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Puente-Cobacho B, Varela-López A, Quiles JL, Vera-Ramirez L. Involvement of redox signalling in tumour cell dormancy and metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:49-85. [PMID: 36701089 PMCID: PMC10014738 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10077-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Decades of research on oncogene-driven carcinogenesis and gene-expression regulatory networks only started to unveil the complexity of tumour cellular and molecular biology. This knowledge has been successfully implemented in the clinical practice to treat primary tumours. In contrast, much less progress has been made in the development of new therapies against metastasis, which are the main cause of cancer-related deaths. More recently, the role of epigenetic and microenviromental factors has been shown to play a key role in tumour progression. Free radicals are known to communicate the intracellular and extracellular compartments, acting as second messengers and exerting a decisive modulatory effect on tumour cell signalling. Depending on the cellular and molecular context, as well as the intracellular concentration of free radicals and the activation status of the antioxidant system of the cell, the signalling equilibrium can be tilted either towards tumour cell survival and progression or cell death. In this regard, recent advances in tumour cell biology and metastasis indicate that redox signalling is at the base of many cell-intrinsic and microenvironmental mechanisms that control disseminated tumour cell fate and metastasis. In this manuscript, we will review the current knowledge about redox signalling along the different phases of the metastatic cascade, including tumour cell dormancy, making emphasis on metabolism and the establishment of supportive microenvironmental connections, from a redox perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Puente-Cobacho
- Department of Genomic Medicine, GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncology, Pfizer-University of Granada and Andalusian Regional Government, PTS, Granada, Spain
| | - Alfonso Varela-López
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José L Quiles
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Laura Vera-Ramirez
- Department of Genomic Medicine, GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncology, Pfizer-University of Granada and Andalusian Regional Government, PTS, Granada, Spain. .,Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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2
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Negi S, Chaudhuri A, Kumar DN, Dehari D, Singh S, Agrawal AK. Nanotherapeutics in autophagy: a paradigm shift in cancer treatment. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:2589-2612. [PMID: 35149969 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process in which an organism responds to its nutrient or metabolic emergencies. It involves the degradation of cytoplasmic proteins and organelles by forming double-membrane vesicles called "autophagosomes." They sequester cargoes, leading them to degradation in the lysosomes. Although autophagy acts as a protective mechanism for maintaining homeostasis through cellular recycling, it is ostensibly a cause of certain cancers, but a cure for others. In other words, insufficient autophagy, due to genetic or cellular dysfunctions, can lead to tumorigenesis. However, many autophagy modulators are developed for cancer therapy. Diverse nanoparticles have been documented to induce autophagy. Also, the highly stable nanoparticles show blockage to autophagic flux. In this review, we revealed a general mechanism by which autophagy can be induced or blocked via nanoparticles as well as several studies recently performed to prove the stated fact. In addition, we have also elucidated the paradoxical roles of autophagy in cancer and how their differential role at different stages of various cancers can affect its treatment outcomes. And finally, we summarize the breakthroughs in cancer disease treatments by using metallic, polymeric, and liposomal nanoparticles as potent autophagy modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shloka Negi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Eng. & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, UP, India
| | - Aiswarya Chaudhuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Eng. & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, UP, India
| | - Dulla Naveen Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Eng. & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, UP, India
| | - Deepa Dehari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Eng. & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, UP, India
| | - Sanjay Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Eng. & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, UP, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Agrawal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Eng. & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, UP, India.
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3
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Dormancy in Breast Cancer, the Role of Autophagy, lncRNAs, miRNAs and Exosomes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095271. [PMID: 35563661 PMCID: PMC9105119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women for which numerous diagnostic and therapeutic options have been developed. Namely, the targeted treatment of BC, for the most part, relies on the expression of growth factors and hormone receptors by these cancer cells. Despite this, close to 30% of BC patients may experience relapse due to the presence of minimal residual disease (MRD) consisting of surviving disseminated tumour cells (DTCs) from the primary tumour which can colonise a secondary site. This can lead to either detectable metastasis or DTCs entering a dormant state for a prolonged period where they are undetectable. In the latter, cells can re-emerge from their dormant state due to intrinsic and microenvironmental cues leading to relapse and metastatic outgrowth. Pre- and clinical studies propose that targeting dormant DTCs may inhibit metastasis, but the choice between keeping them dormant or forcing their “awakening” is still controversial. This review will focus on cancer cells’ microenvironmental cues and metabolic and molecular properties, which lead to dormancy, relapse, and metastatic latency in BC. Furthermore, we will focus on the role of autophagy, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), miRNAs, and exosomes in influencing the induction of dormancy and awakening of dormant BC cells. In addition, we have analysed BC treatment from a viewpoint of autophagy, lncRNAs, miRNAs, and exosomes. We propose the targeted modulation of these processes and molecules as modern aspects of precision medicine for BC treatment, improving both novel and traditional BC treatment options. Understanding these pathways and processes may ultimately improve BC patient prognosis, patient survival, and treatment response.
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Hraběta J, Belhajová M, Šubrtová H, Merlos Rodrigo MA, Heger Z, Eckschlager T. Drug Sequestration in Lysosomes as One of the Mechanisms of Chemoresistance of Cancer Cells and the Possibilities of Its Inhibition. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124392. [PMID: 32575682 PMCID: PMC7352242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapeutics and targeted drugs is one of the main problems in successful cancer therapy. Various mechanisms have been identified to contribute to drug resistance. One of those mechanisms is lysosome-mediated drug resistance. Lysosomes have been shown to trap certain hydrophobic weak base chemotherapeutics, as well as some tyrosine kinase inhibitors, thereby being sequestered away from their intracellular target site. Lysosomal sequestration is in most cases followed by the release of their content from the cell by exocytosis. Lysosomal accumulation of anticancer drugs is caused mainly by ion-trapping, but active transport of certain drugs into lysosomes was also described. Lysosomal low pH, which is necessary for ion-trapping is achieved by the activity of the V-ATPase. This sequestration can be successfully inhibited by lysosomotropic agents and V-ATPase inhibitors in experimental conditions. Clinical trials have been performed only with lysosomotropic drug chloroquine and their results were less successful. The aim of this review is to give an overview of lysosomal sequestration and expression of acidifying enzymes as yet not well known mechanism of cancer cell chemoresistance and about possibilities how to overcome this form of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hraběta
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, CZ-150 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Marie Belhajová
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, CZ-150 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Hana Šubrtová
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (H.Š.); (M.A.M.R.); (Z.H.)
| | - Miguel Angel Merlos Rodrigo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (H.Š.); (M.A.M.R.); (Z.H.)
