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Nakada T. Special Issue "Molecular Studies of Dermatitis: From Mechanism to Therapy". Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2696. [PMID: 38473943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Dermatitis (eczema) represents a group of inflammatory cutaneous diseases [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokio Nakada
- Department of Dermatology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital 1-30, Fujigaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-8501, Kanagawa, Japan
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Shaikh NA, Zhang XB, Abdalla MI, Baylink DJ, Tang X. Enhancing Human Treg Cell Induction through Engineered Dendritic Cells and Zinc Supplementation. Crit Rev Immunol 2024; 44:37-52. [PMID: 38421704 PMCID: PMC11015935 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2023050325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells hold promise for the ultimate cure of immune-mediated diseases. However, how to effectively restore Treg function in patients remains unknown. Previous reports suggest that activated dendritic cells (DCs) de novo synthesize locally high concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D, i.e., the active vitamin D or 1,25(OH)2D by upregulating the expression of 25-hydroxy vitamin D 1α-hydroxylase. Although 1,25(OH)2D has been shown to induce Treg cells, DC-derived 1,25(OH)2D only serves as a checkpoint to ensure well-balanced immune responses. Our animal studies have shown that 1,25(OH)2D requires high concentrations to generate Treg cells, which can cause severe side effects. In addition, our animal studies have also demonstrated that dendritic cells (DCs) overexpressing the 1α-hydroxylase de novo synthesize the effective Treg-inducing 1,25(OH)2D concentrations without causing the primary side effect of hypercalcemia (i.e., high blood calcium levels). This study furthers our previous animal studies and explores the efficacy of the la-hydroxylase-overexpressing DCs in inducing human CD4+FOXP3+regulatory T (Treg) cells. We discovered that the effective Treg-inducing doses of 1,25(OH)2D were within a range. Additionally, our data corroborated that the 1α-hydroxylase-overexpressing DCs synthesized 1,25(OH)2D within this concentration range in vivo, thus facilitating effective Treg cell induction. Moreover, this study demonstrated that 1α-hydroxylase expression levels were pivotal for DCs to induce Treg cells because physiological 25(OH)D levels were sufficient for the engineered but not parental DCs to enhance Treg cell induction. Interestingly, adding non-toxic zinc concentrations significantly augmented the Treg-inducing capacity of the engineered DCs. Our new findings offer a novel therapeutic avenue for immune-mediated human diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 diabetes, and multiple sclerosis, by integrating zinc with the 1α-hydroxylase-overexpressing DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisar Ali Shaikh
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY 11548, USA
| | - Xiao-Bing Zhang
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Maisa I. Abdalla
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York 14642, USA
| | - David J. Baylink
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Xiaolei Tang
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY 11548, USA
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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3
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Kambe T, Wagatsuma T. Metalation and activation of Zn 2+ enzymes via early secretory pathway-resident ZNT proteins. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2023; 4:041302. [PMID: 38510844 PMCID: PMC10903440 DOI: 10.1063/5.0176048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn2+), an essential trace element, binds to various proteins, including enzymes, transcription factors, channels, and signaling molecules and their receptors, to regulate their activities in a wide range of physiological functions. Zn2+ proteome analyses have indicated that approximately 10% of the proteins encoded by the human genome have potential Zn2+ binding sites. Zn2+ binding to the functional site of a protein (for enzymes, the active site) is termed Zn2+ metalation. In eukaryotic cells, approximately one-third of proteins are targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum; therefore, a considerable number of proteins mature by Zn2+ metalation in the early secretory pathway compartments. Failure to capture Zn2+ in these compartments results in not only the inactivation of enzymes (apo-Zn2+ enzymes), but also their elimination via degradation. This process deserves attention because many Zn2+ enzymes that mature during the secretory process are associated with disease pathogenesis. However, how Zn2+ is mobilized via Zn2+ transporters, particularly ZNTs, and incorporated in enzymes has not been fully elucidated from the cellular perspective and much less from the biophysical perspective. This review focuses on Zn2+ enzymes that are activated by Zn2+ metalation via Zn2+ transporters during the secretory process. Further, we describe the importance of Zn2+ metalation from the physiopathological perspective, helping to reveal the importance of understanding Zn2+ enzymes from a biophysical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiho Kambe
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takumi Wagatsuma
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Thrane K, Winge MCG, Wang H, Chen L, Guo MG, Andersson A, Abalo XM, Yang X, Kim DS, Longo SK, Soong BY, Meyers JM, Reynolds DL, McGeever A, Demircioglu D, Hasson D, Mirzazadeh R, Rubin AJ, Bae GH, Karkanias J, Rieger K, Lundeberg J, Ji AL. Single-Cell and Spatial Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Skin Delineates Intercellular Communication and Pathogenic Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:2177-2192.e13. [PMID: 37142187 PMCID: PMC10592679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal homeostasis is governed by a balance between keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation with contributions from cell-cell interactions, but conserved or divergent mechanisms governing this equilibrium across species and how an imbalance contributes to skin disease are largely undefined. To address these questions, human skin single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics data were integrated and compared with mouse skin data. Human skin cell-type annotation was improved using matched spatial transcriptomics data, highlighting the importance of spatial context in cell-type identity, and spatial transcriptomics refined cellular communication inference. In cross-species analyses, we identified a human spinous keratinocyte subpopulation that exhibited proliferative capacity and a heavy metal processing signature, which was absent in mouse and may account for species differences in epidermal thickness. This human subpopulation was expanded in psoriasis and zinc-deficiency dermatitis, attesting to disease relevance and suggesting a paradigm of subpopulation dysfunction as a hallmark of the disease. To assess additional potential subpopulation drivers of skin diseases, we performed cell-of-origin enrichment analysis within genodermatoses, nominating pathogenic cell subpopulations and their communication pathways, which highlighted multiple potential therapeutic targets. This integrated dataset is encompassed in a publicly available web resource to aid mechanistic and translational studies of normal and diseased skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Thrane
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mårten C G Winge
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hongyu Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Black Family Stem Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Larry Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Black Family Stem Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Margaret G Guo
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Biomedical Informatics Program, Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Alma Andersson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Xesús M Abalo
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Xue Yang
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Daniel S Kim
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Biomedical Informatics Program, Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sophia K Longo
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Brian Y Soong
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Black Family Stem Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jordan M Meyers
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - David L Reynolds
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Aaron McGeever
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Deniz Demircioglu
- Bioinformatics for Next Generation Sequencing Core, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dan Hasson
- Bioinformatics for Next Generation Sequencing Core, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Reza Mirzazadeh
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Adam J Rubin
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gordon H Bae
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jim Karkanias
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kerri Rieger
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Joakim Lundeberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Andrew L Ji
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Black Family Stem Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
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Mass E, Nimmerjahn F, Kierdorf K, Schlitzer A. Tissue-specific macrophages: how they develop and choreograph tissue biology. Nat Rev Immunol 2023; 23:563-579. [PMID: 36922638 PMCID: PMC10017071 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00848-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are innate immune cells that form a 3D network in all our tissues, where they phagocytose dying cells and cell debris, immune complexes, bacteria and other waste products. Simultaneously, they produce growth factors and signalling molecules - such activities not only promote host protection in response to invading microorganisms but are also crucial for organ development and homeostasis. There is mounting evidence of macrophages orchestrating fundamental physiological processes, such as blood vessel formation, adipogenesis, metabolism and central and peripheral neuronal function. In parallel, novel methodologies have led to the characterization of tissue-specific macrophages, with distinct subpopulations of these cells showing different developmental trajectories, transcriptional programmes and life cycles. Here, we summarize our growing knowledge of macrophage diversity and how macrophage subsets orchestrate tissue development and function. We further interrelate macrophage ontogeny with their core functions across tissues, that is, the signalling events within the macrophage niche that may control organ functionality during development, homeostasis and ageing. Finally, we highlight the open questions that will need to be addressed by future studies to better understand the tissue-specific functions of distinct macrophage subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Mass
- Developmental Biology of the Immune System, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katrin Kierdorf
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlitzer
- Quantitative Systems Biology, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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6
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Zinc and Zinc Transporters in Dermatology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416165. [PMID: 36555806 PMCID: PMC9785331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an important trace mineral in the human body and a daily intake of zinc is required to maintain a healthy status. Over the past decades, zinc has been used in formulating topical and systemic therapies for various skin disorders owing to its wound healing and antimicrobial properties. Zinc transporters play a major role in maintaining the integrity of the integumentary system by controlling zinc homeostasis within dermal layers. Mutations and abnormal function of zinc-transporting proteins can lead to disease development, such as spondylocheirodysplastic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (SCD-EDS) and acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE) which can be fatal if left untreated. This review discusses the layers of the skin, the importance of zinc and zinc transporters in each layer, and the various skin disorders caused by zinc deficiency, in addition to zinc-containing compounds used for treating different skin disorders and skin protection.
