1
|
Cerchietti L. Genetic mechanisms underlying tumor microenvironment composition and function in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2024; 143:1101-1111. [PMID: 38211334 PMCID: PMC10972714 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023021002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) show enormous diversity and plasticity, with functions that can range from tumor inhibitory to tumor supportive. The patient's age, immune status, and DLBCL treatments are factors that contribute to the shaping of this TME, but evidence suggests that genetic factors, arising principally in lymphoma cells themselves, are among the most important. Here, we review the current understanding of the role of these genetic drivers of DLBCL in establishing and modulating the lymphoma microenvironment. A better comprehension of the relationship between lymphoma genetic factors and TME biology should lead to better therapeutic interventions, especially immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Cerchietti
- Hematology and Oncology Division, Medicine Department, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gu H, He J, Li Y, Mi D, Guan T, Guo W, Liu B, Chen Y. B-cell Lymphoma 6 Inhibitors: Current Advances and Prospects of Drug Development for Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphomas. J Med Chem 2022; 65:15559-15583. [PMID: 36441945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) is a transcriptional repressor that regulates the differentiation of B lymphocytes and mediates the formation of germinal centers (GCs) by recruiting corepressors through the BTB domain of BCL6. Physiological processes regulated by BCL6 involve cell activation, differentiation, DNA damage, and apoptosis. BCL6 is highly expressed when the gene is mutated, leading to the malignant proliferation of cells and drives tumorigenesis. BCL6 overexpression is closely correlated with tumorigenesis in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and other lymphomas, and BCL6 inhibitors can effectively inhibit some lymphomas and overcome resistance. Therefore, targeting BCL6 might be a promising therapeutic strategy for treating lymphomas. Herein, we comprehensively review the latest development of BCL6 inhibitors in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and discuss the overview of the pharmacophores of BCL6 inhibitors and their efficacies in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, the current advances in BCL6 degraders are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Gu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jia He
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yuzhan Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Dazhao Mi
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Tian Guan
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Weikai Guo
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yihua Chen
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li K, Liu Y, Ding Y, Zhang Z, Feng J, Hu J, Chen J, Lian Z, Chen Y, Hu K, Chen Z, Cai Z, Liu M, Pang X. BCL6 is regulated by the MAPK/ELK1 axis and promotes KRAS-driven lung cancer. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:161308. [PMID: 36377663 PMCID: PMC9663163 DOI: 10.1172/jci161308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutational activation of KRAS is a common oncogenic event in lung cancer, yet effective therapies are still lacking. Here, we identify B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) as a lynchpin in KRAS-driven lung cancer. BCL6 expression was increased upon KRAS activation in lung tumor tissue in mice and was positively correlated with the expression of KRAS-GTP, the active form of KRAS, in various human cancer cell lines. Moreover, BCL6 was highly expressed in human KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinomas and was associated with poor patient survival. Mechanistically, the MAPK/ERK/ELK1 signaling axis downstream of mutant KRAS directly regulated BCL6 expression. BCL6 maintained the global expression of prereplication complex components; therefore, BCL6 inhibition induced stalling of the replication fork, leading to DNA damage and growth arrest in KRAS-mutant lung cancer cells. Importantly, BCL6-specific knockout in lungs significantly reduced the tumor burden and mortality in the LSL-KrasG12D/+ lung cancer mouse model. Likewise, pharmacological inhibition of BCL6 significantly impeded the growth of KRAS-mutant lung cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. In summary, our findings reveal a crucial role of BCL6 in promoting KRAS-addicted lung cancer and suggest BCL6 as a therapeutic target for the treatment of this intractable disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences and
- Joint Translational Science and Technology Research Institute, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences and
| | - Yi Ding
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences and
| | - Zhengwei Zhang
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences and
| | - Juanjuan Feng
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences and
| | - Jiaxin Hu
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences and
| | - Jiwei Chen
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences and
| | - Zhengke Lian
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences and
| | - Yiliang Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kewen Hu
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenyu Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences and
| | - Xiufeng Pang
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences and
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang Y, Chen R, Gong Y, Yang W, Li K, Fan W, Gou S, Gao P, He T, Cai K. Double-drug loading upconversion nanoparticles for monitoring and therapy of a MYC/BCL6-positive double-hit diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Biomaterials 2022; 287:121607. [PMID: 35696785 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a systemic hematological malignancy. Herein, through whole exome sequencing (WES), we found that DLBCL genome changes and expression characteristics are associated with various immune cells. Lenalidomide (Len) is a leading candidate for the immunomodulatory treatment of multiple myeloma in the clinic. Inspired by lenalidomide as an immunomodulatory drug for the treatment of multiple myeloma, we constructed a multifunctional nanoplatform with therapeutic and imaging properties for DLBCL by co-loading lenalidomide and dexamethasone (Dex) with upconversion nanoparticles using a GSH-sensitive linker (named as UCNPs-Len-Dex). In vitro cell experiments proved that the UCNPs-Len-Dex had good biocompatibility and obvious antitumor efficacy. UCNPs-Len-Dex also exhibited excellent anti-tumor efficacy and imaging properties in vivo. RNA sequencing showed that UCNPs-Len-Dex targeted and activated the E3 ligase of CRBN, resulting in IKZF1/3 degradation, which inhibited MYC/BCL6-positive DLBCL and maintained the stability of the immune microenvironment. Therefore, this study provided a new monitoring and therapeutic synergetic strategy for DLBCL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Cancer Institute/Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Yi Gong
- Department of Phase I Clinical Trial Ward, Chongqing Cancer Institute/Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China.
| | - Weihu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Ke Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Wuzhe Fan
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Shuangquan Gou
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Pengfei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Tingting He
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Kaiyong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu Y, Feng J, Yuan K, Wu Z, Hu L, Lu Y, Li K, Guo J, Chen J, Ma C, Pang X. The oncoprotein BCL6 enables solid tumor cells to evade genotoxic stress. eLife 2022; 11:69255. [PMID: 35503721 PMCID: PMC9064299 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Genotoxic agents remain the mainstay of cancer treatment. Unfortunately, the clinical benefits are often countered by a rapid tumor adaptive response. Here, we report that the oncoprotein B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) is a core component that confers solid tumor adaptive resistance to genotoxic stress. Multiple genotoxic agents promoted BCL6 transactivation, which was positively correlated with a weakened therapeutic efficacy and a worse clinical outcome. Mechanistically, we discovered that treatment with the genotoxic agent etoposide led to the transcriptional reprogramming of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines, among which the interferon-α and interferon-γ responses were substantially enriched in resistant cells. Our results further revealed that the activation of interferon/signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 axis directly upregulated BCL6 expression. The increased expression of BCL6 further repressed the tumor suppressor PTEN and consequently enabled resistant cancer cell survival. Accordingly, targeted inhibition of BCL6 remarkably enhanced etoposide-triggered DNA damage and apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings highlight the importance of BCL6 signaling in conquering solid tumor tolerance to genotoxic stress, further establishing a rationale for a combined approach with genotoxic agents and BCL6-targeted therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Liu
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juanjuan Feng
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Yuan
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengzhen Wu
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Longmiao Hu
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Lu
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Li
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawei Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics in Ningxia, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Chengbin Ma
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiufeng Pang
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu QH, Dai GR, Wu Y, Wang XN, Song MY, Li XD, Wu Z, Xia RX. LncRNA FIRRE stimulates PTBP1-induced Smurf2 decay, stabilizes B-cell receptor, and promotes the development of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Hematol Oncol 2022; 40:554-566. [PMID: 35416325 DOI: 10.1002/hon.3004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Sustained expression of B-cell receptor (BCR) critically contributes to the development of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). However, little is known on the mechanism regulating BCR expression. In the present study, we explored the biological significance of functional intergenic repeating RNA element (FIRRE) in DLBCL and its regulation on BCR. Functional impacts of FIRRE on cell viability, transformation, and apoptosis were examined by MTT, colony formation, and flow cytometry, respectively. The interaction between FIRRE and polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1 (PTBP1) was identified by RNA pull-down and verified using RNA immunoprecipitation assays. The effects of FIRRE and PTBP1 on Smurf2 mRNA were examined by RNA immunoprecipitation, RNA pull-down, and mRNA stability assays. Smurf2-mediated BCR ubiquitination was investigated using co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination, and protein stability assays. In vivo, xenograft models were used to assess the impacts of targeting FIRRE on DLBCL growth. FIRRE was specifically up-regulated in and essentially maintained multiple malignant behaviors of BCR-dependent DLBCL cells. Through the interaction with PTBP1, FIRRE promoted the mRNA decay of Smurf2, a ubiquitin ligase for the degradation BCR protein. Targeting FIRRE was sufficient to regulating Smurf2 and BCR expressions and inhibit DLBCL malignancy both in vivo and in vitro. FIRRE-PTBP1 interaction, by simulating Smurf2 mRNA decay and stabilizing BCR, promotes the development of DLBCL. Consequently, targeting this signaling mechanism may provide therapeutic benefits for DLBCL. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Hua Liu
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Guan-Rong Dai
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Nantong First People's Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiao-Nan Wang
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui Province, China
| | - Ming-Yue Song
- Department of Hematology, the Chaohu Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Chaohu, 238001, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Li
- Department of Critical Care, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhengsheng Wu
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui Province, China
| | - Rui-Xiang Xia
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhuang Y, Che J, Wu M, Guo Y, Xu Y, Dong X, Yang H. Altered pathways and targeted therapy in double hit lymphoma. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:26. [PMID: 35303910 PMCID: PMC8932183 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01249-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade B-cell lymphoma with translocations involving MYC and BCL2 or BCL6, usually referred to as double hit lymphoma (DHL), is an aggressive hematological malignance with distinct genetic features and poor clinical prognosis. Current standard chemoimmunotherapy fails to confer satisfying outcomes and few targeted therapeutics are available for the treatment against DHL. Recently, the delineating of the genetic landscape in tumors has provided insight into both biology and targeted therapies. Therefore, it is essential to understand the altered signaling pathways of DHL to develop treatment strategies with better clinical benefits. Herein, we summarized the genetic alterations in the two DHL subtypes (DHL-BCL2 and DHL-BCL6). We further elucidate their implications on cellular processes, including anti-apoptosis, epigenetic regulations, B-cell receptor signaling, and immune escape. Ongoing and potential therapeutic strategies and targeted drugs steered by these alterations were reviewed accordingly. Based on these findings, we also discuss the therapeutic vulnerabilities that coincide with these genetic changes. We believe that the understanding of the DHL studies will provide insight into this disease and capacitate the finding of more effective treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhuang
- Department of Lymphoma, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinxin Che
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meijuan Wu
- Department of Pathology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Guo
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongjin Xu
- Department of Lymphoma, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaowu Dong
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Lymphoma, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Serganova I, Chakraborty S, Yamshon S, Isshiki Y, Bucktrout R, Melnick A, Béguelin W, Zappasodi R. Epigenetic, Metabolic, and Immune Crosstalk in Germinal-Center-Derived B-Cell Lymphomas: Unveiling New Vulnerabilities for Rational Combination Therapies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:805195. [PMID: 35071240 PMCID: PMC8777078 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.805195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-NHLs) are highly heterogenous by genetic, phenotypic, and clinical appearance. Next-generation sequencing technologies and multi-dimensional data analyses have further refined the way these diseases can be more precisely classified by specific genomic, epigenomic, and transcriptomic characteristics. The molecular and genetic heterogeneity of B-NHLs may contribute to the poor outcome of some of these diseases, suggesting that more personalized precision-medicine approaches are needed for improved therapeutic efficacy. The germinal center (GC) B-cell like diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (GCB-DLBCLs) and follicular lymphomas (FLs) share specific epigenetic programs. These diseases often remain difficult to treat and surprisingly do not respond advanced immunotherapies, despite arising in secondary lymphoid organs at sites of antigen recognition. Epigenetic dysregulation is a hallmark of GCB-DLBCLs and FLs, with gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in the histone methyltransferase EZH2, loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in histone acetyl transferases CREBBP and EP300, and the histone methyltransferase KMT2D representing the most prevalent genetic lesions driving these diseases. These mutations have the common effect to disrupt the interactions between lymphoma cells and the immune microenvironment, via decreased antigen presentation and responsiveness to IFN-γ and CD40 signaling pathways. This indicates that immune evasion is a key step in GC B-cell lymphomagenesis. EZH2 inhibitors are now approved for the treatment of FL and selective HDAC3 inhibitors counteracting the effects of CREBBP LOF mutations are under development. These treatments can help restore the immune control of GCB lymphomas, and may represent optimal candidate agents for more effective combination with immunotherapies. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the impact of mutant chromatin modifiers on immune evasion in GCB lymphomas. We provide new insights on how the epigenetic program of these diseases may be regulated at the level of metabolism, discussing the role of metabolic intermediates as cofactors of epigenetic enzymes. In addition, lymphoma metabolic adaptation can negatively influence the immune microenvironment, further contributing to the development of immune cold tumors, poorly infiltrated by effector immune cells. Based on these findings, we discuss relevant candidate epigenetic/metabolic/immune targets for rational combination therapies to investigate as more effective precision-medicine approaches for GCB lymphomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inna Serganova
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sanjukta Chakraborty
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Samuel Yamshon
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yusuke Isshiki
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ryan Bucktrout
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ari Melnick
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Wendy Béguelin
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Roberta Zappasodi
