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Li H, Zhu J, Liu X, Liu L, Huang S, Wu A, Xu Z, Zhang X, Li Z, Ni F, Liu L, Dong J. Glioma stem cell-derived exosomes induce the transformation of astrocytes via the miR-3065-5p/DLG2 signaling axis. Glia 2024; 72:857-871. [PMID: 38234042 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Tumor-associated astrocytes (TAAs) in the glioblastoma microenvironment play an important role in tumor development and malignant progression initiated by glioma stem cells (GSCs). In the current study, normal human astrocytes (NHAs) were cultured and continuously treated with GSC-derived exosomes (GSC-EXOs) induction to explore the mechanism by which GSCs affect astrocyte remodeling. This study revealed that GSC-EXOs can induce the transformation of NHAs into TAAs, with relatively swollen cell bodies and multiple extended processes. In addition, high proliferation, elevated resistance to temozolomide (TMZ), and increased expression of TAA-related markers (TGF-β, CD44, and tenascin-C) were observed in the TAAs. Furthermore, GSC-derived exosomal miR-3065-5p could be delivered to NHAs, and miR-3065-5p levels increased significantly in TAAs, as verified by miRNA expression profile sequencing and Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Overexpression of miR-3065-5p also enhanced NHA proliferation, elevated resistance to TMZ, and increased the expression levels of TAA-related markers. In addition, both GSC-EXO-induced and miR-3065-5p-overexpressing NHAs promoted tumorigenesis of GSCs in vivo. Discs Large Homolog 2 (DLG2, downregulated in glioblastoma) is a direct downstream target of miR-3065-5p in TAAs, and DLG2 overexpression could partially reverse the transformation of NHAs into TAAs. Collectively, these data demonstrate that GSC-EXOs induce the transformation of NHAs into TAAs via the miR-3065-5p/DLG2 signaling axis and that TAAs can further promote the tumorigenesis of GSCs. Thus, precisely blocking the interactions between astrocytes and GSCs via exosomes may be a novel strategy to inhibit glioblastoma development, but more in-depth mechanistic studies are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Zhu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinglei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shilu Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Anyi Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaopei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zengyang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fan Ni
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Serafim RB, Cardoso C, Storti CB, da Silva P, Qi H, Parasuram R, Navegante G, Peron JPS, Silva WA, Espreafico EM, Paçó-Larson ML, Price BD, Valente V. HJURP is recruited to double-strand break sites and facilitates DNA repair by promoting chromatin reorganization. Oncogene 2024; 43:804-820. [PMID: 38279062 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-02937-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
HJURP is overexpressed in several cancer types and strongly correlates with patient survival. However, the mechanistic basis underlying the association of HJURP with cancer aggressiveness is not well understood. HJURP promotes the loading of the histone H3 variant, CENP-A, at the centromeric chromatin, epigenetically defining the centromeres and supporting proper chromosome segregation. In addition, HJURP is associated with DNA repair but its function in this process is still scarcely explored. Here, we demonstrate that HJURP is recruited to DSBs through a mechanism requiring chromatin PARylation and promotes epigenetic alterations that favor the execution of DNA repair. Incorporation of HJURP at DSBs promotes turnover of H3K9me3 and HP1, facilitating DNA damage signaling and DSB repair. Moreover, HJURP overexpression in glioma cell lines also affected global structure of heterochromatin independently of DNA damage induction, promoting genome-wide reorganization and assisting DNA damage response. HJURP overexpression therefore extensively alters DNA damage signaling and DSB repair, and also increases radioresistance of glioma cells. Importantly, HJURP expression levels in tumors are also associated with poor response of patients to radiation. Thus, our results enlarge the understanding of HJURP involvement in DNA repair and highlight it as a promising target for the development of adjuvant therapies that sensitize tumor cells to irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo B Serafim
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rodovia Araraquara - Jaú, Km 01 - s/n, Campos Ville, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy-CEPID/FAPESP, Rua Tenente Catão Roxo, 2501, Ribeirão Preto, 14051-140, Brazil
| | - Cibele Cardoso
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy-CEPID/FAPESP, Rua Tenente Catão Roxo, 2501, Ribeirão Preto, 14051-140, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Camila B Storti
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Patrick da Silva
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hongyun Qi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Ramya Parasuram
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Geovana Navegante
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rodovia Araraquara - Jaú, Km 01 - s/n, Campos Ville, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Jean Pierre S Peron
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wilson A Silva
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy-CEPID/FAPESP, Rua Tenente Catão Roxo, 2501, Ribeirão Preto, 14051-140, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Enilza M Espreafico
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Maria L Paçó-Larson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Brendan D Price
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Valeria Valente
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil.
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rodovia Araraquara - Jaú, Km 01 - s/n, Campos Ville, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil.
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy-CEPID/FAPESP, Rua Tenente Catão Roxo, 2501, Ribeirão Preto, 14051-140, Brazil.
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Li XX, Xu JK, Su WJ, Wu HL, Zhao K, Zhang CM, Chen XK, Yang LX. The role of KDM4A-mediated histone methylation on temozolomide resistance in glioma cells through the HUWE1/ROCK2 axis. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2024; 40:161-174. [PMID: 37873881 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) resistance presents a significant challenge in the treatment of gliomas. Although lysine demethylase 4A (KDM4A) has been implicated in various cancer-related processes, its role in TMZ resistance remains unclear. This study aims to elucidate the contribution of KDM4A to TMZ resistance in glioma cells and its potential implications for glioma prognosis. We assessed the expression of KDM4A in glioma cells (T98G and U251MG) using qRT-PCR and Western blot assays. To explore the role of KDM4A in TMZ resistance, we transfected siRNA targeting KDM4A into drug-resistant glioma cells. Cell viability was assessed using the CCK-8 assay and the TMZ IC50 value was determined. ChIP assays were conducted to investigate KDM4A, H3K9me3, and H3K36me3 enrichment on the promoters of ROCK2 and HUWE1. Co-immunoprecipitation confirmed the interaction between HUWE1 and ROCK2, and we examined the levels of ROCK2 ubiquitination following MG132 treatment. Notably, T98G cells exhibited greater resistance to TMZ than U251MG cells, and KDM4A displayed high expression in T98G cells. Inhibiting KDM4A resulted in decreased cell viability and a reduction in the TMZ IC50 value. Mechanistically, KDM4A promoted ROCK2 transcription by modulating H3K9me3 levels. Moreover, disruption of the interaction between HUWE1 and ROCK2 led to reduced ROCK2 ubiquitination. Inhibition of HUWE1 or overexpression of ROCK2 counteracted the sensitization effect of si-KDM4A on TMZ responsiveness in T98G cells. Our findings highlight KDM4A's role in enhancing TMZ resistance in glioma cells by modulating ROCK2 and HUWE1 transcription and expression through H3K9me3 and H3K36me3 removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Xi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen University 1st Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Kun Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen University 1st Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Jie Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen University 1st Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Lin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen University 1st Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen University 1st Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang-Ming Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen University 1st Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Kun Chen
- Department of Emergency, The First People's Hospital of Suqian, Suqian, China
| | - Li-Xuan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen University 1st Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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Liu X, Liu L, Wu A, Huang S, Xu Z, Zhang X, Li Z, Li H, Dong J. Transformed astrocytes confer temozolomide resistance on glioblastoma via delivering ALKBH7 to enhance APNG expression after educating by glioblastoma stem cells-derived exosomes. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14599. [PMID: 38332576 PMCID: PMC10853646 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma is the most malignant primary brain tumor in adults. Temozolomide (TMZ) stands for the first-line chemotherapeutic agent against glioblastoma. Nevertheless, the therapeutic efficacy of TMZ appears to be remarkably limited, because of low cytotoxic efficiency against glioblastoma. Besides, various mechanical studies and the corresponding strategies fail to enhancing TMZ curative effect in clinical practice. Our previous studies have disclosed remodeling of glial cells by GSCs, but the roles of these transformed cells on promoting TMZ resistance have never been explored. METHODS Exosomes were extracted from GSCs culture through standard centrifugation procedures, which can activate transformation of normal human astrocytes (NHAs) totumor-associated astrocytes (TAAs) for 3 days through detect the level of TGF-β, CD44 and tenascin-C. The secretive protein level of ALKBH7 of TAAs was determined by ELISA kit. The protein level of APNG and ALKBH7 of GBM cells were determined by Western blot. Cell-based assays of ALKBH7 and APNG triggered drug resistance were performed through flow cytometric assay, Western blotting and colony formation assay respectively. A xenograft tumor model was applied to investigate the function of ALKBH7 in vivo. Finally, the effect of the ALKBH7/APNG signaling on TMZ resistance were evaluated by functional experiments. RESULTS Exosomes derived from GSCs can activate transformation of normal human astrocytes (NHAs)to tumor-associated astrocytes (TAAs), as well as up-regulation of ALKBH7expression in TAAs. Besides, TAAs derived ALKBH7 can regulate APNG gene expression of GBM cells. After co-culturing with TAAs for 5 days, ALKBH7 and APNG expression in GBM cells were elevated. Furthermore, Knocking-down of APNG increased the inhibitory effect of TMZ on GBM cells survival. CONCLUSION The present study illustrated a new mechanism of glioblastoma resistance to TMZ, which based on GSCs-exo educated TAAs delivering ALKBH7 to enhance APNG expression of GBM cells, which implied that targeting on ALKBH7/APNG regulation network may provide a new strategy of enhancing TMZ therapeutic effects against glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglei Liu