- Central European Institute of Technologies, Brno University of Technology, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (H.Š.); (M.A.M.R.); (Z.H.)
- Central European Institute of Technologies, Brno University of Technology, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Eckschlager
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, CZ-150 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-606-364-730
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5
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Bernatsky S, Ramsey-Goldman R, Petri M, Urowitz MB, Gladman DD, Fortin PR, Ginzler E, Romero-Diaz J, Peschken C, Jacobsen S, Hanly JG, Gordon C, Nived O, Yelin EH, Isenberg D, Rahman A, Bae SC, Joseph L, Witte T, Ruiz-Irastorza G, Aranow C, Kamen D, Sturfeldt G, Foulkes WD, Hansen JE, St Pierre Y, Raymer PC, Tessier-Cloutier B, Clarke AE. Breast cancer in systemic lupus. Lupus 2017; 26:311-315. [PMID: 27687028 PMCID: PMC5250552 DOI: 10.1177/0961203316664595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective There is a decreased breast cancer risk in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) versus the general population. We assessed a large sample of SLE patients, evaluating demographic and clinical characteristics and breast cancer risk. Methods We performed case-cohort analyses within a multi-center international SLE sample. We calculated the breast cancer hazard ratio (HR) in female SLE patients, relative to demographics, reproductive history, family history of breast cancer, and time-dependent measures of anti-dsDNA positivity, cumulative disease activity, and drugs, adjusted for SLE duration. Results There were 86 SLE breast cancers and 4498 female SLE cancer-free controls. Patients were followed on average for 7.6 years. Versus controls, SLE breast cancer cases tended to be white and older. Breast cancer cases were similar to controls regarding anti-dsDNA positivity, disease activity, and most drug exposures over time. In univariate and multivariate models, the principal factor associated with breast cancers was older age at cohort entry. Conclusions There was little evidence that breast cancer risk in this SLE sample was strongly driven by any of the clinical factors that we studied. Further search for factors that determine the lower risk of breast cancer in SLE may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bernatsky
- 1 Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- 2 Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - R Ramsey-Goldman
- 3 Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - M Petri
- 4 Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - M B Urowitz
- 5 Center for Prognosis Studies in the Rheumatic Diseases, Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - D D Gladman
- 5 Center for Prognosis Studies in the Rheumatic Diseases, Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - P R Fortin
- 6 Division of Rheumatology, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - E Ginzler
- 7 State University of New York-Downstate Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - J Romero-Diaz
- 8 Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutrición, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - C Peschken
- 9 University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - S Jacobsen
- 10 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J G Hanly
- 11 Division of Rheumatology, Dalhousie University and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Canada
| | - C Gordon
- 12 Rheumatology Research Group, Institute for Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham: Rheumatology department, City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust and NIHR/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham; University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - O Nived
- 13 Department of Rheumatology, Institution of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - E H Yelin
- 14 Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - D Isenberg
- 15 Centre for Rheumatology Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - A Rahman
- 15 Centre for Rheumatology Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - S-C Bae
- 16 The Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - L Joseph
- 1 Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- 2 Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - T Witte
- 17 Department of Clinical Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - G Ruiz-Irastorza
- 18 Autoimmune Diseases Research Unit, Department Of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Cruces, University Of The Basque Country, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - C Aranow
- 19 Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, New York, USA
| | - D Kamen
- 20 Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | - G Sturfeldt
- 13 Department of Rheumatology, Institution of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - W D Foulkes
- 21 Departments of Oncology, Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - J E Hansen
- 22 Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Y St Pierre
- 2 Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - P Chrétien Raymer
- 2 Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - B Tessier-Cloutier
- 23 Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of British Colombia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - A E Clarke
- 24 Division of Rheumatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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6
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Tsai HH, Lai HY, Chen YC, Li CF, Huang HS, Liu HS, Tsai YS, Wang JM. Metformin promotes apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma through the CEBPD-induced autophagy pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 8:13832-13845. [PMID: 28099155 PMCID: PMC5355142 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin, as an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator, can activate autophagy. A study showed that metformin decreased the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in diabetic patients. However, the detailed mechanism in the metformin-mediated anticancer effect remains an open question. Transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein delta (CEBPD) has been suggested to serve as a tumor suppressor and is responsive to multiple anticancer drugs in HCC. In this study, we found that CEBPD and autophagy are involved in metformin-induced cell apoptosis in Huh7 cells. The underlying mechanisms in this process included a reduction in Src-mediated CEBPD protein degradation and an increase in CEBPD-regulated LC3B and ATG3 gene transcription under metformin treatment. We also found that AMPK is involved in metformin-induced CEBPD expression. Combined treatment with metformin and rapamycin can enhance autophagic cell death through the AMPK-dependent and AMPK-independent pathway, respectively. Taken together, we provide a new insight and therapeutic approach by targeting autophagy in the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hwa Tsai
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Yue Lai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Chiu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Feng Li
- Department of Pathology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Sheng Huang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Sheng Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Sheng Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Ming Wang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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7
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Abstract
Cells depend on the lysosome for sequestration and degradation of macromolecules in order to maintain metabolic homeostasis. These membrane-enclosed organelles can receive intracellular and extracellular cargo through endocytosis, phagocytosis, and autophagy. Lysosomes establish acidic environments to activate enzymes that are able to break down biomolecules engulfed through these various pathways. Recent advances in methods to study the lysosome have allowed the discovery of extended roles for the lysosome in various diseases, including cancer, making it an attractive and targetable node for therapeutic intervention. This review focuses on key aspects of lysosomal biology in the context of cancer and how these properties can be exploited for the development of new therapeutic strategies. This will provide a contextual framework for how advances in methodology could be applied in future translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Fennelly
- Department of Medicine and Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 777 South Tower PCAM, 34th St. and Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ravi K Amaravadi
- Department of Medicine and Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 777 South Tower PCAM, 34th St. and Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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8
