | - Yan Zhang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCenter for Structural Pharmacology and Therapeutics Development, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XLiangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XMOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China ,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammatory diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166 Jiangsu China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XLiangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Sarkar K, Joedicke L, Westwood M, Burnley R, Wright M, McMillan D, Byrne B. Modulation of PTH1R signaling by an extracellular binding antibody. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2022; 120:109-132. [PMID: 35953107 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone receptor 1 (PTH1R) is a class B G-protein coupled receptor with key roles in bone development. The receptor signals through both the Gs and Gq G-proteins as well as through β-arrestin in a G-protein independent manner. Current treatments for bone disorders, such as osteoporosis, target the PTH1R but are suboptimal in their efficacy. Monoclonal antibodies represent a major growth area in therapeutics as a result of their superior specificity and long serum half-life. Here, we discovered antibodies against the extracellular domain (ECD) of PTH1R from a phage display library. One of these antibodies, ECD-ScFvhFc, binds PTH1R with high affinity and although it has little or no effect on G-protein dependent receptor signaling, it does reduce PTH1R mediated β-arrestin signaling. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) demonstrated that the ECD-ScFvhFc binding site overlapped partially with that of the cognate ligand, PTH. The results of this study demonstrate the suitability of PTH1R as a target for therapeutic antibody development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Sarkar
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bernadette Byrne
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
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13
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Yoon SH, Tang CC, Wein MN. Salt inducible kinases and PTH1R action. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2022; 120:23-45. [PMID: 35953111 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone is a central regulator of calcium homeostasis. PTH protects the organism from hypocalcemia through its actions in bone and kidney. Recent physiologic studies have revealed key target genes for PTH receptor (PTH1R) signaling in these target organs. However, the complete signal transduction cascade used by PTH1R to accomplish these physiologic actions has remained poorly defined. Here we will review recent studies that have defined an important role for salt inducible kinases downstream of PTH1R in bone, cartilage, and kidney. PTH1R signaling inhibits the activity of salt inducible kinases. Therefore, direct SIK inhibitors represent a promising novel strategy to mimic PTH actions using small molecules. Moreover, a detailed understanding of the molecular circuitry used by PTH1R to exert its biologic effects will afford powerful new models to better understand the diverse actions of this important G protein coupled receptor in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hee Yoon
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Cheng-Chia Tang
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marc N Wein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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14
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Portales‐Castillo I, Dean T, Khatri A, Jüppner H, Gardella TJ. Functional Properties of Two Distinct PTH1R Mutants Associated With Either Skeletal Defects or Pseudohypoparathyroidism. JBMR Plus 2022; 6:e10604. [PMID: 35720667 PMCID: PMC9189904 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Consistent with a vital role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptor type 1 (PTH1R) in skeletal development, homozygous loss-of-function PTH1R mutations in humans results in neonatal lethality (Blomstrand chondrodysplasia), whereas such heterozygous mutations cause a primary failure of tooth eruption (PFE). Despite a key role of PTH1R in calcium and phosphate homeostasis, blood mineral ion levels are not altered in such cases of PFE. Recently, two nonlethal homozygous PTH1R mutations were identified in two unrelated families in which affected members exhibit either dental and skeletal abnormalities (PTH1R-V204E) or hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia (PTH1R-R186H). Arg186 and Val204 map to the first transmembrane helix of the PTH1R, and thus to a critical region of this class B G protein-coupled receptor. We used cell-based assays and PTH and PTH-related protein (PTHrP) ligand analogs to assess the impact of the R186H and V204E mutations on PTH1R function in vitro. In transiently transfected HEK293 cells, PTH1R-R186H mediated cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) responses to PTH(1-34) and PTHrP(1-36) that were of comparable potency to those observed on wild-type PTH1R (PTH1R-WT) (half maximal effective concentrations [EC50s] = 0.4nM to 1.2nM), whereas the response-maxima were significantly reduced for the PTH1R-V204E mutant (maximum effect [Emax] = 81%-77% of PTH1R-WT, p ≤ 0.004). Antibody binding to an extracellular hemagglutinin (HA) tag was comparable for PTH1R-R186H and PTH1R-WT, but was significantly reduced for PTH1R-V204E (maximum binding level [Bmax] = 44% ± 11% of PTH1R-WT, p = 0.002). The potency of cAMP signaling induced by a PTH(1-11) analog was reduced by ninefold and threefold, respectively, for PTH1R-R186H and PTH1R-V204E, relative to PTH1R-WT, and a PTH(1-15) radioligand analog that bound adequately to PTH1R-WT exhibited little or no specific binding to either mutant receptor. The data support a general decrease in PTH1R surface expression and/or function as a mechanism for PFE and a selective impairment in PTH ligand affinity as a potential PTH1R-mutation-based mechanism for pseudohypoparathyroidism. © 2022 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Portales‐Castillo
- Department of Medicine, Division of NephrologyMassachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Thomas Dean
- Endocrine UnitMassachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Ashok Khatri
- Endocrine UnitMassachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Harald Jüppner
- Endocrine UnitMassachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Pediatric Nephrology UnitMassachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Thomas J Gardella
- Endocrine UnitMassachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
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15
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Kurosaka H, Itoh S, Morita C, Tsujimoto T, Murata Y, Inubushi T, Yamashiro T. Development of dentition: From initiation to occlusion and related diseases. J Oral Biosci 2022; 64:159-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Fluid secretion by exocrine glandular organs is essential to the survival of mammals. Each glandular unit within the body is uniquely organized to carry out its own specific functions, with failure to establish these specialized structures resulting in impaired organ function. Here, we review glandular organs in terms of shared and divergent architecture. We first describe the structural organization of the diverse glandular secretory units (the end-pieces) and their fluid transporting systems (the ducts) within the mammalian system, focusing on how tissue architecture corresponds to functional output. We then highlight how defects in development of end-piece and ductal architecture impacts secretory function. Finally, we discuss how knowledge of exocrine gland structure-function relationships can be applied to the development of new diagnostics, regenerative approaches and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameed Khan
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sarah Fitch
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sarah Knox
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ripla Arora
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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17
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Demaret T, Wintjens R, Sana G, Docquir J, Bertin F, Ide C, Monestier O, Karadurmus D, Benoit V, Maystadt I. Case Report: Inactivating PTH/PTHrP Signaling Disorder Type 1 Presenting With PTH Resistance. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:928284. [PMID: 35846276 PMCID: PMC9280615 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.928284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PTH resistance is characterized by elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia and it is classically associated with GNAS locus genetic or epigenetic defects. Inactivating PTH/PTHrP signaling disorders (iPPSD) define overlapping phenotypes based on their molecular etiology. iPPSD1 is associated with PTH1R variants and variable phenotypes including ossification anomalies and primary failure of tooth eruption but no endocrine disorder. Here we report on a 10-month-old child born from consanguineous parents, who presented with mild neurodevelopmental delay, seizures, enlarged fontanelles, round face, and bilateral clinodactyly. Hand x-rays showed diffuse delayed bone age, osteopenia, short metacarpal bones and cone-shaped distal phalanges. A diagnosis of PTH resistance was made on the basis of severe hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, elevated PTH and normal vitamin D levels on blood sample. The patient was treated with calcium carbonate and alfacalcidol leading to rapid bio-clinical improvement. Follow-up revealed multiple agenesis of primary teeth and delayed teeth eruption, as well as Arnold-Chiari type 1 malformation requiring a ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement. GNAS gene analysis showed no pathogenic variation, but a likely pathogenic homozygous substitution c.723C>G p.(Asp241Glu) in PTH1R gene was found by trio-based whole exome sequencing. We studied the deleterious impact of the variant on the protein conformation with bioinformatics tools. In conclusion, our study reports for the first time PTH resistance in a child with a biallelic PTH1R mutation, extending thereby the clinical spectrum of iPPSD1 phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanguy Demaret