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Nanjing Brain HospitalNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Anyi Wu
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Shilu Huang
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Xiaopei Zhang
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Zengyang Li
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Haoran Li
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Jun Dong
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
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5
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Ntafoulis I, Kleijn A, Ju J, Jimenez-Cowell K, Fabro F, Klein M, Chi Yen RT, Balvers RK, Li Y, Stubbs AP, Kers TV, Kros JM, Lawler SE, Beerepoot LV, Kremer A, Idbaih A, Verreault M, Byrne AT, O'Farrell AC, Connor K, Biswas A, Salvucci M, Prehn JHM, Lambrechts D, Dilcan G, Lodi F, Arijs I, van den Bent MJ, Dirven CMF, Leenstra S, Lamfers MLM. Ex vivo drug sensitivity screening predicts response to temozolomide in glioblastoma patients and identifies candidate biomarkers. Br J Cancer 2023; 129:1327-1338. [PMID: 37620410 PMCID: PMC10575865 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02402-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient-derived glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) have become the gold-standard in neuro-oncological research; however, it remains to be established whether loss of in situ microenvironment affects the clinically-predictive value of this model. We implemented a GSC monolayer system to investigate in situ-in vitro molecular correspondence and the relationship between in vitro and patient response to temozolomide (TMZ). METHODS DNA/RNA-sequencing was performed on 56 glioblastoma tissues and 19 derived GSC cultures. Sensitivity to TMZ was screened across 66 GSC cultures. Viability readouts were related to clinical parameters of corresponding patients and whole-transcriptome data. RESULTS Tumour DNA and RNA sequences revealed strong similarity to corresponding GSCs despite loss of neuronal and immune interactions. In vitro TMZ screening yielded three response categories which significantly correlated with patient survival, therewith providing more specific prediction than the binary MGMT marker. Transcriptome analysis identified 121 genes related to TMZ sensitivity of which 21were validated in external datasets. CONCLUSION GSCs retain patient-unique hallmark gene expressions despite loss of their natural environment. Drug screening using GSCs predicted patient response to TMZ more specifically than MGMT status, while transcriptome analysis identified potential biomarkers for this response. GSC drug screening therefore provides a tool to improve drug development and precision medicine for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Ntafoulis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anne Kleijn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jie Ju
- Department of Pathology & Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kevin Jimenez-Cowell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Federica Fabro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michelle Klein
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Romain Tching Chi Yen
- Information Technologies for Translational Medicine, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Rutger K Balvers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yunlei Li
- Department of Pathology & Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andrew P Stubbs
- Department of Pathology & Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Trisha V Kers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johan M Kros
- Department of Pathology & Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sean E Lawler
- Dept of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Laurens V Beerepoot
- Department of Internal Medicine, Elisabeth-Tweesteden Hospital, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Andreas Kremer
- Information Technologies for Translational Medicine, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Ahmed Idbaih
- DMU Neurosciences, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Maite Verreault
- Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Inserm, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Annette T Byrne
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alice C O'Farrell
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kate Connor
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Archita Biswas
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Manuela Salvucci
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jochen H M Prehn
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Department of Human Genetics, Laboratory for Translational Genetics, KU Leuven, and VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gonca Dilcan
- Department of Human Genetics, Laboratory for Translational Genetics, KU Leuven, and VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francesca Lodi
- Department of Human Genetics, Laboratory for Translational Genetics, KU Leuven, and VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ingrid Arijs
- Department of Human Genetics, Laboratory for Translational Genetics, KU Leuven, and VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martin J van den Bent
- Department of Neurology, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Clemens M F Dirven
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sieger Leenstra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martine L M Lamfers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
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Nguyen TT, Rajakannu P, Pham MDT, Weman L, Jucht A, Buri MC, Van Dommelen K, Hegi ME. Epigenetic silencing of HTATIP2 in glioblastoma contributes to treatment resistance by enhancing nuclear translocation of the DNA repair protein MPG. Mol Oncol 2023; 17:1744-1762. [PMID: 37491696 PMCID: PMC10483604 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, the most malignant brain tumor in adults, exhibits characteristic patterns of epigenetic alterations that await elucidation. The DNA methylome of glioblastoma revealed recurrent epigenetic silencing of HTATIP2, which encodes a negative regulator of importin β-mediated cytoplasmic-nuclear protein translocation. Its deregulation may thus alter the functionality of cancer-relevant nuclear proteins, such as the base excision repair (BER) enzyme N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase (MPG), which has been associated with treatment resistance in GBM. We found that induction of HTATIP2 expression in GBM cells leads to a significant shift of predominantly nuclear to cytoplasmic MPG, whereas depletion of endogenous HTATIP2 results in enhanced nuclear MPG localization. Reduced nuclear MPG localization, prompted by HTATIP2 expression or by depletion of MPG, yielded less phosphorylated-H2AX-positive cells upon treatment with an alkylating agent. This suggested reduced MPG-mediated formation of apurinic/apyrimidinic sites, leaving behind unrepaired DNA lesions, reflecting a reduced capacity of BER in response to the alkylating agent. Epigenetic silencing of HTATIP2 may thus increase nuclear localization of MPG, thereby enhancing the capacity of the glioblastoma cells to repair treatment-related lesions and contributing to treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Tham Nguyen
- Neuroscience Research Center and Service of NeurosurgeryLausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of LausanneEpalingesSwitzerland
| | - Premnath Rajakannu
- Neuroscience Research Center and Service of NeurosurgeryLausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of LausanneEpalingesSwitzerland
| | - Minh Diêu Thanh Pham
- Neuroscience Research Center and Service of NeurosurgeryLausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of LausanneEpalingesSwitzerland
| | - Leo Weman
- Neuroscience Research Center and Service of NeurosurgeryLausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of LausanneEpalingesSwitzerland
| | - Alexander Jucht
- Neuroscience Research Center and Service of NeurosurgeryLausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of LausanneEpalingesSwitzerland
| | - Michelle C. Buri
- Neuroscience Research Center and Service of NeurosurgeryLausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of LausanneEpalingesSwitzerland
| | - Kristof Van Dommelen
- Neuroscience Research Center and Service of NeurosurgeryLausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of LausanneEpalingesSwitzerland
| | - Monika E. Hegi
- Neuroscience Research Center and Service of NeurosurgeryLausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of LausanneEpalingesSwitzerland
- Lundin Family Brain Tumor CenterLausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of LausanneSwitzerland
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7
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Song YQ, Li GD, Niu D, Chen F, Jing S, Wai Wong VK, Wang W, Leung CH. A robust luminescent assay for screening alkyladenine DNA glycosylase inhibitors to overcome DNA repair and temozolomide drug resistance. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:514-522. [PMID: 37305785 PMCID: PMC10257196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) is an anticancer agent used to treat glioblastoma, typically following radiation therapy and/or surgical resection. However, despite its effectiveness, at least 50% of patients do not respond to TMZ, which is associated with repair and/or tolerance of TMZ-induced DNA lesions. Studies have demonstrated that alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG), an enzyme that triggers the base excision repair (BER) pathway by excising TMZ-induced N3-methyladenine (3meA) and N7-methylguanine lesions, is overexpressed in glioblastoma tissues compared to normal tissues. Therefore, it is essential to develop a rapid and efficient screening method for AAG inhibitors to overcome TMZ resistance in glioblastomas. Herein, we report a robust time-resolved photoluminescence platform for identifying AAG inhibitors with improved sensitivity compared to conventional steady-state spectroscopic methods. As a proof-of-concept, this assay was used to screen 1440 food and drug administration-approved drugs against AAG, resulting in the repurposing of sunitinib as a potential AAG inhibitor. Sunitinib restored glioblastoma (GBM) cancer cell sensitivity to TMZ, inhibited GBM cell proliferation and stem cell characteristics, and induced GBM cell cycle arrest. Overall, this strategy offers a new method for the rapid identification of small-molecule inhibitors of BER enzyme activities that can prevent false negatives due to a fluorescent background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Qi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078, China
| | - Guo-Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078, China
| | - Dou Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078, China
| | - Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078, China
| | - Shaozhen Jing
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, 999078, China
| | - Wanhe Wang
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078, China
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8