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Analytical Evaluation of Wet and Dry Mechanochemical Syntheses of Calcium-Deficient Hydroxyapatite Containing Zinc Using X-ray Diffractometry and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102105. [PMID: 36297540 PMCID: PMC9607406 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium-deficient zinc-containing calcium phosphate (ZnAP), which has sustained zinc release properties that are effective for treating osteoporosis, can be efficiently synthesized as a biomaterial through wet grinding. To elucidate the physicochemical mechanism of these mechanochemical syntheses, ground products were obtained from the starting material powder (S-CP), consisting of calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (CHPD), calcium oxide (CaO), and zinc oxide (ZnO), by wet and dry grinding for 0–3 h in a centrifugal ball mill. The ground S-CP products were analyzed using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS); the crystal transformations and molecular interactions of the ground products were kinetically analyzed. The XRD and second-derivative NIRS results indicate that the S-CP is primarily transformed into ZnAP via amorphous solid formation in wet grinding, and the reaction follows a consecutive reaction model. In contrast, in dry grinding, the ground product of CHPD and CaO is transformed into an amorphous solid following an equilibrium reaction model; however, ZnO is predominantly not transformed and remains crystalline.
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Pan C, Zhao A, Li M. Atopic Dermatitis-like Genodermatosis: Disease Diagnosis and Management. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12092177. [PMID: 36140582 PMCID: PMC9498295 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12092177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Eczema is a classical characteristic not only in atopic dermatitis but also in various genodermatosis. Patients suffering from primary immunodeficiency diseases such as hyper-immunoglobulin E syndromes, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome, STAT5B deficiency, Omenn syndrome, atypical complete DiGeorge syndrome; metabolic disorders such as acrodermatitis enteropathy, multiple carboxylase deficiency, prolidase deficiency; and other rare syndromes like severe dermatitis, multiple allergies and metabolic wasting syndrome, Netherton syndrome, and peeling skin syndrome frequently perform with eczema-like lesions. These genodermatosis may be misguided in the context of eczematous phenotype. Misdiagnosis of severe disorders unavoidably affects appropriate treatment and leads to irreversible outcomes for patients, which underlines the importance of molecular diagnosis and genetic analysis. Here we conclude clinical manifestations, molecular mechanism, diagnosis and management of several eczema-related genodermatosis and provide accessible advice to physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaolan Pan
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Anqi Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Department of Dermatology, The Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-2125078571
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Sugawara D, Makita E, Matsuura M, Ichihashi K. The Association Between Serum Zinc Levels and Anthropometric Measurements and Nutritional Indicators in Children With Idiopathic Short Stature. Cureus 2022; 14:e24906. [PMID: 35698704 PMCID: PMC9186260 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element, and its deficiency causes various symptoms, such as anemia, short stature, and poor weight gain, in children. Several studies have reported an association between Zn deficiency and short stature in children. However, few studies have reported on the relationship between serum Zn levels, body mass index (BMI), and nutritional indicators such as albumin, amino acids, and vitamin D. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the data of 56 children with idiopathic short stature. We investigated the mean serum Zn levels and the relationships among serum Zn levels and height standard deviation score (SDS), bodyweight SDS, BMI SDS, hemoglobin (Hb), albumin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), and amino acid levels. Results The mean serum Zn levels of the study participants were 70.3±10 µg/dL. Serum Zn levels correlated significantly with weight SDS (r=0.472, p<0.001) and BMI SDS (r=0.416, p<0.001). In contrast, no significant association was found between serum Zn levels and height SDS (r=0.217, p=0.078). We found significant positive correlations between serum Zn levels and Hb and IGF-1 SDS (Hb: r=0.333, p=0.012; IGF-1 SDS: r=0.372, p=0.00478). Serum Zn levels were not correlated with albumin, ALP, 25(OH)D, and amino acid levels. Conclusions Serum Zn levels are associated with anthropometric measurements, especially body weight and BMI. It is important to evaluate Zn levels in children who fail to thrive, even in developed countries.
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Kido T, Suka M, Yanagisawa H. Effectiveness of interleukin-4 administration or zinc supplementation in improving zinc deficiency-associated thymic atrophy and fatty degeneration and in normalizing T cell maturation process. Immunology 2022; 165:445-459. [PMID: 35138640 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional zinc deficiency induces thymic atrophy, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of thymic atrophy and fatty degeneration associated with zinc deficiency, and its effect on T cell maturation. Building on previous research demonstrating the beneficial effect of IL-4 administration or zinc supplementation on the spleen in zinc deficiency rats, we further examined whether these supplements also improve thymic atrophy. Five-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a standard diet, zinc-deficient diet (n = 16 each) with either saline or IL-4, or a zinc-deficient diet for 6 weeks followed by a standard diet for 4 weeks. Relative thymus weights, serum thymulin concentrations, and the number of cytokeratin-8-positive cells, AIRE-positive cells, IL-7-positive cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, pre T cells, and CD25+ CD44+ (DN3) cells in the thymus of zinc deficiency rats significantly decreased compared with those in all other groups. Conversely, PPAR-γ-positive cells, oil red O-positive areas, pro T cells, CD25- CD44+ cells, TUNEL positive cells, Viobility 405/452 Fixable Dye-positive cells, CD68-, CD163- or CD169- macrophages, and IL-1β concentrations were significantly increased in the thymus of zinc deficiency rats as compared to those in the other groups. After IL-4 administration or zinc supplementation for zinc deficiency, all the measurement indices were recovered to levels in standard rats. It was demonstrated that zinc deficiency caused thymic atrophy, accompanied by fatty degeneration in the cortical regions and affected T cell maturation. IL-4 administration or zinc supplementation for zinc deficiency ameliorated thymic fatty degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Kido
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine
| | - Machi Suka
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine
| | - Hiroyuki Yanagisawa
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine
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Baarz BR, Rink L. Rebalancing the unbalanced aged immune system - A special focus on zinc. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 74:101541. [PMID: 34915196 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, aging is understood as a dynamic and multifaceted dysregulation process that spares almost no human organ or cell. The immune system being among the most affected, it has been shown predominantly that its integrity determines the tightrope walk between the difference of escaping or suffering from age-related diseases. Next to drug-based anti-aging strategies, micronutrient intervention may represent an emerging but less radical way to slow immune aging. While a sufficient supply of a variety of micronutrients is undeniably important, adequate intake of the trace element zinc appears to tower over others in terms of reaching old age. Inconveniently, zinc deficiency prevalence among the elderly is high, which in turn contributes to increased susceptibility to infection, decreased anti-tumor immunity as well as attenuated response to vaccination. Driven by this research, this review aims to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the various rebalancing capabilities of zinc in the unbalanced immune system of the elderly. This includes an in-depth and cell type-centered discussion on the role of zinc in immunosenescence and inflammaging. We further address upcoming translational aspects e.g. how zinc deficiency promotes the flourishing of certain pathogenic taxa of the gut microbiome and how zinc supply counteracts such alterations in a manner that may contribute to longevity. In the light of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we also briefly review current knowledge on the interdependency between age, zinc status, and respiratory infections. Based on two concrete examples and considering the latest findings in the field we conclude our remarks by outlining tremendous parallels between suboptimal zinc status and accelerated aging on the one hand and an optimized zinc status and successful aging on the other hand.