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Kong J, Whelan KA, Laczkó D, Dang B, Caro Monroig A, Soroush A, Falcone J, Amaravadi RK, Rustgi AK, Ginsberg GG, Falk GW, Nakagawa H, Lynch JP. Autophagy levels are elevated in barrett's esophagus and promote cell survival from acid and oxidative stress. Mol Carcinog 2016; 55:1526-1541. [PMID: 26373456 PMCID: PMC4794420 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved mechanism that is activated during cellular stress. We hypothesized that autophagy may be induced by acid reflux, which causes injury, and inflammation, and therefore, contributes to the pathogenesis of Barrett's esophagus (BE) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Currently, the role of autophagy in BE and EAC is poorly studied. We quantitatively define autophagy levels in human BE cell lines, a transgenic mouse model of BE, and human BE, and EAC biopsies. Human non-dysplastic BE had the highest basal number of autophagic vesicles (AVs), while AVs were reduced in normal squamous cells and dysplastic BE cells, and nearly absent in EAC. To demonstrate a functional role for autophagy in BE pathogenesis, normal squamous (STR), non-dysplastic BE (CPA), dysplastic BE (CPD), and EAC (OE19) cell lines were exposed to an acid pulse (pH 3.5) followed by incubation in the presence or absence of chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor. Acid exposure increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in STR and CPA cells. Chloroquine alone had a small impact on intracellular ROS or cell survival. However, combination of chloroquine with the acid pulse resulted in a significant increase in ROS levels at 6 h in STR and CPA cells, and increased cell death in all cell lines. These findings establish increased numbers of AVs in human BE compared to normal squamous or EAC, and suggest that autophagy functions to improve cell survival after acid reflux injury. Autophagy may thus play a critical role in BE pathogenesis and progression. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Kong
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dorottya Laczkó
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Brendan Dang
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Angeliz Caro Monroig
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ali Soroush
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John Falcone
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ravi K Amaravadi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Medicine, and the Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anil K Rustgi
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gregory G Ginsberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gary W Falk
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John P Lynch
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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9
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Tan JY, Jia LQ, Shi WH, He Q, Zhu L, Yu B. Rab5a‑mediated autophagy regulates the phenotype and behavior of vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:4445-4453. [PMID: 27666726 PMCID: PMC5101961 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab5a, a key member of the Rab family of GTPases, was determined to be a regulator of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration. However, the exact regulatory mechanism remains unclear. As Rab5a has been shown to be associated with autophagy, which is essential for the conversion of VSMCs from a contractile to a synthetic phenotype in order to prevent cell death due to oxidative stress. The present study hypothesized that autophagy may be responsible for the proliferation and migration of VSMCs via the Rab5a protein. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Rab5a on autophagy in VSMCs. The human aorta vascular smooth muscle cell line, T/G HA-VSMCs, was treated with small interfering (si)RNA against Rab5a and/or platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Following treatment, the phenotype transition of the VSMCs was evaluated by detecting the mRNA and protien expression levels of VSMC molecular markers using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. In addition, autophagy in VSMCs was evaluated by western blotting for autophagy-associated proteins, flow cytometry of acidic vesicular organelles, punctate fluorescence of microtubule associated protein light chain 3 and transmission electron microscopy of typical scattered double-membrane vacuolar structures. Additionally, the proliferation, migration, cell cycle and apoptotic response of VSMCs were detected by sulforhodamine B assay, transwell assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The results revealed that transfection with siRNA against Rab5a led to a significant decrease in Rab5a protein expression, while the reduced expression trend of Rab5a was rescued by intervention with PDGF. Furthermore, cells transfected with siRNA against Rab5a inhibited the autophagy of VSMCs. Downregulated Rab5a inhibited the phenotype transition of VSMCs. Additionally, downregulated Rab5a led to slowed cell growth, decreased numbers of migrated cells, decreased numbers of cells at the G0-G1 phase and a higher apoptosis rate. However, PDGF significantly rescued these phenomena caused by siRNA against Rab5a. These results indicated that Rab5a-mediated autophagy may regulate the phenotype transition and cell behavior of VSMCs through the activation of the extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yun Tan
- Department of Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Luo-Qi Jia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Hao Shi
- Department of Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Qing He
- Department of Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Surgery, Pudong Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201399, P.R. China
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10
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Zhao X, Fang Y, Yang Y, Qin Y, Wu P, Wang T, Lai H, Meng L, Wang D, Zheng Z, Lu X, Zhang H, Gao Q, Zhou J, Ma D. Elaiophylin, a novel autophagy inhibitor, exerts antitumor activity as a single agent in ovarian cancer cells. Autophagy 2016; 11:1849-63. [PMID: 25893854 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1017185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, targeting the autophagic pathway is regarded as a promising new strategy for cancer drug discovery. Here, we screened the North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation's pure compound library of microbial origin using GFP-LC3B-SKOV3 cells and identified elaiophylin as a novel autophagy inhibitor. Elaiophylin promotes autophagosome accumulation but blocks autophagic flux by attenuating lysosomal cathepsin activity, resulting in the accumulation of SQSTM1/p62 in various cell lines. Moreover, elaiophylin destabilizes lysosomes as indicated by LysoTracker Red staining and CTSB/cathepsin B and CTSD/ cathepsin D release from lysosomes into the cytoplasm. Elaiophylin eventually decreases cell viability, especially in combination with cisplatin or under hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, administration of a lower dose (2 mg/kg) of elaiophylin as a single agent achieves a significant antitumor effect without toxicity in an orthotopic ovarian cancer model with metastasis; however, high doses (8 mg/kg) of elaiophylin lead to dysfunction of Paneth cells, which resembles the intestinal phenotype of ATG16L1-deficient mice. Together, these results provide a safe therapeutic window for potential clinical applications of this compound. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that elaiophylin is a novel autophagy inhibitor, with significant antitumor efficacy as a single agent or in combination in human ovarian cancer cells, establishing the potential treatment of ovarian cancer by this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Zhao
- a Cancer Biology Research Center; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology ; Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Yong Fang
- a Cancer Biology Research Center; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology ; Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Yang Yang
- a Cancer Biology Research Center; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology ; Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Yu Qin
- a Cancer Biology Research Center; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology ; Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Peng Wu
- a Cancer Biology Research Center; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology ; Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Ting Wang
- a Cancer Biology Research Center; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology ; Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Huiling Lai
- a Cancer Biology Research Center; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology ; Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Li Meng
- a Cancer Biology Research Center; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology ; Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Daowen Wang