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Shi J, Zhang P, Dong X, Yuan J, Li Y, Li S, Cheng S, Ping Y, Dai X, Dong J. METTL3 knockdown promotes temozolomide sensitivity of glioma stem cells via decreasing MGMT and APNG mRNA stability. Cell Death Dis 2023; 9:22. [PMID: 36683086 PMCID: PMC9868123 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01327-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Chemo-resistance hinders the therapeutic efficacy of temozolomide (TMZ) in treating glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Recurrence of GBM even after combination of maximal tumor resection, concurrent radio-chemotherapy, and systemic TMZ applocation is inevitable and attributed to the high therapeutic resistance of glioma stem cells (GSCs), which can survive, evolve, and initiate tumor tissue remodeling, the underlying mechanisms of GSCs chemo-resistance, have not been fully elucidated up-to-now. Emerging evidence showed that METTL3-mediated N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification contributed to the self-renew and radio-resistance in GSCs, however, its role on maintenance of TMZ resistance of GSCs has not been clarified and need further investigations. We found that the cell viability and half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of GSCs against TMZ significantly decreased after GSCs underwent serum-induced differentiation to adherent growth of tumor cells. Besides, METTL3 expression and total m6A modification declined dramatically in consistence with GSCs differentiation. Knockdown of METTL3 weakened self-renew, proliferation and TMZ IC50 of GSCs, whereas enhanced TMZ induced γH2AX level, indicating upregulation of double-strand DNA damage. We also found that mRNA stability of two critical DNA repair genes (MGMT and APNG) was regulated by METTL3-mediated m6A modification. In conclusion, we speculated that METTL3-mediated m6A modification of MGMT and APNG mRNAs played crucial roles on suppression of TMZ sensitivity of GSCs, which suggest a potential new therapeutic target of METTL3 against GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Shi
- grid.452666.50000 0004 1762 8363Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China ,grid.452253.70000 0004 1804 524XDepartment of Neurosurgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- grid.452666.50000 0004 1762 8363Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xuchen Dong
- grid.452666.50000 0004 1762 8363Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Yuan
- grid.452666.50000 0004 1762 8363Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yongdong Li
- grid.452666.50000 0004 1762 8363Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Suwen Li
- grid.452666.50000 0004 1762 8363Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shan Cheng
- grid.452666.50000 0004 1762 8363Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yifang Ping
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Department of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingliang Dai
- grid.412679.f0000 0004 1771 3402Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Dong
- grid.452666.50000 0004 1762 8363Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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9
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Wang Y, Liu F, Wu J, Zhang MQ, Chai JL, Cao C. G protein inhibitory α subunit 2 is a molecular oncotarget of human glioma. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:865-879. [PMID: 36778118 PMCID: PMC9909998 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.79355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of novel therapeutic oncotargets for human glioma is extremely important. Here we tested expression, potential functions and underlying mechanisms of G protein inhibitory α subunit 2 (Gαi2) in glioma. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that Gαi2 expression is significantly elevated in human glioma, correlating with poor patients' survival, higher tumor grade and wild-type IDH status. Moreover, increased Gαi2 expression was also in local glioma tissues and different glioma cells. In primary and immortalized (A172) glioma cells, Gαi2 shRNA or knockout (KO, by Cas9-sgRNA) potently suppressed viability, proliferation, and mobility, and induced apoptosis. Ectopic Gαi2 overexpression, using a lentiviral construct, further augmented malignant behaviors in glioma cells. p65 phosphorylation, NFκB activity and expression of NFκB pathway genes were decreased in Gαi2-depleted primary glioma cells, but increased following Gαi2 overexpression. There was an increased binding between Gαi2 promoter and Sp1 (specificity protein 1) transcription factor in glioma tissues and different glioma cells. In primary glioma cells Gαi2 expression was significantly reduced following Sp1 silencing, KO or inhibition. In vivo studies revealed that Gαi2 shRNA-expressing AAV intratumoral injection hindered growth of subcutaneous glioma xenografts in nude mice. Moreover, Gαi2 KO inhibited intracranial glioma xenograft in nude mice. Gαi2 depletion, NFκB inhibition and apoptosis induction were observed in subcutaneous and intracranial glioma xenografts with Gαi2 depletion. Together, overexpressed Gαi2 is important for glioma cell growth possibly by promoting NFκB cascade activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Institute for Excellence in Clinical Medicine of Kunshan First People's Hospital and Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mei-Qing Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Institute for Excellence in Clinical Medicine of Kunshan First People's Hospital and Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jin-Long Chai
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Institute for Excellence in Clinical Medicine of Kunshan First People's Hospital and Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cong Cao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Institute for Excellence in Clinical Medicine of Kunshan First People's Hospital and Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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10
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NEO212, a Perillyl Alcohol-Temozolomide Conjugate, Triggers Macrophage Differentiation of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells and Blocks Their Tumorigenicity. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246065. [PMID: 36551551 PMCID: PMC9776529 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are still dying from this disease. In the past, the alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ) has been investigated for AML and found to be partially effective; however, the presence of O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT; a DNA repair enzyme) in tumor cells confers profound treatment resistance against TMZ. We are developing a novel anticancer compound, called NEO212, where TMZ was covalently conjugated to perillyl alcohol (a naturally occurring monoterpene). NEO212 has revealed robust therapeutic activity in a variety of preclinical cancer models, including AML. In the current study, we investigated its impact on a panel of human AML cell lines and found that it exerted cytotoxic potency even against MGMT-positive cells that were highly resistant to TMZ. Furthermore, NEO212 strongly stimulated the expression of a large number of macrophage-associated marker genes, including CD11b/ITGAM. This latter effect could not be mimicked when cells were treated with TMZ or an equimolar mix of individual agents, TMZ plus perillyl alcohol. The superior cytotoxic impact of NEO212 appeared to involve down-regulation of MGMT protein levels. In a mouse model implanted with TMZ-resistant, MGMT-positive AML cells, two 5-day cycles of 25 mg/kg NEO212 achieved an apparent cure, as mice survived >300 days without any signs of disease. In parallel toxicity studies with rats, a 5-day cycle of 200 mg/kg NEO212 was well tolerated by these animals, whereas animals that were given 200 mg/kg TMZ all died due to severe leukopenia. Together, our results show that NEO212 exerts pleiotropic effects on AML cells that include differentiation, proliferation arrest, and eventual cell death. In vivo, NEO212 was well tolerated even at dosages that far exceed the therapeutic need, indicating a large therapeutic window. These results present NEO212 as an agent that should be considered for development as a therapeutic agent for AML.
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Abstract
Survival for patients with aggressive pituitary tumours (APT) and pituitary carcinomas (PC) has significantly improved following the increasing use of temozolomide (TMZ) since the first reports of response in 2006. TMZ was established as first line chemotherapy for APT/PC in the 2018 ESE guidelines on the management of APT/PC. There is no controversy over its use as salvage therapy however there is increasing interest in exploring TMZ use earlier in the treatment algorithm for APT/PC. Overall response rates as reported in systematic reviews are around 40% but stable disease in another 25% illustrates the clinical effectiveness of TMZ. Response is higher among functional compared to non-functional tumours. Where maximal radiation thresholds have not been reached in a patient, combination radiotherapy and TMZ appears more effective. Whether combination TMZ and capecitabine (CAPTEM) offers increased benefit remains uncertain particularly given added toxicity. O6-methyl guanine DNA methyl transferase (MGMT) status is important in determining response to treatment, although examination via immunohistochemistry versus PCR-based promoter-methylation analysis remains somewhat controversial. Optimal duration of TMZ treatment has still not been determined although longer treatment courses have been associated with increased progression-free survival. Treatment options following disease progression after TMZ remain unclear but include a second course of TMZ, immunotherapy and targeted oncological agents such as bevacizumab and lapatinib as well as peptide receptor radionuclide treatment (PRRT). An experienced pituitary multidisciplinary team is essential to all management decisions in patients with APT/PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann McCormack
- Department of Endocrinology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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12
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Yan Y, Wei W, Long S, Ye S, Yang B, Jiang J, Li X, Chen J. The role of RNA modification in the generation of acquired drug resistance in glioma. Front Genet 2022; 13:1032286. [DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1032286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common malignant tumor in the central nervous system. The clinical treatment strategy is mainly surgery combined with concurrent temozolomide chemotherapy, but patients can develop drug resistance during treatment, which severely limits its therapeutic efficacy. Epigenetic regulation at the RNA level is plastic and adaptable, and it can induce a variety of tumor responses to drugs. The regulators of RNA modification include methyltransferases, demethylases, and methylation binding proteins; these are also considered to play an important role in the development, prognosis, and therapeutic response of gliomas, which provides a basis for finding new targets of epigenetic drugs and resetting the sensitivity of tumor cells to temozolomide. This review discusses the relationship between the development of adaptive drug resistance and RNA modification in glioma and summarizes the progress of several major RNA modification strategies in this field, especially RNA m6A modification, m5C modification, and adenosine-to-inosine editing.