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Perinazzo Pauvels LS, Dorn T, Cartell A, Boza JC, Cestari TF. Trichoscopy in acrodermatitis enteropathica. Int J Dermatol 2021; 61:480-483. [PMID: 34403498 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Timotio Dorn
- Dermatology Department, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - André Cartell
- Pathology Department, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Tohyama M, Sakaguchi C, Nishina T, Hyodo I. Possible involvement of zinc deficiency in epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor-induced xerotic dermatitis. J Dermatol 2021; 48:1579-1583. [PMID: 34235777 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.16049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cancer treatment with epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (EGFRIs) often induces severe xerotic dermatitis. Various irritants facilitate development of dermatitis in xerotic skin. As zinc deficiency plays a role in the development of irritant dermatitis, we measured serum zinc levels in 25 patients with xerotic dermatitis due to treatment with EGFRIs. Of these patients, nine were treated with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors and 16 were treated with anti-EGFR antibody alone or in combination with other anticancer agents. Serum zinc levels of all patients were lower than the normal range of >80 μg/dL, with a mean ± SD serum zinc level of 56.4 ± 11.7 μg/dL. These were correlated with serum magnesium levels in patients. As the serum magnesium level is known to be reduced by the inhibition of EGFR, a similar mechanism may also be involved in decreasing the serum zinc level. Among 21 patients treated with zinc supplementation for more than 2 months, xerotic dermatitis markedly improved, with an increase of serum zinc levels in 16 patients. The other five patients exhibited no significant improvement in their skin condition, and insufficient and unstable increase in serum zinc levels. In conclusion, zinc supplementation may be beneficial in supportive care for patients with EGFRI-induced xerotic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Tohyama
- Department of Dermatology, National Hospital Organization Shikoku Cancer Center, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Chihiro Sakaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Shikoku Cancer Center, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nishina
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Shikoku Cancer Center, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Ichinosuke Hyodo
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Shikoku Cancer Center, Matsuyama, Japan
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Nonpeptidergic neurons suppress mast cells via glutamate to maintain skin homeostasis. Cell 2021; 184:2151-2166.e16. [PMID: 33765440 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous mast cells mediate numerous skin inflammatory processes and have anatomical and functional associations with sensory afferent neurons. We reveal that epidermal nerve endings from a subset of sensory nonpeptidergic neurons expressing MrgprD are reduced by the absence of Langerhans cells. Loss of epidermal innervation or ablation of MrgprD-expressing neurons increased expression of a mast cell gene module, including the activating receptor, Mrgprb2, resulting in increased mast cell degranulation and cutaneous inflammation in multiple disease models. Agonism of MrgprD-expressing neurons reduced expression of module genes and suppressed mast cell responses. MrgprD-expressing neurons released glutamate which was increased by MrgprD agonism. Inhibiting glutamate release or glutamate receptor binding yielded hyperresponsive mast cells with a genomic state similar to that in mice lacking MrgprD-expressing neurons. These data demonstrate that MrgprD-expressing neurons suppress mast cell hyperresponsiveness and skin inflammation via glutamate release, thereby revealing an unexpected neuroimmune mechanism maintaining cutaneous immune homeostasis.
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Kido T, Hachisuka E, Suka M, Yanagisawa H. Interleukin-4 Administration or Zinc Supplementation Is Effective in Preventing Zinc Deficiency-Induced Hemolytic Anemia and Splenomegaly. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:668-681. [PMID: 32405687 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02172-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional zinc deficiency aggravates inflammation, subsequently causing anemia and splenomegaly in rats; however, the mechanism underlying such splenomegaly remains poorly understood. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the splenomegaly and anemia occurring in zinc-deficient rats and investigate whether these effects of zinc deficiency could be reversed by interleukin (IL)-4 administration or zinc supplementation. Five-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a standard diet; fed a zinc-deficient diet (n = 7 each) and injected with saline or IL-4; or fed a zinc-deficient diet for 6 weeks followed by a standard diet for 4 weeks thereafter. White blood cells, segmented neutrophils, platelets, CD4+ T cells, CD11b/c+ granulocytes, CINC/GRO+ cells, and myeloperoxidase-positive cells in the blood and spleen of the zinc-deficient rats were significantly higher than those in all the other groups. Conversely, red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, lymphocytes, and CD8+ T cells in the blood of the zinc-deficient rats were significantly lower than those in the other groups. Furthermore, serum aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, indirect bilirubin concentrations, and erythrocyte osmotic fragility in the zinc-deficient rats were significantly higher than those in the other groups. Moreover, zinc deficiency significantly decreased the GATA1 protein levels in the spleen. Collectively, these results indicate that zinc deficiency aggravates the inflammatory response and causes hemolytic anemia and splenomegaly. Importantly, IL-4 administration and zinc supplementation can reverse the zinc deficiency-induced hemolytic anemia and splenomegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Kido
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishishimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Eri Hachisuka
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishishimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Machi Suka
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishishimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yanagisawa
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishishimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan.
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Furue K, Ulzii D, Tanaka Y, Ito T, Tsuji G, Kido‐Nakahara M, Nakahara T, Furue M. Pathogenic implication of epidermal scratch injury in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol 2020; 47:979-988. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Furue
- Department of Dermatology Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Dugarmaa Ulzii
- Department of Dermatology Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Yuka Tanaka
- Department of Dermatology Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Takamichi Ito
- Department of Dermatology Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Gaku Tsuji
- Department of Dermatology Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
- Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin Kyushu University Hospital Fukuoka Japan
| | - Makiko Kido‐Nakahara
- Department of Dermatology Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakahara
- Department of Dermatology Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
- Division of Skin Surface Sensing Department of Dermatology Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Masutaka Furue
- Department of Dermatology Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
- Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin Kyushu University Hospital Fukuoka Japan
- Division of Skin Surface Sensing Department of Dermatology Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
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17
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Ozeki I, Yamaguchi M, Suii H, Tatsumi R, Arakawa T, Nakajima T, Kuwata Y. The association between serum zinc levels and subjective symptoms in zinc deficiency patients with chronic liver disease. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2020; 66:253-261. [PMID: 32523253 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.19-99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the association between serum zinc levels and major subjective symptoms in zinc deficiency patients with chronic liver disease. 578 patients with chronic liver disease were enrolled. The patients, whose serum zinc level of <80 µg/dl, completed a questionnaire to determine whether they had subjective symptoms of the five conditions (taste disorder, aphthous stomatitis, dermatitis, alopecia, and anorexia). Then, the association between these subjective symptoms and serum zinc levels was analyzed. In total, 193 patients (33.4%) experienced any subjective symptoms. The prevalence of each symptom was as follows: 36 patients with taste disorder (6.2%), 46 with aphthous stomatitis (8.0%), 77 with dermatitis (13.3%), 46 with alopecia (8.0%), and 53 with anorexia (9.2%). In total, 70.8%, 34.1%, and 26.1% patients with serum zinc levels of <40, ≥40 to <60, and ≥60 to <80 µg/dl, respectively, had these symptoms. When zinc deficiency was defined as a serum zinc level of <80 µg/dl, approximately one-third of patients displayed symptoms presumably originating from zinc deficiency. As serum zinc levels decreased, the prevalence of these symptoms increased. Dermatitis, especially, was relevant to zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itaru Ozeki
- Department of Hepatology, Sapporo Kosei General Hospital, Kita 3 Higashi 8, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-0033, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Yamaguchi
- Department of Hepatology, Sapporo Kosei General Hospital, Kita 3 Higashi 8, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-0033, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Suii
- Department of Hepatology, Sapporo Kosei General Hospital, Kita 3 Higashi 8, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-0033, Japan
| | - Ryoji Tatsumi
- Department of Hepatology, Sapporo Kosei General Hospital, Kita 3 Higashi 8, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-0033, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Arakawa
- Department of Hepatology, Sapporo Kosei General Hospital, Kita 3 Higashi 8, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-0033, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Nakajima