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Institut de Pathologie et Génétique (IPG), Gosselies, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Tanguy Demaret,
| | - René Wintjens
- Unité Microbiologie, Chimie Bioorganique et Macromoléculaire (CP206/04), Institut de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gwenaelle Sana
- Service de Pédiatrie, Grand Hôpital de Charleroi (GHdC), Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Joachim Docquir
- Service de Pédiatrie, Grand Hôpital de Charleroi (GHdC), Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Frederic Bertin
- Service de Radiologie, Grand Hôpital de Charleroi (GHdC), Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Christophe Ide
- Service de Radiologie, Grand Hôpital de Charleroi (GHdC), Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Olivier Monestier
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Institut de Pathologie et Génétique (IPG), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Deniz Karadurmus
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Institut de Pathologie et Génétique (IPG), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Valerie Benoit
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Institut de Pathologie et Génétique (IPG), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Maystadt
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Institut de Pathologie et Génétique (IPG), Gosselies, Belgium
- Département de Médecine, Unité de Recherche en Physiologie Moléculaire (URPhyM), Université de Namur (UNamur), Namur, Belgium
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18
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Grippaudo C, D'Apolito I, Cafiero C, Re A, Chiurazzi P, Frazier-Bowers SA. Validating clinical characteristic of primary failure of eruption (PFE) associated with PTH1R variants. Prog Orthod 2021; 22:43. [PMID: 34897565 PMCID: PMC8666410 DOI: 10.1186/s40510-021-00387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary failure of eruption (PFE) is a hereditary condition, and linkage with variants in the PTH1R gene has been demonstrated in many cases. The clinical severity and expression of PFE is variable, and the genotype-phenotype correlation remains elusive. Further, the similarity between some eruption disorders that are not associated with PTH1R alterations is striking. To better understand the genotype-phenotype correlation, we examined the relationship between the eruption phenotype and PTH1R genotype in 44 patients with suspected PFE and 27 unaffected relatives. Sanger sequencing was employed to analyze carefully selected PFE patients. Potential pathogenicity of variants was evaluated against multiple genetic databases for function prediction and frequency information. RESULTS Mutational analysis of the PTH1R coding sequence revealed 14 different variants in 38 individuals (30 patients and 8 first-degree relatives), 9 exonic and 5 intronic. Their pathogenicity has been reported and compared with the number and severity of clinical signs. In 72.7% of patients with pathogenic variants, five clinical and radiographic criteria have been found: involvement of posterior teeth, involvement of the distal teeth to the most mesial affected, supracrestal presentation, altered vertical growth of the alveolar process and posterior open-bite. In cases with mixed dentition (3), the deciduous molars of the affected quadrant were infraoccluded. DISCUSSION The probability of an affected patient having a PTH1R variant is greater when five specific clinical characteristics are present. The likelihood of an eruption defect in the absence of specific clinical characteristics is rarely associated with a PTH1R mutation. CONCLUSIONS We report here that systematic clinical and radiographic observation using a diagnostic rubric is highly valuable in confirming PFE and offers a reliable alternative for accurate diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Grippaudo
- School of Dentistry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, L.go Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella D'Apolito
- School of Dentistry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Agnese Re
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Chiurazzi
- Dipartimento Universitario Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Medicina Genomica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy. .,UOC Genetica Medica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy.
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19
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Spina E, Cowin P. Embryonic mammary gland development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 114:83-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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20
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Weaver SR, Taylor EL, Zars EL, Arnold KM, Bradley EW, Westendorf JJ. Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain and Leucine Rich Repeat Phosphatase 1 (Phlpp1) Suppresses Parathyroid Hormone Receptor 1 (Pth1r) Expression and Signaling During Bone Growth. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:986-999. [PMID: 33434347 PMCID: PMC8131217 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endochondral ossification is tightly controlled by a coordinated network of signaling cascades including parathyroid hormone (PTH). Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain and leucine rich repeat phosphatase 1 (Phlpp1) affects endochondral ossification by suppressing chondrocyte proliferation in the growth plate, longitudinal bone growth, and bone mineralization. As such, Phlpp1-/- mice have shorter long bones, thicker growth plates, and proportionally larger growth plate proliferative zones. The goal of this study was to determine how Phlpp1 deficiency affects PTH signaling during bone growth. Transcriptomic analysis revealed greater PTH receptor 1 (Pth1r) expression and enrichment of histone 3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac) at the Pth1r promoter in Phlpp1-deficient chondrocytes. PTH (1-34) enhanced and PTH (7-34) attenuated cell proliferation, cAMP signaling, cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation, and cell metabolic activity in Phlpp1-inhibited chondrocytes. To understand the role of Pth1r action in the endochondral phenotypes of Phlpp1-deficient mice, Phlpp1-/- mice were injected with Pth1r ligand PTH (7-34) daily for the first 4 weeks of life. PTH (7-34) reversed the abnormal growth plate and long-bone growth phenotypes of Phlpp1-/- mice but did not rescue deficits in bone mineral density or trabecular number. These results show that elevated Pth1r expression and signaling contributes to increased proliferation in Phlpp1-/- chondrocytes and shorter bones in Phlpp1-deficient mice. Our data reveal a novel molecular relationship between Phlpp1 and Pth1r in chondrocytes during growth plate development and longitudinal bone growth. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Elizabeth W. Bradley
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Jennifer J. Westendorf
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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21
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Yang LK, Hou ZS, Tao YX. Biased signaling in naturally occurring mutations of G protein-coupled receptors associated with diverse human diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:165973. [PMID: 32949766 PMCID: PMC7722056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play critical roles in transmitting a variety of extracellular signals into the cells and regulate diverse physiological functions. Naturally occurring mutations that result in dysfunctions of GPCRs have been known as the causes of numerous diseases. Significant progresses have been made in elucidating the pathophysiology of diseases caused by mutations. The multiple intracellular signaling pathways, such as G protein-dependent and β-arrestin-dependent signaling, in conjunction with recent advances on biased agonism, have broadened the view on the molecular mechanism of disease pathogenesis. This review aims to briefly discuss biased agonism of GPCRs (biased ligands and biased receptors), summarize the naturally occurring GPCR mutations that cause biased signaling, and propose the potential pathophysiological relevance of biased mutant GPCRs associated with various endocrine diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Kun Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Zhi-Shuai Hou
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States.