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13
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Vickridge E, Faraco CCF, Nepveu A. Base excision repair accessory factors in senescence avoidance and resistance to treatments. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2022; 5:703-720. [PMID: 36176767 PMCID: PMC9511810 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2022.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells, in which the RAS and PI3K pathways are activated, produce high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause oxidative DNA damage and ultimately cellular senescence. This process has been documented in tissue culture, mouse models, and human pre-cancerous lesions. In this context, cellular senescence functions as a tumour suppressor mechanism. Some rare cancer cells, however, manage to adapt to avoid senescence and continue to proliferate. One well-documented mode of adaptation involves increased production of antioxidants often associated with inactivation of the KEAP1 tumour suppressor gene and the resulting upregulation of the NRF2 transcription factor. In this review, we detail an alternative mode of adaptation to oxidative DNA damage induced by ROS: the increased activity of the base excision repair (BER) pathway, achieved through the enhanced expression of BER enzymes and DNA repair accessory factors. These proteins, exemplified here by the CUT domain proteins CUX1, CUX2, and SATB1, stimulate the activity of BER enzymes. The ensued accelerated repair of oxidative DNA damage enables cancer cells to avoid senescence despite high ROS levels. As a by-product of this adaptation, these cancer cells exhibit increased resistance to genotoxic treatments including ionizing radiation, temozolomide, and cisplatin. Moreover, considering the intrinsic error rate associated with DNA repair and translesion synthesis, the elevated number of oxidative DNA lesions caused by high ROS leads to the accumulation of mutations in the cancer cell population, thereby contributing to tumour heterogeneity and eventually to the acquisition of resistance, a major obstacle to clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Vickridge
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, 1160 Pine avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Camila C. F. Faraco
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, 1160 Pine avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
- Departments of Biochemistry, McGill University, 1160 Pine avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Alain Nepveu
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, 1160 Pine avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
- Departments of Biochemistry, McGill University, 1160 Pine avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
- Medicine, McGill University, 1160 Pine avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
- Oncology, McGill University, 1160 Pine avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
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14
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A DNA repair-independent role for alkyladenine DNA glycosylase in alkylation-induced unfolded protein response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2111404119. [PMID: 35197283 PMCID: PMC8892324 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2111404119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress response pathways, such as the DNA damage response and the UPR, are critical in the etiology and treatment of cancer and other chronic diseases. Knowledge of an interplay between ER stress and genome damage repair is emerging, but evidence linking defective DNA repair and impaired ER stress response is lacking. Here, we show that AAG is necessary for UPR activation in response to alkylating agents. AAG-deficient mice and human cancer cells are impaired in alkylation-induced UPR. Strikingly, this defect can be complemented by an AAG variant defective in glycosylase activity. Our studies suggest that AAG has noncanonical functions and identify AAG as a point of convergence for stress response pathways. This knowledge could be explored to improve cancer treatment. Alkylating agents damage DNA and proteins and are widely used in cancer chemotherapy. While cellular responses to alkylation-induced DNA damage have been explored, knowledge of how alkylation affects global cellular stress responses is sparse. Here, we examined the effects of the alkylating agent methylmethane sulfonate (MMS) on gene expression in mouse liver, using mice deficient in alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (Aag), the enzyme that initiates the repair of alkylated DNA bases. MMS induced a robust transcriptional response in wild-type liver that included markers of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress/unfolded protein response (UPR) known to be controlled by XBP1, a key UPR effector. Importantly, this response is significantly reduced in the Aag knockout. To investigate how AAG affects alkylation-induced UPR, the expression of UPR markers after MMS treatment was interrogated in human glioblastoma cells expressing different AAG levels. Alkylation induced the UPR in cells expressing AAG; conversely, AAG knockdown compromised UPR induction and led to a defect in XBP1 activation. To verify the requirements for the DNA repair activity of AAG in this response, AAG knockdown cells were complemented with wild-type Aag or with an Aag variant producing a glycosylase-deficient AAG protein. As expected, the glycosylase-defective Aag does not fully protect AAG knockdown cells against MMS-induced cytotoxicity. Remarkably, however, alkylation-induced XBP1 activation is fully complemented by the catalytically inactive AAG enzyme. This work establishes that, besides its enzymatic activity, AAG has noncanonical functions in alkylation-induced UPR that contribute to cellular responses to alkylation.
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15
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Fujii S, Sobol RW, Fuchs RP. Double-Strand Breaks: when DNA Repair Events Accidentally Meet. DNA Repair (Amst) 2022; 112:103303. [PMID: 35219626 PMCID: PMC8898275 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2022.103303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The cellular response to alkylation damage is complex, involving multiple DNA repair pathways and checkpoint proteins, depending on the DNA lesion, the cell type, and the cellular proliferation state. The repair of and response to O-alkylation damage, primarily O6-methylguaine DNA adducts (O6-mG), is the purview of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT). Alternatively, this lesion, if left un-repaired, induces replication-dependent formation of the O6-mG:T mis-pair and recognition of this mis-pair by the post-replication mismatch DNA repair pathway (MMR). Two models have been suggested to account for MMR and O6-mG DNA lesion dependent formation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and the resulting cytotoxicity - futile cycling and direct DNA damage signaling. While there have been hints at crosstalk between the MMR and base excision repair (BER) pathways, clear mechanistic evidence for such pathway coordination in the formation of DSBs has remained elusive. However, using a novel protein capture approach, Fuchs and colleagues have demonstrated that DSBs result from an encounter between MMR-induced gaps initiated at alkylation induced O6-mG:C sites and BER-induced nicks at nearby N-alkylation adducts in the opposite strand. The accidental encounter between these two repair events is causal in the formation of DSBs and the resulting cellular response, documenting a third model to account for O6-mG induced cell death in non-replicating cells. This graphical review highlights the details of this Repair Accident model, as compared to current models, and we discuss potential strategies to improve clinical use of alkylating agents such as temozolomide, that can be inferred from the Repair Accident model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Fujii
- Marseille Medical Genetics, UMR1251 Marseille, France
| | - Robert W Sobol
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA; Dept of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.
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16
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Vengoji R, Atri P, Macha MA, Seshacharyulu P, Perumal N, Mallya K, Liu Y, Smith LM, Rachagani S, Mahapatra S, Ponnusamy MP, Jain M, Batra SK, Shonka N. Differential gene expression-based connectivity mapping identified novel drug candidate and improved Temozolomide efficacy for Glioblastoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:335. [PMID: 34696786 PMCID: PMC8543939 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) has a devastating median survival of only one year. Treatment includes resection, radiation therapy, and temozolomide (TMZ); however, the latter increased median survival by only 2.5 months in the pivotal study. A desperate need remains to find an effective treatment. METHODS We used the Connectivity Map (CMap) bioinformatic tool to identify candidates for repurposing based on GBM's specific genetic profile. CMap identified histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors as top candidates. In addition, Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) identified HDAC1 and HDAC2 as the most upregulated and HDAC11 as the most downregulated HDACs. We selected PCI-24781/abexinostat due to its specificity against HDAC1 and HDAC2, but not HDAC11, and blood-brain barrier permeability. RESULTS We tested PCI-24781 using in vitro human and mouse GBM syngeneic cell lines, an in vivo murine orthograft, and a genetically engineered mouse model for GBM (PEPG - PTENflox/+; EGFRvIII+; p16Flox/- & GFAP Cre +). PCI-24781 significantly inhibited tumor growth and downregulated DNA repair machinery (BRCA1, CHK1, RAD51, and O6-methylguanine-DNA- methyltransferase (MGMT)), increasing DNA double-strand breaks and causing apoptosis in the GBM cell lines, including an MGMT expressing cell line in vitro. Further, PCI-24781 decreased tumor burden in a PEPG GBM mouse model. Notably, TMZ + PCI increased survival in orthotopic murine models compared to TMZ + vorinostat, a pan-HDAC inhibitor that proved unsuccessful in clinical trials. CONCLUSION PCI-24781 is a novel GBM-signature specific HDAC inhibitor that works synergistically with TMZ to enhance TMZ efficacy and improve GBM survival. These promising MGMT-agnostic results warrant clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghupathy Vengoji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA
| | - Pranita Atri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Parthasarathy Seshacharyulu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA
| | - Naveenkumar Perumal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA
| | - Kavita Mallya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA
| | - Yutong Liu
- Department of Radiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA
| | - Lynette M Smith
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA
| | - Satyanarayana Rachagani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA
| | - Sidharth Mahapatra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA
| | - Moorthy P Ponnusamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA.