- Department of Hepatology, Sapporo Kosei General Hospital, Kita 3 Higashi 8, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-0033, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Kuwata
- Department of Hepatology, Sapporo Kosei General Hospital, Kita 3 Higashi 8, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-0033, Japan
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Sekiguchi A, Ishikawa O, Motegi SI. Case of zinc deficiency-induced dermatomyositis-like dermatitis: Association between absence of CD1a-positive Langerhans cells and development of dermatitis. J Dermatol 2020; 47:e286-e288. [PMID: 32415674 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Sekiguchi
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Osamu Ishikawa
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Sei-Ichiro Motegi
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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Chasapis CT, Ntoupa PSA, Spiliopoulou CA, Stefanidou ME. Recent aspects of the effects of zinc on human health. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1443-1460. [PMID: 32394086 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02702-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is one of the most important essential nutrients of great public health significance. It is involved in numerous biological functions and it is considered as a multipurpose trace element, due to its capacity to bind to more than 300 enzymes and more than 2000 transcriptional factors. Its role in biochemical pathways and cellular functions, such as the response to oxidative stress, homeostasis, immune responses, DNA replication, DNA damage repair, cell cycle progression, apoptosis and aging is significant. Zn is required for the synthesis of protein and collagen, thus contributing to wound healing and a healthy skin. Metallothioneins are metal-binding proteins and they are potent scavengers of heavy metals, including Zn, and protect the organism against stress. Zn deficiency is observed almost in 17% of the global population and affects many organ systems, leading to dysfunction of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, thus increasing the susceptibility to infection. This review gives a thorough insight into the most recent evidence on the association between Zn biochemistry and human pathologies, epigenetic processes, gut microbial composition, drug targets and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos T Chasapis
- NMR Center, Instrumental Analysis Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.,Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), Patras, Greece
| | - Panagoula-Stamatina A Ntoupa
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, Mikras Asias Street, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Chara A Spiliopoulou
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, Mikras Asias Street, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria E Stefanidou
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, Mikras Asias Street, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece.
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Ozeki I, Nakajima T, Suii H, Tatsumi R, Yamaguchi M, Arakawa T, Kuwata Y, Toyota J, Karino Y. Evaluation of treatment with zinc acetate hydrate in patients with liver cirrhosis complicated by zinc deficiency. Hepatol Res 2020; 50:488-501. [PMID: 31729098 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM In Japan, no zinc preparation had been approved for therapeutic purposes before March 2017. Zinc acetate hydrate was recently approved for the treatment of hypozincemia. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of treatment with zinc acetate hydrate. METHODS A total of 97 patients with cirrhosis complicated by hypozincemia were treated with zinc acetate hydrate, and their serum zinc normalization rates; factors contributing to normalization; changes in blood ammonia levels; branched-chain amino acids-to-tyrosine ratios; levels of albumin, hemoglobin, alkaline phosphatase, serum copper, and iron; incidence of adverse events; improvement in subjective symptoms; and serum zinc levels taken at 3 months post-treatment were determined. RESULTS The cumulative serum zinc normalization rates, when normalization was defined as achievement of a serum zinc level ≥80 μg/dL, after 2, 4, and 6 months of treatment were 64.9%, 80.3%, and 82.5%, respectively. Multivariate analysis identified an albumin level of ≥3.3 g/dL and branched-chain amino acids to tyrosine ratio of ≥3.46 as factors contributing to zinc normalization within 3 months of treatment. Treatment resulted in a significant decrease in blood ammonia and serum copper levels, and significant increases in branched-chain amino acids-to-tyrosine ratios and alkaline phosphatase levels. Seven (7.2%) patients prematurely discontinued treatment due to hypocupremia. By the end of treatment, subjective symptoms had resolved in 46.2% of patients. By 3 months post-treatment, serum zinc levels had reverted to levels close to those at baseline. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with zinc acetate hydrate resulted in normalization of serum zinc levels at a high rate. The main reasons for discontinuation of treatment included hypocupremia.
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Deguchi M, Jose H, Nishida K, Ooi K. Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL)-decreasing Effect by Administration of Zinc in the Elderly People. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2020; 140:313-318. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.19-00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Deguchi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science
- Life Pharmacy
| | | | - Keigo Nishida
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science
| | - Kazuya Ooi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science
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22
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Nakamura H, Sekiguchi A, Ogawa Y, Kawamura T, Akai R, Iwawaki T, Makiguchi T, Yokoo S, Ishikawa O, Motegi SI. Zinc deficiency exacerbates pressure ulcers by increasing oxidative stress and ATP in the skin. J Dermatol Sci 2019; 95:62-69. [PMID: 31327530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc deficiency is believed to be a predisposing factor for the development and intractable healing of pressure ulcers (PUs); however, the mechanisms of this association have not been elucidated. OBJECTIVE Objective was to elucidate the mechanisms of the formation of severe and prolonged PUs under the zinc deficiency condition. METHODS We assessed PUs formation after cutaneous ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in mice fed with a zinc-adequate (ZA) or a zinc-deficient (ZD) diet from 2 weeks before I/R injury. Wound size, vascular damage, apoptotic cells, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) amount, and the number of Langerhans cells (LCs) in I/R area were analyzed. We evaluated the extent of oxidative stress in I/R area in OKD48 mice through bioluminescence detection. RESULTS We found that dietary zinc deficiency caused the formation of severe and prolonged PUs in mice. Zinc deficiency increased the vascular disorder, oxidative stress, and apoptosis induced by cutaneous I/R injury. I/R injury-induced oxidative stress signals were significantly higher in ZD OKD48 mice than in ZA OKD48 mice. Additionally, zinc deficiency reduced the number of LCs and increased the amount of ATP in cutaneous I/R-injured skin. Oral supplementation of zinc improved zinc deficiency-associated PUs. CONCLUSION Zinc deficiency might increase cutaneous I/R injury-induced vascular damages, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, as well as ATP amount in I/R area due to the loss of LCs. These mechanisms might partly account for zinc deficiency-induced formation of severe and prolonged PUs. Oral supplementation of zinc might be a reasonable therapeutic choice for patients with PUs and zinc deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideharu Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Plastic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Akiko Sekiguchi
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Youichi Ogawa
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Tatsuyoshi Kawamura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Ryoko Akai
- Division of Cell Medicine, Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takao Iwawaki
- Division of Cell Medicine, Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takaya Makiguchi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Plastic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yokoo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Plastic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Osamu Ishikawa
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Sei-Ichiro Motegi
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.
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23
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Dhingra B, Gupta P. 50 Years Ago in The Journal of Pediatrics: Acrodermatitis Enteropathica: Defective Metabolism of Unsaturated Fatty Acids. J Pediatr 2019; 208:155. [PMID: 31027618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhavna Dhingra
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Piyush Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics, University College of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
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Biotin Is Required for the Zinc Homeostasis in the Skin. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040919. [PMID: 31022908 PMCID: PMC6520690 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with biotin deficiency present symptoms that are similar to those in patients with acrodermatitis enteropathica (inherent zinc deficiency). However, the association between biotin and zinc deficiency remains unknown. We have previously shown that epidermal keratinocytes of mice fed zinc-deficient (ZD) diets secreted more adenosine triphosphate (ATP) than those of mice fed zinc-adequate (ZA) diets and that epidermal Langerhans cells are absent in ZD mice. Langerhans cells highly express CD39, which potently hydrolyzes ATP into adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Thus, a lack of Langerhans cells in ZD mice leads to non-hydrolysis of ATP, thereby leading to the development of ATP-mediated irritant contact dermatitis. In this study, we examined if biotin-deficient (BD) mice showed the same underlying mechanisms as those in ZD mice. BD mice showed reduced serum zinc levels, disappearance of epidermal Langerhans cells, and enhanced ATP production in the skin. Consequently, irritant contact dermatitis was significantly enhanced and prolonged in BD mice. In conclusion, the findings of our study showed that biotin deficiency leads to zinc deficiency because of which patients with biotin deficiency show similar symptoms as those with acrodermatitis enteropathica.