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22
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Schöneberg T, Liebscher I. Mutations in G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Mechanisms, Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Approaches. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 73:89-119. [PMID: 33219147 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There are approximately 800 annotated G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes, making these membrane receptors members of the most abundant gene family in the human genome. Besides being involved in manifold physiologic functions and serving as important pharmacotherapeutic targets, mutations in 55 GPCR genes cause about 66 inherited monogenic diseases in humans. Alterations of nine GPCR genes are causatively involved in inherited digenic diseases. In addition to classic gain- and loss-of-function variants, other aspects, such as biased signaling, trans-signaling, ectopic expression, allele variants of GPCRs, pseudogenes, gene fusion, and gene dosage, contribute to the repertoire of GPCR dysfunctions. However, the spectrum of alterations and GPCR involvement is probably much larger because an additional 91 GPCR genes contain homozygous or hemizygous loss-of-function mutations in human individuals with currently unidentified phenotypes. This review highlights the complexity of genomic alteration of GPCR genes as well as their functional consequences and discusses derived therapeutic approaches. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: With the advent of new transgenic and sequencing technologies, the number of monogenic diseases related to G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) mutants has significantly increased, and our understanding of the functional impact of certain kinds of mutations has substantially improved. Besides the classical gain- and loss-of-function alterations, additional aspects, such as biased signaling, trans-signaling, ectopic expression, allele variants of GPCRs, uniparental disomy, pseudogenes, gene fusion, and gene dosage, need to be elaborated in light of GPCR dysfunctions and possible therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Schöneberg
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ines Liebscher
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig, Germany
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23
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Cui C, Bi R, Liu W, Guan S, Li P, Song D, Xu R, Zheng L, Yuan Q, Zhou X, Fan Y. Role of PTH1R Signaling in Prx1 + Mesenchymal Progenitors during Eruption. J Dent Res 2020; 99:1296-1305. [PMID: 32585127 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520934732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tooth eruption is a complex process requiring precise interaction between teeth and adjacent tissues. Molecular analysis demonstrates that bone remodeling plays an essential role during eruption, suggesting that a parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R) gene mutation is associated with disturbances in bone remodeling and results in primary failure of eruption (PFE). Recent research reveals the function of PTH1R signaling in mesenchymal progenitors, whereas the function of PTH1R in mesenchymal stem cells during tooth eruption remains incompletely understood. We investigated the specific role of PTH1R in Prx1+ progenitor expression during eruption. We found that Prx1+-progenitors occur in mesenchymal stem cells residing in alveolar bone marrow surrounding incisors, at the base of molars and in the dental follicle and pulp of incisors. Mice with conditional deletion of PTH1R using the Prx1 promoter exhibited arrested mandibular incisor eruption and delayed molar eruption. Micro-computed tomography, histomorphometry, and molecular analyses revealed that mutant mice had significantly reduced alveolar bone formation concomitant with downregulated gene expression of key regulators of osteogenesis in PTH1R-deficient cells. Moreover, culturing orofacial bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (OMSCs) from Prx1Cre;PTH1Rfl/fl mice or from transfecting Cre recombinase adenovirus in OMSCs from PTH1Rfl/fl mice suggested that lack of Pth1r expression inhibited osteogenic differentiation in vitro. However, bone resorption was not affected by PTH1R ablation, indicating the observed reduced alveolar bone volume was mainly due to impaired bone formation. Furthermore, we found irregular periodontal ligaments and reduced Periostin expression in mutant incisors, implying loss of PTH1R results in aberrant differentiation of periodontal ligament cells. Collectively, these data suggest that PTH1R signaling in Prx1+ progenitors plays a critical role in alveolar bone formation and periodontal ligament development during eruption. These findings have implications for our understanding of the physiologic and pathologic function of PTH1R signaling in tooth eruption and the progression of PFE.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - R Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - W Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - S Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - P Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - D Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - R Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - L Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Q Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - X Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
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Modulation of PTH1R signaling by an ECD binding antibody results in inhibition of β-arrestin 2 coupling. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14432. [PMID: 31594997 PMCID: PMC6783463 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51016-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone receptor 1 (PTH1R) belongs to the secretin class of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and natively binds parathyroid hormone (PTH) and parathyroid hormone related peptide (PTHrP). Ligand binding to PTH1R involves binding to the large extracellular domain (ECD) and the orthosteric pocket, inducing conformational changes in the transmembrane domain and receptor activation. PTH1R regulates bone metabolism, signaling mainly through Gs and Gq/11 G-proteins. Here, we used phage display to generate PTH1R ECD-specific antibodies with the aim of modulating receptor functionality. We identified ECD-scFvhFc, which exhibited high affinity binding to both the isolated ECD and to the full-length receptor in styrene-maleic acid (SMA) lipid particles. Epitope mapping using hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) indicates that the α1 helix of the ECD is ECD-scFvhFc’s epitope which may partially overlap with the known PTH (1–34) binding site. However, PTH (1–34)-mediated Gs activation is Undisturbed by ECD-scFvhFc binding. In contrast, ECD-scFvhFc potently inhibits β-arrestin-2 recruitment after PTH (1–34)-driven receptor activation and thus represents the first monoclonal antibody to selectively inhibit distinct PTH1R signaling pathways. Given the complexity of PTH1R signaling and the emerging importance of biased GPCR activation in drug development, ECD-scFvhFc could be a valuable tool to study PTH1R signaling bias.
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25
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Nishimori S, Lai F, Shiraishi M, Kobayashi T, Kozhemyakina E, Yao TP, Lassar AB, Kronenberg HM. PTHrP targets HDAC4 and HDAC5 to repress chondrocyte hypertrophy. JCI Insight 2019; 4:97903. [PMID: 30843886 PMCID: PMC6483522 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.97903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
During endochondral bone formation, chondrocyte hypertrophy represents a crucial turning point from chondrocyte differentiation to bone formation. Both parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) inhibit chondrocyte hypertrophy. Using multiple mouse genetics models, we demonstrate in vivo that HDAC4 is required for the effects of PTHrP on chondrocyte differentiation. We further show in vivo that PTHrP leads to reduced HDAC4 phosphorylation at the 14-3-3-binding sites and subsequent HDAC4 nuclear translocation. The Hdac4-KO mouse shares a similar but milder phenotype with the Pthrp-KO mouse, indicating the possible existence of other mediators of PTHrP action. We identify HDAC5 as an additional mediator of PTHrP signaling. While the Hdac5-KO mouse has no growth plate phenotype at birth, the KO of Hdac5 in addition to the KO of Hdac4 is required to block fully PTHrP action on chondrocyte differentiation at birth in vivo. Finally, we show that PTHrP suppresses myocyte enhancer factor 2 (Mef2) action that allows runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) mRNA expression needed for chondrocyte hypertrophy. Our results demonstrate that PTHrP inhibits chondrocyte hypertrophy and subsequent bone formation in vivo by allowing HDAC4 and HDAC5 to block the Mef2/Runx2 signaling cascade. These results explain the phenotypes of several genetic abnormalities in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Nishimori
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Forest Lai
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mieno Shiraishi
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tatsuya Kobayashi
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elena Kozhemyakina
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tso-Pang Yao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew B Lassar
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Henry M Kronenberg
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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26
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Zhang R, Li J, Assaker G, Camirand A, Sabri S, Karaplis AC, Kremer R. Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein (PTHrP): An Emerging Target in Cancer Progression and Metastasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1164:161-178. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-22254-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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27
