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Goo YH, Plakkal Ayyappan J, Cheeran FD, Bangru S, Saha PK, Baar P, Schulz S, Lydic TA, Spengler B, Wagner AH, Kalsotra A, Yechoor VK, Paul A. Lipid droplet-associated hydrolase mobilizes stores of liver X receptor sterol ligands and protects against atherosclerosis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6540. [PMID: 39095402 PMCID: PMC11297204 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50949-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Foam cells in atheroma are engorged with lipid droplets (LDs) that contain esters of regulatory lipids whose metabolism remains poorly understood. LD-associated hydrolase (LDAH) has a lipase structure and high affinity for LDs of foam cells. Using knockout and transgenic mice of both sexes, here we show that LDAH inhibits atherosclerosis development and promotes stable lesion architectures. Broad and targeted lipidomic analyzes of primary macrophages and comparative lipid profiling of atheroma identified a broad impact of LDAH on esterified sterols, including natural liver X receptor (LXR) sterol ligands. Transcriptomic analyzes coupled with rescue experiments show that LDAH modulates the expression of prototypical LXR targets and leads macrophages to a less inflammatory phenotype with a profibrotic gene signature. These studies underscore the role of LDs as reservoirs and metabolic hubs of bioactive lipids, and suggest that LDAH favorably modulates macrophage activation and protects against atherosclerosis via lipolytic mobilization of regulatory sterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hwa Goo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.
| | | | - Francis D Cheeran
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Sushant Bangru
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
- Cancer Center@Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Pradip K Saha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paula Baar
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Todd A Lydic
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Bernhard Spengler
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- TransMIT GmbH, Center for Mass Spectrometric Developments, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas H Wagner
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Auinash Kalsotra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
- Cancer Center@Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Vijay K Yechoor
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Antoni Paul
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.
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2
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Zhang Z, Lv T, Wang X, Wu M, Zhang R, Yang X, Fu Y, Liu Z. Role of the microbiota-gut-heart axis between bile acids and cardiovascular disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116567. [PMID: 38583340 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Bile acid (BA) receptors (e.g., farnesoid X-activated receptor, muscarinic receptor) are expressed in cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells, indicating the relevance of BAs to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Hydrophobic BAs are cardiotoxic, while hydrophilic BAs are cardioprotective. For example, fetal cardiac insufficiency in maternal intrahepatic cholestasis during pregnancy, and the degree of fetal cardiac abnormality, is closely related to the level of hydrophobic BAs in maternal blood and infant blood. However, ursodeoxycholic acid (the most hydrophilic BA) can reverse/prevent these detrimental effects of increased levels of hydrophobic BAs on the heart. The gut microbiota (GM) and GM metabolites (especially secondary BAs) have crucial roles in hypertension, atherosclerosis, unstable angina, and heart failure. Herein, we describe the relationship between CVD and the GM at the BA level. We combine the concept of the "microbiota-gut-heart axis" (MGHA) and postulate the role and mechanism of BAs in CVD development. In addition, the strategies for treating CVD with BAs under the MGHA are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Tingting Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, PR China; Department of Cardiology, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Menglu Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Ruolin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xiaopeng Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yongping Fu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, PR China.
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3
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Zhang Y, Zeng M, Zhang X, Yu Q, Wang L, Zeng W, Wang Y, Suo Y, Jiang X. Tiaogan daozhuo formula attenuates atherosclerosis via activating AMPK -PPARγ-LXRα pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 324:117814. [PMID: 38286155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tiaogan Daozhuo Formula (TGDZF) is a common formulation against atherosclerosis, however, there is limited understanding of its therapeutic mechanism. AIM OF THIS STUDY To examine the effectiveness of TGDZF in the treatment of atherosclerosis and to explore its mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS In ApoE-/- mice, atherosclerosis was induced by a high-fat diet for 12 weeks and treated with TGDZF at different doses. The efficacy of TGDZF in alleviating atherosclerosis was evaluated by small animal ultrasound and histological methods. Lipid levels were measured by biochemical methods. The capacity of cholesterol efflux was tested with a cholesterol efflux assay in peritoneal macrophage, and the expression of AMPKα1, PPARγ, LXRα, and ABCA1 was examined at mRNA and protein levels. Meanwhile, RAW264.7-derived macrophages were induced into foam cells by ox-LDL, and different doses of TGDZF-conducting serum were administered. Similarly, we examined differences in intracellular lipid accumulation, cholesterol efflux rate, and AMPKα1, PPARγ, LXRα, and ABCA1 levels following drug intervention. Finally, changes in the downstream molecules were evaluated following the inhibition of AMPK by compound C or PPARγ silencing by small interfering RNA. RESULTS TGDZF administration reduced aortic plaque area and lipid accumulation in aortic plaque and hepatocytes, and improved the serum lipid profiles of ApoE-/- mice. Further study revealed that its efficacy was accompanied by an increase in cholesterol efflux rate and the expression of PPARγ, LXRα, and ABCA1 mRNA and protein, as well as the promotion of AMPKα1 phosphorylation. Moreover, similar results were caused by the intervention of TGDZF-containing serum in vitro experiments. Inhibition of AMPK and PPARγ partially blocked the regulatory effect of TGDZF, respectively. CONCLUSIONS TGDZF alleviated atherosclerosis and promoted cholesterol efflux from macrophages by activating the AMPK-PPARγ-LXRα-ABCA1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Miao Zeng
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Qun Yu
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China.
| | - Luming Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Wenyun Zeng
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, China.
| | - Yijing Wang
- School of Nursing, Tianjin University of Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yanrong Suo
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, China.
| | - Xijuan Jiang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
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4
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Ruan H, Zhang J, Wang Y, Huang Y, Wu J, He C, Ke T, Luo J, Yang M. 27-Hydroxycholesterol/liver X receptor/apolipoprotein E mediates zearalenone-induced intestinal immunosuppression: A key target potentially linking zearalenone and cancer. J Pharm Anal 2024; 14:371-388. [PMID: 38618245 PMCID: PMC11010457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin that extensively contaminates food and feed, posing a significant threat to public health. However, the mechanisms behind ZEN-induced intestinal immunotoxicity remain unclear. In this study, Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were exposed to ZEN at a dosage of 5 mg/kg/day b.w. for a duration of 14 days. The results demonstrated that ZEN exposure led to notable pathological alterations and immunosuppression within the intestine. Furthermore, ZEN exposure caused a significant reduction in the levels of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and liver X receptor (LXR) (P < 0.05). Conversely, it upregulated the levels of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) markers (P < 0.05) and decreased the presence of 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-HC) in the intestine (P < 0.05). It was observed that ApoE or LXR agonists were able to mitigate the immunosuppressive effects induced by ZEN. Additionally, a bioinformatics analysis highlighted that the downregulation of ApoE might elevate the susceptibility to colorectal, breast, and lung cancers. These findings underscore the crucial role of the 27-HC/LXR/ApoE axis disruption in ZEN-induced MDSCs proliferation and subsequent inhibition of T lymphocyte activation within the rat intestine. Notably, ApoE may emerge as a pivotal target linking ZEN exposure to cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yunyun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiashuo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chunjiao He
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tongwei Ke
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiaoyang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Meihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
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5
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Fang Y, She J, Zhang X, Gu T, Xie D, Luo X, Yi X, Gao C, Liu Y, Zhang C, Tang L, Zhou X. Discovery of Anti-Hypercholesterolemia Agents Targeting LXRα from Marine Microorganism-Derived Natural Products. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 87:322-331. [PMID: 38334086 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
A strategy integrating in silico molecular docking with LXRα and phenotypic assays was adopted to discover anti-hypercholesterolemia agents in a small library containing 205 marine microorganism-derived natural products, collected by our group in recent years. Two fumitremorgin derivatives, 12R,13S-dihydroxyfumitremorgin C (1) and tryprostatin A (3), were identified as potential LXRα agonists, by real-time qPCR and Western blot (WB) analysis, together with a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay. The anti-hypercholesterolemic effects of 1 and 3, together with their mechanisms, were investigated in depth using different cell and mouse models, among which the study of LXRα is of crucial importance. Compound 1 or 3 exhibited the capacity to effectively reverse excessive lipid accumulation in a hepatic steatosis cell model and significantly reduce liver damage and blood cholesterol levels in high cholesterol diet (HCD)-fed wild-type mice, whereas those beneficial effects were completely nullified in HCD-fed LXRα-knockout mice. Furthermore, 1 and 3 outperformed common LXRα agonists by suppressing the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) in HCD-fed mice, mitigating lipotoxicity. Thus, this study highlights the discovery of two marine microorganism-derived anti-hypercholesterolemia agents targeting LXRα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Fang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jianglian She
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Tanwei Gu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Danni Xie
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaowei Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Xiangxi Yi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Chenghai Gao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Cuixian Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lan Tang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
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6
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Jamgotchian L, Devel L, Thai R, Poupel L, Huby T, Gautier E, Le Goff W, Lesnik P, Gravel E, Doris E. Targeted delivery of LXR-agonists to atherosclerotic lesions mediated by polydiacetylene micelles. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:18864-18870. [PMID: 37966726 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04778d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of compact and stabilized micelles incorporating a synthetic LXR agonist prodrug for the passive targeting of atherosclerotic lesions and therapeutic intervention. In vivo studies showed that the nanohybrid micelles exhibited favorable pharmacokinetics/biodistribution and were able to upregulate, to some extent, LXR target genes with no alteration of lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Jamgotchian
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Laurent Devel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMOS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Robert Thai
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMOS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Lucie Poupel
- Inovarion, 251 rue saint Jacques, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thierry Huby
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS-1166, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Emmanuel Gautier
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS-1166, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Wilfried Le Goff
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS-1166, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Philippe Lesnik
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS-1166, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Edmond Gravel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Eric Doris
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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7
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Hua X, Wei X. Liver X receptors: From pharmacology to nanoparticle-based drug delivery. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 956:175953. [PMID: 37541371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are master regulators of various biological processes, including metabolism, inflammation, development, and reproduction. As well-known nuclear oxysterol receptors of the nuclear receptor (NR) family, LXRs have two homologous subtypes, LXRα (NR1H3) and LXRβ (NR1H2). Since the mid-1990s, numerous LXR-targeted drugs have been designed to treat diseases such as atherosclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and cancer. These modulators include agonists and antagonists, and the selectivity of them have been development from diverse aspects, including subtype-specific, cell-specific, tissue-specific types. Meanwhile, advanced delivery systems are also exploreed to facilitate the application of LXR drugs in clinical setting. One of the most promising delivery systems involves the use of nanoparticles and is expected to increase the clinical potential of LXR modulators. This review discusses our current understanding of LXR biology and pharmacology, focusing on the development of modulators for LXRα and/or LXRβ, and the nanoparticle-based delivery systems for promising LXR modulators with potential for use as drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofen Hua