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25
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Shiratori K, Kanemaru K, Ogura T, Nakajima A, Sugizaki Y, Fukuyama T, Iwakura Y, Nakamura Y, Fukami K. Epidermal loss of phospholipase Cδ1 attenuates irritant contact dermatitis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 511:330-335. [PMID: 30791982 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) is one of the most common inflammatory skin diseases caused by exposure to chemical irritants. Since chemical irritants primarily damage keratinocytes, these cells play a pivotal role in ICD. One of the phosphoinositide-metabolizing enzymes, phospholipase C (PLC) δ1, is abundantly expressed in keratinocytes. However, the role of PLCδ1 in ICD remains to be clarified. Here, we found that croton oil (CrO)-induced ear swelling, a feature of ICD, was attenuated in keratinocyte-specific PLCδ1 knockout mice (PLCδ1 cKO mice). Dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs), which have a protective role against ICD, were activated in the epidermis of the PLCδ1 cKO mice. In addition, the skin of CrO-treated PLCδ1 cKO mice showed increased infiltration of Gr1+CD11b+ myeloid cells. Of note, elimination of Gr1+CD11b+ myeloid cells restored CrO-induced ear swelling in PLCδ1 cKO mice to a similar level as that in control mice. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that epidermal loss of PLCδ1 protects mice from ICD through induction of Gr1+CD11b+ myeloid cells and activation of DETCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Shiratori
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignals, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Kanemaru
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignals, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ogura
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignals, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Nakajima
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignals, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Sugizaki
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignals, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Fukuyama
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignals, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Nakamura
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignals, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan; PRIME, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kiyoko Fukami
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignals, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
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26
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Ogawa Y, Kinoshita M, Shimada S, Kambe T, Kawamura T. Zinc transporters in the epidermis. J Dermatol 2019; 46:e243-e245. [PMID: 30697795 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.14797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youichi Ogawa
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Manao Kinoshita
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Shinji Shimada
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Taiho Kambe
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuyoshi Kawamura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
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27
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Kido T, Ishiwata K, Suka M, Yanagisawa H. Inflammatory response under zinc deficiency is exacerbated by dysfunction of the T helper type 2 lymphocyte-M2 macrophage pathway. Immunology 2019; 156:356-372. [PMID: 30552817 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional zinc deficiency leads to immune dysfunction and aggravates inflammation. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. In this study, the relationship between macrophage subtypes (M1 and M2) and helper T lymphocytes (Th1 and Th2) was investigated using the spleen from rats fed zinc-deficient or standard diet. In experiment I, 5-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a zinc-deficient diet (without zinc additives) or a standard diet (containing 0·01% zinc) for 6 weeks. In experiment II, the rats were divided into four groups: one group was fed a standard diet for 6 weeks; two groups were fed zinc-deficient diets and were injected three times a week with either saline or interleukin-4 (IL-4) (zinc-deficient/IL-4 i.p.); a fourth group (zinc-deficient/standard) was fed a zinc-deficient diet for 6 weeks followed by a standard diet for 4 weeks. In experiment I; GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA-3) protein level, M2 macrophage, CD3+ CD8+ cells, and IL-4/IL-13-positive cells significantly decreased in the spleens of the zinc-deficient group. Additionally, IL-1β and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) mRNA levels significantly increased in the splenic macrophages of the zinc-deficient group. In experiment II; M2 macrophages, CD3+ CD8+ cells, IL-4/IL-13-positive cells, and GATA-3 protein levels significantly increased in the spleens of the zinc-deficient/IL-4 i.p. and zinc-deficient/standard groups. Furthermore, IL-1β and MIP-1α mRNA levels decreased in the splenic macrophages of the zinc-deficient/IL-4 i.p. and zinc-deficient/standard groups. Zinc deficiency-induced aggravated inflammation is related to Th2 lymphocytes and followed by the association with loss of GATA-3, IL-4 and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. Importantly, IL-4 injection or zinc supplementation can reverse the effects of zinc deficiency on immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Kido
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishiwata
- Department of Tropical Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Machi Suka
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yanagisawa
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Zinc in Keratinocytes and Langerhans Cells: Relevance to the Epidermal Homeostasis. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:5404093. [PMID: 30622978 PMCID: PMC6304883 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5404093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the skin, the epidermis is continuously exposed to various kinds of external substances and stimuli. Therefore, epidermal barriers are crucial for providing protection, safeguarding health, and regulating water balance by maintaining skin homeostasis. Disruption of the epidermal barrier allows external substances and stimuli to invade or stimulate the epidermal cells, leading to the elicitation of skin inflammation. The major components of the epidermal barrier are the stratum corneum (SC) and tight junctions (TJs). The presence of zinc in the epidermis promotes epidermal homeostasis; hence, this study reviewed the role of zinc in the formation and function of the SC and TJs. Langerhans cells (LCs) are one of the antigen-presenting cells found in the epidermis. They form TJs with adjacent keratinocytes (KCs), capture external antigens, and induce antigen-specific immune reactions. Thus, the function of zinc in LCs was examined in this review. We also summarized the general knowledge of zinc and zinc transporters in the epidermis with updated findings.
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Function, Structure, and Transport Aspects of ZIP and ZnT Zinc Transporters in Immune Cells. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:9365747. [PMID: 30370308 PMCID: PMC6189677 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9365747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an important trace metal in immune systems, and zinc transporters are involved in many immune responses. Recent advances have revealed the structural and biochemical bases for zinc transport across the cell membrane, with clinical implications for the regulation of zinc homeostasis in immune cells like dendritic cells, T cells, B cells, and mast cells. In this review, we discuss the function, structure, and transport aspects of two major mammalian zinc transporter types, importers and exporters. First, Zrt-/Irt-like proteins (ZIPs) mediate the zinc influx from the extracellular or luminal side into the cytoplasm. There are 14 ZIP family members in humans. They form a homo- or heterodimer with 8 transmembrane domains and extra-/intracellular domains of various lengths. Several ZIP members show specific extracellular domains composed of two subdomains, a helix-rich domain and proline-alanine-leucine (PAL) motif-containing domain. Second, ZnT (zinc transporter) was initially identified in early studies of zinc biology; it mediates zinc efflux as a counterpart of ZIPs in zinc homeostasis. Ten family members have been identified. They show a unique architecture characterized by a Y-shaped conformation and a large cytoplasmic domain. A precise, comprehensive understanding of the structures and transport mechanisms of ZIP and ZnT in combination with mice experiments would provide promising drug targets as well as a basis for identifying other transporters with therapeutic potential.