- a Cancer Biology Research Center; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology ; Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Zhihui Zheng
- b NCPC New Drug Research and Development Co.Ltd, North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation ; Shijiazhuang , China
| | - Xinhua Lu
- b NCPC New Drug Research and Development Co.Ltd, North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation ; Shijiazhuang , China
| | - Hua Zhang
- c Shanghai Biomabs Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd ; Shanghai , China
| | - Qinglei Gao
- a Cancer Biology Research Center; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology ; Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- a Cancer Biology Research Center; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology ; Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Ding Ma
- a Cancer Biology Research Center; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology ; Wuhan , Hubei , China
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11
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Soori M, Lu G, Mason RW. Cathepsin Inhibition Prevents Autophagic Protein Turnover and Downregulates Insulin Growth Factor-1 Receptor-Mediated Signaling in Neuroblastoma. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 356:375-86. [PMID: 26660229 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.229229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the major lysosomal proteases, cathepsins B, D, and L, impairs growth of several cell types but leads to apoptosis in neuroblastoma. The goal of this study was to examine the mechanisms by which enzyme inhibition could cause cell death. Cathepsin inhibition caused cellular accumulation of fragments of the insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor. The fragments were located in dense organelles that were characterized as autophagosomes. This novel discovery provides the first clear link between lysosomal function, autophagy, and IGF-1- mediated cell proliferation. A more in-depth analysis of the IGF1 signaling pathway revealed that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cell-proliferation pathway was impaired in inhibitor treated cells, whereas the Akt cell survival pathway remained functional. Shc, an adapter protein that transmits IGF-1 signaling through the MAPK pathway, was sequestered in autophagosomes; whereas IRS-2, an adapter protein that transmits IGF-1 signaling through the Akt pathway, was unaffected by cathepsin inhibition. Furthermore, Shc was sequestered in autophagosomes as its active form, indicating that autophagy is a key mechanism for downregulating IGF-1-induced cell proliferation. Cathepsin inhibition had a greater effect on autophagic sequestration of the neuronal specific adapter protein, Shc-C, than ubiquitously expressed Shc-A, providing mechanistic support for the enhanced sensitivity of neuronally derived tumor cells. We also observed impaired activation of MAPK by epidermal growth factor treatment in inhibitor-treated cells. The Shc adapter proteins are central to transducing proliferation signaling by a range of receptor tyrosine kinases; consequently, cathepsin inhibition may become an important therapeutic approach for treating neuroblastoma and other tumors of neuronal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnoosh Soori
- Department of Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington (M.S., G.L., R.W.M.), and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark (M.S.), Delaware
| | - Guizhen Lu
- Department of Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington (M.S., G.L., R.W.M.), and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark (M.S.), Delaware
| | - Robert W Mason
- Department of Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington (M.S., G.L., R.W.M.), and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark (M.S.), Delaware
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12
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Yeh AC, Ramaswamy S. Mechanisms of Cancer Cell Dormancy--Another Hallmark of Cancer? Cancer Res 2015; 75:5014-22. [PMID: 26354021 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Disease relapse in cancer patients many years after clinical remission, often referred to as cancer dormancy, is well documented but remains an incompletely understood phenomenon on the biologic level. Recent reviews have summarized potential models that can explain this phenomenon, including angiogenic, immunologic, and cellular dormancy. We focus on mechanisms of cellular dormancy as newer biologic insights have enabled better understanding of this process. We provide a historical context, synthesize current advances in the field, and propose a mechanistic framework that treats cancer cell dormancy as a dynamic cell state conferring a fitness advantage to an evolving malignancy under stress. Cellular dormancy appears to be an active process that can be toggled through a variety of signaling mechanisms that ultimately downregulate the RAS/MAPK and PI(3)K/AKT pathways, an ability that is preserved even in cancers that constitutively depend on these pathways for their growth and survival. Just as unbridled proliferation is a key hallmark of cancer, the ability of cancer cells to become quiescent may be critical to evolving malignancies, with implications for understanding cancer initiation, progression, and treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert C Yeh
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sridhar Ramaswamy
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Harvard-Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Boston, Massachusetts.
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13
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El-Mashed S, O'Donovan TR, Kay EW, Abdallah AR, Cathcart MC, O'Sullivan J, O'Grady A, Reynolds J, O'Reilly S, O'Sullivan GC, McKenna SL. LC3B globular structures correlate with survival in esophageal adenocarcinoma. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:582. [PMID: 26265176 PMCID: PMC4533787 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1574-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Esophageal adenocarcinoma has the fastest growing incidence of any solid tumor in the Western world. Prognosis remains poor with overall five-year survival rates under 25 %. Only a limited number of patients benefit from chemotherapy and there are no biomarkers that can predict outcome. Previous studies have indicated that induction of autophagy can influence various aspects of tumor cell biology, including chemosensitivity. The objective of this study was to assess whether expression of the autophagy marker (LC3B) correlated with patient outcome. Methods Esophageal adenocarcinoma tumor tissue from two independent sites, was examined retrospectively. Tumors from 104 neoadjuvant naïve patients and 48 patients post neoadjuvant therapy were assembled into tissue microarrays prior to immunohistochemical analysis. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and log-rank tests were used to assess impact of LC3B expression on survival. Cox regression was used to examine association with clinical risk factors. Results A distinct globular pattern of LC3B expression was found to be predictive of outcome in both patient groups, irrespective of treatment (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis found that this was a strong independent predictor of poor prognosis (p < 0.001). Conclusions This distinctive staining pattern of LC3B represents a novel prognostic marker for resectable esophageal adenocarcinoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1574-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shereen El-Mashed
- Leslie C. Quick Laboratory, Cork Cancer Research Centre, BioSciences Institute, University College, Cork, Ireland
| | - Tracey R O'Donovan
- Leslie C. Quick Laboratory, Cork Cancer Research Centre, BioSciences Institute, University College, Cork, Ireland
| | - Elaine W Kay
- Department of Pathology, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland (RCSI), Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ayat R Abdallah
- National Liver Institute, Menoufiya University, Shebin El Kom, Egypt
| | - Mary-Clare Cathcart
- Department of Surgery & Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jacintha O'Sullivan
- Department of Surgery & Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anthony O'Grady
- Department of Pathology, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland (RCSI), Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Reynolds
- Department of Surgery & Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Seamus O'Reilly
- Department of Oncology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerald C O'Sullivan
- Leslie C. Quick Laboratory, Cork Cancer Research Centre, BioSciences Institute, University College, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sharon L McKenna
- Leslie C. Quick Laboratory, Cork Cancer Research Centre, BioSciences Institute, University College, Cork, Ireland.