- Department of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, James Clerk Maxwell Building, 57 Waterloo Road, London, SE1 8WA, UK
| | - Xiduan Wei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
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8
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Yang XF, Shang DJ. The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in lipid metabolism and inflammation in atherosclerosis. Cell Biol Int 2023; 47:1469-1487. [PMID: 37369936 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease events are the result of functional and structural abnormalities in the arteries and heart. Atherosclerosis is the main cause and pathological basis of cardiovascular diseases. Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease associated with dyslipidemia, inflammation, and oxidative stress, among which dyslipidemia and chronic inflammation occur in all processes. Under the influence of lipoproteins, the arterial intima causes inflammation, necrosis, fibrosis, and calcification, leading to plaque formation in specific parts of the artery, which further develops into plaque rupture and secondary thrombosis. Foam cell formation from macrophages is an early event in the development of atherosclerosis. Lipid uptake causes a vascular inflammatory response, and persistent inflammatory infiltration in the lesion area further promotes the development of the disease. Inhibition of macrophage differentiation into foam cell and reduction of the level of proinflammatory factors in macrophages can effectively alleviate the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated nuclear receptor that plays an important antiatherosclerotic role by regulating triglyceride metabolism, lipid uptake, cholesterol efflux, macrophage polarity, and inhibiting inflammatory signaling pathways. In addition, PPARγ shifts its binding to ligands and co-activators or co-repressors of transcription of target genes through posttranslational modification, thereby affecting the regulation of its downstream target genes. Many ligand agonists have also been developed targeting PPARγ. In this review, we summarized the role of PPARγ in lipid metabolism and inflammation in development of atherosclerosis, the posttranslational regulatory mechanism of PPARγ, and further discusses the value of PPARγ as an antiatherosclerosis target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Yang
- School of Life Science, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - De-Jing Shang
- School of Life Science, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
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9
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Zhou E, Ge X, Nakashima H, Li R, van der Zande HJP, Liu C, Li Z, Müller C, Bracher F, Mohammed Y, de Boer JF, Kuipers F, Guigas B, Glass CK, Rensen PCN, Giera M, Wang Y. Inhibition of DHCR24 activates LXRα to ameliorate hepatic steatosis and inflammation. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e16845. [PMID: 37357756 PMCID: PMC10405065 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202216845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptor (LXR) agonism has theoretical potential for treating NAFLD/NASH, but synthetic agonists induce hyperlipidemia in preclinical models. Desmosterol, which is converted by Δ24-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR24) into cholesterol, is a potent endogenous LXR agonist with anti-inflammatory properties. We aimed to investigate the effects of DHCR24 inhibition on NAFLD/NASH development. Here, by using APOE*3-Leiden. CETP mice, a well-established translational model that develops diet-induced human-like NAFLD/NASH characteristics, we report that SH42, a published DHCR24 inhibitor, markedly increases desmosterol levels in liver and plasma, reduces hepatic lipid content and the steatosis score, and decreases plasma fatty acid and cholesteryl ester concentrations. Flow cytometry showed that SH42 decreases liver inflammation by preventing Kupffer cell activation and monocyte infiltration. LXRα deficiency completely abolishes these beneficial effects of SH42. Together, the inhibition of DHCR24 by SH42 prevents diet-induced hepatic steatosis and inflammation in a strictly LXRα-dependent manner without causing hyperlipidemia. Finally, we also showed that SH42 treatment decreased liver collagen content and plasma alanine transaminase levels in an established NAFLD model. In conclusion, we anticipate that pharmacological DHCR24 inhibition may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for treatment of NAFLD/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enchen Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Xiaoke Ge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Hiroyuki Nakashima
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Rumei Li
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Cong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Zhuang Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Christoph Müller
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug ResearchLudwig Maximilians UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug ResearchLudwig Maximilians UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Yassene Mohammed
- The Center for Proteomics and MetabolomicsLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Jan Freark de Boer
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of ParasitologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Med‐X Institute, Center for Immunological and Metabolic Diseases, and Department of EndocrinologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Martin Giera
- The Center for Proteomics and MetabolomicsLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Med‐X Institute, Center for Immunological and Metabolic Diseases, and Department of EndocrinologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
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10
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Dragoljevic D, Lee MKS, Pernes G, Morgan PK, Louis C, Shihata W, Huynh K, Kochetkova AA, Bell PW, Mellett NA, Meikle PJ, Lancaster GI, Kraakman MJ, Nagareddy PR, Hanaoka BY, Wicks IP, Murphy AJ. Administration of an LXR agonist promotes atherosclerotic lesion remodelling in murine inflammatory arthritis. Clin Transl Immunology 2023; 12:e1446. [PMID: 37091327 PMCID: PMC10113696 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The leading cause of mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis is atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). We have shown that murine arthritis impairs atherosclerotic lesion regression, because of cellular cholesterol efflux defects in haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), causing monocytosis and impaired atherosclerotic regression. Therefore, we hypothesised that improving cholesterol efflux using a Liver X Receptor (LXR) agonist would improve cholesterol efflux and improve atherosclerotic lesion regression in arthritis. Methods Ldlr -/- mice were fed a western-type diet for 14 weeks to initiate atherogenesis, then switched to a chow diet to induce lesion regression and divided into three groups; (1) control, (2) K/BxN serum transfer inflammatory arthritis (K/BxN) or (3) K/BxN arthritis and LXR agonist T0901317 daily for 2 weeks. Results LXR activation during murine inflammatory arthritis completely restored atherosclerotic lesion regression in arthritic mice, evidenced by reduced lesion size, macrophage abundance and lipid content. Mechanistically, serum from arthritic mice promoted foam cell formation, demonstrated by increased cellular lipid accumulation in macrophages and paralleled by a reduction in mRNA of the cholesterol efflux transporters Abca1, Abcg1 and Apoe. T0901317 reduced lipid loading and increased Abca1 and Abcg1 expression in macrophages exposed to arthritic serum and increased ABCA1 levels in atherosclerotic lesions of arthritic mice. Moreover, arthritic clinical score was also attenuated with T0901317. Conclusion Taken together, we show that the LXR agonist T0901317 rescues impaired atherosclerotic lesion regression in murine arthritis because of enhanced cholesterol efflux transporter expression and reduced foam cell development in atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Dragoljevic
- Division of ImmunometabolismBaker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Man Kit Sam Lee
- Division of ImmunometabolismBaker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Gerard Pernes
- Division of ImmunometabolismBaker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Pooranee K Morgan
- Division of ImmunometabolismBaker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Cynthia Louis
- Inflammation DivisionWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVICAustralia
- Rheumatology UnitRoyal Melbourne HospitalMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Waled Shihata
- Division of ImmunometabolismBaker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Kevin Huynh
- Division of ImmunometabolismBaker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Arina A Kochetkova
- Division of ImmunometabolismBaker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Patrick W Bell
- Division of ImmunometabolismBaker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Natalie A Mellett
- Division of ImmunometabolismBaker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Peter J Meikle
- Division of ImmunometabolismBaker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Graeme I Lancaster
- Division of ImmunometabolismBaker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia
- Department of ImmunologyMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Michael J Kraakman
- Division of ImmunometabolismBaker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia
| | | | - Beatriz Y Hanaoka
- Department of SurgeryOhio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOHUSA
| | - Ian P Wicks
- Inflammation DivisionWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVICAustralia
- Rheumatology UnitRoyal Melbourne HospitalMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Division of ImmunometabolismBaker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia
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11
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Nguyen TP, Wang W, Sternisha AC, Corley CD, Wang HYL, Wang X, Ortiz F, Lim SK, Abdullah KG, Parada LF, Williams NS, McBrayer SK, McDonald JG, De Brabander JK, Nijhawan D. Selective and brain-penetrant lanosterol synthase inhibitors target glioma stem-like cells by inducing 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol production. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:214-229.e18. [PMID: 36758549 PMCID: PMC10008516 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive adult brain cancer with few treatment options due in part to the challenges of identifying brain-penetrant drugs. Here, we investigated the mechanism of MM0299, a tetracyclic dicarboximide with anti-glioblastoma activity. MM0299 inhibits lanosterol synthase (LSS) and diverts sterol flux away from cholesterol into a "shunt" pathway that culminates in 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol (EPC). EPC synthesis following MM0299 treatment is both necessary and sufficient to block the growth of mouse and human glioma stem-like cells by depleting cellular cholesterol. MM0299 exhibits superior selectivity for LSS over other sterol biosynthetic enzymes. Critical for its application in the brain, we report an MM0299 derivative that is orally bioavailable, brain-penetrant, and induces the production of EPC in orthotopic GBM tumors but not normal mouse brain. These studies have implications for the development of an LSS inhibitor to treat GBM or other neurologic indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu P Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Wentian Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Alex C Sternisha
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chase D Corley
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Hua-Yu Leo Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Francisco Ortiz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sang-Kyun Lim
- Department of Development Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kalil G Abdullah
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Luis F Parada
- Department of Development Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Noelle S Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Samuel K McBrayer
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jef K De Brabander
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Deepak Nijhawan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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12
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The Role of the Gut Microbiome and Trimethylamine Oxide in Atherosclerosis and Age-Related Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032399. [PMID: 36768722 PMCID: PMC9917289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome plays a major role in human health, and gut microbial imbalance or dysbiosis is associated with disease development. Modulation in the gut microbiome can be used to treat or prevent different diseases. Gut dysbiosis increases with aging, and it has been associated with the impairment of gut barrier function leading to the leakage of harmful metabolites such as trimethylamine (TMA). TMA is a gut metabolite resulting from dietary amines that originate from animal-based foods. TMA enters the portal circulation and is oxidized by the hepatic enzyme into trimethylamine oxide (TMAO). Increased TMAO levels have been reported in elderly people. High TMAO levels are linked to peripheral artery disease (PAD), endothelial senescence, and vascular aging. Emerging evidence showed the beneficial role of probiotics and prebiotics in the management of several atherogenic risk factors through the remodeling of the gut microbiota, thus leading to a reduction in TMAO levels and atherosclerotic lesions. Despite the promising outcomes in different studies, the definite mechanisms of gut dysbiosis and microbiota-derived TMAO involved in atherosclerosis remain not fully understood. More studies are still required to focus on the molecular mechanisms and precise treatments targeting gut microbiota and leading to atheroprotective effects.