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA.
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA.
| | - Nicole Shonka
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology & Hematology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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17
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Tsai HC, Wei KC, Chen PY, Huang CY, Chen KT, Lin YJ, Cheng HW, Chen YR, Wang HT. Valproic Acid Enhanced Temozolomide-Induced Anticancer Activity in Human Glioma Through the p53-PUMA Apoptosis Pathway. Front Oncol 2021; 11:722754. [PMID: 34660288 PMCID: PMC8518553 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.722754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), the most lethal type of brain tumor in adults, has considerable cellular heterogeneity. The standard adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent for GBM, temozolomide (TMZ), has a modest response rate due to the development of drug resistance. Multiple studies have shown that valproic acid (VPA) can enhance GBM tumor control and prolong survival when given in conjunction with TMZ. However, the beneficial effect is variable. In this study, we analyzed the impact of VPA on GBM patient survival and its possible correlation with TMZ treatment and p53 gene mutation. In addition, the molecular mechanisms of TMZ in combination with VPA were examined using both p53 wild-type and p53 mutant human GBM cell lines. Our analysis of clinical data indicates that the survival benefit of a combined TMZ and VPA treatment in GBM patients is dependent on their p53 gene status. In cellular experiments, our results show that VPA enhanced the antineoplastic effect of TMZ by enhancing p53 activation and promoting the expression of its downstream pro-apoptotic protein, PUMA. Our study indicates that GBM patients with wild-type p53 may benefit from a combined TMZ+VPA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Chieh Tsai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chen Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Research Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Yuan Chen
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Yin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Research Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Ting Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Research Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Jui Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Wei Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Rou Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Tsui Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Doctor Degree Program in Toxicology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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18
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Haddad AF, Young JS, Amara D, Berger MS, Raleigh DR, Aghi MK, Butowski NA. Mouse models of glioblastoma for the evaluation of novel therapeutic strategies. Neurooncol Adv 2021; 3:vdab100. [PMID: 34466804 PMCID: PMC8403483 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an incurable brain tumor with a median survival of approximately 15 months despite an aggressive standard of care that includes surgery, chemotherapy, and ionizing radiation. Mouse models have advanced our understanding of GBM biology and the development of novel therapeutic strategies for GBM patients. However, model selection is crucial when testing developmental therapeutics, and each mouse model of GBM has unique advantages and disadvantages that can influence the validity and translatability of experimental results. To shed light on this process, we discuss the strengths and limitations of 3 types of mouse GBM models in this review: syngeneic models, genetically engineered mouse models, and xenograft models, including traditional xenograft cell lines and patient-derived xenograft models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander F Haddad
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jacob S Young
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Dominic Amara
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mitchel S Berger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David R Raleigh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Manish K Aghi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nicholas A Butowski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Corresponding Author: Nicholas A. Butowski, MD, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Ave Eighth Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA ()
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19
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Qu X, Liu X, Zhang Y, Shi Z, Wang X. Depletion of Kruppel-like factor 15 sensitized gliomas to temozolomide cytotoxicity through O 6-methylguanine-DNA methyl-transferase. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 27:101058. [PMID: 34222684 PMCID: PMC8242961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ)-based chemotherapy is a standard strategy for gliomas, although chemoresistance remains a major therapeutic challenge. The chemical mechanism by which TMZ induces cell death is DNA methylation, leading to double-stranded breaks (DSBs) and thus to apoptosis. However, TMZ-induced N6-meG sites are efficiently repaired and mediated by the DNA repair protein O 6-methylguanine-DNA methyl-transferase (MGMT), leading to TMZ resistance. KLF15, a member of the Kruppel-like factors family, mainly functions as transcription factor and potential suppressor gene by inhibiting proliferation, migration, and inducing apoptosis. However, the roles and regulatory mechanisms of KLF15 in glioma tumorigenesis and chemoresistance are poorly understood. In this study, KLF15 expression was upregulated in glioma tissues and cell lines upon TMZ treatment. Knockdown of KLF15 amplified TMZ-induced repression of cell proliferation, while KLF15 overexpression reversed this process. Mechanistically, KLF15 functioned as a transcriptional activator of MGMT. Moreover, KLF15 knockdown sensitized tumors to TMZ treatment in vivo. Taken together, these results suggested that KLF15 up-regulated MGMT through direct binding to the promoter of MGMT, which plays an important role in glioma resistance to TMZ, and which may be a potential target for cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjuan Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linyi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong, 276002, China
| | - Xuelai Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linyi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong, 276002, China
| | - Yumei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Linyi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong, 276002, China
| | - Zhan Shi
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong, 276003, China
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20
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Cendrowska-Pinkosz M, Krauze M, Juśkiewicz J, Ognik K. The effect of the use of copper carbonate and copper nanoparticles in the diet of rats on the level of β-amyloid and acetylcholinesterase in selected organs. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2021; 67:126777. [PMID: 33984546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copper has an important role in nervous system function, as a cofactor of many enzymes and in the synthesis of neurotransmitters. Both the dose and the chemical form of copper can determine the impact of this element on metabolism, the neurological system and the immune system. AIMS The aim of the study was to determine whether and in what form the addition of copper changes the level of amyloid beta and acetylcholinesterase level in selected rat tissues. METHODS Thirty, healthy, male, albino Wistar rats aged 7 weeks were randomly divided into 3 groups. Three experimental treatments were used to evaluate the effects of different levels and sources of Cu (6.5 mg kg of diet) in the diet: Cu0 - rats fed a diet without Cu supplementation; Cusalt - rats fed a diet with CuCO3 (6.5 mg kg of diet) during two months of feeding; CuNPs - rats fed a diet with Cu nanoparticles (6.5 mg kg of diet) during two months of feeding. In blood serum and tissue homogenates there rated the indicators proving the potential neurodegenerative effect and epigenetic DNA damage induced by chemical form of copper or lack of additional copper supplementation in diet were determined. There were analysed: level of acetylcholinesterase, β-amyloid, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, apyrimidinic endonuclease, thymidine glycosidase, alkylpurine-DNA-N-glycosylase and glycosylated acetylcholinesterase. RESULTS Irrespective of the form of copper added, it was found to increase acetylcholinesterase level in the brain, spleen and liver, as well as in the blood plasma of the rats. Copper in the form of CuCO3 was found to increase acetylcholinesterase level in the kidneys. The addition of both forms of copper caused a marked increase in the plasma concentration of β-amyloid in comparison with the diet with no added Cu. The addition of both forms of copper caused a marked increase in the plasma concentration of β-amyloid in comparison with the diet with no added Cu. CONCLUSIONS A lack of added Cu in the diet of rats reduces the concentration of amyloid-β in the blood, whereas administration of copper, in the form of either CuNPs or CuCO3, increases the level of this peptide in the blood. The use of copper in the form of CuNPs in the diet of rats does not increase the level of β-amyloid more than the use of the carbonate form of this element. The use of CuNPs or CuCO3 in the diet of rats increases acetylcholinesterase level in the brain, spleen, liver, and blood. CuNPs in the diet of rats were not found to increase acetylcholinesterase level to a greater extent than Cu+2 carbonate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Krauze
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Juśkiewicz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Biological Function of Food, Tuwima 10, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ognik
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
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21
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Delello Di Filippo L, Hofstätter Azambuja J, Paes Dutra JA, Tavares Luiz M, Lobato Duarte J, Nicoleti LR, Olalla Saad ST, Chorilli M. Improving temozolomide biopharmaceutical properties in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) treatment using GBM-targeting nanocarriers. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 168:76-89. [PMID: 34461214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain cancer. GBM has aggressive development, and the pharmacological treatment remains a challenge due to GBM anatomical characteristics' (the blood-brain barrier and tumor microenvironment) and the increasing resistance to marketed drugs, such as temozolomide (TMZ), the first-line drug for GBM treatment. Due to physical-chemical properties such as short half-life time and the increasing resistance shown by GBM cells, high doses and repeated administrations are necessary, leading to significant adverse events. This review will discuss the main molecular mechanisms of TMZ resistance and the use of functionalized nanocarriers as an efficient and safe strategy for TMZ delivery. GBM-targeting nanocarriers are an important tool for the treatment of GBM, demonstrating to improve the biopharmaceutical properties of TMZ and repurpose its use in anti-GBM therapy. Technical aspects of nanocarriers will be discussed, and biological models highlighting the advantages and effects of functionalization strategies in TMZ anti-GBM activity. Finally, conclusions regarding the main findings will be made in the context of new perspectives for the treatment of GBM using TMZ as a chemotherapy agent, improving the sensibility and biological anti-tumor effect of TMZ through functionalization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marcela Tavares Luiz