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Takeda TA, Miyazaki S, Kobayashi M, Nishino K, Goto T, Matsunaga M, Ooi M, Shirakawa H, Tani F, Kawamura T, Komai M, Kambe T. Zinc deficiency causes delayed ATP clearance and adenosine generation in rats and cell culture models. Commun Biol 2018; 1:113. [PMID: 30271993 PMCID: PMC6123718 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc deficiency causes myriad pathophysiological symptoms, but why distinct phenotypes are generated by zinc deficiency remains unclear. Considering that several ectoenzymes involved in purinergic signaling through extracellular adenine-nucleotide hydrolysis possess zinc ions in their active sites, and disorders in purinergic signaling result in diverse diseases that are frequently similar to those caused by zinc deficiency, herein we examine whether zinc deficiency affects extracellular adenine-nucleotide metabolism. Zinc deficiency severely impairs the activities of major ectoenzymes (ENPP1, ENPP3, NT5E/CD73, and TNAP), and also strongly suppresses adenine-nucleotide hydrolysis in cell-membrane preparations or rat plasma, thereby increasing ATP and ADP levels and decreasing adenosine levels. Thus, zinc deficiency delays both extracellular ATP clearance and adenosine generation, and zinc modulates extracellular adenine-nucleotide metabolism. Since the finely tuned balance between extracellular adenine nucleotides and adenosine is critical for purinergic signaling, these findings provide a novel insight into why zinc deficiency results in diverse symptoms. Taka-aki Takeda et al. find that zinc deficiency impairs adenine nucleotide metabolism in both cell and rat models leading to delays in extracellular ATP clearance and adenosine generation. The results show that zinc deficiency affects purinergic signaling and may explain why zinc deficiency in humans results in diverse symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taka-Aki Takeda
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shiho Miyazaki
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Miki Kobayashi
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Nishino
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tomoko Goto
- Department of Science of Food Function and Health, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan.,Faculty of Human Life Science, Miyagi Gakuin Women's University, Sendai, 981-8557, Japan
| | - Mayu Matsunaga
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Minami Ooi
- Department of Science of Food Function and Health, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shirakawa
- Department of Science of Food Function and Health, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Fumito Tani
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tatsuyoshi Kawamura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Michio Komai
- Department of Science of Food Function and Health, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Taiho Kambe
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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Ogawa Y, Kinoshita M, Mizumura N, Miyazaki S, Aoki R, Momosawa A, Shimada S, Kambe T, Kawamura T. Purinergic Molecules in the Epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:2486-2488. [PMID: 29758281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youichi Ogawa
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
| | - Manao Kinoshita
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Nao Mizumura
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Shiho Miyazaki
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Rui Aoki
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Akira Momosawa
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Shinji Shimada
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Taiho Kambe
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuyoshi Kawamura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
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Abstract
Pellagra is a nutrient deficiency disease caused by insufficient niacin levels. Recent studies have shown that numbers of epidermal Langerhans cells decreased in other diseases caused by nutritional deficiencies, including necrolytic migratory erythema and acrodermatitis enteropathica. Epidermal Langerhans cells are capable of modulating or even halting the inflammatory reaction. The aim of this study was to examine changes in the number of Langerhans cells and other dendritic cells, and maturation of epidermal Langerhans cells in the lesional and adjacent non-lesional skin in pellagra patients. Seven pellagra patients and 10 healthy individuals who served as controls were included. The number and distribution of dendritic cells and other cutaneous cells were examined by immunohistochemistry. Epidermal Langerhans cells decreased considerably in the skin lesions of pellagra patients, whereas other dendritic cells did not change. The decrease in the number of Langerhans cells was positively correlated with the histological severity of skin lesions. As the number of Langerhans cells was not reduced in the undisturbed neighboring skin, the depletion of epidermal Langerhans cells did not precede skin damage but was a cause of prolonged severe inflammation.
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The Role of the Slc39a Family of Zinc Transporters in Zinc Homeostasis in Skin. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020219. [PMID: 29462920 PMCID: PMC5852795 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The first manifestations that appear under zinc deficiency are skin defects such as dermatitis, alopecia, acne, eczema, dry, and scaling skin. Several genetic disorders including acrodermatitis enteropathica (also known as Danbolt-Closs syndrome) and Brandt's syndrome are highly related to zinc deficiency. However, the zinc-related molecular mechanisms underlying normal skin development and homeostasis, as well as the mechanism by which disturbed zinc homeostasis causes such skin disorders, are unknown. Recent genomic approaches have revealed the physiological importance of zinc transporters in skin formation and clarified their functional impairment in cutaneous pathogenesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the relationships between zinc deficiency and skin disorders, focusing on the roles of zinc transporters in the skin. We also discuss therapeutic outlooks and advantages of controlling zinc levels via zinc transporters to prevent cutaneous disorganization.
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Abstract
The skin is the third most zinc (Zn)-abundant tissue in the body. The skin consists of the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue, and each fraction is composed of various types of cells. Firstly, we review the physiological functions of Zn and Zn transporters in these cells. Several human disorders accompanied with skin manifestations are caused by mutations or dysregulation in Zn transporters; acrodermatitis enteropathica (Zrt-, Irt-like protein (ZIP)4 in the intestinal epithelium and possibly epidermal basal keratinocytes), the spondylocheiro dysplastic form of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (ZIP13 in the dermal fibroblasts), transient neonatal Zn deficiency (Zn transporter (ZnT)2 in the secretory vesicles of mammary glands), and epidermodysplasia verruciformis (ZnT1 in the epidermal keratinocytes). Additionally, acquired Zn deficiency is deeply involved in the development of some diseases related to nutritional deficiencies (acquired acrodermatitis enteropathica, necrolytic migratory erythema, pellagra, and biotin deficiency), alopecia, and delayed wound healing. Therefore, it is important to associate the existence of mutations or dysregulation in Zn transporters and Zn deficiency with skin manifestations.
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35
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Langerhans Cells – The Macrophage in Dendritic Cell Clothing. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:817-828. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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36
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Hojyo S, Bin BH, Fukada T. Dysregulated zinc homeostasis in rare skin disorders. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2017.1394184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Hojyo
- Osteoimmunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bum-Ho Bin
- Bioscience Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Toshiyuki Fukada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
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Hatakeyama M, Fukunaga A, Washio K, Taguchi K, Oda Y, Ogura K, Nishigori C. Anti-Inflammatory Role of Langerhans Cells and Apoptotic Keratinocytes in Ultraviolet-B-Induced Cutaneous Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2937-2947. [PMID: 28893957 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UV radiation, particularly UVB, is the major risk factor for the induction of skin cancer, and it induces skin inflammation and immunosuppression. Although reports documented that Langerhans cells (LCs) play various roles in photobiology, little is known about whether they contribute to UVB-induced cutaneous inflammation. Recently, the anti-inflammatory effect of apoptotic cells was noted. This study focuses on the roles of LCs and apoptotic cells in UVB-induced cutaneous inflammation. We show that LCs are essential for resolution of UVB-induced cutaneous inflammation. Administration of quinolyl-valyl-O-methylaspartyl-[2,6-difluophenoxy]-methyl ketone, a broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor with potent antiapoptotic properties, inhibited the formation of UVB-induced apoptotic cells and aggravated UVB-induced cutaneous inflammation in wild-type mice. In contrast, exacerbation of UVB-induced cutaneous inflammation following quinolyl-valyl-O-methylaspartyl-[2,6-difluophenoxy]-methyl ketone administration was not observed in LC-depleted mice. These results suggest that the interaction between LCs and apoptotic cells is critical for resolution of UVB-induced cutaneous inflammation. Interestingly, UVB-induced apoptotic keratinocytes were increased in LC-depleted mice. In addition, we revealed that UVB-induced apoptotic keratinocytes were phagocytosed by LCs ex vivo and that prolongation of UVB-induced cutaneous inflammation following treatment with Cytochalasin D, an inhibitor of phagocytosis, was partially attenuated in LC-depleted mice. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that the interaction between LCs and apoptotic cells, possibly via LC-mediated phagocytosis of apoptotic keratinocytes, has an essential anti-inflammatory role in the resolution of UVB-induced cutaneous inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Hatakeyama
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fukunaga
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Ken Washio
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kumiko Taguchi
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Oda
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kanako Ogura
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Chikako Nishigori
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
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38
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Roles of Zinc Signaling in the Immune System. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:6762343. [PMID: 27872866 PMCID: PMC5107842 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6762343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for basic cell activities such as cell growth, differentiation, and survival. Zn deficiency depresses both innate and adaptive immune responses. However, the precise physiological mechanisms of the Zn-mediated regulation of the immune system have been largely unclear. Zn homeostasis is tightly controlled by the coordinated activity of Zn transporters and metallothioneins, which regulate the transport, distribution, and storage of Zn. There is growing evidence that Zn behaves like a signaling molecule, facilitating the transduction of a variety of signaling cascades in response to extracellular stimuli. In this review, we highlight the emerging functional roles of Zn and Zn transporters in immunity, focusing on how crosstalk between Zn and immune-related signaling guides the normal development and function of immune cells.