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13
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May L, Bartolo B, Harrison D, Guzik T, Drummond G, Figtree G, Ritchie R, Rye KA, de Haan J. Translating atherosclerosis research from bench to bedside: navigating the barriers for effective preclinical drug discovery. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:1731-1758. [PMID: 36459456 PMCID: PMC9727216 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide. An ongoing challenge remains the development of novel pharmacotherapies to treat CVD, particularly atherosclerosis. Effective mechanism-informed development and translation of new drugs requires a deep understanding of the known and currently unknown biological mechanisms underpinning atherosclerosis, accompanied by optimization of traditional drug discovery approaches. Current animal models do not precisely recapitulate the pathobiology underpinning human CVD. Accordingly, a fundamental limitation in early-stage drug discovery has been the lack of consensus regarding an appropriate experimental in vivo model that can mimic human atherosclerosis. However, when coupled with a clear understanding of the specific advantages and limitations of the model employed, preclinical animal models remain a crucial component for evaluating pharmacological interventions. Within this perspective, we will provide an overview of the mechanisms and modalities of atherosclerotic drugs, including those in the preclinical and early clinical development stage. Additionally, we highlight recent preclinical models that have improved our understanding of atherosclerosis and associated clinical consequences and propose model adaptations to facilitate the development of new and effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren T. May
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - David G. Harrison
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN, U.S.A
| | - Tomasz Guzik
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, U.K
- Department of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grant R. Drummond
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gemma A. Figtree
- Kolling Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Imaging and Phenotyping Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rebecca H. Ritchie
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kerry-Anne Rye
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Judy B. de Haan
- Cardiovascular Inflammation and Redox Biology Lab, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
- Department Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
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14
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Chai AB, Callaghan R, Gelissen IC. Regulation of P-Glycoprotein in the Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314667. [PMID: 36498995 PMCID: PMC9740459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of the tightly regulated homeostatic environment of the brain is facilitated by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). P-glycoprotein (P-gp), an ATP-binding cassette transporter, is expressed on the luminal surface of the endothelial cells in the BBB, and actively exports a wide variety of substrates to limit exposure of the vulnerable brain environment to waste buildup and neurotoxic compounds. Downregulation of P-gp expression and activity at the BBB have been reported with ageing and in neurodegenerative diseases. Upregulation of P-gp at the BBB contributes to poor therapeutic outcomes due to altered pharmacokinetics of CNS-acting drugs. The regulation of P-gp is highly complex, but unravelling the mechanisms involved may help the development of novel and nuanced strategies to modulate P-gp expression for therapeutic benefit. This review summarises the current understanding of P-gp regulation in the brain, encompassing the transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms that have been identified to affect P-gp expression and transport activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B. Chai
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Richard Callaghan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Ingrid C. Gelissen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-8627-0357
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15
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Savla SR, Prabhavalkar KS, Bhatt LK. Liver X Receptor: a potential target in the treatment of atherosclerosis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:645-658. [PMID: 36003057 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2117610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liver X receptors (LXRs) are master regulators of atherogenesis. Their anti-atherogenic potential has been attributed to their role in the inhibition of macrophage-mediated inflammation and promotion of reverse cholesterol transport. Owing to the significance of their anti-atherogenic potential, it is essential to develop and test new generation LXR agonists, both synthetic and natural, to identify potential LXR-targeted therapeutics for the future. AREAS COVERED This review describes the role of LXRs in atherosclerotic development, provides a summary of LXR agonists and future directions for atherosclerosis research. We searched PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar for relevant reports, from last 10 years, using atherosclerosis, liver X receptor, and LXR agonist as keywords. EXPERT OPINION LXRα has gained widespread recognition as a regulator of cholesterol homeostasis and expression of inflammatory genes. Further research using models of cell type-specific knockout and specific agonist-targeted LXR isoforms is warranted. Enthusiasm for therapeutic value of LXR agonists has been tempered due to LXRα-mediated induction of hepatic lipogenesis. LXRα agonism and LXRβ targeting, gut-specific inverse LXR agonists, investigations combining LXR agonists with other lipogenesis mitigating agents, like IDOL antagonists and synthetic HDL, and targeting ABCA1, M2 macrophages and LXRα phosphorylation, remain as promising possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya R Savla
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Kedar S Prabhavalkar
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Lokesh K Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400056, India
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16
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Current Options and Future Perspectives in the Treatment of Dyslipidemia. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11164716. [PMID: 36012957 PMCID: PMC9410330 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11164716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) plays a crucial role in the development of atherosclerosis. Statin therapy is the standard treatment for lowering LDL-C in primary and secondary prevention. However, some patients do not reach optimal LDL-C target levels or do not tolerate statins, especially when taking high doses long-term. Combining statins with different therapeutic approaches and testing other new drugs is the future key to reducing the burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recently, several new cholesterol-lowering drugs have been developed and approved; others are promising results, enriching the pharmacological armamentarium beyond statins. Triglycerides also play an important role in the development of CVD; new therapeutic approaches are also very promising for their treatment. Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) can lead to CVD early in life. These patients respond poorly to conventional therapies. Recently, however, new and promising pharmacological strategies have become available. This narrative review provides an overview of the new drugs for the treatment of dyslipidemia, their current status, ongoing clinical or preclinical trials, and their prospects. We also discuss the new alternative therapies for the treatment of dyslipidemia and their relevance to practice.