- School of Pharmaceutical Science of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jonatas Lobato Duarte
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiza Ribeiro Nicoleti
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sara Teresinha Olalla Saad
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Tomar MS, Kumar A, Srivastava C, Shrivastava A. Elucidating the mechanisms of Temozolomide resistance in gliomas and the strategies to overcome the resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188616. [PMID: 34419533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) is a first-choice alkylating agent inducted as a gold standard therapy for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and astrocytoma. A majority of patients do not respond to TMZ during the course of their treatment. Activation of DNA repair pathways is the principal mechanism for this phenomenon that detaches TMZ-induced O-6-methylguanine adducts and restores genomic integrity. Current understanding in the domain of oncology adds several other novel mechanisms of resistance such as the involvement of miRNAs, drug efflux transporters, gap junction's activity, the advent of glioma stem cells as well as upregulation of cell survival autophagy. This review describes a multifaceted account of different mechanisms responsible for the intrinsic and acquired TMZ-resistance. Here, we summarize different strategies that intensify the TMZ effect such as MGMT inhibition, development of novel imidazotetrazine analog, and combination therapy; with an aim to incorporate a successful treatment and increased overall survival in GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manendra Singh Tomar
- Center for Advance Research, Faculty of Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Bhopal, Saket Nagar, Bhopal 462020, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Chhitij Srivastava
- Department of Neurosurgery, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashutosh Shrivastava
- Center for Advance Research, Faculty of Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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23
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Wang Y, Liu YY, Chen MB, Cheng KW, Qi LN, Zhang ZQ, Peng Y, Li KR, Liu F, Chen G, Cao C. Neuronal-driven glioma growth requires Gαi1 and Gαi3. Theranostics 2021; 11:8535-8549. [PMID: 34373757 PMCID: PMC8343996 DOI: 10.7150/thno.61452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroligin-3 (NLGN3) is necessary and sufficient to promote glioma cell growth. The recruitment of Gαi1/3 to the ligand-activated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) is essential for mediating oncogenic signaling. Methods: Various genetic strategies were utilized to examine the requirement of Gαi1/3 in NLGN3-driven glioma cell growth. Results: NLGN3-induced Akt-mTORC1 and Erk activation was inhibited by decreasing Gαi1/3 expression. In contrast ectopic Gαi1/3 overexpression enhanced NLGN3-induced signaling. In glioma cells, NLGN3-induced cell growth, proliferation and migration were attenuated by Gαi1/3 depletion with shRNA, but facilitated with Gαi1/3 overexpression. Significantly, Gαi1/3 silencing inhibited orthotopic growth of patient-derived glioma xenografts in mouse brain, whereas forced Gαi1/3-overexpression in primary glioma xenografts significantly enhanced growth. The growth of brain-metastatic human lung cancer cells in mouse brain was largely inhibited with Gαi1/3 silencing. It was however expedited with ectopic Gαi1/3 overexpression. In human glioma Gαi3 upregulation was detected, correlating with poor prognosis. Conclusion: Gαi1/3 mediation of NLGN3-induced signaling is essential for neuronal-driven glioma growth.
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24
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Xia Q, Liu L, Li Y, Zhang P, Han D, Dong L. Therapeutic Perspective of Temozolomide Resistance in Glioblastoma Treatment. Cancer Invest 2021; 39:627-644. [PMID: 34254870 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2021.1952595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is the most lethal form of primary brain neoplasm. TMZ is the first-line standard treatment, but the strong resistance constrains the efficacy in clinical use. GB contains glioma stem cells (GSCs), which contribute to TMZ resistance, promote cell survival evolvement, and repopulate the tumor mass. This review summarizes the TMZ-resistance mechanisms and discusses several potential therapies from the conservative opinion of GSC-targeted therapy orientation to the current view of TMZ resistance-aimed efficacy, which will provide an understanding of the role of heterogeneity in drug resistance and improve therapeutic efficacy in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xia
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Liqun Liu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Da Han
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Dong
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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25
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Shi J, Chen G, Dong X, Li H, Li S, Cheng S, Li Y, Wang L, Yuan J, Qian Z, Dong J. METTL3 Promotes the Resistance of Glioma to Temozolomide via Increasing MGMT and ANPG in a m 6A Dependent Manner. Front Oncol 2021; 11:702983. [PMID: 34336690 PMCID: PMC8320395 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.702983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired chemoresistance is a major limiting factor in the clinical treatment of glioblastoma (GBM). However, the mechanism by which GBM acquires therapeutic resistance remains unclear. Here, we aimed to investigate whether METTL3-mediated N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification contributes to the temozolomide (TMZ) resistance in GBM. We demonstrated that METTL3 METTL3-mediated m6A modification were significantly elevated in TMZ-resistant GBM cells. Functionally, METTL3 overexpression impaired the TMZ-sensitivity of GBM cells. In contrast, METTL3 silencing or DAA-mediated total methylation inhibition improved the sensitivity of TMZ-resistant GBM cells to TMZ in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we found that two critical DNA repair genes (MGMT and APNG) were m6A-modified by METTL3, whereas inhibited by METTL3 silencing or DAA-mediated total methylation inhibition, which is crucial for METTL3-improved TMZ resistance in GBM cells. Collectively, METTL3 acts as a critical promoter of TMZ resistance in glioma and extends the current understanding of m6A related signaling, thereby providing new insights into the field of glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated With Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xuchen Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haoran Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Suwen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yongdong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Qian
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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26
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Lang F, Liu Y, Chou FJ, Yang C. Genotoxic therapy and resistance mechanism in gliomas. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 228:107922. [PMID: 34171339 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glioma is one of the most common and lethal brain tumors. Surgical resection followed by radiotherapy plus chemotherapy is the current standard of care for patients with glioma. The existence of resistance to genotoxic therapy, as well as the nature of tumor heterogeneity greatly limits the efficacy of glioma therapy. DNA damage repair pathways play essential roles in many aspects of glioma biology such as cancer progression, therapy resistance, and tumor relapse. O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) repairs the cytotoxic DNA lesion generated by temozolomide (TMZ), considered as the main mechanism of drug resistance. In addition, mismatch repair, base excision repair, and homologous recombination DNA repair also play pivotal roles in treatment resistance as well. Furthermore, cellular mechanisms, such as cancer stem cells, evasion from apoptosis, and metabolic reprogramming, also contribute to TMZ resistance in gliomas. Investigations over the past two decades have revealed comprehensive mechanisms of glioma therapy resistance, which has led to the development of novel therapeutic strategies and targeting molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengchao Lang
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Fu-Ju Chou
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chunzhang Yang
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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27
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Castro M, Pampana A, Alam A, Parashar R, Rajagopalan S, Lala DA, Roy KGG, Basu S, Prakash A, Nair P, Joseph V, Agarwal A, G P, Behura L, Kulkarni S, Choudhary NR, Kapoor S. Combination chemotherapy versus temozolomide for patients with methylated MGMT (m-MGMT) glioblastoma: results of computational biological modeling to predict the magnitude of treatment benefit. J Neurooncol 2021; 153:393-402. [PMID: 34101093 PMCID: PMC8280043 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-021-03780-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background A randomized trial in glioblastoma patients with methylated-MGMT (m-MGMT) found an improvement in median survival of 16.7 months for combination therapy with temozolomide (TMZ) and lomustine, however the approach remains controversial and relatively under-utilized. Therefore, we sought to determine whether comprehensive genomic analysis can predict which patients would derive large, intermediate, or negligible benefits from the combination compared to single agent chemotherapy. Methods Comprehensive genomic information from 274 newly diagnosed patients with methylated-MGMT glioblastoma (GBM) was downloaded from TCGA. Mutation and copy number changes were input into a computational biologic model to create an avatar of disease behavior and the malignant phenotypes representing hallmark behavior of cancers. In silico responses to TMZ, lomustine, and combination treatment were biosimulated. Efficacy scores representing the effect of treatment for each treatment strategy were generated and compared to each other to ascertain the differential benefit in drug response. Results Differential benefits for each drug were identified, including strong, modest-intermediate, negligible, and deleterious (harmful) effects for subgroups of patients. Similarly, the benefits of combination therapy ranged from synergy, little or negligible benefit, and deleterious effects compared to single agent approaches. Conclusions The benefit of combination chemotherapy is predicted to vary widely in the population. Biosimulation appears to be a useful tool to address the disease heterogeneity, drug response, and the relevance of particular clinical trials observations to individual patients. Biosimulation has potential to spare some patients the experience of over-treatment while identifying patients uniquely situated to benefit from combination treatment. Validation of this new artificial intelligence tool is needed. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11060-021-03780-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Castro
- Personalized Cancer Medicine PLLC, 1735 S Hayworth Ave., Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Cellworks Group, Inc., S. San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Cellworks Group, Inc., Bangalore, India.