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.,Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, United States.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xing Y, Guo W, Wu M, Xie J, Huang D, Hu P, Zhou M, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Wang P, Wang X, Wang G, Wu H, Zhou C, Chen Y, Liu M, Yi Z, Sun Z. An orally available small molecule BCL6 inhibitor effectively suppresses diffuse large B cell lymphoma cells growth in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Lett 2022; 529:100-111. [PMID: 34990752 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) is an oncogenic driver of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and mediates lymphomagenesis through transcriptional repression of its target genes by recruiting corepressors to its N-terminal broad-complex/tramtrack/bric-a-brac (BTB) domain. Blocking the protein-protein interactions of BCL6 and its corepressors has been proposed as an effective approach for the treatment of DLBCL. However, BCL6 inhibitors with excellent drug-like properties are rare. Hence, the development of BCL6 inhibitors is worth pursuing. We screened our internal chemical library by luciferase reporter assay and Homogenous Time Resolved Fluorescence (HTRF) assay and a small molecule compound named WK500B was identified. WK500B engaged BCL6 inside cells, blocked BCL6 repression complexes, reactivated BCL6 target genes, killed DLBCL cells and caused apoptosis as well as cell cycle arrest. In animal models, WK500B inhibited germinal center (GC) formation and DLBCL tumour growth without toxic and side effects. Moreover, WK500B displayed strong efficacy and favourable pharmacokinetics and presented superior druggability. Therefore, WK500B is a promising candidate that could be developed as an effective orally available therapeutic agent for DLBCL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Xing
- East China Normal University and Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, 201499, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Weikai Guo
- East China Normal University and Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, 201499, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wu
- East China Normal University and Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, 201499, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiuqing Xie
- East China Normal University and Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, 201499, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxia Huang
- East China Normal University and Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, 201499, Shanghai, China
| | - Pan Hu
- East China Normal University and Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, 201499, Shanghai, China
| | - Miaoran Zhou
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- East China Normal University and Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, 201499, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiansen Zhang
- East China Normal University and Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, 201499, Shanghai, China
| | - Peili Wang
- East China Normal University and Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, 201499, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- East China Normal University and Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, 201499, Shanghai, China
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Huangan Wu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Cili Zhou
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yihua Chen
- East China Normal University and Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, 201499, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- East China Normal University and Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, 201499, Shanghai, China; East China Normal University and Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zhengfang Yi
- East China Normal University and Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, 201499, Shanghai, China; East China Normal University and Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Zhenliang Sun
- East China Normal University and Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, 201499, Shanghai, China; East China Normal University and Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Alsaadi M, Khan MY, Dalhat MH, Bahashwan S, Khan MU, Albar A, Almehdar H, Qadri I. Dysregulation of miRNAs in DLBCL: Causative Factor for Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Prognosis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11101739. [PMID: 34679437 PMCID: PMC8535125 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11101739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA is a small non-coding RNA (sncRNA) involved in gene silencing and regulating post-transcriptional gene expression. miRNAs play an essential role in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, viral diseases and cancer. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), arising from different stages of B-cell differentiation whose pathogenesis involves miRNAs. Various viral and non-viral vectors are used as a delivery vehicle for introducing specific miRNA inside the cell. Adenoviruses are linear, double-stranded DNA viruses with 35 kb genome size and are extensively used in gene therapy. Meanwhile, Adeno-associated viruses accommodate up to 4.8 kb foreign genetic material and are favorable for transferring miRNA due to small size of miRNA. The genetic material is integrated into the DNA of the host cell by retroviruses so that only dividing cells are infected and stable expression of miRNA is achieved. Over the years, remarkable progress was made to understand DLBCL biology using advanced genomics and epigenomics technologies enabling oncologists to uncover multiple genetic mutations in DLBCL patients. These genetic mutations are involved in epigenetic modification, ability to escape immunosurveillance, impaired BCL6 and NF-κβ signaling pathways and blocking terminal differentiation. These pathways have since been identified and used as therapeutic targets for the treatment of DLBCL. Recently miRNAs were also identified to act either as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in DLBCL pathology by altering the expression levels of some of the known DLBCL related oncogenes. i.e., miR-155, miR-17-92 and miR-21 act as oncogenes by altering the expression levels of MYC, SHIP and FOXO1, respectively, conversely; miR-34a, mir-144 and miR-181a act as tumor suppressors by altering the expression levels of SIRT1, BCL6 and CARD11, respectively. Hundreds of miRNAs have already been identified as biomarkers in the prognosis and diagnosis of DLBCL because of their significant roles in DLBCL pathogenesis. In conclusion, miRNAs in addition to their role as biomarkers of prognosis and diagnosis could also serve as potential therapeutic targets for treating DLBCL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alsaadi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (M.Y.K.); (A.A.); (H.A.)
- Hematology Research Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Muhammad Yasir Khan
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (M.Y.K.); (A.A.); (H.A.)
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmood Hassan Dalhat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Salem Bahashwan
- Hematology Research Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- King AbdulAziz University Hospital, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Uzair Khan
- Department of Health Sciences, City University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan;
| | - Abdulgader Albar
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (M.Y.K.); (A.A.); (H.A.)
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jeddah University, Jeddah 23218, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussein Almehdar
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (M.Y.K.); (A.A.); (H.A.)
| | - Ishtiaq Qadri
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (M.Y.K.); (A.A.); (H.A.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bolnykh V, Rossetti G, Rothlisberger U, Carloni P. Expanding the boundaries of ligand–target modeling by exascale calculations. WIRES COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viacheslav Bolnykh
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
- Computational Biomedicine, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM‐9)/Institute for Advanced Simulations (IAS‐5) Forschungszentrum Jülich Jülich Germany
| | - Giulia Rossetti
- Computational Biomedicine, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM‐9)/Institute for Advanced Simulations (IAS‐5) Forschungszentrum Jülich Jülich Germany
- Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC) Forschungszentrum Jülich Jülich Germany
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation University Hospital Aachen RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Ursula Rothlisberger
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Paolo Carloni
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine and Institute for Advanced Simulations (IAS‐5/INM‐9) “Computational Biomedicine” Forschungszentrum Jülich Jülich Germany
- JARA‐Institute INM‐11 “Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging” Forschungszentrum Jülich Jülich Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ai Y, Hwang L, MacKerell AD, Melnick A, Xue F. Progress toward B-Cell Lymphoma 6 BTB Domain Inhibitors for the Treatment of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma and Beyond. J Med Chem 2021; 64:4333-4358. [PMID: 33844535 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) is a master regulator of germinal center formation that produce antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory B-cells for sustained immune responses. The BTB domain of BCL6 (BCL6BTB) forms a homodimer that mediates transcriptional repression by recruiting its corepressor proteins to form a biologically functional transcriptional complex. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) between the BCL6BTB and its corepressors has emerged as a therapeutic target for the treatment of DLBCL and a number of other human cancers. This Perspective provides an overview of recent advances in the development of BCL6BTB inhibitors from reversible inhibitors, irreversible inhibitors, to BCL6 degraders. Inhibitor design and medicinal chemistry strategies for the development of novel compounds will be provided. The binding mode of new inhibitors to BCL6BTB are highlighted. Also, the in vitro and in vivo assays used for the evaluation of new compounds will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Lucia Hwang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Alexander D MacKerell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Ari Melnick
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Fengtian Xue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang Z, Wang P, Li Y, Peng H, Zhu Y, Mohandas N, Liu J. Interplay between cofactors and transcription factors in hematopoiesis and hematological malignancies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:24. [PMID: 33468999 PMCID: PMC7815747 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00422-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis requires finely tuned regulation of gene expression at each stage of development. The regulation of gene transcription involves not only individual transcription factors (TFs) but also transcription complexes (TCs) composed of transcription factor(s) and multisubunit cofactors. In their normal compositions, TCs orchestrate lineage-specific patterns of gene expression and ensure the production of the correct proportions of individual cell lineages during hematopoiesis. The integration of posttranslational and conformational modifications in the chromatin landscape, nucleosomes, histones and interacting components via the cofactor–TF interplay is critical to optimal TF activity. Mutations or translocations of cofactor genes are expected to alter cofactor–TF interactions, which may be causative for the pathogenesis of various hematologic disorders. Blocking TF oncogenic activity in hematologic disorders through targeting cofactors in aberrant complexes has been an exciting therapeutic strategy. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the models and functions of cofactor–TF interplay in physiological hematopoiesis and highlight their implications in the etiology of hematological malignancies. This review presents a deep insight into the physiological and pathological implications of transcription machinery in the blood system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi Wang
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Molecular Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410011, ChangSha, Hunan, China. .,Molecular Biology Research Center and Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Pan Wang
- Molecular Biology Research Center and Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Molecular Biology Research Center and Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongling Peng
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Molecular Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410011, ChangSha, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Molecular Biology Research Center and Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Narla Mohandas
- Red Cell Physiology Laboratory, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- Molecular Biology Research Center and Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Isshiki Y, Melnick A. Epigenetic Mechanisms of Therapy Resistance in Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL). Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 21:274-282. [PMID: 33413063 PMCID: PMC10591517 DOI: 10.2174/1568009620666210106122750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common histological subtype of non-Hodgkin B cell lymphoma (NHL), and manifests highly heterogeneous genetic/phenotypic characteristics as well as variable responses to conventional immunochemotherapy. Genetic profiling of DLBCL patients has revealed highly recurrent mutations of epigenetic regulator genes such as CREBBP, KMT2D, EZH2 and TET2. These mutations drive malignant transformation through aberrant epigenetic programming of B-cells and may influence clinical outcomes. These and other chromatin modifier genes also play critical roles in normal B-cells, as they undergo the various phenotypic transitions characteristic of the humoral immune response. Many of these functions have to do with impairing immune surveillance and may critically mediate resistance to immunotherapies. In this review, we describe how epigenetic dysfunction induces lymphomagenesis and discuss ways of implementing precision epigenetic therapies to reverse these immune resistant phenotypes.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Genetic Heterogeneity
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/immunology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Proteins/classification
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Isshiki
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ari Melnick
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Although we are just beginning to understand the mechanisms that regulate the epigenome, aberrant epigenetic programming has already emerged as a hallmark of hematologic malignancies including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and B-cell lymphomas. Although these diseases arise from the hematopoietic system, the epigenetic mechanisms that drive these malignancies are quite different. Yet, in all of these tumors, somatic mutations in transcription factors and epigenetic modifiers are the most commonly mutated set of genes and result in multilayered disruption of the epigenome. Myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms generally manifest epigenetic allele diversity, which contributes to tumor cell population fitness regardless of the underlying genetics. Epigenetic therapies are emerging as one of the most promising new approaches for these patients. However, effective targeting of the epigenome must consider the need to restore the various layers of epigenetic marks, appropriate biological end points, and specificity of therapeutic agents to truly realize the potential of this modality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cihangir Duy
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Wendy Béguelin
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Ari Melnick
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Emerging evidence has shown that epigenetic derangements might drive and promote tumorigenesis in various types of malignancies and is prevalent in both B cell and T cell lymphomas. The purpose of this review is to explain how the epigenetic derangements result in a chromatin-remodeled state in lymphoma and contribute to the biology and clinical features of these tumors. RECENT FINDINGS Studies have explored on the functional role of epigenetic derangements in chromatin remodeling and lymphomagenesis. For example, the haploinsufficiency of CREBBP facilitates malignant transformation in mice and directly implicates the importance to re-establish the physiologic acetylation level. New findings identified 4 prominent DLBCL subtypes, including EZB-GC-DLBCL subtype that enriched in mutations of CREBBP, EP300, KMT2D, and SWI/SNF complex genes. EZB subtype has a worse prognosis than other GCB-tumors. Moreover, the action of the histone modifiers as well as chromatin-remodeling factors (e.g., SWI/SNF complex) cooperates to influence the chromatin state resulting in transcription repression. Drugs that alter the epigenetic landscape have been approved in T cell lymphoma. In line with this finding, epigenetic lesions in histone modifiers have recently been uncovered in this disease, further confirming the vulnerability to the therapies targeting epigenetic derangements. Modulating the chromatin state by epigenetic-modifying agents provides precision-medicine opportunities to patients with lymphomas that depend on this biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Liu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Yulissa Gonzalez
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer E Amengual
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
The oncogene BCL6 is up-regulated in glioblastoma in response to DNA damage, and drives survival after therapy. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231470. [PMID: 32320427 PMCID: PMC7176076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis for people with the high-grade brain tumor glioblastoma is very poor, due largely to low cell death in response to genotoxic therapy. The transcription factor BCL6, a protein that normally suppresses the DNA damage response during immune cell maturation, and a known driver of B-cell lymphoma, was shown to mediate the survival of glioblastoma cells. Expression was observed in glioblastoma tumor specimens and cell lines. When BCL6 expression or activity was reduced in these lines, increased apoptosis and a profound loss of proliferation was observed, consistent with gene expression signatures suggestive of anti-apoptotic and pro-survival signaling role for BCL6 in glioblastoma. Further, treatment with the standard therapies for glioblastoma—ionizing radiation and temozolomide—both induced BCL6 expression in vitro, and an in vivo orthotopic animal model of glioblastoma. Importantly, inhibition of BCL6 in combination with genotoxic therapies enhanced the therapeutic effect. Together these data demonstrate that BCL6 is an active transcription factor in glioblastoma, that it drives survival of cells, and that it increased with DNA damage, which increased the survival rate of therapy-treated cells. This makes BCL6 an excellent therapeutic target in glioblastoma—by increasing sensitivity to standard DNA damaging therapy, BCL6 inhibitors have real potential to improve the outcome for people with this disease.