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17
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She J, Gu T, Pang X, Liu Y, Tang L, Zhou X. Natural Products Targeting Liver X Receptors or Farnesoid X Receptor. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:772435. [PMID: 35069197 PMCID: PMC8766425 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.772435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a superfamily of transcription factors induced by ligands and also function as integrators of hormonal and nutritional signals. Among NRs, the liver X receptors (LXRs) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) have been of significance as targets for the treatment of metabolic syndrome-related diseases. In recent years, natural products targeting LXRs and FXR have received remarkable interests as a valuable source of novel ligands encompassing diverse chemical structures and bioactive properties. This review aims to survey natural products, originating from terrestrial plants and microorganisms, marine organisms, and marine-derived microorganisms, which could influence LXRs and FXR. In the recent two decades (2000-2020), 261 natural products were discovered from natural resources such as LXRs/FXR modulators, 109 agonists and 38 antagonists targeting LXRs, and 72 agonists and 55 antagonists targeting FXR. The docking evaluation of desired natural products targeted LXRs/FXR is finally discussed. This comprehensive overview will provide a reference for future study of novel LXRs and FXR agonists and antagonists to target human diseases, and attract an increasing number of professional scholars majoring in pharmacy and biology with more in-depth discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglian She
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tanwei Gu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Pang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Lan Tang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
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18
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Kosmas CE, Pantou D, Sourlas A, Papakonstantinou EJ, Echavarria Uceta R, Guzman E. New and emerging lipid-modifying drugs to lower LDL cholesterol. Drugs Context 2021; 10:dic-2021-8-3. [PMID: 34795777 PMCID: PMC8565402 DOI: 10.7573/dic.2021-8-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents the leading cause of death worldwide. The role of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and CVD has been well recognized. Statins are the standard of care for the management of hypercholesterolaemia, and their effectiveness in lowering LDL-C and reducing CVD risk in both primary and secondary prevention has been well established. However, several patients fail to attain optimal LDL-C goals or are intolerant to statins, especially at high doses. PCSK9 inhibitors, bempedoic acid, inclisiran, ANGPTL3 inhibitors, PPARβ/δ agonists and LXR agonists are novel or upcoming LDL-C-lowering agents that have shown promising beneficial results. This review aims to present and discuss the current clinical and scientific data pertaining to the new and emerging lipid-modifying LDL-C-lowering drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantine E Kosmas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Cardiology Clinic, Cardiology Unlimited, PC, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dafni Pantou
- School of Medicine, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | | | | | - Eliscer Guzman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Cardiology Clinic, Cardiology Unlimited, PC, New York, NY, USA
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19
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The Role and Mechanism of Oxidative Stress and Nuclear Receptors in the Development of NAFLD. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6889533. [PMID: 34745420 PMCID: PMC8566046 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6889533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consequent oxidative stress contribute to the pathogenesis of acute and chronic liver diseases. It is now acknowledged that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized as a redox-centered disease due to the role of ROS in hepatic metabolism. However, the underlying mechanisms accounting for these alternations are not completely understood. Several nuclear receptors (NRs) are dysregulated in NAFLD, and have a direct influence on the expression of a set of genes relating to the progress of hepatic lipid homeostasis and ROS generation. Meanwhile, the NRs act as redox sensors in response to metabolic stress. Therefore, targeting NRs may represent a promising strategy for improving oxidation damage and treating NAFLD. This review summarizes the link between impaired lipid metabolism and oxidative stress and highlights some NRs involved in regulating oxidant/antioxidant turnover in the context of NAFLD, shedding light on potential therapies based on NR-mediated modulation of ROS generation and lipid accumulation.
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20
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Smooth muscle 22 alpha protein inhibits VSMC foam cell formation by supporting normal LXRα signaling, ameliorating atherosclerosis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:982. [PMID: 34686657 PMCID: PMC8536684 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04239-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are indispensable components in foam cell formation in atherosclerosis. However, the mechanism behind foam cell formation of VSMCs has not been addressed. We found a potential association between deletion of smooth muscle (SM) 22α and deregulated nuclear receptors liver X receptors (LXRs)/retinoid X receptor (RXR) signaling in mice. Here, we investigated the roles of SM22α in LXRα-modulated cholesterol homeostasis, and explore possible mechanisms underlying this process. We identified that the depletion of SM22α was a primary event driving VSMC cholesterol accumulation and the development of atherosclerosis in mice. Proteomic and lipidomic analysis validated that downregulation of SM22α was correlated with reduced expression of LXRα and ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCA) 1 and increased cholesteryl ester in phenotypically modulated VSMCs induced by platelets-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB. Notably, LXRα was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm rather than the nucleus in the neointimal and Sm22α-/- VSMCs. Loss of SM22α inhibited the nuclear import of LXRα and reduced ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux via promoting depolymerization of actin stress fibers. Affinity purification and mass spectrometry (AP-MS) analysis, co-immunoprecipitation and GST pull-down assays, confocal microscopy, and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) revealed that globular-actin (G-actin), monomeric actin, interacted with and retained LXRα in the cytoplasm in PDGF-BB-treated and Sm22α-/- VSMCs. This interaction blocked LXRα binding to Importin α, a karyopherin that mediates the trafficking of macromolecules across the nuclear envelope, and the resulting reduction of LXRα transcriptional activity. Increasing SM22α expression restored nuclear localization of LXRα and removed cholesterol accumulation via inducing actin polymerization, ameliorating atherosclerosis. Our findings highlight that LXRα is a mechanosensitive nuclear receptor and that the nuclear import of LXRα maintained by the SM22α-actin axis is a potential target for blockade of VSMC foam cell formation and development of anti-atherosclerosis.
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21
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Sousa-Lima I, Kim HJ, Jones J, Kim YB. Rho-Kinase as a Therapeutic Target for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases. Diabetes Metab J 2021; 45:655-674. [PMID: 34610720 PMCID: PMC8497927 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2021.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major public health problem and the most common form of chronic liver disease, affecting 25% of the global population. Although NAFLD is closely linked with obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, knowledge on its pathogenesis remains incomplete. Emerging data have underscored the importance of Rho-kinase (Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing kinase [ROCK]) action in the maintenance of normal hepatic lipid homeostasis. In particular, pharmacological blockade of ROCK in hepatocytes or hepatic stellate cells prevents the progression of liver diseases such as NAFLD and fibrosis. Moreover, mice lacking hepatic ROCK1 are protected against obesity-induced fatty liver diseases by suppressing hepatic de novo lipogenesis. Here we review the roles of ROCK as an indispensable regulator of obesity-induced fatty liver disease and highlight the key cellular pathway governing hepatic lipid accumulation, with focus on de novo lipogenesis and its impact on therapeutic potential. Consequently, a comprehensive understanding of the metabolic milieu linking to liver dysfunction triggered by ROCK activation may help identify new targets for treating fatty liver diseases such as NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Sousa-Lima
- CEDOC-Chronic Disease Research Center, NOVA Medical School/ Faculty of Medical Sciences, New University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hyun Jeong Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Jones
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Marquis of Pombal Square, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Young-Bum Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Corresponding author: Young-Bum Kim https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9471-6330 Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA E-mail:
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22
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Che X, Xiao Q, Song W, Zhang H, Sun B, Geng N, Tao Z, Shao Q, Pu J. Protective Functions of Liver X Receptor α in Established Vulnerable Plaques: Involvement of Regulating Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mediated Macrophage Apoptosis and Efferocytosis. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e018455. [PMID: 33969692 PMCID: PMC8200716 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.018455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Liver X receptor (LXR) belongs to the metabolic nuclear receptor superfamily, which plays a critical regulatory role in vascular physiology/pathology. However, effects of systemic LXR activation on established vulnerable plaques and the potential isotype‐specific role involved remain unclear. Methods and Results The 8‐week‐old male apolipoprotein E−/− mice went through carotid branch ligation and renal artery constriction, combined with a high‐fat diet. Plaques in the left carotid artery acquired vulnerable features 4 weeks later, confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging scans and histological analysis. From that time on, mice were injected intraperitoneally daily with PBS or GW3965 (10 mg/kg per day) for an additional 4 weeks. Treatment with LXR agonists reduced the lesion volume by 52.61%, compared with the vehicle group. More important, a profile of less intraplaque hemorrhage detection and necrotic core formation was found. These actions collectively attenuated the incidence of plaque rupture. Mechanistically, reduced lesional apoptosis, enhanced efferocytosis, and alleviated endoplasmic reticulum stress are involved in the process. Furthermore, genetic ablation of LXRα, but not LXRβ, blunted the protective effects of LXR on the endoplasmic reticulum stress–elicited C/EBP‐homologous protein pathway in peritoneal macrophages. In concert with the LXRα‐predominant role in vitro, activated LXR failed to stabilize vulnerable plaques and correct the acquired cellular anomalies in LXRα−/− apolipoprotein E−/− mice. Conclusions Our results revealed that LXRα mediates the capacity of LXR activation to stabilize vulnerable plaques and prevent plaque rupture via amelioration of macrophage endoplasmic reticulum stress, lesional apoptosis, and defective efferocytosis. These findings might expand the application scenarios of LXR therapeutics for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Che
- Department of Cardiology Renji Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Qingqing Xiao
- Department of Cardiology Renji Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Wei Song
- Cardiovascular Department of Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Hengyuan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology Renji Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Beibei Sun
- Department of Radiology Renji Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Na Geng
- Department of Cardiology Renji Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Zhenyu Tao
- Department of Cardiology Renji Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Qin Shao
- Department of Cardiology Renji Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Jun Pu
- Department of Cardiology Renji Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
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23
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Price NL, Goedeke L, Suárez Y, Fernández-Hernando C. miR-33 in cardiometabolic diseases: lessons learned from novel animal models and approaches. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e12606. [PMID: 33938628 PMCID: PMC8103095 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202012606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
miRNAs have emerged as critical regulators of nearly all biologic processes and important therapeutic targets for numerous diseases. However, despite the tremendous progress that has been made in this field, many misconceptions remain among much of the broader scientific community about the manner in which miRNAs function. In this review, we focus on miR‐33, one of the most extensively studied miRNAs, as an example, to highlight many of the advances that have been made in the miRNA field and the hurdles that must be cleared to promote the development of miRNA‐based therapies. We discuss how the generation of novel animal models and newly developed experimental techniques helped to elucidate the specialized roles of miR‐33 within different tissues and begin to define the specific mechanisms by which miR‐33 contributes to cardiometabolic diseases including obesity and atherosclerosis. This review will summarize what is known about miR‐33 and highlight common obstacles in the miRNA field and then describe recent advances and approaches that have allowed researchers to provide a more complete picture of the specific functions of this miRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan L Price