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14
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Osisami M, Keller ET. Mechanisms of Metastatic Tumor Dormancy. J Clin Med 2013; 2:136-50. [PMID: 26237067 PMCID: PMC4470233 DOI: 10.3390/jcm2030136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis can occur years after an apparent cure due to a phenomenon known as metastatic tumor dormancy; in which tumor masses or individual tumor cells are growth restricted for extended periods of time. This period of dormancy is induced and maintained by several mechanisms, including: (1) Tumor microenvironment factors such as cytokine expression, immunosurveillance and angiogenesis; (2) Metastasis suppressor gene activity; and (3) Cancer therapeutics. Disseminated tumor cells (DTC) are the key cells that result in dormant tumors. However, many challenges exist towards isolating DTCs for mechanistic studies. The main DTC that may represent the dormant cell is the cancer stem cells (CSC) as they have a slow proliferation rate. In addition to limited knowledge regarding induction of tumor dormancy, there are large gaps in knowledge regarding how tumors escape from dormancy. Emerging research into cancer stem cells, immunotherapy, and metastasis suppressor genes, may lead to new approaches for targeted anti-metastatic therapy to prevent dormancy escape. Overall, an enhanced understanding of tumor dormancy is critical for better targeting and treatment of patients to prevent cancer recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Osisami
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, 5111 CCGC1500 E. Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0940, USA.
| | - Evan T Keller
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, 5111 CCGC1500 E. Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0940, USA.
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15
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Friedman E. Mirk/dyrk1B Kinase in Ovarian Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:5560-75. [PMID: 23528858 PMCID: PMC3634458 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14035560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mirk/dyrk1B kinase is expressed in about 75% of resected human ovarian cancers and in most ovarian cancer cell lines with amplification in the OVCAR3 line. Mirk (minibrain-related kinase) is a member of the Minibrain/dyrk family of related serine/threonine kinases. Mirk maintains cells in a quiescent state by stabilizing the CDK inhibitor p27 and by inducing the breakdown of cyclin D isoforms. Mirk also stabilizes the DREAM complex, which maintains G0 quiescence by sequestering transcription factors needed to enter cycle. By entering a quiescent state, tumor cells can resist the nutrient deficiencies, hypoxic and acidic conditions within the tumor mass. Mirk maintains the viability of quiescent ovarian cancer cells by reducing intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species. CDKN2A-negative ovarian cancer cells treated with a Mirk kinase inhibitor escaped G0/G1 quiescence, entered cycle with high ROS levels and underwent apoptosis. The ROS scavenger N-acetyl cysteine reduced the extent of cancer cell loss. In contrast, the Mirk kinase inhibitor slightly reduced the fraction of G0 quiescent diploid epithelial cells and fibroblasts, and the majority of the cells pushed into cycle accumulated in G2 + M. Apoptotic sub-G0/G1 cells were not detected. Thus, normal cells were spared because of their expression of CDK inhibitors that blocked unregulated cycling and Mirk kinase inhibitor-treated normal diploid cells were about as viable as untreated controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Friedman
- Pathology Department, Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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16
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Telleria CM. Repopulation of ovarian cancer cells after chemotherapy. CANCER GROWTH AND METASTASIS 2013; 6:15-21. [PMID: 23544004 PMCID: PMC3611091 DOI: 10.4137/cgm.s11333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The high mortality rate caused by ovarian cancer has not changed for the past thirty years. Although most patients diagnosed with this disease respond to cytoreductive surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy and undergo remission, foci of cells almost always escape therapy, manage to survive, and acquire the capacity to repopulate the tumor. Repopulation of ovarian cancer cells that escape front-line chemotherapy, however, is a poorly understood phenomenon. Here I analyze cancer-initiating cells, transitory senescence, reverse ploidy, and cellular dormancy as putative players in ovarian cancer cell repopulation. As part of the standard of care, ovarian cancer patients do not receive treatment between primary cytotoxic therapy and clinical relapse. Understanding the mechanisms driving cellular escape from chemotherapy should lead to the development of low toxicity, chronic treatment approaches that can be initiated right after primary therapy to interrupt cell repopulation and disease relapse by keeping it dormant and, therefore, subclinical.
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Bernatsky S, Ramsey-Goldman R, Labrecque J, Joseph L, Boivin JF, Petri M, Zoma A, Manzi S, Urowitz MB, Gladman D, Fortin PR, Ginzler E, Yelin E, Bae SC, Wallace DJ, Edworthy S, Jacobsen S, Gordon C, Dooley MA, Peschken CA, Hanly JG, Alarcón GS, Nived O, Ruiz-Irastorza G, Isenberg D, Rahman A, Witte T, Aranow C, Kamen DL, Steinsson K, Askanase A, Barr S, Criswell LA, Sturfelt G, Patel NM, Senécal JL, Zummer M, Pope JE, Ensworth S, El-Gabalawy H, McCarthy T, Dreyer L, Sibley J, St Pierre Y, Clarke AE. Cancer risk in systemic lupus: an updated international multi-centre cohort study. J Autoimmun 2013; 42:130-5. [PMID: 23410586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To update estimates of cancer risk in SLE relative to the general population. METHODS A multisite international SLE cohort was linked with regional tumor registries. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated as the ratio of observed to expected cancers. RESULTS Across 30 centres, 16,409 patients were observed for 121,283 (average 7.4) person-years. In total, 644 cancers occurred. Some cancers, notably hematologic malignancies, were substantially increased (SIR 3.02, 95% confidence interval, CI, 2.48, 3.63), particularly non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, NHL (SIR 4.39, 95% CI 3.46, 5.49) and leukemia. In addition, increased risks of cancer of the vulva (SIR 3.78, 95% CI 1.52, 7.78), lung (SIR 1.30, 95% CI 1.04, 1.60), thyroid (SIR 1.76, 95% CI 1.13, 2.61) and possibly liver (SIR 1.87, 95% CI 0.97, 3.27) were suggested. However, a decreased risk was estimated for breast (SIR 0.73, 95% CI 0.61-0.88), endometrial (SIR 0.44, 95% CI 0.23-0.77), and possibly ovarian cancers (0.64, 95% CI 0.34-1.10). The variability of comparative rates across different cancers meant that only a small increased risk was estimated across all cancers (SIR 1.14, 95% CI 1.05, 1.23). CONCLUSION These data estimate only a small increased risk in SLE (versus the general population) for cancer over-all. However, there is clearly an increased risk of NHL, and cancers of the vulva, lung, thyroid, and possibly liver. It remains unclear to what extent the association with NHL is mediated by innate versus exogenous factors. Similarly, the etiology of the decreased breast, endometrial, and possibly ovarian cancer risk is uncertain, though investigations are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Bernatsky
- McGill University Health Centre, 687 Pine Avenue, V Building, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada.