Collapse
|
18
|
Ye W, Luo C, Li C, Huang J, Liu F. Organoids to study immune functions, immunological diseases and immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2020; 477:31-40. [PMID: 32112908 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional organoid culture systems show great promise as innovative physiological and pathophysiological models. Their applications in immunological research have been widely explored. For instance, immune organoids allow functional studies of immune system-related conditions, in a context that closely mimics the in vivo microenvironment, enabling an in-depth understanding of the immune tissue structures and functions. The newly developed coculture organoid and the air-liquid interface (ALI) systems also provided new insights for studying epithelia-immune cell interactions based on their endogenous distribution. Additionally, organoids have enabled the innovation of immunological disease models and exploration of the link between immunity and cancer, showing potential for personalized immunotherapy. This review is an overview of recent advances in the application of organoids in immunological research. Furthermore, the potential improvements for further utilization of organoids in personalized immunotherapy are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China; Clinical Medicine Eight-year Program, Xiangya Medical School of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Cong Luo
- Clinical Medicine Eight-year Program, Xiangya Medical School of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chenglong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China; Clinical Medicine Eight-year Program, Xiangya Medical School of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China; Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Fangkun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Parra M, Baptista MJ, Genescà E, Llinàs-Arias P, Esteller M. Genetics and epigenetics of leukemia and lymphoma: from knowledge to applications, meeting report of the Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute. Hematol Oncol 2020; 38:432-438. [PMID: 32073154 PMCID: PMC7687178 DOI: 10.1002/hon.2725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The meeting, which brought together leading scientists and clinicians in the field of leukemia and lymphoma, was held at the new headquarters of the Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC) in Badalona, Catalonia, Spain, September 19-20, 2019. Its purpose was to highlight the latest advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving blood cancers, and to discuss how this knowledge can be translated into an improved management of the disease. Special emphasis was placed on the role of genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity, and the exploitation of epigenetic regulation for developing biomarkers and novel treatment approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Parra
- Lymphocyte Development and Disease Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Spain
| | - Maria Joao Baptista
- Lymphoid neoplasms Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Spain
| | - Eulàlia Genescà
- Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Spain
| | - Pere Llinàs-Arias
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Spain
| | - Manel Esteller
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.,Physiological Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang P, Wang Z, Liu J. Role of HDACs in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:5. [PMID: 31910827 PMCID: PMC6945581 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-1127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal hematopoiesis requires the accurate orchestration of lineage-specific patterns of gene expression at each stage of development, and epigenetic regulators play a vital role. Disordered epigenetic regulation has emerged as a key mechanism contributing to hematological malignancies. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a series of key transcriptional cofactors that regulate gene expression by deacetylation of lysine residues on histone and nonhistone proteins. In normal hematopoiesis, HDACs are widely involved in the development of various lineages. Their functions involve stemness maintenance, lineage commitment determination, cell differentiation and proliferation, etc. Deregulation of HDACs by abnormal expression or activity and oncogenic HDAC-containing transcriptional complexes are involved in hematological malignancies. Currently, HDAC family members are attractive targets for drug design, and a variety of HDAC-based combination strategies have been developed for the treatment of hematological malignancies. Drug resistance and limited therapeutic efficacy are key issues that hinder the clinical applications of HDAC inhibitors (HDACis). In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of how HDACs and HDAC-containing complexes function in normal hematopoiesis and highlight the etiology of HDACs in hematological malignancies. Moreover, the implication and drug resistance of HDACis are also discussed. This review presents an overview of the physiology and pathology of HDACs in the blood system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wang
- The Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410005, Hunan, China.,Molecular Biology Research Center and Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Zi Wang
- The Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410005, Hunan, China. .,Molecular Biology Research Center and Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- Molecular Biology Research Center and Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang M, Fang X, Wang X. Emerging role of histone deacetylase inhibitors in the treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2019; 61:763-775. [PMID: 31766900 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2019.1691194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although current immunochemotherapy has increased the therapeutic efficacy in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), there are still some patients who present unfavorable outcomes. Novel effective treatment strategies are needed to improve the prognosis of DLBCL. In this review, we discussed the functional mechanisms and therapeutic applications of histone deacetylases inhibitors (HDIs) in DLBCL from preclinical and clinical studies. The mechanistic rationale of HDIs involved a wide range of effects including the regulation of transcription factors, tumor suppressors, and cell surface molecules. Histone deacetylases inhibitors as monotherapy performed limited activity in the treatment of DLBCL in present clinical trials, but its combination with other regimens has emerged as potential treatment candidates with generally acceptable and manageable adverse effects. Further investigation on the anti-tumor mechanisms of HDIs and ongoing clinical trials will hopefully facilitate the application of HDIs in patients with DLBCL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaosheng Fang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yang H, Green MR. Epigenetic Programing of B-Cell Lymphoma by BCL6 and Its Genetic Deregulation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:272. [PMID: 31788471 PMCID: PMC6853842 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell lymphoma is a clinically heterogeneous and pathologically diverse group of diseases with a strong epigenetic component. The B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) gene encodes a transcription factor that is critical for normal germinal center reaction B cell development by maintaining an epigenetic and transcriptional state that is permissive for cellular proliferation and DNA damage. The activity of BCL6 can be deregulated by a variety of mechanisms and contributes to the development of B-cell lymphoma. Here we review the direct and indirect mechanisms BCL6 dysregulation in B cell lymphoma, including transcriptional and post-translational regulation of BCL6 expression and activity, and the perturbation of BCL6-regulated epigenetic programs by cooperating chromatin modifying gene mutations. We underscore the critical importance of BCL6 and its associated epigenetic programs in the development of B-cell lymphoma, and discuss avenues for the therapeutic targeting of BCL6 in this context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haopeng Yang
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michael R Green
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ribeiro ML, Reyes-Garau D, Armengol M, Fernández-Serrano M, Roué G. Recent Advances in the Targeting of Epigenetic Regulators in B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Front Genet 2019; 10:986. [PMID: 31681423 PMCID: PMC6807552 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last 10 years, major advances have been made in the diagnosis and development of selective therapies for several blood cancers, including B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL), a heterogeneous group of malignancies arising from the mature B lymphocyte compartment. However, most of these entities remain incurable and current treatments are associated with variable efficacy, several adverse events, and frequent relapses. Thus, new diagnostic paradigms and novel therapeutic options are required to improve the prognosis of patients with B-NHL. With the recent deciphering of the mutational landscapes of B-cell disorders by high-throughput sequencing, it came out that different epigenetic deregulations might drive and/or promote B lymphomagenesis. Consistently, over the last decade, numerous epigenetic drugs (or epidrugs) have emerged in the clinical management of B-NHL patients. In this review, we will present an overview of the most relevant epidrugs tested and/or used so far for the treatment of different subtypes of B-NHL, from first-generation epigenetic therapies like histone acetyl transferases (HDACs) or DNA-methyl transferases (DNMTs) inhibitors to new agents showing selectivity for proteins that are mutated, translocated, and/or overexpressed in these diseases, including EZH2, BET, and PRMT. We will dissect the mechanisms of action of these epigenetic inhibitors, as well as the molecular processes underlying their lack of efficacy in refractory patients. This review will also provide a summary of the latest strategies being employed in preclinical and clinical settings, and will point out the most promising lines of investigation in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo L. Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Molecular Biology, Sao Francisco University Medical School, Braganca Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diana Reyes-Garau
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Armengol
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miranda Fernández-Serrano
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gaël Roué
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ding S, Zhang Q, Luo S, Gao L, Huang J, Lu J, Chen J, Zeng Q, Guo A, Zeng J, Lu Q. BCL-6 suppresses miR-142-3p/5p expression in SLE CD4 + T cells by modulating histone methylation and acetylation of the miR-142 promoter. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 17:474-482. [PMID: 31431691 PMCID: PMC7192839 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0268-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The reduced expression of miR-142-3p/5p in CD4+ T cells of SLE patients caused T cell hyperactivity and B cell hyperstimulation. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of regulating miR-142-3p/5p expression in SLE CD4+ T cells. The BCL-6 expression was significantly increased in SLE CD4+ T cells compared with normal controls, and the BCL-6 expression was inversely correlated with miR-142-3p/5p expression. BCL-6 suppresses the expression of miR-142-3p/5p by increasing H3K27me3 level and reducing H3K9/K14ac levels in SLE CD4+ T cells. BCL-6 regulates histone modifications in miR-142 promoter by recruiting EZH2 and HDAC5. Furthermore, we observed significantly decreased CD40L, ICOS, and IL-21 expression levels in SLE CD4+ T cells with BCL-6 interference, and obviously reduced autoantibody IgG production in autologous B cells co-cultured with BCL-6 inhibited SLE CD4+ T cells. Our study found that increased BCL-6 up-regulates H3K27me3 and down-regulates H3K9/14ac at miR-142 promoter in SLE CD4+ T cells. These factors induce a declination in miR-142-3p/5p expression, consequently resulting in CD4+ T cell hyperactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Ding
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, #138 Tong Zipo Road, 410013, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, #139 Renmin Middle Road, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuangyan Luo
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, #139 Renmin Middle Road, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lihua Gao
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, #138 Tong Zipo Road, 410013, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jinhua Huang
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, #138 Tong Zipo Road, 410013, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianyun Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, #138 Tong Zipo Road, 410013, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, #138 Tong Zipo Road, 410013, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qinghai Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, #138 Tong Zipo Road, 410013, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Aiyuan Guo
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, #138 Tong Zipo Road, 410013, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jinrong Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, #138 Tong Zipo Road, 410013, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, #139 Renmin Middle Road, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Schuldner M, Dörsam B, Shatnyeva O, Reiners KS, Kubarenko A, Hansen HP, Finkernagel F, Roth K, Theurich S, Nist A, Stiewe T, Paschen A, Knittel G, Reinhardt HC, Müller R, Hallek M, von Strandmann EP. Exosome-dependent immune surveillance at the metastatic niche requires BAG6 and CBP/p300-dependent acetylation of p53. Theranostics 2019; 9:6047-6062. [PMID: 31534536 PMCID: PMC6735508 DOI: 10.7150/thno.36378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles released by tumor cells contribute to the reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment and interfere with hallmarks of cancer including metastasis. Notably, melanoma cell-derived EVs are able to establish a pre-metastatic niche in distant organs, or on the contrary, exert anti-tumor activity. However, molecular insights into how vesicles are selectively packaged with cargo defining their specific functions remain elusive. Methods: Here, we investigated the role of the chaperone Bcl2-associated anthogene 6 (BAG6, synonym Bat3) for the formation of pro- and anti-tumor EVs. EVs collected from wildtype cells and BAG6-deficient cells were characterized by mass spectrometry and RNAseq. Their tumorigenic potential was analyzed using the B-16V transplantation mouse melanoma model. Results: We demonstrate that EVs from B-16V cells inhibit lung metastasis associated with the mobilization of Ly6Clow patrolling monocytes. The formation of these anti-tumor-EVs was dependent on acetylation of p53 by the BAG6/CBP/p300-acetylase complex, followed by recruitment of components of the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) via a P(S/T)AP double motif of BAG6. Genetic ablation of BAG6 and disruption of this pathway led to the release of a distinct EV subtype, which failed to suppress metastasis but recruited tumor-promoting neutrophils to the pre-metastatic niche. Conclusion: We conclude that the BAG6/CBP/p300-p53 axis is a key pathway directing EV cargo loading and thus a potential novel microenvironmental therapeutic target.