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Comparative Medicine, Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Leigh Goedeke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yajaira Suárez
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Comparative Medicine, Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carlos Fernández-Hernando
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Comparative Medicine, Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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24
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Dixon ED, Nardo AD, Claudel T, Trauner M. The Role of Lipid Sensing Nuclear Receptors (PPARs and LXR) and Metabolic Lipases in Obesity, Diabetes and NAFLD. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050645. [PMID: 33926085 PMCID: PMC8145571 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are metabolic disorders characterized by metabolic inflexibility with multiple pathological organ manifestations, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Nuclear receptors are ligand-dependent transcription factors with a multifaceted role in controlling many metabolic activities, such as regulation of genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism and modulation of inflammatory genes. The activity of nuclear receptors is key in maintaining metabolic flexibility. Their activity depends on the availability of endogenous ligands, like fatty acids or oxysterols, and their derivatives produced by the catabolic action of metabolic lipases, most of which are under the control of nuclear receptors. For example, adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) is activated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and conversely releases fatty acids as ligands for PPARα, therefore, demonstrating the interdependency of nuclear receptors and lipases. The diverse biological functions and importance of nuclear receptors in metabolic syndrome and NAFLD has led to substantial effort to target them therapeutically. This review summarizes recent findings on the roles of lipases and selected nuclear receptors, PPARs, and liver X receptor (LXR) in obesity, diabetes, and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael Trauner
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-140-4004-7410; Fax: +43-14-0400-4735
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25
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Chen YQ, Pottanat TG, Zhen EY, Siegel RW, Ehsani M, Qian YW, Konrad RJ. ApoA5 lowers triglyceride levels via suppression of ANGPTL3/8-mediated LPL inhibition. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100068. [PMID: 33762177 PMCID: PMC8079461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Triglyceride (TG) molecules represent the major storage form of fatty acids, and TG metabolism is essential to human health. However, the mechanistic details surrounding TG metabolism are complex and incompletely elucidated. Although it is known that angiopoietin-like protein 8 (ANGPTL8) increases TGs through an ANGPTL3/8 complex that inhibits LPL, the mechanism governing ApoA5, which lowers TGs, has remained elusive. Current hypotheses for how ApoA5 acts include direct stimulation of LPL, facilitation of TG-containing particle uptake, and regulation of hepatic TG secretion. Using immunoprecipitation-MS and Western blotting, biolayer interferometry, functional LPL enzymatic assays, and kinetic analyses of LPL activity, we show that ApoA5 associates with ANGPTL3/8 in human serum and most likely decreases TG by suppressing ANGPTL3/8-mediated LPL inhibition. We also demonstrate that ApoA5 has no direct effect on LPL, nor does it suppress the LPL-inhibitory activities of ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, or ANGPTL4/8. Importantly, ApoA5 suppression of ANGPTL3/8-mediated LPL inhibition occurred at a molar ratio consistent with the circulating concentrations of ApoA5 and ANGPTL3/8. Because liver X receptor (LXR) agonists decrease ApoA5 expression and cause hypertriglyceridemia, we investigated the effect of the prototypical LXR agonist T0901317 on human primary hepatocytes. We observed that T0901317 modestly stimulated hepatocyte ApoA5 release, but markedly stimulated ANGPTL3/8 secretion. Interestingly, the addition of insulin to T0901317 attenuated ApoA5 secretion, but further increased ANGPTL3/8 secretion. Together, these results reveal a novel intersection of ApoA5 and ANGPTL3/8 in the regulation of TG metabolism and provide a possible explanation for LXR agonist-induced hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Q Chen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Thomas G Pottanat
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Eugene Y Zhen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Robert W Siegel
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mariam Ehsani
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yue-Wei Qian
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Robert J Konrad
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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26
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Chen SY, Chen YZ, Lee YJ, Jiang CL, Lu SC, Lin FJ. Maternal hypercholesterolemia exacerbates atherosclerosis lesions in female offspring through potentiating macrophage polarization toward an inflammatory M1 phenotype. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 90:108575. [PMID: 33387610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Maternal hypercholesterolemia induces early onset of cardiovascular diseases in offspring; however, its underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. We hypothesized that maternal hypercholesterolemia increases offspring susceptibility to atherosclerosis in adulthood through developmental modifications of macrophages. Female apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-deficient mice were fed a Western-type diet (WD) or a control diet (CD) prior to and throughout gestation and lactation. The offspring were all fed a WD after weaning. Sixteen-week-old female offspring of WD-fed dams showed a significant increase in atherosclerotic lesions of the aorta and aortic root compared with those of CD-fed dams. This effect was associated with increased macrophage accumulation within lesions, macrophage inflammation and an increase in circulating Ly6Chigh monocyte and F4/80 macrophage counts. We further evidenced that in utero WD exposure promoted macrophage polarization toward the M1 phenotype by elevating M1 markers (Cd86, Inos/Nos2) without affecting M2 markers (Cd206, Arg1). Proinflammatory cytokine synthesis was also enhanced in response to LPS. Finally, maternal WD intake strongly inhibited the macrophage expression of Pparg and Lxra, which was associated with aberrant DNA methylation of Lxra promoter. Our findings demonstrate that maternal hypercholesterolemia exacerbates atherosclerosis, in part by altering the epigenetic state of the macrophage genome of the offspring, imprinting gene expression, and changing macrophage polarization, which ultimately contributes to plaque macrophage burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin-Yu Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Zhen Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jing Lee
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Lin Jiang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chun Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Jung Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center for Development Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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27
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Buñay J, Fouache A, Trousson A, de Joussineau C, Bouchareb E, Zhu Z, Kocer A, Morel L, Baron S, Lobaccaro JMA. Screening for liver X receptor modulators: Where are we and for what use? Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:3277-3293. [PMID: 33080050 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that are canonically activated by oxidized derivatives of cholesterol. Since the mid-90s, numerous groups have identified LXRs as endocrine receptors that are involved in the regulation of various physiological functions. As a result, when their expression is genetically modified in mice, phenotypic analyses reveal endocrine disorders ranging from infertility to diabetes and obesity, nervous system pathologies such Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease, immunological disturbances, inflammatory response, and enhancement of tumour development. Based on such findings, it appears that LXRs could constitute good pharmacological targets to prevent and/or to treat these diseases. This review discusses the various aspects of LXR drug discovery, from the tools available for the screening of potential LXR modulators to the current situational analysis of the drugs in development. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Buñay
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Allan Fouache
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Amalia Trousson
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cyrille de Joussineau
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Erwan Bouchareb
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Zhekun Zhu
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ayhan Kocer
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laurent Morel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Silvere Baron
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Marc A Lobaccaro
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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28
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Libby AE, Jones B, Lopez-Santiago I, Rowland E, Levi M. Nuclear receptors in the kidney during health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 78:100935. [PMID: 33272705 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 30 years, nuclear receptors (NRs) have been increasingly recognized as key modulators of systemic homeostasis and as contributing factors in many diseases. In the kidney, NRs play numerous important roles in maintaining homeostasis-many of which continue to be unraveled. As "master regulators", these important transcription factors integrate and coordinate many renal processes such as circadian responses, lipid metabolism, fatty acid oxidation, glucose handling, and inflammatory responses. The use of recently-developed genetic tools and small molecule modulators have allowed for detailed studies of how renal NRs contribute to kidney homeostasis. Importantly, while NRs are intimately involved in proper kidney function, they are also implicated in a variety of renal diseases such as diabetes, acute kidney injury, and other conditions such as aging. In the last 10 years, our understanding of renal disease etiology and progression has been greatly shaped by knowledge regarding how NRs are dysregulated in these conditions. Importantly, NRs have also become attractive therapeutic targets for attenuation of renal diseases, and their modulation for this purpose has been the subject of intense investigation. Here, we review the role in health and disease of six key renal NRs including the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR), estrogen-related receptors (ERR), the farnesoid X receptors (FXR), estrogen receptors (ER), liver X receptors (LXR), and vitamin D receptors (VDR) with an emphasis on recent findings over the last decade. These NRs have generated a wealth of data over the last 10 years that demonstrate their crucial role in maintaining normal renal homeostasis as well as their capacity to modulate disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Libby
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, 3900 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC, 20007, USA.
| | - Bryce Jones
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University, 3900 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC, 20007, USA.
| | - Isabel Lopez-Santiago
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, 3900 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC, 20007, USA.
| | - Emma Rowland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, 3900 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC, 20007, USA.
| | - Moshe Levi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, 3900 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC, 20007, USA.
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29
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Nicotinamide Prevents Apolipoprotein B-Containing Lipoprotein Oxidation, Inflammation and Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111162. [PMID: 33233455 PMCID: PMC7700561 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential of nicotinamide (NAM) to prevent atherosclerosis has not yet been examined. This study investigated the effect of NAM supplementation on the development of atherosclerosis in a mouse model of the disease. The development of aortic atherosclerosis was significantly reduced (NAM low dose: 45%; NAM high dose: 55%) in NAM-treated, apolipoprotein (Apo)E-deficient mice challenged with a Western diet for 4 weeks. NAM administration significantly increased (1.8-fold) the plasma concentration of proatherogenic ApoB-containing lipoproteins in NAM high-dose (HD)-treated mice compared with untreated mice. However, isolated ApoB-containing lipoproteins from NAM HD mice were less prone to oxidation than those of untreated mice. This result was consistent with the decreased (1.5-fold) concentration of oxidized low-density lipoproteins in this group. Immunohistochemical staining of aortas from NAM-treated mice showed significantly increased levels of IL-10 (NAM low-dose (LD): 1.3-fold; NAM HD: 1.2-fold), concomitant with a significant decrease in the relative expression of TNFα (NAM LD: −44%; NAM HD: −57%). An improved anti-inflammatory pattern was reproduced in macrophages cultured in the presence of NAM. Thus, dietary NAM supplementation in ApoE-deficient mice prevented the development of atherosclerosis and improved protection against ApoB-containing lipoprotein oxidation and aortic inflammation.