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18
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Liang X, De Vera ME, Buchser WJ, Romo de Vivar Chavez A, Loughran P, Stolz DB, Basse P, Wang T, Van Houten B, Zeh HJ, Lotze MT. Inhibiting systemic autophagy during interleukin 2 immunotherapy promotes long-term tumor regression. Cancer Res 2012; 72:2791-801. [PMID: 22472122 PMCID: PMC3417121 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Administration of high-dose interleukin-2 (HDIL-2) has durable antitumor effects in 5% to 10% of patients with melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. However, treatment is often limited by side effects, including reversible, multiorgan dysfunction characterized by a cytokine-induced systemic autophagic syndrome. Here, we hypothesized that the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine would enhance IL-2 immunotherapeutic efficacy and limit toxicity. In an advanced murine metastatic liver tumor model, IL-2 inhibited tumor growth in a dose-dependent fashion. These antitumor effects were significantly enhanced upon addition of chloroquine. The combination of IL-2 with chloroquine increased long-term survival, decreased toxicity associated with vascular leakage, and enhanced immune cell proliferation and infiltration in the liver and spleen. HDIL-2 alone increased serum levels of HMGB1, IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-18 and also induced autophagy within the liver and translocation of HMGB1 from the nucleus to the cytosol in hepatocytes, effects that were inhibited by combined administration with chloroquine. In tumor cells, chloroquine increased autophagic vacuoles and LC3-II levels inhibited oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production and promoted apoptosis, which was associated with increased Annexin-V(+)/propidium iodide (PI)(-) cells, cleaved PARP, cleaved caspase-3, and cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Taken together, our findings provide a novel clinical strategy to enhance the efficacy of HDIL-2 immunotherapy for patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh PA, 15213
| | - Michael E. De Vera
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh PA, 15213
| | - William J. Buchser
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh PA, 15213
| | | | - Patricia Loughran
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh PA, 15213
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh
| | | | - Per Basse
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Tao Wang
- UPCI Molecular and Cellular Biology Program. University of Pittsburgh
| | | | - Herbert J. Zeh
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh PA, 15213
| | - Michael T. Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh PA, 15213
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh
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Autophagy inhibitor Lys05 has single-agent antitumor activity and reproduces the phenotype of a genetic autophagy deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:8253-8. [PMID: 22566612 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1118193109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent degradative process that protects cancer cells from multiple stresses. In preclinical models, autophagy inhibition with chloroquine (CQ) derivatives augments the efficacy of many anticancer therapies, but CQ has limited activity as a single agent. Clinical trials are underway combining anticancer agents with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), but concentrations of HCQ required to inhibit autophagy are not consistently achievable in the clinic. We report the synthesis and characterization of bisaminoquinoline autophagy inhibitors that potently inhibit autophagy and impair tumor growth in vivo. The structural motifs that are necessary for improved autophagy inhibition compared with CQ include the presence of two aminoquinoline rings and a triamine linker and C-7 chlorine. The lead compound, Lys01, is a 10-fold more potent autophagy inhibitor than HCQ. Compared with HCQ, Lys05, a water-soluble salt of Lys01, more potently accumulates within and deacidifies the lysosome, resulting in impaired autophagy and tumor growth. At the highest dose administered, some mice develop Paneth cell dysfunction that resembles the intestinal phenotype of mice and humans with genetic defects in the autophagy gene ATG16L1, providing in vivo evidence that Lys05 targets autophagy. Unlike HCQ, significant single-agent antitumor activity is observed without toxicity in mice treated with lower doses of Lys05, establishing the therapeutic potential of this compound in cancer.