Collapse
|
26
|
Mlynarczyk C, Fontán L, Melnick A. Germinal center-derived lymphomas: The darkest side of humoral immunity. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:214-239. [PMID: 30874354 PMCID: PMC6518944 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the unusual features of germinal center (GC) B cells is that they manifest many hallmarks of cancer cells. Accordingly, most B-cell neoplasms originate from the GC reaction, and characteristically display abundant point mutations, structural genomic lesions, and clonal diversity from the genetic and epigenetic standpoints. The dominant biological theme of GC-derived lymphomas is mutation of genes involved in epigenetic regulation and immune receptor signaling, which come into play at critical transitional stages of the GC reaction. Hence, mechanistic studies of these mutations reveal fundamental insight into the biology of the normal and malignant GC B cell. The BCL6 transcription factor plays a central role in establishing the GC phenotype in B cells, and most lymphomas are dependent on BCL6 to maintain survival, proliferation, and perhaps immune evasion. Many lymphoma mutations have the commonality of enhancing the oncogenic functions of BCL6, or overcoming some of its tumor suppressive effects. Herein, we discuss how unique features of the GC reaction create vulnerabilities that select for particular lymphoma mutations. We examine the interplay between epigenetic programming, metabolism, signaling, and immune regulatory mechanisms in lymphoma, and discuss how these are leading to novel precision therapy strategies to treat lymphoma patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Coraline Mlynarczyk
- Department of MedicineDivision of Hematology & Medical OncologyWeill Cornell MedicineNew York CityNew York
| | - Lorena Fontán
- Department of MedicineDivision of Hematology & Medical OncologyWeill Cornell MedicineNew York CityNew York
| | - Ari Melnick
- Department of MedicineDivision of Hematology & Medical OncologyWeill Cornell MedicineNew York CityNew York
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jiao J, Jin Y, Zheng M, Zhang H, Yuan M, Lv Z, Odhiambo W, Yu X, Zhang P, Li C, Ma Y, Ji Y. AID and TET2 co-operation modulates FANCA expression by active demethylation in diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 195:190-201. [PMID: 30357811 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is traced to a mature B malignance carrying abnormal activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) expression. AID activity initially focuses on deamination of cytidine to uracil to generate somatic hypermutation and class-switch recombination of the immunoglobulin (Ig), but recently it has been implicated in DNA demethylation of genes required for B cell development and proliferation in the germinal centre (GC). However, whether AID activity on mutation or demethylation of genes involves oncogenesis of DLBCL has not been well characterized. Our data demonstrate that the proto-oncogene Fanconi anaemia complementation group A (FANCA) is highly expressed in DLBCL patients and cell lines, respectively. AID recruits demethylation enzyme ten eleven translocation family member (TET2) to bind the FANCA promoter. As a result, FANCA is demethylated and its expression increases in DLBCL. On the basis of our findings, we have developed a new therapeutic strategy to significantly inhibit DLBCL cell growth by combination of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib with AID and TET2 depletion. These findings support a novel mechanism that AID has a crucial role in active demethylation for oncogene activation in DLBCL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Jiao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Y Jin
- Department of Pathology, the 2nd Affiliated hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - M Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, China
| | - H Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, China
| | - M Yuan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Z Lv
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, China
| | - W Odhiambo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, China
| | - X Yu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, China
| | - P Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, China
| | - C Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, China
| | - Y Ma
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Y Ji
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cheng H, Linhares BM, Yu W, Cardenas MG, Ai Y, Jiang W, Winkler A, Cohen S, Melnick A, MacKerell A, Cierpicki T, Xue F. Identification of Thiourea-Based Inhibitors of the B-Cell Lymphoma 6 BTB Domain via NMR-Based Fragment Screening and Computer-Aided Drug Design. J Med Chem 2018; 61:7573-7588. [PMID: 29969259 PMCID: PMC6334293 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPI) between the transcriptional repressor B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) BTB domain (BCL6BTB) and its corepressors have emerged as a promising target for anticancer therapeutics. However, identification of potent, drug-like inhibitors of BCL6BTB has remained challenging. Using NMR-based screening of a library of fragment-like small molecules, we have identified a thiourea compound (7CC5) that binds to BCL6BTB. From this hit, the application of computer-aided drug design (CADD), medicinal chemistry, NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography has yielded an inhibitor, 15f, that demonstrated over 100-fold improved potency for BCL6BTB. This gain in potency was achieved by a unique binding mode that mimics the binding mode of the corepressor SMRT in the aromatic and the HDCH sites. The structure-activity relationship based on these new inhibitors will have a significant impact on the rational design of novel BCL6 inhibitors, facilitating the identification of therapeutics for the treatment of BCL6-dependent tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Cheng
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - Brian M. Linhares
- University of Michigan, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Wenbo Yu
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA,University of Maryland Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - Mariano G. Cardenas
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Hematology/Oncology, New York, New York, 10021, USA
| | - Yong Ai
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - Wenjuan Jiang
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA,University of Maryland Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - Alyssa Winkler
- University of Michigan, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Sandra Cohen
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Hematology/Oncology, New York, New York, 10021, USA
| | - Ari Melnick
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Hematology/Oncology, New York, New York, 10021, USA
| | - Alexander MacKerell
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA,University of Maryland Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - Tomasz Cierpicki
- University of Michigan, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA,Correspondence to: Professor Fengtian Xue at the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA, Phone: 410-706-8521, , Professor Tomasz Cierpicki at the University of Michigan, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA, Phone: 734-615-9324,
| | - Fengtian Xue
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA,University of Maryland Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA,Correspondence to: Professor Fengtian Xue at the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA, Phone: 410-706-8521, , Professor Tomasz Cierpicki at the University of Michigan, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA, Phone: 734-615-9324,
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kikuchi H, Higuchi T, Hashida Y, Taniguchi A, Kamioka M, Taguchi T, Yokoyama A, Murakami I, Fujieda M, Daibata M. Generation and characteristics of a novel "double-hit" high grade B-cell lymphoma cell line DH-My6 with MYC/ IGH and BCL6/ IGH gene arrangements and potential molecular targeted therapies. Oncotarget 2018; 9:33482-33499. [PMID: 30323893 PMCID: PMC6173362 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
“Double-hit” lymphoma (DHL) is a high-grade B-cell lymphoma that harbors concurrent MYC and BCL2 or BCL6 rearrangements. Because cases of MYC/BCL6 DHL are uncommon, most reported conclusions have been based on cases of MYC/BCL2 DHL. Lack of experimental MYC/BCL6 DHL models continues to hinder the pathophysiologic and therapeutic investigations of this disorder. We herein describe a novel MYC/BCL6 DHL cell line, designated DH-My6, carrying both the MYC–IGH and BCL6–IGH fusion genes. Interruptions of MYC and BCL6 expressions using short interfering RNAs and chemical inhibitors led to significant attenuation of DH-My6 cell growth. Greater antitumor effects were found when the cells were treated with a combination of MYC and BCL6 inhibitors. Moreover, the PLK1 inhibitor volasertib and the HDAC inhibitor vorinostat synergized strongly when combined with the bromodomain inhibitor JQ1. DH-My6 is a new well-validated MYC/BCL6 DHL cell line that will provide a useful model for studies of the pathogenesis and therapeutics for the less common DHL tumor type. The rationale for approaches targeting both MYC and BCL6, and in combination with PLK1 or HDAC inhibitors for superior suppression of the aggressive MYC/BCL6 DHL warrants further in vivo testing in a preclinical model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kikuchi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Tomonori Higuchi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Yumiko Hashida
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Ayuko Taniguchi
- Department of Hematology and Respiratory Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Mikio Kamioka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Takahiro Taguchi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Akihito Yokoyama
- Department of Hematology and Respiratory Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Ichiro Murakami
- Department of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Mikiya Fujieda
- Department of Pediatrics, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Masanori Daibata
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Pera B, Krumsiek J, Assouline SE, Marullo R, Patel J, Phillip JM, Román L, Mann KK, Cerchietti L. Metabolomic Profiling Reveals Cellular Reprogramming of B-Cell Lymphoma by a Lysine Deacetylase Inhibitor through the Choline Pathway. EBioMedicine 2018; 28:80-89. [PMID: 29396295 PMCID: PMC5835559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the proven clinical antineoplastic activity of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACI), their effect has been reported to be lower than expected in B-cell lymphomas. Traditionally considered as “epigenetic drugs”, HDACI modify the acetylation status of an extensive proteome, acting as general lysine deacetylase inhibitors (KDACI), and thus potentially impacting various branches of cellular metabolism. Here, we demonstrate through metabolomic profiling of patient plasma and cell lines that the KDACI panobinostat alters lipid metabolism and downstream survival signaling in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL). Specifically, panobinostat induces metabolic adaptations resulting in newly acquired dependency on the choline pathway and activation of PI3K signaling. This metabolic reprogramming decreased the antineoplastic effect of panobinostat. Conversely, inhibition of these metabolic adaptations resulted in superior anti-lymphoma effect as demonstrated by the combination of panobinostat with a choline pathway inhibitor. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the power of metabolomics in identifying unknown effects of KDACI, and emphasizes the need for a better understanding of these drugs in order to achieve successful clinical implementation. Lysine deacetylase inhibitor (KDACI) treatment alters choline metabolism in B-cell lymphoma patients. KDACI-treated lymphoma cells acquire PI3K pathway dependency via increased choline kinase A (CHKA) activity. Targeting the acquired choline dependency improves the anti-lymphoma effect of KDACI.