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30
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Bilotta MT, Petillo S, Santoni A, Cippitelli M. Liver X Receptors: Regulators of Cholesterol Metabolism, Inflammation, Autoimmunity, and Cancer. Front Immunol 2020; 11:584303. [PMID: 33224146 PMCID: PMC7670053 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.584303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between cellular stress and immune response can be variable and sometimes contradictory. The mechanisms by which stress-activated pathways regulate the inflammatory response to a pathogen, in autoimmunity or during cancer progression remain unclear in many aspects, despite our recent knowledge of the signalling and transcriptional pathways involved in these diseases. In this context, over the last decade many studies demonstrated that cholesterol metabolism is an important checkpoint for immune homeostasis and cancer progression. Indeed, cholesterol is actively metabolized and can regulate, through its mobilization and/or production of active derivatives, many aspects of immunity and inflammation. Moreover, accumulation of cholesterol has been described in cancer cells, indicating metabolic addiction. The nuclear receptors liver-X-receptors (LXRs) are important regulators of intracellular cholesterol and lipids homeostasis. They have also key regulatory roles in immune response, as they can regulate inflammation, innate and adaptive immunity. Moreover, activation of LXRs has been reported to affect the proliferation and survival of different cancer cell types that show altered metabolic pathways and accumulation of cholesterol. In this minireview we will give an overview of the recent understandings about the mechanisms through which LXRs regulate inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancer, and the therapeutic potential for future treatment of these diseases through modulation of cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Petillo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Mediterraneo di Neuroscienze Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Marco Cippitelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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31
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Chen H, Chen Z, Zhang Z, Li Y, Zhang S, Jiang F, Wei J, Ding P, Zhou H, Gu Q, Xu J. Discovery of new LXRβ agonists as glioblastoma inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 194:112240. [PMID: 32248003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Discovery and optimization of selective liver X receptor β (LXRβ) agonists are challenging due to the high homology of LXRα and LXRβ in the ligand-binding domain. There is only one different residue (Val versus Ile) at the ligand-binding pocket of LXRs. With machine learning methods, we identified pan LXR agonists with a novel scaffold (spiro[pyrrolidine-3,3'-oxindole]). Then, we figured out the mechanism of LXR isoform selectivity from co-crystal structures. Based on the mechanism and the new scaffold, LXRβ selective agonists were designed and synthesized. This led to the discovery of LXRβ agonists 4-7rr, 4-13 and 4-13rr with IC50 values ranging from 1.78 to 6.36 μM against glioblastoma in vitro. Treatment with 50 mg/kg/day of 4-13 for 15 days significantly reduced tumor growth using an in vivo xenograft glioblastoma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Research Center for Drug Discovery at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ziyang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Research Center for Drug Discovery at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zizhen Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Research Center for Drug Discovery at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yali Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Research Center for Drug Discovery at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shushu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Research Center for Drug Discovery at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Fuqiang Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Research Center for Drug Discovery at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Junkang Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Research Center for Drug Discovery at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Peng Ding
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Research Center for Drug Discovery at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Huihao Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Research Center for Drug Discovery at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Qiong Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Research Center for Drug Discovery at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Jun Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Research Center for Drug Discovery at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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32
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Belorusova AY, Evertsson E, Hovdal D, Sandmark J, Bratt E, Maxvall I, Schulman IG, Åkerblad P, Lindstedt EL. Structural analysis identifies an escape route from the adverse lipogenic effects of liver X receptor ligands. Commun Biol 2019; 2:431. [PMID: 31799433 PMCID: PMC6874530 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0675-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are attractive drug targets for cardiovascular disease treatment due to their role in regulating cholesterol homeostasis and immunity. The anti-atherogenic properties of LXRs have prompted development of synthetic ligands, but these cause major adverse effects-such as increased lipogenesis-which are challenging to dissect from their beneficial activities. Here we show that LXR compounds displaying diverse functional responses in animal models induce distinct receptor conformations. Combination of hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry and multivariate analysis allowed identification of LXR regions differentially correlating with anti-atherogenic and lipogenic activities of ligands. We show that lipogenic compounds stabilize active states of LXRα and LXRβ while the anti-atherogenic expression of the cholesterol transporter ABCA1 is associated with the ligand-induced stabilization of LXRα helix 3. Our data indicates that avoiding ligand interaction with the activation helix 12 while engaging helix 3 may provide directions for development of ligands with improved therapeutic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Y. Belorusova
- Medicinal Chemistry, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emma Evertsson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Hovdal
- Preclinical and Translational PK & PKPD, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jenny Sandmark
- Structure, Biophysics & Fragment Based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emma Bratt
- Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ingela Maxvall
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ira G. Schulman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Peter Åkerblad
- Bioscience Heart Failure, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Present Address: Albireo Pharma, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eva-Lotte Lindstedt
- Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Shao W, Zhu W, Lin J, Luo M, Lin Z, Lu L, Jia H, Qin L, Lu M, Chen J. Liver X Receptor Agonism Sensitizes a Subset of Hepatocellular Carcinoma to Sorafenib by Dual-Inhibiting MET and EGFR. Neoplasia 2019; 22:1-9. [PMID: 31751859 PMCID: PMC6911865 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sorafenib is the first approved systemic therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is the first-line choice in clinic. Sustained activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) is associated with low efficacy of sorafenib in HCC. Activation of liver X receptor (LXR) has been reported to inhibit some RTKs. In this study, we found that the LXR agonist enhanced the anti-tumor activity of sorafenib in a subset of HCC cells with high LXR-β/α gene expression ratio. Mechanically, the activation of LXR suppressed sorafenib dependent recruitment of MET and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in lipid rafts through cholesterol efflux. Our findings imply that LXR agonist can serve as a potential sensitizer to enhance the anti-tumor effect of sorafenib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Shao
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Wenwei Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Mengjun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE & MOH), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhifei Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Huliang Jia
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Lunxiu Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai 200040, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Ming Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Jinhong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai 200040, China.
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Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I), Immunity, Inflammation and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081097. [PMID: 31374929 PMCID: PMC6721368 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I), the major protein component of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) is a multifunctional protein, involved in cholesterol traffic and inflammatory and immune response regulation. Many studies revealing alterations of ApoA-I during the development and progression of various types of cancer suggest that serum ApoA-I levels may represent a useful biomarker contributing to better estimation of cancer risk, early cancer diagnosis, follow up, and prognosis stratification of cancer patients. In addition, recent in vitro and animal studies disclose a more direct, tumor suppressive role of ApoA-I in cancer pathogenesis, which involves anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory mechanisms. Herein, we review recent epidemiologic, clinicopathologic, and mechanistic studies investigating the role of ApoA-I in cancer biology, which suggest that enhancing the tumor suppressive activity of ApoA-I may contribute to better cancer prevention and treatment.
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Saida–Tamiya K, Tamiya M, Sekiya G, Isobe K, Kitazawa T, Isaka N, Matsukawa A, Kawahara K, Komuro A, Ishiguro M. Structural requirements of cholenamide derivatives as the LXR ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1330-1335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review current knowledge regarding HDL and Alzheimer's disease, focusing on HDL's vasoprotective functions and potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target for the vascular contributions of Alzheimer's disease. RECENT FINDINGS Many epidemiological studies have observed that circulating HDL levels associate with decreased Alzheimer's disease risk. However, it is now understood that the functions of HDL may be more informative than levels of HDL cholesterol (HDL-C). Animal model studies demonstrate that HDL protects against memory deficits, neuroinflammation, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). In-vitro studies using state-of-the-art 3D models of the human blood-brain barrier (BBB) confirm that HDL reduces vascular Aβ accumulation and attenuates Aβ-induced endothelial inflammation. Although HDL-based therapeutics have not been tested in clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease , several HDL formulations are in advanced phase clinical trials for coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis and could be leveraged toward Alzheimer's disease . SUMMARY Evidence from human studies, animal models, and bioengineered arteries supports the hypothesis that HDL protects against cerebrovascular dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Assays of HDL functions relevant to Alzheimer's disease may be desirable biomarkers of cerebrovascular health. HDL-based therapeutics may also be of interest for Alzheimer's disease, using stand-alone or combination therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B. Button
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jérôme Robert
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tara M. Caffrey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jianjia Fan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wenchen Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cheryl L. Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Hoekstra M, Nahon JE, de Jong LM, Kröner MJ, de Leeuw LR, Van Eck M. Inhibition of PRMT3 activity reduces hepatic steatosis without altering atherosclerosis susceptibility in apoE knockout mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1402-1409. [PMID: 30776415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor liver X receptor (LXR) impacts on cholesterol metabolism as well as hepatic lipogenesis via transcriptional regulation. It is proposed that inhibition of the protein arginine methyltransferase 3 (PRMT3) uncouples these two transcriptional pathways in vivo by acting as a specific lipogenic coactivator of LXR. Here we validated the hypothesis that treatment with the allosteric PRMT3 inhibitor SGC707 will diminish the hepatic steatosis extent, while leaving global cholesterol metabolism, important in cholesterol-driven pathologies like atherosclerosis, untouched. For this purpose, 12-week old hyperlipidemic apolipoprotein E knockout mice were fed a Western-type diet for six weeks to induce both hepatic steatosis and atherosclerosis. The mice received 3 intraperitoneal injections with SGC707 or solvent control per week. Mice chronically treated with SGC707 developed less severe hepatic steatosis as exemplified by the 51% reduced (P < 0.05) liver triglyceride levels. In contrast, the extent of in vivo macrophage foam cell formation and aortic root atherosclerosis was not affected by SGC707 treatment. Interestingly, SGC707-treated mice gained 94% less body weight (P < 0.05), which was paralleled by changes in white adipose tissue morphology, i.e. reduction in adipocyte size and browning. In conclusion, we have shown that through PRMT3 inhibitor treatment specific functions of LXR involved in respectively the development of fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis can be uncoupled, resulting in an overall diminished hepatic steatosis extent without a negative impact on atherosclerosis susceptibility. As such, our studies highlight that PRMT3 inhibition may constitute a novel therapeutic approach to limit the development of fatty liver disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno Hoekstra
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, the Netherlands..