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Moirangthem A, Narayanan DL, Jacob P, Nishimura G, Mortier G, Girisha KM. Report of second case and clinical and molecular characterization of Eiken syndrome. Clin Genet 2018; 94:457-460. [PMID: 29987841 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a boy with Eiken syndrome caused by a homozygous missense variant in Parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R) c.103G > A [p.(Glu35Lys)]. Eiken syndrome is a very rare skeletal dysplasia due to bi-allelic variants in PTH1R. Only one affected family has been known to-date. The hallmarks include delayed ossification of bone including the epiphyses, pubic symphysis, and primary ossification centers of the short tubular bones, coarse bone trabeculae, and modeling abnormalities. The phenotype being described here recapitulates the delayed ossification and modeling abnormalities of Eiken syndrome. In addition, supernumerary epiphyses of the tubular bones of the hands and primary failure of eruption of teeth were observed in our proband. This report characterizes Eiken syndrome and confirms that bi-allelic hypomorphic variants in PTH1R are probably to cause this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Moirangthem
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - D L Narayanan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - P Jacob
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - G Nishimura
- Center for Intractable Diseases, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - G Mortier
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - K M Girisha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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28
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Chen H, Sun X, Yin L, Chen S, Zhu Y, Huang J, Jiang W, Chen B, Zhang R, Chen L, Nie M, Xie Y, Deng Z. PTH 1-34 Ameliorates the Osteopenia and Delayed Healing of Stabilized Tibia Fracture in Mice with Achondroplasia Resulting from Gain-Of-Function Mutation of FGFR3. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:1254-1265. [PMID: 29104492 PMCID: PMC5666524 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.21258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone fracture healing is processed through multiple stages including the cartilaginous callus formation and its transition to bony callus. FGFR3 negatively regulates chondrogenesis and enhances osteogenesis during skeleton development. We previously found in mice carrying gain-of-function mutation of FGFR3 that FGFR3 delays the healing of un-stabilized fracture that heals mainly through endochondral ossification. Since fracture is regularly treated in clinics with rigid fixation, and stabilized fracture is healed largely through intramembranous ossification, we asked whether FGFR3, a key regulator of osteogenesis, also affect the regeneration of stabilized fracture. We found that gain-of-function mutation of FGFR3 inhibits the initiation of chondrogenesis and the subsequent bone formation. We further studied whether PTH1-34 can improve the osteopenia and delayed healing of the stabilized tibia fracture in mice with achondroplasia. Fracture healing was evaluated by radiography, micro-CT, biomechanical tests, histology, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. We found that PTH 1-34 can alleviate the decreased bone mass and compromised architecture in ACH mice. Histological analysis revealed that administration of PTH1-34 increased the size of both the total callus and cartilaginous callus at 14 days after the surgery in ACH mice. RT-PCR data suggested that systemic PTH1-34 accelerated the initiation of chondrogenesis and chondrocyte maturation (earlier and higher levels of expression of chondrogenesis related markers) and enhanced the osteogenic differentiation in the fracture callus in ACH mice. These results indicate that the PTH1-34 administration resulted in an enhanced callus formation during bone fracture healing in ACH mice, which is at least in part mediated by an increase of cartilaginous callus at early stage and the promotion of bone formation in bony callus. In summary, in this study we revealed that FGFR3 delays the regeneration of stabilized fracture by inhibiting both the chondrogenesis and osteogenesis, and PTH1-34 treatment can improve the dysregulated bone metabolism and delayed bone injury healing resulting from gain-of-function mutation of FGFR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangang Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xianding Sun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Liangjun Yin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Junlan Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Wanling Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Ruobin Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Mao Nie
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Yangli Xie
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Zhongliang Deng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
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29
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Steinbusch MMF, Caron MMJ, Surtel DAM, Friedrich F, Lausch E, Pruijn GJM, Verhesen W, Schroen BLM, van Rhijn LW, Zabel B, Welting TJM. Expression of RMRP RNA is regulated in chondrocyte hypertrophy and determines chondrogenic differentiation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6440. [PMID: 28743979 PMCID: PMC5527100 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06809-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the RMRP-gene, encoding the lncRNA component of the RNase MRP complex, are the origin of cartilage-hair hypoplasia. Cartilage-hair hypoplasia is associated with severe dwarfism caused by impaired skeletal development. However, it is not clear why mutations in RMRP RNA lead to skeletal dysplasia. Since chondrogenic differentiation of the growth plate is required for development of long bones, we hypothesized that RMRP RNA plays a pivotal role in chondrogenic differentiation. Expression of Rmrp RNA and RNase MRP protein subunits was detected in the murine growth plate and during the course of chondrogenic differentiation of ATDC5 cultures, where Rmrp RNA expression was found to be correlated with chondrocyte hypertrophy. Genetic interference with Rmrp RNA expression in ATDC5 cultures caused a deregulation of chondrogenic differentiation, with a prominent impact on hypertrophy and changes in pre-rRNA processing and rRNA levels. Promoter reporter studies showed that Rmrp RNA expression responds to chondrogenic morphogens. Chondrogenic trans-differentiation of cartilage-hair hypoplasia fibroblasts was impaired with a pronounced impact on hypertrophic differentiation. Together, our data show that RMRP RNA expression is regulated during different stages of chondrogenic differentiation and indicate that RMRP RNA may play a pivotal role in chondrocyte hypertrophy, with potential consequences for CHH pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy M F Steinbusch
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein M J Caron
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Don A M Surtel
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Franziska Friedrich
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ekkehart Lausch
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ger J M Pruijn
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Verhesen
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Blanche L M Schroen
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lodewijk W van Rhijn
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bernhard Zabel
- Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tim J M Welting
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Short stature is a common and heterogeneous condition that is often genetic in etiology. For most children with genetic short stature, the specific molecular causes remain unknown; but with advances in exome/genome sequencing and bioinformatics approaches, new genetic causes of growth disorders have been identified, contributing to the understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of longitudinal bone growth and growth failure. Identifying new genetic causes of growth disorders has the potential to improve diagnosis, prognostic accuracy, and individualized management, and help avoid unnecessary testing for endocrine and other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Hee Jee
- Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, CRC, Room 1-3330, 10 Center Drive MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892-1103, USA.
| | - Anenisia C Andrade
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solnavägen 1, Solna 171 77, Sweden
| | - Jeffrey Baron
- Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, CRC, Room 1-3330, 10 Center Drive MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892-1103, USA
| | - Ola Nilsson
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solnavägen 1, Solna 171 77, Sweden; University Hospital, Örebro University, Södra Grev Rosengatan, Örebro 701 85, Sweden
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31
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Tafaj O, Jüppner H. Pseudohypoparathyroidism: one gene, several syndromes. J Endocrinol Invest 2017; 40:347-356. [PMID: 27995443 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-016-0588-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) and pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (PPHP) are caused by mutations and/or epigenetic changes at the complex GNAS locus on chromosome 20q13.3 that undergoes parent-specific methylation changes at several sites. GNAS encodes the alpha-subunit of the stimulatory G protein (Gsα) and several splice variants thereof. Heterozygous inactivating mutations involving the maternal GNAS exons 1-13 cause PHP type Ia (PHP1A). Because of much reduced paternal Gsα expression in certain tissues, such as the proximal renal tubules, thyroid, and pituitary, there is little or no Gsα protein in the presence of maternal GNAS mutations, thus leading to PTH-resistant hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. When located on the paternal allele, the same or similar GNAS mutations are the cause of PPHP. Besides biochemical abnormalities, patients affected by PHP1A show developmental abnormalities, referred to as Albrights hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO). Some, but not all of these AHO features are encountered also in patients affected by PPHP, who typically show no laboratory abnormalities. Autosomal dominant PHP type Ib (AD-PHP1B) is caused by heterozygous maternal deletions within GNAS or STX16, which are associated with loss-of-methylation (LOM) at exon A/B alone or at all maternally methylated GNAS exons. LOM at exon A/B and the resulting biallelic expression of A/B transcripts reduces Gsα expression, thus leading to hormonal resistance. Epigenetic changes at all differentially methylated GNAS regions are also observed in sporadic PHP1B, the most frequent disease variant, which remains unresolved at the molecular level, except for rare cases with paternal uniparental isodisomy or heterodisomy of chromosome 20q (patUPD20q).