| | - Anusha Pampana
- Cellworks Group, Inc., S. San Francisco, CA, USA.,Cellworks Group, Inc., Bangalore, India
| | - Aftab Alam
- Cellworks Group, Inc., S. San Francisco, CA, USA.,Cellworks Group, Inc., Bangalore, India
| | - Rajan Parashar
- Cellworks Group, Inc., S. San Francisco, CA, USA.,Cellworks Group, Inc., Bangalore, India
| | | | - Deepak Anil Lala
- Cellworks Group, Inc., S. San Francisco, CA, USA.,Cellworks Group, Inc., Bangalore, India
| | - Kunal Ghosh Ghosh Roy
- Cellworks Group, Inc., S. San Francisco, CA, USA.,Cellworks Group, Inc., Bangalore, India
| | - Sayani Basu
- Cellworks Group, Inc., S. San Francisco, CA, USA.,Cellworks Group, Inc., Bangalore, India
| | - Annapoorna Prakash
- Cellworks Group, Inc., S. San Francisco, CA, USA.,Cellworks Group, Inc., Bangalore, India
| | - Prashant Nair
- Cellworks Group, Inc., S. San Francisco, CA, USA.,Cellworks Group, Inc., Bangalore, India
| | - Vishwas Joseph
- Cellworks Group, Inc., S. San Francisco, CA, USA.,Cellworks Group, Inc., Bangalore, India
| | - Ashish Agarwal
- Cellworks Group, Inc., S. San Francisco, CA, USA.,Cellworks Group, Inc., Bangalore, India
| | - Poornachandra G
- Cellworks Group, Inc., S. San Francisco, CA, USA.,Cellworks Group, Inc., Bangalore, India
| | - Liptimayee Behura
- Cellworks Group, Inc., S. San Francisco, CA, USA.,Cellworks Group, Inc., Bangalore, India
| | - Shruthi Kulkarni
- Cellworks Group, Inc., S. San Francisco, CA, USA.,Cellworks Group, Inc., Bangalore, India
| | - Nikita Ray Choudhary
- Cellworks Group, Inc., S. San Francisco, CA, USA.,Cellworks Group, Inc., Bangalore, India
| | - Shweta Kapoor
- Cellworks Group, Inc., S. San Francisco, CA, USA.,Cellworks Group, Inc., Bangalore, India
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28
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Application of the antitussive agents oxelaidin and butamirate as anti-glioma agents. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10145. [PMID: 33980886 PMCID: PMC8115262 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89238-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive brain tumor with a strong tendency of relapse and resistance to chemotherapy, but we currently lack non-toxic agents that effectively treat GBM. In this study, high-throughput screening of FDA-approved drugs was performed to identify safe and effective molecules and test their effect on GBM cell lines, LN229, U87 and T98G. Cough suppressants, oxelaidin and butamirate inhibited GBM growth. A Ras family GTPase, Ras-related associated with diabetes (RRAD), contributes to activation of STAT3, which is essential for survival and growth of many cancer types. Interestingly, oxelaidin and butamirate did not affect proliferation in RRAD negative GBM cells. Docking simulation analyses revealed selective interactions between oxelaidin and RRAD. The mechanism by which butamirate and oxelaidin inhibits GBM cell growth involves the suppression of STAT3 transcriptional activity, leading to down-regulation of cyclin D1 and survivin. In addition, components of RRAD-associated signaling cascades, including p-EGFR, p-Akt, and p-STAT3, were inhibited upon oxelaidin treatment. Intraperitoneal administration of oxelaidin or butamirate markedly suppressed tumor growth in a glioblastoma xenograft mouse model without significant adverse effects. Our collective findings indicate that oxelaidin and butamirate exert anti-tumor effects in glioblastoma, supporting its utility as a novel therapeutic candidate for glioblastoma.
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29
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Circulating extracellular vesicles are effective biomarkers for predicting response to cancer therapy. EBioMedicine 2021; 67:103365. [PMID: 33971402 PMCID: PMC8121992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the most challenging diseases, as many patients show limited therapeutic response to treatment. Liquid biopsy is a minimally invasive method that has the advantage of providing real-time disease information with the least damage to cancer patients. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by the parental cells and protected by lipid bilayer membrane structure represent an emerging liquid biopsy modality. Apart from promoting cell growth, proliferation, and migration, EVs and their cargos (mainly miRNAs and proteins) are also biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Furthermore, their alterations pre- and post-therapy can guide therapeutic strategy determinations for better-stratified therapy. In this review, we summarize the potential clinical significance of EVs and their cargos in therapeutic response monitoring and prediction in several cancers (mainly lung cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, lymphoma, glioblastoma, and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma) and discuss the questions that require future investigation.
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Chien CH, Hsueh WT, Chuang JY, Chang KY. Dissecting the mechanism of temozolomide resistance and its association with the regulatory roles of intracellular reactive oxygen species in glioblastoma. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:18. [PMID: 33685470 PMCID: PMC7938520 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00717-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant brain tumor that is usually considered fatal even with treatment. This is often a result for tumor to develop resistance. Regarding the standard chemotherapy, the alkylating agent temozolomide is effective in disease control but the recurrence will still occur eventually. The mechanism of the resistance is various, and differs in terms of innate or acquired. To date, aberrations in O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase are the clear factor that determines drug susceptibility. Alterations of the other DNA damage repair genes such as DNA mismatch repair genes are also known to affect the drug effect. Together these genes have roles in the innate resistance, but are not sufficient for explaining the mechanism leading to acquired resistance. Recent identification of specific cellular subsets with features of stem-like cells may have role in this process. The glioma stem-like cells are known for its superior ability in withstanding the drug-induced cytotoxicity, and giving the chance to repopulate the tumor. The mechanism is complicated to administrate cellular protection, such as the enhancing ability against reactive oxygen species and altering energy metabolism, the important steps to survive. In this review, we discuss the possible mechanism for these specific cellular subsets to evade cancer treatment, and the possible impact to the following treatment courses. In addition, we also discuss the possibility that can overcome this obstacle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hung Chien
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, 367 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70456, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Hsueh
- Department of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Ying Chuang
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kwang-Yu Chang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, 367 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70456, Taiwan. .,Department of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Sun D, Yang S, Zhang X, Li S, Wang L, Chen J, Qiu C, Xu K. Forkhead box protein O3a promotes glioma cell resistance to temozolomide by regulating matrix metallopeptidase and β-catenin. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:328. [PMID: 33692860 PMCID: PMC7933757 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common type of malignant brain tumor. GBM is currently treated with temozolomide (TMZ), although patients often exhibit resistance to this agent. Although several mechanisms underlying the resistance of GBM to TMZ have been identified, the combination of these mechanisms is not sufficient to fully account for this phenomenon. Our previous study demonstrated that knocking down the Forkhead box protein O3a (FoxO3a) gene, a member of the FoxO subfamily of transcription factors, resulted in glioma cell sensitization to TMZ, accompanied by reduced levels of nuclear β-catenin. The aim of the present study was to specify how FoxO3a and β-catenin are implicated in glioma cell TMZ resistance. Using the U87 and U251 parental cell lines (also designated as sensitive cell lines) and corresponding resistant cell lines (U87-TR and U251-TR, generated by repeated TMZ treatments), coupled with a combined knockdown/overexpression strategy, it was revealed that FoxO3a or β-catenin overexpression in TMZ-treated U87 and U251 cells markedly increased cellular proliferation; co-expression of both FoxO3a and β-catenin resulted in the highest increase. Knockdown of either FoxO3a or β-catenin in U87-TR and U251-TR cells led to a significant decrease in cell viability, which was rescued by the re-expression of FoxO3a in FoxO3a-knockdown cells. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that, in U87-TR and U251-TR cells, FoxO3a knockdown significantly reduced the protein levels of matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)9, while overexpression of FoxO3a in U87 and U251 cells enhanced the nuclear accumulation of β-catenin, concomitantly with an increase in MMP9 levels. Furthermore, MMP9 knockdown markedly reduced the levels of nuclear β-catenin. Collectively, the findings of the present study suggest that FoxO3a may regulate the nuclear accumulation of β-catenin by modulating MMP9 expression, thereby rendering glioblastoma cells resistant to TMZ, and may provide unique molecular insights into the mechanisms underlying the development of TMZ resistance in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Datong Sun
- Department of Oncology, Hainan Provincial People's Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 571101, P.R. China
| | - Shenghui Yang
- Department of Oncology, Hainan Provincial People's Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 571101, P.R. China
| | - Xufeng Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570102, P.R. China
| | - Sai Li
- Department of Oncology, Hainan Provincial People's Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 571101, P.R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Oncology, Hainan Provincial People's Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 571101, P.R. China
| | - Junmin Chen
- Department of Oncology, Hainan Provincial People's Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 571101, P.R. China
| | - Chun Qiu
- Department of Oncology, Hainan Provincial People's Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 571101, P.R. China
| | - Ke Xu
- Clinical Immunology Section, School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, P.R. China
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Lo Dico A, Martelli C, Diceglie C, Ottobrini L. The Multifaceted Role of CMA in Glioma: Enemy or Ally? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2217. [PMID: 33672324 PMCID: PMC7926390 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is a catabolic pathway fundamental for cell homeostasis, by which specific damaged or non-essential proteins are degraded. CMA activity has three main levels of regulation. The first regulatory level is based on the targetability of specific proteins possessing a KFERQ-like domain, which can be recognized by specific chaperones and delivered to the lysosomes. Target protein unfolding and translocation into the lysosomal lumen constitutes the second level of CMA regulation and is based on the modulation of Lamp2A multimerization. Finally, the activity of some accessory proteins represents the third regulatory level of CMA activity. CMA's role in oncology has not been fully clarified covering both pro-survival and pro-death roles in different contexts. Taking all this into account, it is possible to comprehend the actual complexity of both CMA regulation and the cellular consequences of its activity allowing it to be elected as a modulatory and not only catabolic machinery. In this review, the role covered by CMA in oncology is discussed with a focus on its relevance in glioma. Molecular correlates of CMA importance in glioma responsiveness to treatment are described to identify new early efficacy biomarkers and new therapeutic targets to overcome resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Lo Dico
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via F.Cervi 93, Segrate, 20090 Milan, Italy; (A.L.D.); (C.M.); (C.D.)