| | - Joya E Nahon
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Laura M de Jong
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mara J Kröner
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lidewij R de Leeuw
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Miranda Van Eck
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, the Netherlands
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Tao C, Shkumatov AA, Alexander ST, Ason BL, Zhou M. Stigmasterol accumulation causes cardiac injury and promotes mortality. Commun Biol 2019; 2:20. [PMID: 30675518 PMCID: PMC6335236 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0245-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is expected to remain the leading cause of death worldwide despite the introduction of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors that effectively control cholesterol. Identifying residual risk factors for cardiovascular disease remains an important step for preventing and clinically managing the disease. Here we report cardiac injury and increased mortality occurring despite a 50% reduction in plasma cholesterol in a mouse model of phytosterolemia, a disease characterized by elevated levels of dietary plant sterols in the blood. Our studies show accumulation of stigmasterol, one of phytosterol species, leads to left ventricle dysfunction, cardiac interstitial fibrosis and macrophage infiltration without atherosclerosis, and increased mortality. A pharmacological inhibitor of sterol absorption prevents cardiac fibrogenesis. We propose that the pathological mechanism linking clinical sitosterolemia to the cardiovascular outcomes primarily involves phytosterols-induced cardiac fibrosis rather than cholesterol-driven atherosclerosis. Our studies suggest stigmasterol is a potent and independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Tao
- Cardiometabolic Disorders Therapeutic Area, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Artem A. Shkumatov
- Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Shawn T. Alexander
- Cardiometabolic Disorders Therapeutic Area, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Brandon L. Ason
- Cardiometabolic Disorders Therapeutic Area, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Mingyue Zhou
- Cardiometabolic Disorders Therapeutic Area, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA USA
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Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Taraxasterol on LPS-Stimulated Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. Inflammation 2019; 41:1755-1761. [PMID: 29951871 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0818-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we used the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanism of taraxasterol on vascular inflammation. HUVECs were pre-treated with taraxasterol 1 h before lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. The concentrations of TNF-α, IL-8, PGE2, and NO were measured. The expression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, iNOS, COX-2, NF-κB, and LXRα was detected by western blot analysis. The results showed that taraxasterol not only reduced the production of TNF-α, IL-8, PGE2, and NO induced by LPS, but also reduced the expression of iNOS and COX-2. Taraxasterol also suppressed LPS-induced NF-κB activation and VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression. Furthermore, taraxasterol concentration-dependently increased the expression of LXRα. The inhibition of taraxasterol on TNF-α, IL-8, PGE2, and NO production can be reversed by geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP, the LXRα inhibitor). Here, we found that taraxasterol inhibited vascular inflammation through activating LXRα.
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Functional pathways associated with human carotid atheroma: a proteomics analysis. Hypertens Res 2019; 42:362-373. [PMID: 30617313 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-018-0192-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Advances in large-scale analysis are becoming very useful in understanding health and disease. Here, we used high-throughput mass spectrometry to identify differentially expressed proteins between early and advanced lesions. Carotid endarterectomy samples were collected and dissected into early and advanced atherosclerotic lesion portions. Proteins were extracted and subjected to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Differentially expressed proteins were identified and verified using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), on which advanced systems biology and enrichment analyses were performed. The identified proteins were further compared to the transcriptomic data of 32 paired samples obtained from early and advanced atherosclerotic lesions. A total of 95 proteins were upregulated, and 117 proteins were downregulated in advanced lesions compared to early atherosclerotic lesions (p < 0.05). The upregulated proteins were associated with proatherogenic processes, whereas downregulated proteins were involved in extracellular matrix organization and vascular smooth muscle cytoskeleton. Many of the identified proteins were linked to various "upstream regulators", among which TGFβ had the highest connections. Specifically, a total of 19 genes were commonly upregulated, and 30 genes were downregulated at the mRNA and protein levels. These genes were involved in vascular smooth muscle cell activity, for which enriched transcription factors were identified. This study deciphers altered pathways in atherosclerosis and identifies upstream regulators that could be candidate targets for treatment.
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Upchurch C, Leitinger N. Biologically Active Lipids in Vascular Biology. FUNDAMENTALS OF VASCULAR BIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12270-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Hanafi NI, Mohamed AS, Sheikh Abdul Kadir SH, Othman MHD. Overview of Bile Acids Signaling and Perspective on the Signal of Ursodeoxycholic Acid, the Most Hydrophilic Bile Acid, in the Heart. Biomolecules 2018; 8:E159. [PMID: 30486474 PMCID: PMC6316857 DOI: 10.3390/biom8040159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BA) are classically known as an important agent in lipid absorption and cholesterol metabolism. Nowadays, their role in glucose regulation and energy homeostasis are widely reported. BAs are involved in various cellular signaling pathways, such as protein kinase cascades, cyclic AMP (cAMP) synthesis, and calcium mobilization. They are ligands for several nuclear hormone receptors, including farnesoid X-receptor (FXR). Recently, BAs have been shown to bind to muscarinic receptor and Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), both G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), independent of the nuclear hormone receptors. Moreover, BA signals have also been elucidated in other nonclassical BA pathways, such as sphingosine-1-posphate and BK (large conductance calcium- and voltage activated potassium) channels. Hydrophobic BAs have been proven to affect heart rate and its contraction. Elevated BAs are associated with arrhythmias in adults and fetal heart, and altered ratios of primary and secondary bile acid are reported in chronic heart failure patients. Meanwhile, in patients with liver cirrhosis, cardiac dysfunction has been strongly linked to the increase in serum bile acid concentrations. In contrast, the most hydrophilic BA, known as ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), has been found to be beneficial in improving peripheral blood flow in chronic heart failure patients and in protecting the heart against reperfusion injury. This review provides an overview of BA signaling, with the main emphasis on past and present perspectives on UDCA signals in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noorul Izzati Hanafi
- Institute of Medical Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Anis Syamimi Mohamed
- Institute of Medical Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Siti Hamimah Sheikh Abdul Kadir
- Institute of Medical Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bharu 81310, Johor, Malaysia.
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The Yin and Yang of carbon nanomaterials in atherosclerosis. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:2232-2247. [PMID: 30342084 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
With unique characteristics such as high surface area, capacity of various functionalization, low weight, high conductivity, thermal and chemical stability, and free radical scavenging, carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), fullerene, graphene (oxide), carbon nanohorns (CNHs), and their derivatives have increasingly been utilized in nanomedicine and biomedicine. On the one hand, owing to ever-increasing applications of CNMs in technological and industrial fields as well as presence of combustion-derived CNMs in the ambient air, the skepticism has risen over the adverse effects of CNMs on human being. The influences of CNMs on cardiovascular system and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as atherosclerosis, of which consequences are ischemic heart disease and ischemic stroke, as the main causes of death, is of paramount importance. In this regard, several studies have been devoted to specify the biomedical applications and cardiovascular toxicity of CNMs. Therefore, the aim of this review is to specify the roles and applications of various CNMs in atherosclerosis, and also identify the key role playing parameters in cardiovascular toxicity of CNMs so as to be a clue for prospective deployment of CNMs.
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Disordered haematopoiesis and cardiovascular disease: a focus on myelopoiesis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:1889-1899. [PMID: 30185612 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular (CV) diseases (CVD) are primarily caused by atherosclerotic vascular disease. Atherogenesis is mainly driven by recruitment of leucocytes to the arterial wall, where macrophages contribute to both lipid retention as well as the inflammatory milieu within the vessel wall. Consequently, diseases which present with an enhanced abundance of circulating leucocytes, particularly monocytes, have also been documented to accelerate CVD. A host of metabolic and inflammatory diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, hypercholesteraemia, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), have been shown to alter myelopoiesis to exacerbate atherosclerosis. Genetic evidence has emerged in humans with the discovery of clonal haematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP), resulting in a disordered haematopoietic system linked to accelerated atherogenesis. CHIP, caused by somatic mutations in haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), consequently provide a proliferative advantage over native HSPCs and, in the case of Tet2 loss of function mutation, gives rise to inflammatory plaque macrophages (i.e. enhanced interleukin (IL)-1β production). Together with the recent findings of the CANTOS (Canakinumab Anti-inflammatory Thrombosis Outcomes Study) trial that revealed blocking IL-1β using Canakinumab reduced CV events, these studies collectively have highlighted a pivotal role of IL-1β signalling in a population of people with atherosclerotic CVD. This review will explore how haematopoiesis is altered by risk-factors and inflammatory disorders that promote CVD. Further, we will discuss some of the recent genetic evidence of disordered haematopoiesis in relation to CVD though the association with CHIP and suggest that future studies should explore what initiates HSPC mutations, as well as how current anti-inflammatory agents affect CHIP-driven atherosclerosis.