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Affiliation(s)
- O Tafaj
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Thier 10, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - H Jüppner
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Thier 10, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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PTH1R Mutants Found in Patients with Primary Failure of Tooth Eruption Disrupt G-Protein Signaling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167033. [PMID: 27898723 PMCID: PMC5127517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Primary failure of tooth eruption (PFE) is causally linked to heterozygous mutations of the parathyroid hormone receptor (PTH1R) gene. The mutants described so far lead to exchange of amino acids or truncation of the protein that may result in structural changes of the expressed PTH1R. However, functional effects of these mutations have not been investigated yet. MATERIALS AND METHODS In HEK293 cells, PTH1R wild type was co-transfected with selected PTH1R mutants identified in patients with PFE. The effects on activation of PTH-regulated intracellular signaling pathways were analyzed by ELISA and Western immunoblotting. Differential effects of wild type and mutated PTH1R on TRESK ion channel regulation were analyzed by electrophysiological recordings in Xenopus laevis oocytes. RESULTS In HEK293 cells, activation of PTH1R wild type increases cAMP and in response activates cAMP-stimulated protein kinase as detected by phosphorylation of the vasodilator stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP). In contrast, the PTH1R mutants are functionally inactive and mutant PTH1R/Gly452Glu has a dominant negative effect on the signaling of PTH1R wild type. Confocal imaging revealed that wild type PTH1R is expressed on the cell surface, whereas PTH1R/Gly452Glu mutant is mostly retained inside the cell. Furthermore, in contrast to wild type PTH1R which substantially augmented K+ currents of TRESK channels, coupling of mutated PTH1R to TRESK channels was completely abolished. CONCLUSIONS PTH1R mutations affect intracellular PTH-regulated signaling in vitro. In patients with primary failure of tooth eruption defective signaling of PTH1R mutations is suggested to occur in dento-alveolar cells and thus may lead to impaired tooth movement.
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Xie Y, Yi L, Weng T, Huang J, Luo F, Jiang W, Xian CJ, Du X, Chen L. Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 Deficiency Does Not Impair the Osteoanabolic Action of Parathyroid Hormone on Mice. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:990-9. [PMID: 27489502 PMCID: PMC4971737 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.14077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Summary: PTH stimulates bone formation in Fgfr3 knockout mice through promotion of proliferation and differentiation in osteoblasts. Introduction: Previous studies showed that endogenous fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) is required for parathyroid hormone (PTH)-stimulated bone anabolic effects, however, the exact mechanisms by which PTH stimulate bone formation and the function of FGF receptors in mediating these actions are not fully defined. FGF receptor 3 (FGFR3) has been characterized as an important regulator of bone metabolism and is confirmed to cross-talk with PTH/PTHrP signal in cartilage and bone development. Methods: Fgfr3 knockout and wild-type mice at 2-month-old and 4-month-old were intraperitoneally injected with PTH intermittently for 4 weeks and then the skeletal responses to PTH were assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), micro-computed tomography (μCT) and bone histomorphometry. Results: Intermittent PTH treatment improved bone mineral density (BMD) and femoral mechanical properties in both Fgfr3-/- and wild-type mice. Histomorphometric analysis showed that bone formation and bone resorption were increased in both genotypes following PTH treatment. PTH treatment increased trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) in WT and Fgfr3-deficient mice. The anabolic response in Fgfr3-deficient and wild-type bone is characterized by an increase of both bone formation and resorption-related genes following PTH treatment. In addition, we found that Fgfr3 null osteoblasts (compared to wild-type controls) maintained normal abilities to response to PTH-stimulated increase of proliferation, differentiation, expression of osteoblastic marker genes (Cbfa1, Osteopontin and Osteocalcin), and phosphorylation of Erk1/2. Conclusions: Bone anabolic effects of PTH were not impaired by the absence of FGFR3, suggesting that the FGFR3 signaling may not be required for osteoanabolic effects of PTH activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangli Xie
- 1. Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Lingxian Yi
- 1. Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China;; 3. Intensive Care Unit, The 306th hospital of PLA, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tujun Weng
- 1. Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Junlan Huang
- 1. Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Fengtao Luo
- 1. Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Wanling Jiang
- 1. Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Cory J Xian
- 2. Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Xiaolan Du
- 1. Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Lin Chen
- 1. Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
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Jelani M, Kang C, Mohamoud HSA, Al-Rehaili R, Almramhi MM, Serafi R, Yang H, Al-Aama JY, Naeem M, Alkhiary YM. A novel homozygous PTH1R variant identified through whole-exome sequencing further expands the clinical spectrum of primary failure of tooth eruption in a consanguineous Saudi family. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 67:28-33. [PMID: 27019138 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to identify the genetic cause of non-syndromic primary failure of tooth eruption in a five-generation consanguineous Saudi family using whole-exome sequencing (WES) analysis. DESIGN The family pedigree and phenotype were obtained from patient medical records. WES of all four affected family members was performed using the 51 Mb SureSelect V4 library kit and then sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq2000 sequencing system. Sequence alignment, variant calling, and the annotation of single nucleotide polymorphisms and indels were performed using standard bioinformatics pipelines. The genotype of candidate variants was confirmed in all available family members by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS Pedigree analysis suggested that the inheritance was autosomal recessive. WES of all affected individuals identified a novel homozygous variant in exon 8 of the parathyroid hormone 1 receptor gene (PTH1R) (NM_000316: c.611T>A: p.Val204Glu). CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of primary failure of eruption caused by a homozygous mutation in PTH1R. Our findings prove the application of WES as an efficient molecular diagnostics tool for this rare phenotype and further broaden the clinical spectrum of PTH1R pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musharraf Jelani
- Princess Al-Jawhara Albrahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology Unit, Biochemistry Department, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan.