Pera et al. explored the effects of the lysine deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat in the metabolism of patients with lymphoma. They demonstrated that panobinostat alters choline metabolism leading to PI3K pathway activation. Their findings revealed the mechanism behind the anti-lymphoma activity of dual lysine deacetylase/PI3K inhibitors, and uncovered a novel therapeutic strategy based on targeting choline pathway following panobinostat treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benet Pera
- Hematology and Oncology Division, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jan Krumsiek
- Hematology and Oncology Division, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sarit E Assouline
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rossella Marullo
- Hematology and Oncology Division, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jayeshkumar Patel
- Hematology and Oncology Division, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jude M Phillip
- Hematology and Oncology Division, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lidia Román
- Hematology and Oncology Division, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Koren K Mann
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Leandro Cerchietti
- Hematology and Oncology Division, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Slone WL, Moses BS, Hare I, Evans R, Piktel D, Gibson LF. BCL6 modulation of acute lymphoblastic leukemia response to chemotherapy. Oncotarget 2018; 7:23439-53. [PMID: 27015556 PMCID: PMC5029638 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The bone marrow niche has a significant impact on acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell phenotype. Of clinical relevance is the frequency with which quiescent leukemic cells, in this niche, survive treatment and contribute to relapse. This study suggests that marrow microenvironment regulation of BCL6 in ALL is one factor that may be involved in the transition between proliferative and quiescent states of ALL cells. Utilizing ALL cell lines, and primary patient tumor cells we observed that tumor cell BCL6 protein abundance is decreased in the presence of primary human bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) and osteoblasts (HOB). Chemical inhibition, or shRNA knockdown, of BCL6 in ALL cells resulted in diminished ALL proliferation. As many chemotherapy regimens require tumor cell proliferation for optimal efficacy, we investigated the consequences of constitutive BCL6 expression in leukemic cells during co-culture with BMSC or HOB. Forced chronic expression of BCL6 during co-culture with BMSC or HOB sensitized the tumor to chemotherapy induced cell death. Combination treatment of caffeine, which increases BCL6 expression in ALL cells, with chemotherapy extended the event free survival of mice. These data suggest that BCL6 is one factor, modulated by microenvironment derived cues that may contribute to regulation of ALL therapeutic response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William L Slone
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of The WVU Cancer Institute, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Blake S Moses
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of The WVU Cancer Institute, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ian Hare
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of The WVU Cancer Institute, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Rebecca Evans
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of The WVU Cancer Institute, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Debbie Piktel
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of The WVU Cancer Institute, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Laura F Gibson
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of The WVU Cancer Institute, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Leeman-Neill
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Govind Bhagat
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gascoyne RD, Nadel B, Pasqualucci L, Fitzgibbon J, Payton JE, Melnick A, Weigert O, Tarte K, Gribben JG, Friedberg JW, Seymour JF, Cavalli F, Zucca E. Follicular lymphoma: State-of-the-art ICML workshop in Lugano 2015. Hematol Oncol 2017; 35:397-407. [PMID: 28378425 DOI: 10.1002/hon.2411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The 13th International Conference on Malignant Lymphoma held in Lugano in June 2015 was preceded by a closed workshop (organized in collaboration with the American Association for Cancer Research and the European School of Oncology) with the aim of developing an up-to-date understanding of the biology of follicular lymphoma and the clinical implications of new findings in the field. Discussed topics included the mutational spectrum at diagnosis, the clinical correlates of genetic and epigenetic alterations, the mechanisms of clonal evolution and histological transformation, the cross talk between tumor cells and microenvironment, and the development of novel treatments. This report represents a summary of the workshop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randy D Gascoyne
- Department of Pathology and the Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency and University of BC, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bertrand Nadel
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Marseille, France
| | - Laura Pasqualucci
- Institute of Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jude Fitzgibbon
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jacqueline E Payton
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ari Melnick
- Weill Cornell Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Oliver Weigert
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Karin Tarte
- UMR INSERM U917, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - John G Gribben
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - John F Seymour
- Department of Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, and University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Franco Cavalli
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ospedale San Giovanni, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Emanuele Zucca
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ospedale San Giovanni, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kühnl A, Cunningham D, Chau I. Beyond genomics - Targeting the epigenome in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Cancer Treat Rev 2017; 59:132-137. [PMID: 28822237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
After decades of intense research on genetic alterations in cancer and successful implementation of genetically-based targeted therapies, the field of cancer epigenetics is only beginning to be fully recognized. The discovery of frequent mutations in genes modifying the epigenome in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) has highlighted the outstanding role of epigenetic deregulation in this disease. Identification of epigenetically-driven DLBCL subgroups and development of novel epigenetic drugs have rapidly advanced. However, further insights are needed into the biological consequences of epigenetic alterations and the possibility of restoring the aberrant epigenome with specific therapies to bring this treatment concept further into clinical practice. This review will summarize the main epigenetic changes found in DLBCL and their potential for precision medicine approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kühnl
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - David Cunningham
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Chau
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Surrey, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Staiger AM, Ziepert M, Horn H, Scott DW, Barth TFE, Bernd HW, Feller AC, Klapper W, Szczepanowski M, Hummel M, Stein H, Lenze D, Hansmann ML, Hartmann S, Möller P, Cogliatti S, Lenz G, Trümper L, Löffler M, Schmitz N, Pfreundschuh M, Rosenwald A, Ott G. Clinical Impact of the Cell-of-Origin Classification and the MYC/ BCL2 Dual Expresser Status in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Treated Within Prospective Clinical Trials of the German High-Grade Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2017; 35:2515-2526. [PMID: 28525305 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2016.70.3660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To explore the prognostic impact and interdependence of the cell-of-origin (COO) classification, dual expression (DE) of MYC and BCL2 proteins, and MYC, BCL2, and BCL6 translocations in two prospectively randomized clinical trials of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Patients and Methods Overall, 452 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples from two prospective, randomized DLBCL trials (RICOVER-60, prospective, randomized study for patients > 60 years, all IPI groups; and R-MegaCHOEP, prospective, randomized study for patients ≤ 60 years with age-adjusted IPI 2,3) of the German High-Grade Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group were analyzed with the Lymph2Cx assay for COO classification, with immunohistochemistry for MYC and BCL2, and with fluorescent in situ hybridization for MYC, BCL2, and BCL6 rearrangements. Results COO classification was successful in 414 of 452 samples. No significant differences with respect to COO (activated B-cell [ABC]-like DLBCL v germinal center B-cell [GCB]-like DLBCL) were observed in event-free survival, progression-free survival, and overall survival in patients treated with rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) in the RICOVER-60 trial. Also, no differences with respect to COO were observed in multivariable analyses adjusted for International Prognostic Index factors in event-free survival (hazard ratio [HR] of ABC-like disease v GCB-like disease, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.6 to 1.6; P = .93), progression-free survival (HR, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.6 to 1.8; P = .82), and overall survival (HR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.6 to 1.8; P = .96). Similar results were observed in the R-MegaCHOEP trial. In patients treated with R-CHOP, DE status was associated with significantly inferior survival compared with nonDE within the GCB, but not within the ABC subgroup. DE status was associated with significantly inferior outcome compared with patients with ABC-like DLBCL without DE (5-year PFS rate, 39% [95% CI,19% to 59%] v 68% [95% CI, 52% to 85%]; P = .03) and compared with patients with GCB-like DLBCL without DE. When data from patients with nonDE were analyzed separately, the outcome of patients in the ABC subgroup was inferior to that of patients in the GCB subgroup (5-year PFS rate, 68% [95% CI, 52% to 85%] v 85% [95% CI, 74% to 96%]; P = .04). Conclusion COO profiling in two prospective randomized DLBCL trials failed to identify prognostic subgroups, whereas dual expression of MYC and BCL2 was predictive of poor survival. Evaluation of prognostic or predictive biomarkers in the management of DLBCL, such as the COO, within prospective clinical trials will be important in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette M Staiger
- Annette M. Staiger, Heike Horn, and German Ott, Institute of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen; Marita Ziepert and Markus Löffler, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig; Thomas F.E. Barth and Peter Möller, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm; Heinz-Wolfram Bernd and Alfred C. Feller, Haematopathologie Luebeck, Luebeck; Wolfram Klapper and Monika Szczepanowski, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Monika Szczepanowski, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Michael Hummel and Dido Lenze, Institute of Pathology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Universitätsmedizin; Harald Stein, Pathodiagnostik Berlin, Berlin; Martin-Leo Hansmann and Sylvia Hartmann, Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt; Georg Lenz, Translational Oncology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, University Hospital Münster, and Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster; Lorenz Trümper, Georg-August Universität, Göttingen; Norbert Schmitz, Asklepios Klinik St Georg, Hamburg; Michael Pfreundschuh, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg/Saar; Andreas Rosenwald, Institute of Pathology, Universität Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany; David W. Scott, Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and Sergio Cogliatti, Institute of Pathology, Kantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Marita Ziepert
- Annette M. Staiger, Heike Horn, and German Ott, Institute of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen; Marita Ziepert and Markus Löffler, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig; Thomas F.E. Barth and Peter Möller, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm; Heinz-Wolfram Bernd and Alfred C. Feller, Haematopathologie Luebeck, Luebeck; Wolfram Klapper and Monika Szczepanowski, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Monika Szczepanowski, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Michael Hummel and Dido Lenze, Institute of Pathology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Universitätsmedizin; Harald Stein, Pathodiagnostik Berlin, Berlin; Martin-Leo Hansmann and Sylvia Hartmann, Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt; Georg Lenz, Translational Oncology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, University Hospital Münster, and Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster; Lorenz Trümper, Georg-August Universität, Göttingen; Norbert Schmitz, Asklepios Klinik St Georg, Hamburg; Michael Pfreundschuh, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg/Saar; Andreas Rosenwald, Institute of Pathology, Universität Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany; David W. Scott, Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and Sergio Cogliatti, Institute of Pathology, Kantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Heike Horn
- Annette M. Staiger, Heike Horn, and German Ott, Institute of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen; Marita Ziepert and Markus Löffler, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig; Thomas F.E. Barth and Peter Möller, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm; Heinz-Wolfram Bernd and Alfred C. Feller, Haematopathologie Luebeck, Luebeck; Wolfram Klapper and Monika Szczepanowski, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Monika Szczepanowski, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Michael Hummel and Dido Lenze, Institute of Pathology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Universitätsmedizin; Harald Stein, Pathodiagnostik Berlin, Berlin; Martin-Leo Hansmann and Sylvia Hartmann, Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt; Georg Lenz, Translational Oncology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, University Hospital Münster, and Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster; Lorenz Trümper, Georg-August Universität, Göttingen; Norbert Schmitz, Asklepios Klinik St Georg, Hamburg; Michael Pfreundschuh, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg/Saar; Andreas Rosenwald, Institute of Pathology, Universität Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany; David W. Scott, Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and Sergio Cogliatti, Institute of Pathology, Kantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - David W Scott
- Annette M. Staiger, Heike Horn, and German Ott, Institute of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen; Marita Ziepert and Markus Löffler, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig; Thomas F.E. Barth and Peter Möller, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm; Heinz-Wolfram Bernd and Alfred C. Feller, Haematopathologie Luebeck, Luebeck; Wolfram Klapper and Monika Szczepanowski, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Monika Szczepanowski, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Michael Hummel and Dido Lenze, Institute of Pathology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Universitätsmedizin; Harald Stein, Pathodiagnostik Berlin, Berlin; Martin-Leo Hansmann and Sylvia Hartmann, Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt; Georg Lenz, Translational Oncology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, University Hospital Münster, and Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster; Lorenz Trümper, Georg-August Universität, Göttingen; Norbert Schmitz, Asklepios Klinik St Georg, Hamburg; Michael Pfreundschuh, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg/Saar; Andreas Rosenwald, Institute of Pathology, Universität Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany; David W. Scott, Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and Sergio Cogliatti, Institute of Pathology, Kantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Thomas F E Barth
- Annette M. Staiger, Heike Horn, and German Ott, Institute of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen; Marita Ziepert and Markus Löffler, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig; Thomas F.E. Barth and Peter Möller, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm; Heinz-Wolfram Bernd and Alfred C. Feller, Haematopathologie Luebeck, Luebeck; Wolfram Klapper and Monika Szczepanowski, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Monika Szczepanowski, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Michael Hummel and Dido Lenze, Institute of Pathology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Universitätsmedizin; Harald Stein, Pathodiagnostik Berlin, Berlin; Martin-Leo Hansmann and Sylvia Hartmann, Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt; Georg Lenz, Translational Oncology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, University Hospital Münster, and Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster; Lorenz Trümper, Georg-August Universität, Göttingen; Norbert Schmitz, Asklepios Klinik St Georg, Hamburg; Michael Pfreundschuh, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg/Saar; Andreas Rosenwald, Institute of Pathology, Universität Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany; David W. Scott, Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and Sergio Cogliatti, Institute of Pathology, Kantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Heinz-Wolfram Bernd