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39
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Ogawa Y, Kawamura T, Shimada S. Zinc and skin biology. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 611:113-119. [PMID: 27288087 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Of all tissues, the skin has the third highest abundance of zinc in the body. In the skin, the zinc concentration is higher in the epidermis than in the dermis, owing to a zinc requirement for the active proliferation and differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes. Here we review the dynamics and functions of zinc in the skin as well as skin disorders associated with zinc deficiency, zinc finger domain-containing proteins, and zinc transporters. Among skin disorders associated with zinc deficiency, acrodermatitis enteropathica is a disorder caused by mutations in the ZIP4 transporter and subsequent zinc deficiency. The triad acrodermatitis enteropathica is characterized by alopecia, diarrhea, and skin lesions in acral, periorificial, and anogenital areas. We highlight the underlying mechanism of the development of acrodermatitis because of zinc deficiency by describing our new findings. We also discuss the accumulating evidence on zinc deficiency in alopecia and necrolytic migratory erythema, which is typically associated with glucagonomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youichi Ogawa
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Tatsuyoshi Kawamura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Shinji Shimada
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
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40
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Geraghty NJ, Watson D, Adhikary SR, Sluyter R. P2X7 receptor in skin biology and diseases. World J Dermatol 2016; 5:72-83. [DOI: 10.5314/wjd.v5.i2.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is a trimeric ligand-gated cation channel present on immune and other cells. Activation of this receptor by its natural ligand extracellular adenosine triphosphate results in a variety of downstream responses, including the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and cell death. In normal skin, P2X7 is present on keratinocytes, Langerhans cells and fibroblasts, while the presence of this receptor on other cutaneous cells is mainly inferred from studies of equivalent cell types present in other tissues. Mast cells in normal skin however express negligible amounts of P2X7, which can be upregulated in cutaneous disease. This review discusses the potential significance of P2X7 in skin biology, and the role of this receptor in inflammatory skin disorders such as irritant and chronic dermatitis, psoriasis, graft-versus-host disease, as well is in wound healing, transplantation and skin cancer.
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41
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Yasuda H, Tsutsui T. Infants and elderlies are susceptible to zinc deficiency. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21850. [PMID: 26912464 PMCID: PMC4766432 DOI: 10.1038/srep21850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of zinc for human health has been recognized since the early 1960s, but today there is little concern about zinc deficiency in developed countries. In this study, we measured the zinc concentration in hair from 28,424 Japanese subjects (18,812 females and 9,612 males) and found that 1,754 subjects (6.17%) had zinc concentrations lower than 2 standard deviations (86.3 ppm) below the control reference range, which qualifies as zinc deficiency. In particular, a considerable proportion of elderlies and children (20% or more) were found to have marginal to severe zinc deficiency. A zinc concentration of 9.7 ppm was the lowest observed in a 51-year-old woman; this concentration was approximately 1/13 of the mean reference level. The prevalence of zinc deficiency in adults increased with aging to a maximum of 19.7% by the 8(th) decade of life, and decreased to 3.4% above 90-year-old. The proportion of zinc deficiency in infants 0-4 years was 36.5% in males and 47.3% in females; these percentages were higher than the maximum prevalence in elderly subjects. These findings suggest that infants and elderlies are prone to zinc deficiency and that intervention of zinc deficiency is necessary for normal human development, health and longevity.
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42
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Kobayashi K, Kono M, Shiraishi M. Severe acquired acrodermatitis enteropathica caused by anorexia nervosa. J Dermatol 2015; 43:456-7. [PMID: 26661624 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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43
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Emri E, Miko E, Bai P, Boros G, Nagy G, Rózsa D, Juhász T, Hegedűs C, Horkay I, Remenyik É, Emri G. Effects of non-toxic zinc exposure on human epidermal keratinocytes. Metallomics 2015; 7:499-507. [PMID: 25659595 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00287c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential microelement; its importance to the skin is highlighted by the severe skin symptoms in hereditary or acquired zinc deficiency, by the improvement of several skin conditions using systemic or topical zinc preparations and by the induced intracellular zinc release upon UVB exposure, which is the main harmful environmental factor to the skin. Understanding the molecular background of the role of zinc in skin may help gain insight into the pathology of skin disorders and provide evidence for the therapeutic usefulness of zinc supplementation. Herein, we studied the effects of zinc chloride (ZnCl2) exposure on the function of HaCaT keratinocytes, and the results showed that a non-toxic elevation in the concentration of extracellular zinc (100 μM) facilitated cell proliferation and induced significant alterations in the mRNA expression of NOTCH1, IL8, and cyclooxygenase-2. In addition, increased heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) expression and non-toxic generation of superoxide were detected in the first 4 h. Regarding the effects on the UVB-induced toxicity, although the level of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in the keratinocytes pre-treated with zinc for 24 h was reduced 3 h after UVB irradiation, significantly enhanced superoxide generation was observed 10 h after UVB exposure in the zinc pre-exposed cells. The overall survival was unaffected; however, there was a decrease in the percentage of early apoptotic cells and an increase in the percentage of late apoptotic plus necrotic cells. These results suggest that the exposure of human keratinocytes to non-toxic concentrations of ZnCl2 impacts gene expression, cell proliferation and the responses to environmental stress in the skin. It would be important to further examine the role of zinc in skin and further clarify whether this issue can affect our thinking regarding the pathogenesis of skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Emri
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
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44
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Kim TG, Kim M, Lee JJ, Kim SH, Je JH, Lee Y, Song MJ, Choi Y, Chung YW, Park CG, Cho JW, Lee MG, Lee YS, Kim HP. CCCTC-binding factor controls the homeostatic maintenance and migration of Langerhans cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:713-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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45
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Kambe T, Tsuji T, Hashimoto A, Itsumura N. The Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Roles of Zinc Transporters in Zinc Homeostasis and Metabolism. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:749-84. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00035.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 556] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is involved in a variety of biological processes, as a structural, catalytic, and intracellular and intercellular signaling component. Thus zinc homeostasis is tightly controlled at the whole body, tissue, cellular, and subcellular levels by a number of proteins, with zinc transporters being particularly important. In metazoan, two zinc transporter families, Zn transporters (ZnT) and Zrt-, Irt-related proteins (ZIP) function in zinc mobilization of influx, efflux, and compartmentalization/sequestration across biological membranes. During the last two decades, significant progress has been made in understanding the molecular properties, expression, regulation, and cellular and physiological roles of ZnT and ZIP transporters, which underpin the multifarious functions of zinc. Moreover, growing evidence indicates that malfunctioning zinc homeostasis due to zinc transporter dysfunction results in the onset and progression of a variety of diseases. This review summarizes current progress in our understanding of each ZnT and ZIP transporter from the perspective of zinc physiology and pathogenesis, discussing challenging issues in their structure and zinc transport mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiho Kambe
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tokuji Tsuji
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ayako Hashimoto
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoya Itsumura
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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46
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Tsai SH, Kinoshita M, Kusu T, Kayama H, Okumura R, Ikeda K, Shimada Y, Takeda A, Yoshikawa S, Obata-Ninomiya K, Kurashima Y, Sato S, Umemoto E, Kiyono H, Karasuyama H, Takeda K. The ectoenzyme E-NPP3 negatively regulates ATP-dependent chronic allergic responses by basophils and mast cells. Immunity 2015; 42:279-293. [PMID: 25692702 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Crosslinking of the immunoglobulin receptor FcεRI activates basophils and mast cells to induce immediate and chronic allergic inflammation. However, it remains unclear how the chronic allergic inflammation is regulated. Here, we showed that ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase-phosphodiesterase 3 (E-NPP3), also known as CD203c, rapidly induced by FcεRI crosslinking, negatively regulated chronic allergic inflammation. Basophil and mast cell numbers increased in Enpp3(-/-) mice with augmented serum ATP concentrations. Enpp3(-/-) mice were highly sensitive to chronic allergic pathologies, which was reduced by ATP blockade. FcεRI crosslinking induced ATP secretion from basophils and mast cells, and ATP activated both cells. ATP clearance was impaired in Enpp3(-/-) cells. Enpp3(-/-)P2rx7(-/-) mice showed decreased responses to FcεRI crosslinking. Thus, ATP released by FcεRI crosslinking stimulates basophils and mast cells for further activation causing allergic inflammation. E-NPP3 decreases ATP concentration and suppresses basophil and mast cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih Han Tsai