| | - Changsoo Kang
- Department of Biology and Institute of Basic Sciences, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Hussein Sheikh Ali Mohamoud
- Princess Al-Jawhara Albrahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Human Genetics Research Centre, Division of Biomedical Sciences (BMS), St. George's University of London (SGUL), London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom, UK
| | - Rayan Al-Rehaili
- Oral and Maxillofacial Prosthodontics Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Mohammad Almramhi
- Princess Al-Jawhara Albrahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehab Serafi
- Department of Dermatology, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huanming Yang
- Princess Al-Jawhara Albrahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jumana Yousuf Al-Aama
- Princess Al-Jawhara Albrahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Naeem
- Medical Genetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yaser Mohammad Alkhiary
- Oral and Maxillofacial Prosthodontics Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Lei R, Zhang K, Wei Y, Chen M, Weinstein LS, Hong Y, Zhu M, Li H, Li H. G-Protein α-Subunit Gsα Is Required for Craniofacial Morphogenesis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147535. [PMID: 26859889 PMCID: PMC4747491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterotrimeric G protein subunit Gsα couples receptors to activate adenylyl cyclase and is required for the intracellular cAMP response and protein kinase A (PKA) activation. Gsα is ubiquitously expressed in many cell types; however, the role of Gsα in neural crest cells (NCCs) remains unclear. Here we report that NCCs-specific Gsα knockout mice die within hours after birth and exhibit dramatic craniofacial malformations, including hypoplastic maxilla and mandible, cleft palate and craniofacial skeleton defects. Histological and anatomical analysis reveal that the cleft palate in Gsα knockout mice is a secondary defect resulting from craniofacial skeleton deficiencies. In Gsα knockout mice, the morphologies of NCCs-derived cranial nerves are normal, but the development of dorsal root and sympathetic ganglia are impaired. Furthermore, loss of Gsα in NCCs does not affect cranial NCCs migration or cell proliferation, but significantly accelerate osteochondrogenic differentiation. Taken together, our study suggests that Gsα is required for neural crest cells-derived craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Lei
- West China Developmental & Stem Cell Institute, West China Second Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Laboratory of Developmental and Regenerative biology, Institute of Biomedicine & Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- SARITEX Center for Stem Cell Engineering Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- West China Developmental & Stem Cell Institute, West China Second Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Laboratory of Developmental and Regenerative biology, Institute of Biomedicine & Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- SARITEX Center for Stem Cell Engineering Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanxia Wei
- West China Developmental & Stem Cell Institute, West China Second Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Chen
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lee S. Weinstein
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yang Hong
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Minyan Zhu
- SARITEX Center for Stem Cell Engineering Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongchang Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Laboratory of Developmental and Regenerative biology, Institute of Biomedicine & Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: Hongchang Li (HCL); Huashun Li (HSL)
| | - Huashun Li
- West China Developmental & Stem Cell Institute, West China Second Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- SARITEX Center for Stem Cell Engineering Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: Hongchang Li (HCL); Huashun Li (HSL)
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Fan Y, Bi R, Densmore MJ, Sato T, Kobayashi T, Yuan Q, Zhou X, Erben RG, Lanske B. Parathyroid hormone 1 receptor is essential to induce FGF23 production and maintain systemic mineral ion homeostasis. FASEB J 2016; 30:428-40. [PMID: 26428657 PMCID: PMC4684518 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-278184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Parathyroid-hormone-type 1 receptor (PTH1R) is extensively expressed in key regulatory organs for systemic mineral ion homeostasis, including kidney and bone. We investigated the bone-specific functions of PTH1R in modulating mineral ion homeostasis by generating a novel mouse model in which PTH1R is ablated in the limb mesenchyme using Prx1Cre transgenic mice. Such ablation decreased FGF23 protein and serum levels by 50%, despite normal Fgf23 mRNA levels in long bones. Circulating calcium and PTH levels were unchanged, but inorganic phosphate and 1,25(OH)2D3 levels were significantly decreased and accompanied by elevated urinary calcium and phosphate wasting. Key renal genes for balancing mineral ion homeostasis, calbindinD28k, Klotho, and Napi2a were suppressed by 30-40%. Intermittent hPTH(1-34) injections increased Fgf23 mRNA (7.3-fold), Nurr1 mRNA (3.1-fold), and serum intact-FGF23 (1.6-fold) in controls, but failed to induce Fgf23, Nurr1 mRNA, or intact FGF23 production in mutants. Moreover, a significant elevation in serum C-terminal-FGF23 levels (4-fold) was detected in both genotypes. PTH markedly downregulated Galnt3 expression (2.7-fold) in controls but not in mutants. These results demonstrate the pivotal role of PTH1R in long bones to regulate systemic mineral ion homeostasis and the direct induction of FGF23 by PTH1R signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone and Bones/metabolism
- Calbindins/genetics
- Calbindins/metabolism
- Calcification, Physiologic
- Calcium/blood
- Calcium/metabolism
- Female
- Fibroblast Growth Factor-23
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/genetics
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/metabolism
- Glucuronidase/genetics
- Glucuronidase/metabolism
- Homeostasis
- Kidney/metabolism
- Klotho Proteins
- Male
- Mice
- N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferases/genetics
- N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferases/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2/metabolism
- Phosphates/blood
- Phosphates/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 1/metabolism
- Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fan
- *Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruiye Bi
- *Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael J Densmore
- *Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tadatoshi Sato
- *Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tatsuya Kobayashi
- *Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Quan Yuan
- *Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- *Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhold G Erben
- *Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Beate Lanske
- *Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Cheloha RW, Gellman SH, Vilardaga JP, Gardella TJ. PTH receptor-1 signalling-mechanistic insights and therapeutic prospects. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2015; 11:712-24. [PMID: 26303600 PMCID: PMC4651712 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related protein receptor (PTH/PTHrP type 1 receptor; commonly known as PTHR1) is a family B G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that regulates skeletal development, bone turnover and mineral ion homeostasis. PTHR1 transduces stimuli from PTH and PTHrP into the interior of target cells to promote diverse biochemical responses. Evaluation of the signalling properties of structurally modified PTHR1 ligands has helped to elucidate determinants of receptor function and mechanisms of downstream cellular and physiological responses. Analysis of PTHR1 responses induced by structurally modified ligands suggests that PTHR1 can continue to signal through a G-protein-mediated pathway within endosomes. Such findings challenge the longstanding paradigm in GPCR biology that the receptor is transiently activated at the cell membrane, followed by rapid deactivation and receptor internalization. Evaluation of structurally modified PTHR1 ligands has further led to the identification of ligand analogues that differ from PTH or PTHrP in the type, strength and duration of responses induced at the receptor, cellular and organism levels. These modified ligands, and the biochemical principles revealed through their use, might facilitate an improved understanding of PTHR1 function in vivo and enable the treatment of disorders resulting from defects in PTHR1 signalling. This Review discusses current understanding of PTHR1 modes of action and how these findings might be applied in future therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross W Cheloha
- Department of Chemistry, 1101 University Avenue, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Samuel H Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, 1101 University Avenue, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Vilardaga
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Thomas J Gardella
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Gardella TJ, Vilardaga JP. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCIII. The parathyroid hormone receptors--family B G protein-coupled receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:310-37. [PMID: 25713287 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The type-1 parathyroid hormone receptor (PTHR1) is a family B G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that mediates the actions of two polypeptide ligands; parathyroid hormone (PTH), an endocrine hormone that regulates the levels of calcium and inorganic phosphate in the blood by acting on bone and kidney, and PTH-related protein (PTHrP), a paracrine-factor that regulates cell differentiation and proliferation programs in developing bone and other tissues. The type-2 parathyroid hormone receptor (PTHR2) binds a peptide ligand, called tuberoinfundibular peptide-39 (TIP39), and while the biologic role of the PTHR2/TIP39 system is not as defined as that of the PTHR1, it likely plays a role in the central nervous system as well as in spermatogenesis. Mechanisms of action at these receptors have been explored through a variety of pharmacological and biochemical approaches, and the data obtained support a basic "two-site" mode of ligand binding now thought to be used by each of the family B peptide hormone GPCRs. Recent crystallographic studies on the family B GPCRs are providing new insights that help to further refine the specifics of the overall receptor architecture and modes of ligand docking. One intriguing pharmacological finding for the PTHR1 is that it can form surprisingly stable complexes with certain PTH/PTHrP ligand analogs and thereby mediate markedly prolonged cell signaling responses that persist even when the bulk of the complexes are found in internalized vesicles. The PTHR1 thus appears to be able to activate the Gα(s)/cAMP pathway not only from the plasma membrane but also from the endosomal domain. The cumulative findings could have an impact on efforts to develop new drug therapies for the PTH receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Gardella
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (T.J.G.); and Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.-P.V.)
| | - Jean-Pierre Vilardaga
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (T.J.G.); and Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.-P.V.)