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20
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Calabretta B, Salomoni P. Suppression of autophagy by BCR/ABL. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2012; 4:453-60. [PMID: 22202070 DOI: 10.2741/278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Imatinib and second generation BCR/ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) serve now as standard therapies for patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML); however, CML stem cells are intrinsically insensitive to the cell death-inducing effects of TKIs, allowing the persistence of a "reservoir" of BCR/ABL-expressing CML-initiating cells potentially responsible for disease relapse and progression. Although it is still controversial whether the "insensitivity" of CML stem cells to treatment with TKI is due to BCR/ABL-dependent or independent mechanisms, treatment with IM appears to suppress BCR/ABL-dependent signaling in CML stem cells with no adverse effects on their survival. Recent evidence indicates that BCR/ABL suppresses and treatment of CML cells with IM/TKIs induces autophagy, a genetically-regulated process of adaptation to metabolic stress which could allow tumor cells to become metabolically inert enabling their survival under conditions that may mimic growth factor/nutrients deprivation. Based on this hypothesis, TKI-induced autophagy may "antagonize" TKI-induced cell death and inhibition of autophagy may eliminate this survival mechanism by restoring "sensitivity" of CML stem cells to treatment with IM/TKI. Consistent with this, phenotypically and functionally defined CML-enriched stem cells insensitive to treatment with TKI are efficiently eliminated by the combination of TKI and chloroquine, an inhibitor of late stage autophagy. Thus, inhibition of autophagy may improve the potent and specific effects of TKIs by rendering CML stem cells sensitive to these targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Calabretta
- Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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21
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Enhanced antitumor effect of lower-dose and longer-term CPT-11 treatment in combination with low-dose celecoxib against neuroblastoma xenografts. Int J Clin Oncol 2011; 18:116-25. [PMID: 22127347 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-011-0354-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously reported that the combination of low-dose (5.9 mg/kg/dose) irinotecan (CPT-11) and simultaneous low-dose (5 mg/kg/dose) celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, administered for 20 consecutive days, had synergistic antitumor activity against human neuroblastoma xenografts in mice. Possible further antitumor efficacy of lower-dose and longer-term CPT-11 combined with simultaneous low-dose celecoxib was investigated for chemosensitive TNB9 and multi-drug resistant TS-N-2nu neuroblastoma xenografts. METHODS The time from initiation of drug treatment to tumor regrowth, tumor doubling time, and body weight change of mice were evaluated between treatments with lower-dose (3 mg/kg/dose) CPT-11 alone and the combination of the two drugs for 60 consecutive days. Induction of apoptosis and autophagy during treatments were analyzed by immunoblotting, real-time quantitative RT-PCR, TUNEL assay, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The combination of the two drugs administered for 60 consecutive days resulted in a significantly longer time to tumor regrowth (p < 0.011) and longer tumor doubling time (p < 0.013) in both xenografts than for the lower-dose CPT-11 therapy alone, without substantial side effects in mice. In particular, five of six TNB9 tumors treated with the combination of the two drugs showed no regrowth even 120 or 150 days after the initiation of therapy. The combined treatment suppressed the induction of autophagy leading to apoptosis in TNB9 tumors, and induced autophagy to enhance the antitumor effect in TS-N-2nu tumors. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that lower-dose and longer-term CPT-11 treatment in combination with simultaneous low-dose celecoxib enhances antitumor activity and can successfully eradicate most of the neuroblastoma xenografts.
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Ewton DZ, Hu J, Vilenchik M, Deng X, Luk KC, Polonskaia A, Hoffman AF, Zipf K, Boylan JF, Friedman EA. Inactivation of mirk/dyrk1b kinase targets quiescent pancreatic cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 10:2104-14. [PMID: 21878655 PMCID: PMC3213302 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A major problem in the treatment of cancer arises from quiescent cancer cells that are relatively insensitive to most chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation. Such residual cancer cells can cause tumor regrowth or recurrence when they reenter the cell cycle. Earlier studies showed that levels of the serine/theronine kinase Mirk/dyrk1B are elevated up to 10-fold in quiescent G(0) tumor cells. Mirk uses several mechanisms to block cell cycling, and Mirk increases expression of antioxidant genes that decrease reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and increase quiescent cell viability. We now show that a novel small molecule Mirk kinase inhibitor blocked tumor cells from undergoing reversible arrest in a quiescent G(0) state and enabled some cells to exit quiescence. The inhibitor increased cycling in Panc1, AsPc1, and SW620 cells that expressed Mirk, but not in HCT116 cells that did not. Mirk kinase inhibition elevated ROS levels and DNA damage detected by increased phosphorylation of the histone protein H2AX and by S-phase checkpoints. The Mirk kinase inhibitor increased cleavage of the apoptotic proteins PARP and caspase 3, and increased tumor cell kill several-fold by gemcitabine and cisplatin. A phenocopy of these effects occurred following Mirk depletion, showing drug specificity. In previous studies Mirk knockout or depletion had no detectable effect on normal tissue, suggesting that the Mirk kinase inhibitor could have a selective effect on cancer cells expressing elevated levels of Mirk kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daina Z. Ewton
- Pathology Department, SUNY Upstate Medical Univ., Syracuse, NY
| | - Jing Hu
- Pathology Department, SUNY Upstate Medical Univ., Syracuse, NY
| | - Maria Vilenchik
- Discovery Oncology, Discovery Chemistry and Discovery Technologies, Hoffmann-La Roche, Nutley, NJ
| | - Xiaobing Deng
- Pathology Department, SUNY Upstate Medical Univ., Syracuse, NY
| | - Kin-chun Luk
- Discovery Oncology, Discovery Chemistry and Discovery Technologies, Hoffmann-La Roche, Nutley, NJ
| | - Ann Polonskaia
- Discovery Oncology, Discovery Chemistry and Discovery Technologies, Hoffmann-La Roche, Nutley, NJ
| | - Ann F. Hoffman
- Discovery Oncology, Discovery Chemistry and Discovery Technologies, Hoffmann-La Roche, Nutley, NJ
| | - Karen Zipf
- Discovery Oncology, Discovery Chemistry and Discovery Technologies, Hoffmann-La Roche, Nutley, NJ
| | - John F. Boylan
- Discovery Oncology, Discovery Chemistry and Discovery Technologies, Hoffmann-La Roche, Nutley, NJ
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Chaterjee M, van Golen KL. Breast cancer stem cells survive periods of farnesyl-transferase inhibitor-induced dormancy by undergoing autophagy. BONE MARROW RESEARCH 2011; 2011:362938. [PMID: 22046561 PMCID: PMC3199942 DOI: 10.1155/2011/362938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A cancer stem cell has been defined as a cell within a tumor that possesses the capacity to self-renew and to cause the heterogeneous lineages of cancer cells that comprise the tumor. These tumor-forming cells could hypothetically originate from stem, progenitor, or differentiated cells. Previously, we have shown that breast cancer cells with low metastatic potential can be induced into a reversible state of dormancy by farnesyl transferase inhibitors (FTIs). Dormancy was induced by changes in RhoA and RhoC GTPases. Specifically, RhoA was found to be hypoactivated while RhoC was hyperactivated. In the current study we demonstrate that these dormant cells also express certain known stem cell markers such as aldehyde dehydrogenase I (ALDHI) and cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44). We also show that autophagy markers Atg5, Atg12, and LC3-B are expressed in these dormant stem cell-like breast cancer cells. Inhibiting autophagy by inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) blocked the process of autophagy reversing the dormant phenotype. Further, we show that c-jun NH2 terminal kinase (JNK/SAPK) is upregulated in these dormant stem cell-like breast cancer cells and is responsible for increasing autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Chaterjee