- Annette M. Staiger, Heike Horn, and German Ott, Institute of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen; Marita Ziepert and Markus Löffler, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig; Thomas F.E. Barth and Peter Möller, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm; Heinz-Wolfram Bernd and Alfred C. Feller, Haematopathologie Luebeck, Luebeck; Wolfram Klapper and Monika Szczepanowski, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Monika Szczepanowski, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Michael Hummel and Dido Lenze, Institute of Pathology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Universitätsmedizin; Harald Stein, Pathodiagnostik Berlin, Berlin; Martin-Leo Hansmann and Sylvia Hartmann, Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt; Georg Lenz, Translational Oncology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, University Hospital Münster, and Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster; Lorenz Trümper, Georg-August Universität, Göttingen; Norbert Schmitz, Asklepios Klinik St Georg, Hamburg; Michael Pfreundschuh, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg/Saar; Andreas Rosenwald, Institute of Pathology, Universität Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany; David W. Scott, Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and Sergio Cogliatti, Institute of Pathology, Kantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Alfred C Feller
- Annette M. Staiger, Heike Horn, and German Ott, Institute of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen; Marita Ziepert and Markus Löffler, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig; Thomas F.E. Barth and Peter Möller, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm; Heinz-Wolfram Bernd and Alfred C. Feller, Haematopathologie Luebeck, Luebeck; Wolfram Klapper and Monika Szczepanowski, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Monika Szczepanowski, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Michael Hummel and Dido Lenze, Institute of Pathology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Universitätsmedizin; Harald Stein, Pathodiagnostik Berlin, Berlin; Martin-Leo Hansmann and Sylvia Hartmann, Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt; Georg Lenz, Translational Oncology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, University Hospital Münster, and Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster; Lorenz Trümper, Georg-August Universität, Göttingen; Norbert Schmitz, Asklepios Klinik St Georg, Hamburg; Michael Pfreundschuh, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg/Saar; Andreas Rosenwald, Institute of Pathology, Universität Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany; David W. Scott, Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and Sergio Cogliatti, Institute of Pathology, Kantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Wolfram Klapper
- Annette M. Staiger, Heike Horn, and German Ott, Institute of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen; Marita Ziepert and Markus Löffler, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig; Thomas F.E. Barth and Peter Möller, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm; Heinz-Wolfram Bernd and Alfred C. Feller, Haematopathologie Luebeck, Luebeck; Wolfram Klapper and Monika Szczepanowski, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Monika Szczepanowski, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Michael Hummel and Dido Lenze, Institute of Pathology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Universitätsmedizin; Harald Stein, Pathodiagnostik Berlin, Berlin; Martin-Leo Hansmann and Sylvia Hartmann, Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt; Georg Lenz, Translational Oncology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, University Hospital Münster, and Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster; Lorenz Trümper, Georg-August Universität, Göttingen; Norbert Schmitz, Asklepios Klinik St Georg, Hamburg; Michael Pfreundschuh, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg/Saar; Andreas Rosenwald, Institute of Pathology, Universität Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany; David W. Scott, Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and Sergio Cogliatti, Institute of Pathology, Kantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Monika Szczepanowski
- Annette M. Staiger, Heike Horn, and German Ott, Institute of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen; Marita Ziepert and Markus Löffler, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig; Thomas F.E. Barth and Peter Möller, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm; Heinz-Wolfram Bernd and Alfred C. Feller, Haematopathologie Luebeck, Luebeck; Wolfram Klapper and Monika Szczepanowski, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Monika Szczepanowski, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Michael Hummel and Dido Lenze, Institute of Pathology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Universitätsmedizin; Harald Stein, Pathodiagnostik Berlin, Berlin; Martin-Leo Hansmann and Sylvia Hartmann, Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt; Georg Lenz, Translational Oncology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, University Hospital Münster, and Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster; Lorenz Trümper, Georg-August Universität, Göttingen; Norbert Schmitz, Asklepios Klinik St Georg, Hamburg; Michael Pfreundschuh, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg/Saar; Andreas Rosenwald, Institute of Pathology, Universität Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany; David W. Scott, Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and Sergio Cogliatti, Institute of Pathology, Kantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hummel
- Annette M. Staiger, Heike Horn, and German Ott, Institute of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen; Marita Ziepert and Markus Löffler, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig; Thomas F.E. Barth and Peter Möller, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm; Heinz-Wolfram Bernd and Alfred C. Feller, Haematopathologie Luebeck, Luebeck; Wolfram Klapper and Monika Szczepanowski, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Monika Szczepanowski, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Michael Hummel and Dido Lenze, Institute of Pathology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Universitätsmedizin; Harald Stein, Pathodiagnostik Berlin, Berlin; Martin-Leo Hansmann and Sylvia Hartmann, Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt; Georg Lenz, Translational Oncology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, University Hospital Münster, and Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster; Lorenz Trümper, Georg-August Universität, Göttingen; Norbert Schmitz, Asklepios Klinik St Georg, Hamburg; Michael Pfreundschuh, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg/Saar; Andreas Rosenwald, Institute of Pathology, Universität Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany; David W. Scott, Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and Sergio Cogliatti, Institute of Pathology, Kantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Harald Stein
- Annette M. Staiger, Heike Horn, and German Ott, Institute of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen; Marita Ziepert and Markus Löffler, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig; Thomas F.E. Barth and Peter Möller, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm; Heinz-Wolfram Bernd and Alfred C. Feller, Haematopathologie Luebeck, Luebeck; Wolfram Klapper and Monika Szczepanowski, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Monika Szczepanowski, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Michael Hummel and Dido Lenze, Institute of Pathology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Universitätsmedizin; Harald Stein, Pathodiagnostik Berlin, Berlin; Martin-Leo Hansmann and Sylvia Hartmann, Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt; Georg Lenz, Translational Oncology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, University Hospital Münster, and Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster; Lorenz Trümper, Georg-August Universität, Göttingen; Norbert Schmitz, Asklepios Klinik St Georg, Hamburg; Michael Pfreundschuh, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg/Saar; Andreas Rosenwald, Institute of Pathology, Universität Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany; David W. Scott, Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and Sergio Cogliatti, Institute of Pathology, Kantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Dido Lenze
- Annette M. Staiger, Heike Horn, and German Ott, Institute of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen; Marita Ziepert and Markus Löffler, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig; Thomas F.E. Barth and Peter Möller, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm; Heinz-Wolfram Bernd and Alfred C. Feller, Haematopathologie Luebeck, Luebeck; Wolfram Klapper and Monika Szczepanowski, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Monika Szczepanowski, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Michael Hummel and Dido Lenze, Institute of Pathology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Universitätsmedizin; Harald Stein, Pathodiagnostik Berlin, Berlin; Martin-Leo Hansmann and Sylvia Hartmann, Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt; Georg Lenz, Translational Oncology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, University Hospital Münster, and Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster; Lorenz Trümper, Georg-August Universität, Göttingen; Norbert Schmitz, Asklepios Klinik St Georg, Hamburg; Michael Pfreundschuh, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg/Saar; Andreas Rosenwald, Institute of Pathology, Universität Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany; David W. Scott, Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and Sergio Cogliatti, Institute of Pathology, Kantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Martin-Leo Hansmann
- Annette M. Staiger, Heike Horn, and German Ott, Institute of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen; Marita Ziepert and Markus Löffler, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig; Thomas F.E. Barth and Peter Möller, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm; Heinz-Wolfram Bernd and Alfred C. Feller, Haematopathologie Luebeck, Luebeck; Wolfram Klapper and Monika Szczepanowski, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Monika Szczepanowski, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Michael Hummel and Dido Lenze, Institute of Pathology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Universitätsmedizin; Harald Stein, Pathodiagnostik Berlin, Berlin; Martin-Leo Hansmann and Sylvia Hartmann, Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt; Georg Lenz, Translational Oncology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, University Hospital Münster, and Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster; Lorenz Trümper, Georg-August Universität, Göttingen; Norbert Schmitz, Asklepios Klinik St Georg, Hamburg; Michael Pfreundschuh, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg/Saar; Andreas Rosenwald, Institute of Pathology, Universität Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany; David W. Scott, Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and Sergio Cogliatti, Institute of Pathology, Kantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Hartmann
- Annette M. Staiger, Heike Horn, and German Ott, Institute of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen; Marita Ziepert and Markus Löffler, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig; Thomas F.E. Barth and Peter Möller, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm; Heinz-Wolfram Bernd and Alfred C. Feller, Haematopathologie Luebeck, Luebeck; Wolfram Klapper and Monika Szczepanowski, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Monika Szczepanowski, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Michael Hummel and Dido Lenze, Institute of Pathology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Universitätsmedizin; Harald Stein, Pathodiagnostik Berlin, Berlin; Martin-Leo Hansmann and Sylvia Hartmann, Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt; Georg Lenz, Translational Oncology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, University Hospital Münster, and Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster; Lorenz Trümper, Georg-August Universität, Göttingen; Norbert Schmitz, Asklepios Klinik St Georg, Hamburg; Michael Pfreundschuh, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg/Saar; Andreas Rosenwald, Institute of Pathology, Universität Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany; David W. Scott, Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and Sergio Cogliatti, Institute of Pathology, Kantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Peter Möller
- Annette M. Staiger, Heike Horn, and German Ott, Institute of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen; Marita Ziepert and Markus Löffler, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig; Thomas F.E. Barth and Peter Möller, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm; Heinz-Wolfram Bernd and Alfred C. Feller, Haematopathologie Luebeck, Luebeck; Wolfram Klapper and Monika Szczepanowski, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Monika Szczepanowski, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Michael Hummel and Dido Lenze, Institute of Pathology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Universitätsmedizin; Harald Stein, Pathodiagnostik Berlin, Berlin; Martin-Leo Hansmann and Sylvia Hartmann, Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt; Georg Lenz, Translational Oncology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, University Hospital Münster, and Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster; Lorenz Trümper, Georg-August Universität, Göttingen; Norbert Schmitz, Asklepios Klinik St Georg, Hamburg; Michael Pfreundschuh, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg/Saar; Andreas Rosenwald, Institute of Pathology, Universität Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany; David W. Scott, Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and Sergio Cogliatti, Institute of Pathology, Kantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Cogliatti
- Annette M. Staiger, Heike Horn, and German Ott, Institute of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen; Marita Ziepert and Markus Löffler, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig; Thomas F.E. Barth and Peter Möller, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm; Heinz-Wolfram Bernd and Alfred C. Feller, Haematopathologie Luebeck, Luebeck; Wolfram Klapper and Monika Szczepanowski, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Monika Szczepanowski, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Michael Hummel and Dido Lenze, Institute of Pathology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Universitätsmedizin; Harald Stein, Pathodiagnostik Berlin, Berlin; Martin-Leo Hansmann and Sylvia Hartmann, Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt; Georg Lenz, Translational Oncology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, University Hospital Münster, and Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster; Lorenz Trümper, Georg-August Universität, Göttingen; Norbert Schmitz, Asklepios Klinik St Georg, Hamburg; Michael Pfreundschuh, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg/Saar; Andreas Rosenwald, Institute of Pathology, Universität Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany; David W. Scott, Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and Sergio Cogliatti, Institute of Pathology, Kantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Georg Lenz
- Annette M. Staiger, Heike Horn, and German Ott, Institute of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen; Marita Ziepert and Markus Löffler, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig; Thomas F.E. Barth and Peter Möller, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm; Heinz-Wolfram Bernd and Alfred C. Feller, Haematopathologie Luebeck, Luebeck; Wolfram Klapper and Monika Szczepanowski, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Monika Szczepanowski, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Michael Hummel and Dido Lenze, Institute of Pathology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Universitätsmedizin; Harald Stein, Pathodiagnostik Berlin, Berlin; Martin-Leo Hansmann and Sylvia Hartmann, Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt; Georg Lenz, Translational Oncology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, University Hospital Münster, and Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster; Lorenz Trümper, Georg-August Universität, Göttingen; Norbert Schmitz, Asklepios Klinik St Georg, Hamburg; Michael Pfreundschuh, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg/Saar; Andreas Rosenwald, Institute of Pathology, Universität Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany; David W. Scott, Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and Sergio Cogliatti, Institute of Pathology, Kantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Trümper
- Annette M. Staiger, Heike Horn, and German Ott, Institute of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen; Marita Ziepert and Markus Löffler, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig; Thomas F.E. Barth and Peter Möller, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm; Heinz-Wolfram Bernd and Alfred C. Feller, Haematopathologie Luebeck, Luebeck; Wolfram Klapper and Monika Szczepanowski, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Monika Szczepanowski, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Michael Hummel and Dido Lenze, Institute of Pathology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Universitätsmedizin; Harald Stein, Pathodiagnostik Berlin, Berlin; Martin-Leo Hansmann and Sylvia Hartmann, Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt; Georg Lenz, Translational Oncology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, University Hospital Münster, and Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster; Lorenz Trümper, Georg-August Universität, Göttingen; Norbert Schmitz, Asklepios Klinik St Georg, Hamburg; Michael Pfreundschuh, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg/Saar; Andreas Rosenwald, Institute of Pathology, Universität Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany; David W. Scott, Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and Sergio Cogliatti, Institute of Pathology, Kantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Markus Löffler