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Thompson MD, Hendy GN, Percy ME, Bichet DG, Cole DEC. G protein-coupled receptor mutations and human genetic disease. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1175:153-87. [PMID: 25150870 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0956-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variations in G protein-coupled receptor genes (GPCRs) disrupt GPCR function in a wide variety of human genetic diseases. In vitro strategies and animal models have been used to identify the molecular pathologies underlying naturally occurring GPCR mutations. Inactive, overactive, or constitutively active receptors have been identified that result in pathology. These receptor variants may alter ligand binding, G protein coupling, receptor desensitization and receptor recycling. Receptor systems discussed include rhodopsin, thyrotropin, parathyroid hormone, melanocortin, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRHR), adrenocorticotropic hormone, vasopressin, endothelin-β, purinergic, and the G protein associated with asthma (GPRA or neuropeptide S receptor 1 (NPSR1)). The role of activating and inactivating calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) mutations is discussed in detail with respect to familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) and autosomal dominant hypocalemia (ADH). The CASR mutations have been associated with epilepsy. Diseases caused by the genetic disruption of GPCR functions are discussed in the context of their potential to be selectively targeted by drugs that rescue altered receptors. Examples of drugs developed as a result of targeting GPCRs mutated in disease include: calcimimetics and calcilytics, therapeutics targeting melanocortin receptors in obesity, interventions that alter GNRHR loss from the cell surface in idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and novel drugs that might rescue the P2RY12 receptor congenital bleeding phenotype. De-orphanization projects have identified novel disease-associated receptors, such as NPSR1 and GPR35. The identification of variants in these receptors provides genetic reagents useful in drug screens. Discussion of the variety of GPCRs that are disrupted in monogenic Mendelian disorders provides the basis for examining the significance of common pharmacogenetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8,
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Mantovani G, Elli FM. Pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ib in 2015. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2015; 76:101-4. [PMID: 25910998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2015.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The term pseudohypoparathryoidism (PHP) refers to a group of rare genetic and epigenetic disorders characterized by resistance to the action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) that activates cAMP signaling in target cells. Together with pseudohypoparathyroidism, Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) and progressive osseous heteroplasia (POH) represent rare, related and deeply impairing disorders encompassing heterogeneous features, such as brachydactyly, ectopic ossifications, short stature, mental retardation and endocrine deficiencies due to resistance to the action of different hormones. The two main subtypes, PHP-Ia and PHP-Ib, are caused by mutations in GNAS exons 1-13 and methylation defects in the imprinted GNAS cluster respectively, while mutations in the PRKAR1A and PDE4D genes (also involved in mediating cAMP signalling) have been demonstrated in patients with acrodysostosis, a disease of bone formation with characteristics similar to AHO. The molecular overlap among these disorders indicates the need for different classification models and seriously alters our understanding of the mechanisms through which GNAS defects, together with the new recently described defects involving other components of the cAMP signalling cascade, cause AHO-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Mantovani
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Francesca M Elli
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Qiu T, Xian L, Crane J, Wen C, Hilton M, Lu W, Newman P, Cao X. PTH receptor signaling in osteoblasts regulates endochondral vascularization in maintenance of postnatal growth plate. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:309-17. [PMID: 25196529 PMCID: PMC4730385 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Longitudinal growth of postnatal bone requires precise control of growth plate cartilage chondrocytes and subsequent osteogenesis and bone formation. Little is known about the role of angiogenesis and bone remodeling in maintenance of cartilaginous growth plate. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates bone remodeling by activating PTH receptor (PTH1R). Mice with conditional deletion of PTH1R in osteoblasts showed disrupted trabecular bone formation. The mice also exhibited postnatal growth retardation with profound defects in growth plate cartilage, ascribable predominantly to a decrease in number of hypertrophic chondrocytes, resulting in premature fusion of the growth plate and shortened long bones. Further characterization of hypertrophic zone and primary spongiosa revealed that endochondral angiogenesis and vascular invasion of the cartilage were impaired, which was associated with aberrant chondrocyte maturation and cartilage development. These studies reveal that PTH1R signaling in osteoblasts regulates cartilaginous growth plate for postnatal growth of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lingling Xian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janet Crane
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chunyi Wen
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Matthew Hilton
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - William Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Peter Newman
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Liu ES, Zalutskaya A, Chae BT, Zhu ED, Gori F, Demay MB. Phosphate interacts with PTHrP to regulate endochondral bone formation. Endocrinology 2014; 155:3750-6. [PMID: 25057796 PMCID: PMC4164920 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Phosphate and parathyroid hormone related peptide (PTHrP) are required for normal growth plate maturation. Hypophosphatemia impairs hypertrophic chondrocyte apoptosis leading to rachitic expansion of the growth plate; however, the effect of phosphate restriction on chondrocyte differentiation during endochondral bone formation has not been examined. Investigations were, therefore, undertaken to address whether phosphate restriction alters the maturation of embryonic d15.5 murine metatarsal elements. Metatarsals cultured in low phosphate media exhibited impaired chondrocyte differentiation, analogous to that seen with PTHrP-treatment of metatarsals cultured in control media. Because phosphate restriction acutely increases PTHrP expression in cultured metatarsals, studies were undertaken to determine if this increase in PTHrP plays a pathogenic role in the impaired chondrocyte differentiation observed under low phosphate conditions. In contrast to what was observed with wild-type metatarsal elements, phosphate restriction did not impair the differentiation of metatarsals isolated from PTHrP heterozygous or PTHrP knockout mice. In vivo studies in postnatal mice demonstrated that PTHrP haploinsufficiency also prevents the impaired hypertrophic chondrocyte apoptosis observed with phosphate restriction. To determine how signaling through the PTH/PTHrP receptor antagonizes the pro-apoptotic effects of phosphate, investigations were performed in primary murine hypertrophic chondrocytes. Receptor activation impaired phosphate-induced Erk1/2 phosphorylation specifically in the mitochondrial fraction and decreased levels of mitochondrial Bad, while increasing cytosolic phospho-Bad. Thus, these data demonstrate that phosphate restriction attenuates chondrocyte differentiation as well as impairing hypertrophic chondrocyte apoptosis and implicate a functional role for the PTH/PTHrP signaling pathway in the abnormalities in chondrocyte differentiation and hypertrophic chondrocyte apoptosis observed under phosphate restricted conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva S Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (E.S.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Endocrine Unit (E.S.L., A.Z., B.T.C., E.D.Z., F.G., M.B.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Harvard Medical School (E.S.L., A.Z., F.G., M.B.D.), Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Tao YX, Conn PM. Chaperoning G protein-coupled receptors: from cell biology to therapeutics. Endocr Rev 2014; 35:602-47. [PMID: 24661201 PMCID: PMC4105357 DOI: 10.1210/er.2013-1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are membrane proteins that traverse the plasma membrane seven times (hence, are also called 7TM receptors). The polytopic structure of GPCRs makes the folding of GPCRs difficult and complex. Indeed, many wild-type GPCRs are not folded optimally, and defects in folding are the most common cause of genetic diseases due to GPCR mutations. Both general and receptor-specific molecular chaperones aid the folding of GPCRs. Chemical chaperones have been shown to be able to correct the misfolding in mutant GPCRs, proving to be important tools for studying the structure-function relationship of GPCRs. However, their potential therapeutic value is very limited. Pharmacological chaperones (pharmacoperones) are potentially important novel therapeutics for treating genetic diseases caused by mutations in GPCR genes that resulted in misfolded mutant proteins. Pharmacoperones also increase cell surface expression of wild-type GPCRs; therefore, they could be used to treat diseases that do not harbor mutations in GPCRs. Recent studies have shown that indeed pharmacoperones work in both experimental animals and patients. High-throughput assays have been developed to identify new pharmacoperones that could be used as therapeutics for a number of endocrine and other genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology (Y.-X.T.), College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5519; and Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology (P.M.C.), Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430-6252