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Beyond the Foam Cell: The Role of LXRs in Preventing Atherogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082307. [PMID: 30087224 PMCID: PMC6121590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic condition associated with cardiovascular disease. While largely identified by the accumulation of lipid-laden foam cells within the aorta later on in life, atherosclerosis develops over several stages and decades. During atherogenesis, various cell types of the aorta acquire a pro-inflammatory phenotype that initiates the cascade of signaling events facilitating the formation of these foam cells. The liver X receptors (LXRs) are nuclear receptors that upon activation induce the expression of transporters responsible for promoting cholesterol efflux. In addition to promoting cholesterol removal from the arterial wall, LXRs have potent anti-inflammatory actions via the transcriptional repression of key pro-inflammatory cytokines. These beneficial functions sparked an interest in the potential to target LXRs and the development of agonists as anti-atherogenic agents. These early studies focused on mediating the contributions of macrophages to the underlying pathogenesis. However, further evidence has since demonstrated that LXRs reduce atherosclerosis through their actions in multiple cell types apart from those monocytes/macrophages that infiltrate the lesion. LXRs and their target genes have profound effects on multiple other cells types of the hematopoietic system. Furthermore, LXRs can also mediate dysfunction within vascular cell types of the aorta including endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Taken together, these studies demonstrate the whole-body benefits of LXR activation with respect to anti-atherogenesis, and that LXRs remain a viable target for the treatment of atherosclerosis, with a reach which extends beyond plaque macrophages.
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'Blow my mind(in)' - mindin neutralization for the prevention of atherosclerosis? Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:1509-1512. [PMID: 30037838 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The hallmark features of atherosclerosis include accumulation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) carrying cholesterol in the vessel wall, formation of lipid-laden foam cells, and the creation of a pro-inflammatory microenvironment. To date, no effective treatments are clinically available for increasing cholesterol efflux from vascular macrophages and inducing reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). In an article published recently in Clinical Science (vol 132, issue 6, 1199-1213), Zhang and colleagues identified the extracellular matrix protein mindin/spondin 2 as a positive regulator of atherosclerosis. Genetic knockout of mindin in apolipoprotein-E (apoE)-/- mice attenuated atherosclerosis, foam cell formation, and inflammation within the vessel wall. Conversely, selective overexpression of mindin in macrophages in apoE-/- mice was sufficient to promote the greater severity of atherosclerosis. Interestingly, foam cell formation was closely associated with the expression of cholesterol transporters (ABCA1 and ACBG1) that facilitate cholesterol efflux. Liver X receptor (LXR)-β is a key modulator of cholesterol transporter expression and formed direct interactions with mindin. Furthermore, the protective effects of mindin deficiency on foam cell formation were blocked by inhibition of LXR-β. This article highlights a novel role of mindin in modulating foam cell formation and atherosclerosis development in mice through direct regulation of LXR-β. Thus far, direct targetting of LXR-β via pharmacological agonists has proven to be problematic due to the lack of subtype selective inhibitors and associated adverse effects. Indirect targetting of LXR-β, therefore, via mindin inhibition offers a new therapeutic strategy for increasing LXR-β induced cholesterol efflux, reducing foam cell formation, and preventing or treating atherosclerosis.
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Mindin deficiency in macrophages protects against foam cell formation and atherosclerosis by targeting LXR-β. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:1199-1213. [PMID: 29695588 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mindin, which is a highly conserved extracellular matrix protein, has been documented to play pivotal roles in regulating angiogenesis, inflammatory processes, and immune responses. The aim of the present study was to assess whether mindin contributes to the development of atherosclerosis. A significant up-regulation of Mindin expression was observed in the serum, arteries and atheromatous plaques of ApoE−/− mice after high-fat diet treatment. Mindin−/−ApoE−/− mice and macrophage-specific mindin overexpression in ApoE−/− mice (Lyz2-mindin-TG) were generated to evaluate the effect of mindin on the development of atherosclerosis. The Mindin−/−ApoE−/− mice exhibited significantly ameliorated atherosclerotic burdens in the entire aorta and aortic root and increased atherosclerotic plaque stability. Moreover, bone marrow transplantation further demonstrated that mindin deficiency in macrophages was largely responsible for the alleviated atherogenesis. The Lyz2-mindin-TG mice exhibited the opposite phenotype. Mindin deficiency enhanced foam cell formation by increasing the expression of cholesterol effectors, including ABCA1 and ABCG1. The mechanistic study indicated that mindin ablation promoted LXR-β expression via a direct interaction. Importantly, LXR-β inhibition largely reversed the ameliorating effect of mindin deficiency on foam cell formation and ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression. The present study demonstrated that mindin deficiency serves as a novel mediator that protects against foam cell formation and atherosclerosis by directly interacting with LXR-β.
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Liver X Receptor Nuclear Receptors Are Transcriptional Regulators of Dendritic Cell Chemotaxis. Mol Cell Biol 2018; 38:MCB.00534-17. [PMID: 29507185 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00534-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver X receptors (LXRs) are ligand-activated nuclear receptors with established roles in the maintenance of lipid homeostasis in multiple tissues. LXRs exert additional biological functions as negative regulators of inflammation, particularly in macrophages. However, the transcriptional responses controlled by LXRs in other myeloid cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs), are still poorly understood. Here we used gain- and loss-of-function models to characterize the impact of LXR deficiency on DC activation programs. Our results identified an LXR-dependent pathway that is important for DC chemotaxis. LXR-deficient mature DCs are defective in stimulus-induced migration in vitro and in vivo Mechanistically, we show that LXRs facilitate DC chemotactic signaling by regulating the expression of CD38, an ectoenzyme important for leukocyte trafficking. Pharmacological or genetic inactivation of CD38 activity abolished the LXR-dependent induction of DC chemotaxis. Using the low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (LDLR-/-) LDLR-/- mouse model of atherosclerosis, we also demonstrated that hematopoietic CD38 expression is important for the accumulation of lipid-laden myeloid cells in lesions, suggesting that CD38 is a key factor in leukocyte migration during atherogenesis. Collectively, our results demonstrate that LXRs are required for the efficient emigration of DCs in response to chemotactic signals during inflammation.
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The Role of PPAR and Its Cross-Talk with CAR and LXR in Obesity and Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041260. [PMID: 29690611 PMCID: PMC5979375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and atherosclerosis has substantially increased worldwide over the past several decades. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), as fatty acids sensors, have been therapeutic targets in several human lipid metabolic diseases, such as obesity, atherosclerosis, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and liver X receptors (LXRs) were also reported as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity and atherosclerosis, respectively. Further clarification of the internal relationships between these three lipid metabolic nuclear receptors is necessary to enable drug discovery. In this review, we mainly summarized the cross-talk of PPARs-CAR in obesity and PPARs-LXRs in atherosclerosis.
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Cell-specific discrimination of desmosterol and desmosterol mimetics confers selective regulation of LXR and SREBP in macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E4680-E4689. [PMID: 29632203 PMCID: PMC5960280 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714518115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of LXR-pathway activation have long been appreciated, but clinical application of synthetic LXR ligands has been limited by coactivation of SREBP1c and consequent hypertriglyceridemia. Natural LXR ligands such as desmosterol do not promote hypertriglyceridemia because of coordinate down-regulation of the SREBP pathway. Here we demonstrate that synthetic desmosterol mimetics activate LXR in macrophages both in vitro and in vivo while suppressing SREBP target genes. Unexpectedly, desmosterol and synthetic desmosterol mimetics have almost no effect on LXR activity in hepatocytes in comparison with conventional synthetic LXR ligands. These findings reveal cell-specific differences in LXR responses to natural and synthetic ligands in macrophages and liver cells that provide a conceptually new basis for future drug development. Activation of liver X receptors (LXRs) with synthetic agonists promotes reverse cholesterol transport and protects against atherosclerosis in mouse models. Most synthetic LXR agonists also cause marked hypertriglyceridemia by inducing the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)1c and downstream genes that drive fatty acid biosynthesis. Recent studies demonstrated that desmosterol, an intermediate in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway that suppresses SREBP processing by binding to SCAP, also binds and activates LXRs and is the most abundant LXR ligand in macrophage foam cells. Here we explore the potential of increasing endogenous desmosterol production or mimicking its activity as a means of inducing LXR activity while simultaneously suppressing SREBP1c-induced hypertriglyceridemia. Unexpectedly, while desmosterol strongly activated LXR target genes and suppressed SREBP pathways in mouse and human macrophages, it had almost no activity in mouse or human hepatocytes in vitro. We further demonstrate that sterol-based selective modulators of LXRs have biochemical and transcriptional properties predicted of desmosterol mimetics and selectively regulate LXR function in macrophages in vitro and in vivo. These studies thereby reveal cell-specific discrimination of endogenous and synthetic regulators of LXRs and SREBPs, providing a molecular basis for dissociation of LXR functions in macrophages from those in the liver that lead to hypertriglyceridemia.
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