- Annette M. Staiger, Heike Horn, and German Ott, Institute of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen; Marita Ziepert and Markus Löffler, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig; Thomas F.E. Barth and Peter Möller, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm; Heinz-Wolfram Bernd and Alfred C. Feller, Haematopathologie Luebeck, Luebeck; Wolfram Klapper and Monika Szczepanowski, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Monika Szczepanowski, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Michael Hummel and Dido Lenze, Institute of Pathology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Universitätsmedizin; Harald Stein, Pathodiagnostik Berlin, Berlin; Martin-Leo Hansmann and Sylvia Hartmann, Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt; Georg Lenz, Translational Oncology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, University Hospital Münster, and Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster; Lorenz Trümper, Georg-August Universität, Göttingen; Norbert Schmitz, Asklepios Klinik St Georg, Hamburg; Michael Pfreundschuh, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg/Saar; Andreas Rosenwald, Institute of Pathology, Universität Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany; David W. Scott, Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and Sergio Cogliatti, Institute of Pathology, Kantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Schmitz
- Annette M. Staiger, Heike Horn, and German Ott, Institute of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen; Marita Ziepert and Markus Löffler, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig; Thomas F.E. Barth and Peter Möller, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm; Heinz-Wolfram Bernd and Alfred C. Feller, Haematopathologie Luebeck, Luebeck; Wolfram Klapper and Monika Szczepanowski, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Monika Szczepanowski, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Michael Hummel and Dido Lenze, Institute of Pathology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Universitätsmedizin; Harald Stein, Pathodiagnostik Berlin, Berlin; Martin-Leo Hansmann and Sylvia Hartmann, Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt; Georg Lenz, Translational Oncology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, University Hospital Münster, and Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster; Lorenz Trümper, Georg-August Universität, Göttingen; Norbert Schmitz, Asklepios Klinik St Georg, Hamburg; Michael Pfreundschuh, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg/Saar; Andreas Rosenwald, Institute of Pathology, Universität Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany; David W. Scott, Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and Sergio Cogliatti, Institute of Pathology, Kantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Michael Pfreundschuh
- Annette M. Staiger, Heike Horn, and German Ott, Institute of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen; Marita Ziepert and Markus Löffler, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig; Thomas F.E. Barth and Peter Möller, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm; Heinz-Wolfram Bernd and Alfred C. Feller, Haematopathologie Luebeck, Luebeck; Wolfram Klapper and Monika Szczepanowski, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Monika Szczepanowski, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Michael Hummel and Dido Lenze, Institute of Pathology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Universitätsmedizin; Harald Stein, Pathodiagnostik Berlin, Berlin; Martin-Leo Hansmann and Sylvia Hartmann, Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt; Georg Lenz, Translational Oncology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, University Hospital Münster, and Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster; Lorenz Trümper, Georg-August Universität, Göttingen; Norbert Schmitz, Asklepios Klinik St Georg, Hamburg; Michael Pfreundschuh, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg/Saar; Andreas Rosenwald, Institute of Pathology, Universität Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany; David W. Scott, Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and Sergio Cogliatti, Institute of Pathology, Kantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Annette M. Staiger, Heike Horn, and German Ott, Institute of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen; Marita Ziepert and Markus Löffler, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig; Thomas F.E. Barth and Peter Möller, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm; Heinz-Wolfram Bernd and Alfred C. Feller, Haematopathologie Luebeck, Luebeck; Wolfram Klapper and Monika Szczepanowski, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Monika Szczepanowski, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Michael Hummel and Dido Lenze, Institute of Pathology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Universitätsmedizin; Harald Stein, Pathodiagnostik Berlin, Berlin; Martin-Leo Hansmann and Sylvia Hartmann, Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt; Georg Lenz, Translational Oncology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, University Hospital Münster, and Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster; Lorenz Trümper, Georg-August Universität, Göttingen; Norbert Schmitz, Asklepios Klinik St Georg, Hamburg; Michael Pfreundschuh, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg/Saar; Andreas Rosenwald, Institute of Pathology, Universität Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany; David W. Scott, Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and Sergio Cogliatti, Institute of Pathology, Kantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - German Ott
- Annette M. Staiger, Heike Horn, and German Ott, Institute of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart; Annette M. Staiger and Heike Horn, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen; Marita Ziepert and Markus Löffler, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig; Thomas F.E. Barth and Peter Möller, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm; Heinz-Wolfram Bernd and Alfred C. Feller, Haematopathologie Luebeck, Luebeck; Wolfram Klapper and Monika Szczepanowski, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Monika Szczepanowski, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel; Michael Hummel and Dido Lenze, Institute of Pathology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Universitätsmedizin; Harald Stein, Pathodiagnostik Berlin, Berlin; Martin-Leo Hansmann and Sylvia Hartmann, Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt; Georg Lenz, Translational Oncology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, University Hospital Münster, and Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster; Lorenz Trümper, Georg-August Universität, Göttingen; Norbert Schmitz, Asklepios Klinik St Georg, Hamburg; Michael Pfreundschuh, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg/Saar; Andreas Rosenwald, Institute of Pathology, Universität Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany; David W. Scott, Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and Sergio Cogliatti, Institute of Pathology, Kantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Valls E, Lobry C, Geng H, Wang L, Cardenas M, Rivas M, Cerchietti L, Oh P, Yang SN, Oswald E, Graham CW, Jiang Y, Hatzi K, Agirre X, Perkey E, Li Z, Tam W, Bhatt K, Leonard JP, Zweidler-McKay PA, Maillard I, Elemento O, Ci W, Aifantis I, Melnick A. BCL6 Antagonizes NOTCH2 to Maintain Survival of Human Follicular Lymphoma Cells. Cancer Discov 2017; 7:506-521. [PMID: 28232365 PMCID: PMC5413414 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the BCL6 transcriptional repressor is frequently expressed in human follicular lymphomas (FL), its biological role in this disease remains unknown. Herein, we comprehensively identify the set of gene promoters directly targeted by BCL6 in primary human FLs. We noted that BCL6 binds and represses NOTCH2 and NOTCH pathway genes. Moreover, BCL6 and NOTCH2 pathway gene expression is inversely correlated in FL. Notably, BCL6 upregulation is associated with repression of NOTCH2 and its target genes in primary human and murine germinal center (GC) cells. Repression of NOTCH2 is an essential function of BCL6 in FL and GC B cells because inducible expression of Notch2 abrogated GC formation in mice and killed FL cells. Indeed, BCL6-targeting compounds or gene silencing leads to the induction of NOTCH2 activity and compromises survival of FL cells, whereas NOTCH2 depletion or pathway antagonists rescue FL cells from such effects. Moreover, BCL6 inhibitors induced NOTCH2 expression and suppressed growth of human FL xenografts in vivo and primary human FL specimens ex vivo These studies suggest that established FLs are thus dependent on BCL6 through its suppression of NOTCH2Significance: We show that human FLs are dependent on BCL6, and primary human FLs can be killed using specific BCL6 inhibitors. Integrative genomics and functional studies of BCL6 in primary FL cells point toward a novel mechanism whereby BCL6 repression of NOTCH2 drives the survival and growth of FL cells as well as GC B cells, which are the FL cell of origin. Cancer Discov; 7(5); 506-21. ©2017 AACR.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 443.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ester Valls
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Camille Lobry
- Department of Pathology and Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Institut Gustave Roussy, INSERM U1170, Villejuif and Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Huimin Geng
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Ling Wang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Mariano Cardenas
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Martín Rivas
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Leandro Cerchietti
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Philmo Oh
- Department of Pathology and Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Shao Ning Yang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Erin Oswald
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Camille W Graham
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yanwen Jiang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Katerina Hatzi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Xabier Agirre
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eric Perkey
- Life Sciences Institute, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Zhuoning Li
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Wayne Tam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Kamala Bhatt
- Department of Pathology and Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - John P Leonard
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | | | - Ivan Maillard
- Life Sciences Institute, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Weimin Ci
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Iannis Aifantis
- Department of Pathology and Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.
| | - Ari Melnick
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Purwada A, Singh A. Immuno-engineered organoids for regulating the kinetics of B-cell development and antibody production. Nat Protoc 2016; 12:168-182. [PMID: 28005068 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Induction of B-cell immunity against infection depends on the initiation of the germinal center (GC) reaction in secondary lymphoid organs. Ex vivo recapitulation of the GC reaction in 2D cultures results in transient cell growth, with poor yield and short-term survival. Furthermore, no reported 2D ex vivo system can modulate the kinetics of a GC-like phenotype or the rate of antibody class switching. This protocol describes a methodology for developing immune organoids that partially mimic the B-cell zone of a lymphoid tissue, for efficient and rapid generation of B cells with a GC-like phenotype from naive murine B cells. The organoid is composed of a bioadhesive protein, gelatin, that is transformed into an ionically cross-linked hydrated network using biocompatible silicate nanoparticles (SiNPs). We explain how to establish the immune organoid culture to sustain immune cell proliferation and transformation into a GC-like phenotype. Starting with cell encapsulation in digested lymphoid tissues, clusters of proliferating B cells with a GC-like phenotype can be generated in the organoids at controlled rates, within ∼1 week. The culture methodology described here is currently the only one that allows the accelerated induction of a GC-like phenotype in B cells and supports a controllable immunoglobulin class-switching reaction. This method can be easily implemented in a typical tissue culture room by personnel with standard mammalian cell culture expertise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Purwada
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Ankur Singh
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Cardenas MG, Oswald E, Yu W, Xue F, MacKerell AD, Melnick AM. The Expanding Role of the BCL6 Oncoprotein as a Cancer Therapeutic Target. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:885-893. [PMID: 27881582 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BCL6 was initially discovered as an oncogene in B-cell lymphomas, where it drives the malignant phenotype by repressing proliferation and DNA damage checkpoints and blocking B-cell terminal differentiation. BCL6 mediates its effects by binding to hundreds of target genes and then repressing these genes by recruiting several different chromatin-modifying corepressor complexes. Structural characterization of BCL6-corepressor complexes suggested that BCL6 might be a druggable target. Accordingly, a number of compounds have been designed to bind to BCL6 and block corepressor recruitment. These compounds, based on peptide or small-molecule scaffolds, can potently block BCL6 repression of target genes and kill lymphoma cells. In the case of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL), BCL6 inhibitors are equally effective in suppressing both the germinal center B-cell (GCB)- and the more aggressive activated B-cell (ABC)-DLBCL subtypes, both of which require BCL6 to maintain their survival. In addition, BCL6 is implicated in an expanding scope of hematologic and solid tumors. These include, but are not limited to, B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer. BCL6 inhibitors have been shown to exert potent effects against these tumor types. Moreover, mechanism-based combinations of BCL6 inhibitors with other agents have yielded synergistic and often quite dramatic activity. Hence, there is a compelling case to accelerate the development of BCL6-targeted therapies for translation to the clinical setting. Clin Cancer Res; 23(4); 885-93. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariano G Cardenas
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Erin Oswald
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Wenbo Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Fengtian Xue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alexander D MacKerell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ari M Melnick
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sakamoto K, Sogabe S, Kamada Y, Sakai N, Asano K, Yoshimatsu M, Ida K, Imaeda Y, Sakamoto JI. Discovery of high-affinity BCL6-binding peptide and its structure-activity relationship. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 482:310-316. [PMID: 27856253 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) is a transcriptional repressor that interacts with its corepressors BcoR and SMRT. Since this protein-protein interaction (PPI) induces activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, BCL6 has been an attractive drug target for potential autoimmune disease treatments. Here we report a novel BCL6 inhibitory peptide, F1324 (Ac-LWYTDIRMSWRVP-OH), which we discovered using phage display technology; we also discuss this peptide's structure-activity relationship (SAR). For BCL6(5-129) binding, KD and IC50 values of F1324 were 0.57 nM and 1 nM according to the results of an SPR analysis and cell-free ELISA assay, respectively. In contrast, BcoR(Arg498-514Pro) and SMRT(Leu1422-Arg1438) exhibited relatively weak micromole-order binding to BCL6. Furthermore, Fusion protein AcGFP-F1324 transiently expressed in HEK293T cells inhibited intracellular PPI in cell-based M2H assay. By examination of the truncation and fragmentation of F1324, the C-terminal sequence WRVP, which is similar to the BcoR(509-512) sequence WVVP, was identified as being critical for BCL6 binding. In addition, subsequent single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of F1324/BCL6(5-129) complex revealed that the high affinity of F1324 was caused by effective interaction of its side chains while its main chain structure was similar to that of BcoR(Arg498-514Pro). To our knowledge, F1324 is the strongest BCL6-binding peptide yet reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Sakamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Sogabe
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kamada
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Nozomu Sakai
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kouhei Asano
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Mie Yoshimatsu
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kou Ida
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Imaeda
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Sakamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Mathur R, Sehgal L, Havranek O, Köhrer S, Khashab T, Jain N, Burger JA, Neelapu SS, Davis RE, Samaniego F. Inhibition of demethylase KDM6B sensitizes diffuse large B-cell lymphoma to chemotherapeutic drugs. Haematologica 2016; 102:373-380. [PMID: 27742770 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.144964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone methylation and demethylation regulate B-cell development, and their deregulation correlates with tumor chemoresistance in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, limiting cure rates. Since histone methylation status correlates with disease aggressiveness and relapse, we investigated the therapeutic potential of inhibiting histone 3 Lys27 demethylase KDM6B, in vitro, using the small molecule inhibitor GSK-J4. KDM6B is overexpressed in the germinal center B-cell subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and higher KDM6B levels are associated with worse survival in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with R-CHOP. GSK-J4-induced apoptosis was observed in five (SU-DHL-6, OCI-Ly1, Toledo, OCI-Ly8, SU-DHL-8) out of nine germinal center B-cell diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cell lines. Treatment with GSK-J4 predominantly resulted in downregulation of B-cell receptor signaling and BCL6. Cell lines expressing high BCL6 levels or CREBBP/EP300 mutations were sensitive to GSK-J4. Our results suggest that B-cell receptor-dependent downregulation of BCL6 is responsible for GSK-J4-induced cytotoxicity. Furthermore, GSK-J4-mediated inhibition of KDM6B sensitizes germinal center B-cell diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells to chemotherapy agents that are currently utilized in treatment regimens for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Mathur