- The Laboratory of Cytoskeletal Physiology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- The Center For Translational Cancer Research, University of Delaware, 320 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Kenneth L. van Golen
- The Laboratory of Cytoskeletal Physiology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- The Center For Translational Cancer Research, University of Delaware, 320 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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Calabretta B, Salomoni P. Inhibition of autophagy: a new strategy to enhance sensitivity of chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Leuk Lymphoma 2011; 52 Suppl 1:54-9. [PMID: 21250825 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2010.546913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Imatinib mesylate (IM) has become standard therapy for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), but CML stem cells are intrinsically resistant to IM and to second/third-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), allowing the persistence of a 'reservoir' of BCR-ABL-expressing CML-initiating cells potentially responsible for disease progression. Although it is still controversial whether the 'insensitivity' of CML stem cells to treatment with TKIs is due to BCR-ABL-dependent or independent mechanisms, recent evidence indicates that treatment with IM suppresses BCR-ABL-dependent signaling in CML stem cells with no adverse effects on their survival. Treatment of CML cells with IM/TKIs induces autophagy, a genetically regulated process of adaptation to metabolic stress which may allow tumor cells to become metabolically inert, enabling their survival under conditions that may mimic growth factor/nutrient deprivation. Based on this hypothesis, TKI-induced autophagy may 'antagonize' TKI-induced cell death and inhibition of autophagy may eliminate this survival mechanism by restoring 'sensitivity' of CML stem cells to treatment with IM/TKIs. Consistent with this, recent evidence indicates that phenotypically and functionally defined CML-enriched stem cells that are insensitive to treatment with TKIs are efficiently eliminated by the combination of TKI and chloroquine, an inhibitor of late stage autophagy. Thus, inhibition of autophagy may 'sensitize' CML stem cells to treatment with TKIs, thus preserving the high specificity of TKI-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Calabretta
- Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Re-expression of ARHI (DIRAS3) induces autophagy in breast cancer cells and enhances the inhibitory effect of paclitaxel. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:22. [PMID: 21244707 PMCID: PMC3032751 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ARHI is a Ras-related imprinted gene that inhibits cancer cell growth and motility. ARHI is downregulated in the majority of breast cancers, and loss of its expression is associated with its progression from ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive disease. In ovarian cancer, re-expression of ARHI induces autophagy and leads to autophagic death in cell culture; however, ARHI re-expression enables ovarian cancer cells to remain dormant when they are grown in mice as xenografts. The purpose of this study is to examine whether ARHI induces autophagy in breast cancer cells and to evaluate the effects of ARHI gene re-expression in combination with paclitaxel. Methods Re-expression of ARHI was achieved by transfection, by treatment with trichostatin A (TSA) or by a combination of TSA and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (DAC) in breast cancer cell cultures and by liposomal delivery of ARHI in breast tumor xenografts. Results ARHI re-expression induces autophagy in breast cancer cells, and ARHI is essential for the induction of autophagy. When ARHI was re-expressed in breast cancer cells treated with paclitaxel, the growth inhibitory effect of paclitaxel was enhanced in both the cell culture and the xenografts. Although paclitaxel alone did not induce autophagy in breast cancer cells, it enhanced ARHI-induced autophagy. Conversely, ARHI re-expression promoted paclitaxel-induced apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest. Conclusions ARHI re-expression induces autophagic cell death in breast cancer cells and enhances the inhibitory effects of paclitaxel by promoting autophagy, apoptosis, and G2/M cell cycle arrest.
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Kiss E, Kovacs L, Szodoray P. Malignancies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev 2009; 9:195-9. [PMID: 19643208 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypical systemic autoimmune disease, characterized by a wide array of symptoms and organ involvements, leading to varying disease courses and outcome, and ranging from mild to severe types. In patients with SLE, the incidence and risk of malignancy development is increased, and mostly non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), cervical cancer, as well as bronchial carcinomas occur. Besides others, the common genetic predisposition, chronic antigen stimulus, disproportional immune responses, as well as the chronic administration of immunosuppressive medications can contribute to the development of malignancies in lupus. In this review we present the molecular pathology, as well as the epidemiological and clinical aspects of malignancies in patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emese Kiss
- National Institute of Rheumatology and Physiotherapy, Budapest, Hungary
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Autophagy facilitates the development of breast cancer resistance to the anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody trastuzumab. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6251. [PMID: 19606230 PMCID: PMC2708925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has been emerging as a novel cytoprotective mechanism to increase tumor cell survival under conditions of metabolic stress and hypoxia as well as to escape chemotherapy-induced cell death. To elucidate whether autophagy might also protect cancer cells from the growth inhibitory effects of targeted therapies, we evaluated the autophagic status of preclinical breast cancer models exhibiting auto-acquired resistance to the anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody trastuzumab (Tzb). We first examined the basal autophagic levels in Tzb-naive SKBR3 cells and in two pools of Tzb-conditioned SKBR3 cells (TzbR), which optimally grow in the presence of Tzb doses as high as 200 µg/ml Tzb. Fluorescence microscopic analyses revealed that the number of punctate LC3 structures -a hallmark of autophagy- was drastically higher in Tzb-refractory cells than in Tzb-sensitive SKBR3 parental cells. Immunoblotting analyses confirmed that the lipidation product of the autophagic conversion of LC3 was accumulated to high levels in TzbR cells. High levels of the LC3 lipidated form in Tzb-refractory cells were accompanied by decreased p62/sequestosome-1 protein expression, a phenomenon characterizing the occurrence of increased autophagic flux. Moreover, increased autophagy was actively used to survive Tzb therapy as TzbR pools were exquisitely sensitive to chemical inhibitors of autophagosomal formation/function. Knockdown of LC3 expression via siRNA similarly resulted in reduced TzbR cell proliferation and supra-additively interacted with Tzb to re-sensitize TzbR cells. Sub-groups of Tzb-naive SKBR3 parental cells accumulated LC3 punctate structures and decreased p62 expression after treatment with high-dose Tzb, likely promoting their own resistance. This is the first report showing that HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells chronically exposed to Tzb exhibit a bona fide up-regulation of the autophagic activity that efficiently works to protect breast cancer cells from the growth-inhibitory effects of Tzb. Therapeutic targeting autophagosome formation/function might represent a novel molecular avenue to reduce the emergence of Tzb resistance in HER2-dependent breast carcinomas.
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