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Mozar A, Kondegowda NG, Pollack I, Fenutria R, Vasavada RC. The Role of PTHrP in Pancreatic Beta-Cells and Implications for Diabetes Pathophysiology and Treatment. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12018-014-9168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Macias H, Hinck L. Mammary gland development. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014; 1:533-57. [PMID: 22844349 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 484] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mammary gland develops through several distinct stages. The first transpires in the embryo as the ectoderm forms a mammary line that resolves into placodes. Regulated by epithelial–mesenchymal interactions, the placodes descend into the underlying mesenchyme and produce the rudimentary ductal structure of the gland present at birth. Subsequent stages of development—pubertal growth, pregnancy, lactation, and involution—occur postnatally under the regulation of hormones. Puberty initiates branching morphogenesis, which requires growth hormone (GH) and estrogen, as well as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), to create a ductal tree that fills the fat pad. Upon pregnancy, the combined actions of progesterone and prolactin generate alveoli, which secrete milk during lactation. Lack of demand for milk at weaning initiates the process of involution whereby the gland is remodeled back to its prepregnancy state. These processes require numerous signaling pathways that have distinct regulatory functions at different stages of gland development. Signaling pathways also regulate a specialized subpopulation of mammary stem cells that fuel the dramatic changes in the gland occurring with each pregnancy. Our knowledge of mammary gland development and mammary stem cell biology has significantly contributed to our understanding of breast cancer and has advanced the discovery of therapies to treat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Macias
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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Frazier-Bowers SA, Hendricks HM, Wright JT, Lee J, Long K, Dibble CF, Bencharit S. Novel mutations in PTH1R associated with primary failure of eruption and osteoarthritis. J Dent Res 2013; 93:134-9. [PMID: 24300310 DOI: 10.1177/0022034513513588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant mutations in PTH1R segregate with primary failure of eruption (PFE), marked by clinical eruption failure of adult teeth without mechanical obstruction. While the diagnosis of PFE conveys a poor dental prognosis, there are no reports of PFE patients who carry PTH1R mutations and exhibit any other skeletal problems. We performed polymerase chain reaction-based mutational analysis of the PTH1R gene to determine the genetic contribution of PTH1R in 10 families with PFE. Sequence analysis of the coding regions and intron-exon boundaries of the PTH1R gene in 10 families (n = 54) and 7 isolated individuals revealed 2 novel autosomal dominant mutations in PTH1R (c.996_997insC and C.572delA) that occur in the coding region and result in a truncated protein. One family showed incomplete penetrance. Of 10 families diagnosed with PFE, 8 did not reveal functional (nonsynonymous) mutations in PTH1R; furthermore, 4 families and 1 sporadic case carried synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Five PFE patients in 2 families carried PTH1R mutations and presented with osteoarthritis. We propose that the autosomal dominant mutations of PTH1R that cause PFE may also be associated with osteoarthritis; a dose-dependent model may explain isolated PFE and osteoarthritis in the absence of other known symptoms in the skeletal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Frazier-Bowers
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Risom L, Christoffersen L, Daugaard-Jensen J, Hove HD, Andersen HS, Andresen BS, Kreiborg S, Duno M. Identification of six novel PTH1R mutations in families with a history of primary failure of tooth eruption. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74601. [PMID: 24058597 PMCID: PMC3776825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary Failure of tooth Eruption (PFE) is a non-syndromic disorder which can be caused by mutations in the parathyroid hormone receptor 1 gene (PTH1R). Traditionally, the disorder has been identified clinically based on post-emergent failure of eruption of permanent molars. However, patients with PTH1R mutations will not benefit from surgical and/or orthodontic treatment and it is therefore clinically important to establish whether a given failure of tooth eruption is caused by a PTH1R defect or not. We analyzed the PTH1R gene in six patients clinically diagnosed with PFE, all of which had undergone surgical and/or orthodontic interventions, and identified novel PTH1R mutations in all. Four of the six mutations were predicted to abolish correct mRNA maturation either through introduction of premature stop codons (c.947C>A and c.1082G>A), or by altering correct mRNA splicing (c.544-26_544-23del and c.989G>T). The latter was validated by transfection of minigenes. The six novel mutations expand the mutation spectrum for PFE from eight to 14 pathogenic mutations. Loss-of-function mutations in PTH1R are also associated with recessively inherited Blomstrand chondrodysplasia. We compiled all published PTH1R mutations and identified a mutational overlap between Blomstrand chondrodysplasia and PFE. The results suggest that a genetic approach to preclinical diagnosis will have important implication for surgical and orthodontic treatment of patients with failure of tooth eruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Risom
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Line Christoffersen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Hanne Dahlgaard Hove
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Sven Kreiborg
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Clinical Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Duno
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Stellzig-Eisenhauer A, Decker E, Meyer-Marcotty P, Rau C, Fiebig BS, Kress W, Saar K, Rüschendorf F, Hubner N, Grimm T, Witt E, Weber BHF. [Primary failure of eruption (PFE). Clinical and molecular genetics analysis]. Orthod Fr 2013; 84:241-50. [PMID: 23993365 DOI: 10.1051/orthodfr/2013055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The term "primary failure of eruption" (PFE) refers to the complete or partial failure of a primary non-ankylosed tooth to erupt due to a disturbance of the eruption mechanism. Up to now, the molecular basis for this failure was unknown. PATIENTS AND METHODS Four families were studied in whom at least two members were affected by non-syndromic PFE as part of a clinical and molecular genetics study. Radiological diagnostics (OPTs) were carried out in all patients and their unaffected relatives (control group). The genetic analysis included a genomewide linkage analysis followed by direct DNA sequencing of positional candidate genes. RESULTS Starting from the index patients, we were able to reconstruct pedigrees over two and/or three generations in the families that indicated an autosomal-dominant mode of inheritance of non-syndromic PFE. Fifteen patients were diagnosed with PFE. Gender distribution was nearly equal (7 female, 8 male). Molecular genetic analysis of the PTHR1 gene revealed three distinct heterozygous mutations (c.1050-3C>G; c.543 + 1G>A; c.463G>T). Unaffected persons exhibited no mutations. CONCLUSION Knowledge of the genetic causes of non-syndromic PFE can now be used for the differential diagnosis of eruption failure. It permits affected family members to be identified early and may lead to new treatment possibilities in the long term. The genetically-verified diagnosis of "primary failure of eruption" can protect patients and orthodontists from years of futile treatment, because orthodontic treatment alone does not lead to success. Moreover, it has a negative influence on unaffected teeth and areas of the jaw.
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