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Lalit Sehgal
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Ondrej Havranek
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Stefan Köhrer
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tamer Khashab
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Neeraj Jain
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Jan A Burger
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sattva S Neelapu
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - R Eric Davis
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Felipe Samaniego
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Beck D, Zobel J, Barber R, Evans S, Lezina L, Allchin RL, Blades M, Elliott R, Lord CJ, Ashworth A, Porter ACG, Wagner SD. Synthetic Lethal Screen Demonstrates That a JAK2 Inhibitor Suppresses a BCL6-dependent IL10RA/JAK2/STAT3 Pathway in High Grade B-cell Lymphoma. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:16686-98. [PMID: 27268052 PMCID: PMC4974382 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.736868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate the usefulness of synthetic lethal screening of a conditionally BCL6-deficient Burkitt lymphoma cell line, DG75-AB7, with a library of small molecules to determine survival pathways suppressed by BCL6 and suggest mechanism-based treatments for lymphoma. Lestaurtinib, a JAK2 inhibitor and one of the hits from the screen, repressed survival of BCL6-deficient cells in vitro and reduced growth and proliferation of xenografts in vivo BCL6 deficiency in DG75-AB7 induced JAK2 mRNA and protein expression and STAT3 phosphorylation. Surface IL10RA was elevated by BCL6 deficiency, and blockade of IL10RA repressed STAT3 phosphorylation. Therefore, we define an IL10RA/JAK2/STAT3 pathway each component of which is repressed by BCL6. We also show for the first time that JAK2 is a direct BCL6 target gene; BCL6 bound to the JAK2 promoter in vitro and was enriched by ChIP-seq. The place of JAK2 inhibitors in the treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma has not been defined; we suggest that JAK2 inhibitors might be most effective in poor prognosis ABC-DLBCL, which shows higher levels of IL10RA, JAK2, and STAT3 but lower levels of BCL6 than GC-DLBCL and might be usefully combined with novel approaches such as inhibition of IL10RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Beck
- From the Department of Cancer Studies, Ernest and Helen Scott Haematology Research Institute, and
| | - Jenny Zobel
- Department of Haematology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN
| | - Ruth Barber
- From the Department of Cancer Studies, Ernest and Helen Scott Haematology Research Institute, and Leicester Diagnostic and Drug Development (LD3) Centre, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB
| | - Sian Evans
- From the Department of Cancer Studies, Ernest and Helen Scott Haematology Research Institute, and
| | - Larissa Lezina
- From the Department of Cancer Studies, Ernest and Helen Scott Haematology Research Institute, and
| | - Rebecca L Allchin
- From the Department of Cancer Studies, Ernest and Helen Scott Haematology Research Institute, and
| | - Matthew Blades
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Analysis Support Hub (B/BASH), University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, and
| | - Richard Elliott
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Lord
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Ashworth
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C G Porter
- Department of Haematology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN
| | - Simon D Wagner
- From the Department of Cancer Studies, Ernest and Helen Scott Haematology Research Institute, and
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Haery L, Mussakhan S, Waxman DJ, Gilmore TD. Evidence for an oncogenic modifier role for mutant histone acetyltransferases in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2016; 57:2661-71. [PMID: 27003102 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2016.1160083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in histone acetyltransferases (HATs) are among the most common mutations in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). We previously showed that two human DLBCL cell lines, RC-K8 and SUDHL2, express C-terminally truncated, HAT domain-deficient p300 proteins (p300ΔC) that are required for optimal cell proliferation. Microarray analysis of mRNA expression in RC-K8 cells following p300ΔC knockdown shows upregulation of NF-κB and p53 gene expression programs and downregulation of a MYC gene expression program. Experiments indicate that these gene expression changes are due to inhibitory effects of p300ΔC on NF-κB activity and on p53 protein levels and stimulatory effects on MYC protein levels, suggesting that p300ΔC mutants enhance the proliferation of DLBCL cells by adjusting the transcriptional output of cell-specific oncoproteins. We propose that p300/CBP gene truncation represents a new class of oncogenic mutation that optimizes the activity of context-specific oncogenic transcription factors. We propose 'oncogenic modifier' to describe such mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Haery
- a Department of Biology , Boston University , Boston , MA , USA
| | | | - David J Waxman
- a Department of Biology , Boston University , Boston , MA , USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lue JK, Amengual JE, O'Connor OA. Epigenetics and Lymphoma: Can We Use Epigenetics to Prime or Reset Chemoresistant Lymphoma Programs? Curr Oncol Rep 2016; 17:40. [PMID: 26141799 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-015-0464-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a diverse group of lymphocyte-derived neoplasms. Although a heterogeneous group of malignancies, it has become apparent that epigenetic alterations, such as disturbances of DNA methylation and histone modification, are a common occurrence in both B cell and T cell lymphomas, contributing to lymphomagenesis. As a result, the use of epigenetic targeted therapy has been incorporated into various pre-clinical and clinical studies, demonstrating significant efficacy in lymphoma, with vorinostat becoming the first epigenetic therapy to receive FDA approval in any malignancy. The role of epigenetic drugs is evolving, with its potential use in combination therapy as well as a means of overcoming chemotherapy resistance. In this review, we discuss the epigenetic alterations in non-Hodgkin lymphomas as well as provide an overview of current epigenetic drugs and their role in clinical practice, and on-going clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Lue
- Center for Lymphoid Malignancies, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Camicia R, Winkler HC, Hassa PO. Novel drug targets for personalized precision medicine in relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a comprehensive review. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:207. [PMID: 26654227 PMCID: PMC4676894 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0474-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a clinically heterogeneous lymphoid malignancy and the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in adults, with one of the highest mortality rates in most developed areas of the world. More than half of DLBLC patients can be cured with standard R-CHOP regimens, however approximately 30 to 40 % of patients will develop relapsed/refractory disease that remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality due to the limited therapeutic options.Recent advances in gene expression profiling have led to the identification of at least three distinct molecular subtypes of DLBCL: a germinal center B cell-like subtype, an activated B cell-like subtype, and a primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma subtype. Moreover, recent findings have not only increased our understanding of the molecular basis of chemotherapy resistance but have also helped identify molecular subsets of DLBCL and rational targets for drug interventions that may allow for subtype/subset-specific molecularly targeted precision medicine and personalized combinations to both prevent and treat relapsed/refractory DLBCL. Novel agents such as lenalidomide, ibrutinib, bortezomib, CC-122, epratuzumab or pidilizumab used as single-agent or in combination with (rituximab-based) chemotherapy have already demonstrated promising activity in patients with relapsed/refractory DLBCL. Several novel potential drug targets have been recently identified such as the BET bromodomain protein (BRD)-4, phosphoribosyl-pyrophosphate synthetase (PRPS)-2, macrodomain-containing mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase (ARTD)-9 (also known as PARP9), deltex-3-like E3 ubiquitin ligase (DTX3L) (also known as BBAP), NF-kappaB inducing kinase (NIK) and transforming growth factor beta receptor (TGFβR).This review highlights the new insights into the molecular basis of relapsed/refractory DLBCL and summarizes the most promising drug targets and experimental treatments for relapsed/refractory DLBCL, including the use of novel agents such as lenalidomide, ibrutinib, bortezomib, pidilizumab, epratuzumab, brentuximab-vedotin or CAR T cells, dual inhibitors, as well as mechanism-based combinatorial experimental therapies. We also provide a comprehensive and updated list of current drugs, drug targets and preclinical and clinical experimental studies in DLBCL. A special focus is given on STAT1, ARTD9, DTX3L and ARTD8 (also known as PARP14) as novel potential drug targets in distinct molecular subsets of DLBCL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Camicia
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,Stem Cell Research Laboratory, NHS Blood and Transplant, Nuffield Division of Clinical, Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,MRC-UCL Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology Unit, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E6BT, UK
| | - Hans C Winkler
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul O Hassa
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Combinatorial targeting of nuclear export and translation of RNA inhibits aggressive B-cell lymphomas. Blood 2015; 127:858-68. [PMID: 26603836 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-05-645069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggressive double- and triple-hit (DH/TH) diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) feature activation of Hsp90 stress pathways. Herein, we show that Hsp90 controls posttranscriptional dynamics of key messenger RNA (mRNA) species including those encoding BCL6, MYC, and BCL2. Using a proteomics approach, we found that Hsp90 binds to and maintains activity of eIF4E. eIF4E drives nuclear export and translation of BCL6, MYC, and BCL2 mRNA. eIF4E RNA-immunoprecipitation sequencing in DLBCL suggests that nuclear eIF4E controls an extended program that includes B-cell receptor signaling, cellular metabolism, and epigenetic regulation. Accordingly, eIF4E was required for survival of DLBCL including the most aggressive subtypes, DH/TH lymphomas. Indeed, eIF4E inhibition induces tumor regression in cell line and patient-derived tumorgrafts of TH-DLBCL, even in the presence of elevated Hsp90 activity. Targeting Hsp90 is typically limited by counterregulatory elevation of Hsp70B, which induces resistance to Hsp90 inhibitors. Surprisingly, we identify Hsp70 mRNA as an eIF4E target. In this way, eIF4E inhibition can overcome drug resistance to Hsp90 inhibitors. Accordingly, rational combinatorial inhibition of eIF4E and Hsp90 inhibitors resulted in cooperative antilymphoma activity in DH/TH DLBCL in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
|
46
|
Miller ML, Reznik E, Gauthier NP, Aksoy BA, Korkut A, Gao J, Ciriello G, Schultz N, Sander C. Pan-Cancer Analysis of Mutation Hotspots in Protein Domains. Cell Syst 2015; 1:197-209. [PMID: 27135912 PMCID: PMC4982675 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In cancer genomics, recurrence of mutations in independent tumor samples is a strong indicator of functional impact. However, rare functional mutations can escape detection by recurrence analysis owing to lack of statistical power. We enhance statistical power by extending the notion of recurrence of mutations from single genes to gene families that share homologous protein domains. Domain mutation analysis also sharpens the functional interpretation of the impact of mutations, as domains more succinctly embody function than entire genes. By mapping mutations in 22 different tumor types to equivalent positions in multiple sequence alignments of domains, we confirm well-known functional mutation hotspots, identify uncharacterized rare variants in one gene that are equivalent to well-characterized mutations in another gene, detect previously unknown mutation hotspots, and provide hypotheses about molecular mechanisms and downstream effects of domain mutations. With the rapid expansion of cancer genomics projects, protein domain hotspot analysis will likely provide many more leads linking mutations in proteins to the cancer phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Miller
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK.
| | - Ed Reznik
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nicholas P Gauthier
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Bülent Arman Aksoy
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anil Korkut
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jianjiong Gao
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Giovanni Ciriello
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nikolaus Schultz
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chris Sander
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Integrin-specific hydrogels as adaptable tumor organoids for malignant B and T cells. Biomaterials 2015; 73:110-9. [PMID: 26406451 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas are a heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative disorders of B and T cell origin that are treated with chemotherapy drugs with variable success rate that has virtually not changed over decades. Although new classes of chemotherapy-free epigenetic and metabolic drugs have emerged, durable responses to these conventional and new therapies are achieved in a fraction of cancer patients, with many individuals experiencing resistance to the drugs. The paucity in our understanding of what regulates the drug resistance phenotype and establishing a predictive indicator is, in great part, due to the lack of adequate ex vivo lymphoma models to accurately study the effect of microenvironmental cues in which malignant B and T cell lymphoma cells arise and reside. Unlike many other tumors, lymphomas have been neglected from biomaterials-based microenvironment engineering standpoint. In this study, we demonstrate that B and T cell lymphomas have different pro-survival integrin signaling requirements (αvβ3 and α4β1) and the presence of supporting follicular dendritic cells are critical for enhanced proliferation in three-dimensional (3D) microenvironments. We engineered adaptable 3D tumor organoids presenting adhesive peptides with distinct integrin specificities to B and T cell lymphoma cells that resulted in enhanced proliferation, clustering, and drug resistance to the chemotherapeutics and a new class of histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), Panobinostat. In Diffuse Large B cell Lymphomas, the 3D microenvironment upregulated the expression level of B cell receptor (BCR), which supported the survival of B cell lymphomas through a tyrosine kinase Syk in the upstream BCR pathway. Our integrin specific ligand functionalized 3D organoids mimic a lymphoid neoplasm-like heterogeneous microenvironment that could, in the long term, change the understanding of the initiation and progression of hematological tumors, allow primary biospecimen analysis, provide prognostic values, and importantly, allow a faster and more rational screening and translation of therapeutic regimens.
Collapse
|
48
|
Rational combination therapies targeting survival signaling in aggressive B-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Curr Opin Hematol 2015; 21:297-308. [PMID: 24811162 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The identification of oncogenic 'driver' mutations and activated survival pathways in selected aggressive B-cell malignancies directs the development of novel adjunctive therapies using targeted small molecule inhibitors. With a focus on diffuse large B-cell lymphoma 'not otherwise specified', Hodgkin lymphoma and childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia, this review will provide an up-to-date account of the current literature on the development of new molecularly targeted treatment modalities for aggressive B-cell malignancies. RECENT FINDINGS Subclassification of B-cell malignancies depending on their particular genetic 'driver' lesions and transcriptional and/or signaling signatures has led to the development of targeted therapeutic approaches using small molecule inhibitors to amend current combination chemotherapy. SUMMARY Treatment outcome with current combination chemotherapy is still poor for subsets of aggressive B-cell malignancies, and demands development of targeted therapeutic approaches. Advanced gene expression profiling and genomic sequencing have revealed a more detailed landscape of recurrent alterations, allowing a better subclassification of B-cell lymphomas and leukemias. Many alterations directly or indirectly lead to activation of survival signaling pathways and expression of key oncoproteins and prosurvival molecules, including Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT), phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR), avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (MYC) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCLl-2). Small molecule inhibitors targeting these proteins and pathways are currently being tested in clinical trials and preclinically to improve chemotherapeutic regimes and treatment outcomes.
Collapse
|
49
|
Epigenetic Control of B Cell Development and B-Cell-Related Immune Disorders. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2015; 50:301-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-015-8494-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
50
|
Boss IW, Melnick AM. VII. Are lymphomas driven by epigenetic lesions? Hematol Oncol 2015; 33 Suppl 1:42-5. [PMID: 26062053 DOI: 10.1002/hon.2215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac W Boss
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ari M Melnick
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|