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Makoto Kinoshita
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takashi Kusu
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hisako Kayama
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Ryu Okumura
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kayo Ikeda
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yosuke Shimada
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Akira Takeda
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Soichiro Yoshikawa
- Department of Immune Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kazushige Obata-Ninomiya
- Department of Immune Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kurashima
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Shintaro Sato
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Eiji Umemoto
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hajime Karasuyama
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Department of Immune Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takeda
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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Raiten DJ, Sakr Ashour FA, Ross AC, Meydani SN, Dawson HD, Stephensen CB, Brabin BJ, Suchdev PS, van Ommen B. Inflammation and Nutritional Science for Programs/Policies and Interpretation of Research Evidence (INSPIRE). J Nutr 2015; 145:1039S-1108S. [PMID: 25833893 PMCID: PMC4448820 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.194571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing recognition has emerged of the complexities of the global health agenda—specifically, the collision of infections and noncommunicable diseases and the dual burden of over- and undernutrition. Of particular practical concern are both 1) the need for a better understanding of the bidirectional relations between nutritional status and the development and function of the immune and inflammatory response and 2) the specific impact of the inflammatory response on the selection, use, and interpretation of nutrient biomarkers. The goal of the Inflammation and Nutritional Science for Programs/Policies and Interpretation of Research Evidence (INSPIRE) is to provide guidance for those users represented by the global food and nutrition enterprise. These include researchers (bench and clinical), clinicians providing care/treatment, those developing and evaluating programs/interventions at scale, and those responsible for generating evidence-based policy. The INSPIRE process included convening 5 thematic working groups (WGs) charged with developing summary reports around the following issues: 1) basic overview of the interactions between nutrition, immune function, and the inflammatory response; 2) examination of the evidence regarding the impact of nutrition on immune function and inflammation; 3) evaluation of the impact of inflammation and clinical conditions (acute and chronic) on nutrition; 4) examination of existing and potential new approaches to account for the impact of inflammation on biomarker interpretation and use; and 5) the presentation of new approaches to the study of these relations. Each WG was tasked with synthesizing a summary of the evidence for each of these topics and delineating the remaining gaps in our knowledge. This review consists of a summary of the INSPIRE workshop and the WG deliberations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Raiten
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD;
| | - Fayrouz A Sakr Ashour
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - A Catharine Ross
- Departments of Nutritional Sciences and Veterinary and Biomedical Science and Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Simin N Meydani
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Harry D Dawson
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD
| | - Charles B Stephensen
- Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA, Davis, CA
| | - Bernard J Brabin
- Child and Reproductive Health Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Global Child Health Group, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Parminder S Suchdev
- Department of Pediatrics and Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and
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Vick G, Mahmoudizad R, Fiala K. Intravenous zinc therapy for acquired zinc deficiency secondary to gastric bypass surgery: a case report. Dermatol Ther 2015; 28:222-5. [PMID: 25754007 DOI: 10.1111/dth.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Zinc deficiency may result from either a congenitally inherited defect of zinc absorption or is acquired secondarily from a variety of factors affecting dietary zinc intake, absorption, or loss. We report a case of acquired zinc deficiency secondary to gastric bypass surgery that resulted in vulvar cutaneous manifestations of delayed onset, with failure to clear after oral supplementation with zinc. The patient experienced improvement of symptoms only after administration of intravenous zinc supplementation. Upon review of the current literature, it is thought that the patient's original suboptimal response to oral supplementation and improvement after receiving intravenous zinc were related to the intentional surgical alteration and bypass of the absorptive capacity of the duodenum and jejunum. With the current prevalence of obesity and availability of surgical weight loss therapies, it is important to be mindful of the resulting nutritional deficiencies, their clinical manifestations, and factors affecting the efficacy of therapeutic approaches as seen in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Vick
- College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Rod Mahmoudizad
- Department of Dermatology, Scott and White Memorial Hospital and Clinic, Temple, Texas
| | - Katherine Fiala
- Department of Dermatology, Scott and White Memorial Hospital and Clinic, Temple, Texas
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Kasana S, Din J, Maret W. Genetic causes and gene–nutrient interactions in mammalian zinc deficiencies: acrodermatitis enteropathica and transient neonatal zinc deficiency as examples. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 29:47-62. [PMID: 25468189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Discovering genetic causes of zinc deficiency has been a remarkable scientific journey. It started with the description of a rare skin disease, its treatment with various agents, the successful therapy with zinc, and the identification of mutations in a zinc transporter causing the disease. The journey continues with defining the molecular and cellular pathways that lead to the symptoms caused by zinc deficiency. Remarkably, at least two zinc transporters from separate protein families are now known to be involved in the genetics of zinc deficiency. One is ZIP4, which is involved in intestinal zinc uptake. Its mutations can cause acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE) with autosomal recessive inheritance. The other one is ZnT2, the transporter responsible for supplying human milk with zinc. Mutations in this transporter cause transient neonatal zinc deficiency (TNZD) with symptoms similar to AE but with autosomal dominant inheritance. The two diseases can be distinguished in affected infants. AE is fatal if zinc is not supplied to the infant after weaning, whereas TNZD is a genetic defect of the mother limiting the supply of zinc in the milk, and therefore the infant usually will obtain enough zinc once weaned. Although these diseases are relatively rare, the full functional consequences of the numerous mutations in ZIP4 and ZnT2 and their interactions with dietary zinc are not known. In particular, it remains unexplored whether some mutations cause milder disease phenotypes or increase the risk for other diseases if dietary zinc requirements are not met or exceeded. Thus, it is not known whether widespread zinc deficiency in human populations is based primarily on a nutritional deficiency or determined by genetic factors as well. This consideration becomes even more significant with regard to mutations in the other 22 human zinc transporters, where associations with a range of diseases, including diabetes, heart disease, and mental illnesses have been observed. Therefore, clinical tests for genetic disorders of zinc metabolism need to be developed.
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50
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Kambe T, Hashimoto A, Fujimoto S. Current understanding of ZIP and ZnT zinc transporters in human health and diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3281-95. [PMID: 24710731 PMCID: PMC11113243 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1617-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Zinc transporters, the Zrt-, Irt-like protein (ZIP) family and the Zn transporter (ZnT) family transporters, are found in all aspects of life. Increasing evidence has clarified the molecular mechanism, in which both transporters play critical roles in cellular and physiological functions via mobilizing zinc across the cellular membrane. In the last decade, mutations in ZIP and ZnT transporter genes have been shown to be implicated in a number of inherited human diseases. Moreover, dysregulation of expression and activity of both transporters has been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis and progression of chronic diseases including cancer, immunological impairment, and neurodegenerative diseases, although comprehensive understanding is far from complete. The diverse phenotypes of diseases related to ZIP and ZnT transporters reflect the multifarious biological functions of both transporters. The present review summarizes the current understanding of ZIP and ZnT transporter functions from the standpoint of human health and diseases. The study of zinc transporters is currently of great clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiho Kambe
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan,
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