| | - Cristina Martelli
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via F.Cervi 93, Segrate, 20090 Milan, Italy; (A.L.D.); (C.M.); (C.D.)
| | - Cecilia Diceglie
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via F.Cervi 93, Segrate, 20090 Milan, Italy; (A.L.D.); (C.M.); (C.D.)
| | - Luisa Ottobrini
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via F.Cervi 93, Segrate, 20090 Milan, Italy; (A.L.D.); (C.M.); (C.D.)
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), Via F.Cervi 93, Segrate, 20090 Milan, Italy
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Low MGMT digital expression is associated with a better outcome of IDH1 wildtype glioblastomas treated with temozolomide. J Neurooncol 2021; 151:135-144. [PMID: 33400009 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-020-03675-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glioblastoma (GBM) is the deadliest primary brain tumor. The standard treatment consists of surgery, radiotherapy, and temozolomide (TMZ). TMZ response is heterogeneous, and MGMT promoter (MGMTp) methylation has been the major predictive biomarker. We aimed to describe the clinical and molecular data of GBMs treated with TMZ, compare MGMT methylation with MGMT expression, and further associate with patient's outcome. METHODS We evaluate 112 FFPE adult GBM cases. IDH1 and ATRX expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, hotspot TERT promoter (TERTp) mutations were evaluated by Sanger or pyrosequencing, and MGMTp methylation was assessed by pyrosequencing and MGMT mRNA expression using the nCounter® Vantage 3D™ DNA damage and repair panel. RESULTS Of the 112 GBMs, 96 were IDH1WT, and 16 were IDH1MUT. Positive ATRX expression was found in 91.6% (88/96) of IDHWT and 43.7% (7/16) of IDHMUT. TERTp mutations were detected in 70.4% (50/71) of IDHWT. MGMTp methylation was found in 55.5% (35/63) of IDHWT and 84.6% (11/13) of IDHMUT, and as expected, MGMTp methylation was significantly associated with a better response to TMZ. MGMT expression was inversely correlated with MGMTp methylation levels (- 0.506, p < 0.0001), and MGMT low expression were significantly associated with better patient survival. It was also observed that integrating MGMTp methylation and expression, significantly improved the prognostication value. CONCLUSIONS MGMT mRNA levels evaluated by digital expression were associated with the outcome of TMZ-treated GBM patients. The combination of MGMT methylation and mRNA expression may provide a more accurate prediction of TMZ response in GBM patients.
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Serrano-Heras G, Castro-Robles B, Romero-Sánchez CM, Carrión B, Barbella-Aponte R, Sandoval H, Segura T. Involvement of N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase in resistance to temozolomide in patient-derived glioma cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22185. [PMID: 33335215 PMCID: PMC7747563 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78868-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy for high-grade astrocytic tumors is mainly based on the use of temozolomide (TMZ), whose efficacy is limited by resistance mechanisms. Despite many investigations pointing to O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) as being responsible for tumor chemo-resistance, its expression does not predict an accurate response in most gliomas, suggesting that MGMT is not the only determinant of response to treatment. In this sense, several reports indicate that N-methylpurine-DNA-glycosylase (MPG) may be involved in that resistance. With that in mind, we evaluated for the first time the degree of resistance to TMZ treatment in 18 patient-derived glioma cells and its association with MGMT and MPG mRNA levels. Viability cell assays showed that TMZ treatment hardly caused growth inhibition in the patient-derived cells, even in high concentrations, indicating that all primary cultures were chemo-resistant. mRNA expression analyses showed that the TMZ-resistant phenotype displayed by cells is associated with an elevated expression of MPG to a greater extent than it is with transcript levels of MGMT. Our findings suggest that not only is MGMT implicated in resistance to TMZ but MPG, the first enzyme in base excision repair processing, is also involved, supporting its potential role as a target in anti-resistance chemotherapy for astrocytoma and glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Serrano-Heras
- Research Unit, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Laurel, s/n, 02008, Albacete, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Castro-Robles
- Research Unit, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Laurel, s/n, 02008, Albacete, Spain
| | | | - Blanca Carrión
- Research Unit, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Laurel, s/n, 02008, Albacete, Spain
| | - Rosa Barbella-Aponte
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Hernán Sandoval
- Department of Neurosurgery, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Tomás Segura
- Department of Neurology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurólogicas (IDINE), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
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Lv QL, Wang LC, Li DC, Lin QX, Shen XL, Liu HY, Li M, Ji YL, Qin CZ, Chen SH. Knockdown lncRNA DLEU1 Inhibits Gliomas Progression and Promotes Temozolomide Chemosensitivity by Regulating Autophagy. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:560543. [PMID: 33362537 PMCID: PMC7756250 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.560543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most fatal malignant cerebral tumors. Temozolomide (TMZ), as the primary chemotherapy drug, has been widely used in clinics. However, resistance of TMZ still remains to poor defined. LncRNAs have been reported to play crucial roles in progression of various cancers and resistance of multiple drugs. However, the biological function and underlying mechanisms of most lncRNAs in glioma still remains unclear. Based on the TCGA database, a total of 94 differentially expressed lncRNAs, including 16 up-regulated genes and 78 downregulated genes were identified between gliomas and normal brain tissues. Subsequently, lncRNA DLEU1, HOTAIR, and LOC00132111 were tested to be significantly related to overall survival (OS) between high- and low-expression groups. Additionally, we verified that lncRNA DLEU1 was high expressed in 108 gliomas, compared with 19 normal brain tissues. And high expression of lncRNA DLEU1 predicted a poor prognosis (HR = 1.703, 95%CI: 1.133–2.917, p-value = 0.0159). Moreover, functional assays revealed that knockdown of lncRNA DLEU1 could suppress the proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrest at G1 phase and reducing the S phase by down-regulating the CyclinD1 and p-AKT, as the well as migration and invasion by inhibiting the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, such as ZEB1, N-cadherin, β-catenin and snail in glioma cells. Furthermore, silencing lncRNA DLEU1 suppressed TMZ-activated autophagy via regulating the expression of P62 and LC3, and promoted sensitivity of glioma cells to TMZ by triggering apoptosis. Conclusively, our study indicated that lncRNA DLEU1 might perform as a prognostic potential target and underlying therapeutic target for sensitivity of glioma to TMZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Li Lv
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Li-Chong Wang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Dang-Chi Li
- Jiangxi University of Technology High School, Nanchang, China
| | - Qian-Xia Lin
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiao-Li Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hai-Yun Liu
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu-Long Ji
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Chong-Zhen Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shu-Hui Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Shi J, Zhang Y, Yao B, Sun P, Hao Y, Piao H, Zhao X. Role of Exosomes in the Progression, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Gliomas. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e924023. [PMID: 33245712 PMCID: PMC7706139 DOI: 10.12659/msm.924023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common primary malignant brain tumors associated with a low survival rate. Even after surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, gliomas still have a poor prognosis. Extracellular vesicles are a heterogeneous group of cell-derived membranous structures. Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicles, their size ranges from 30 nm to 100 nm. Recent studies have proved that glioma cells could release numerous exosomes; therefore, exosomes have gained increasing attention in glioma-related research. Recent studies have confirmed the importance of extracellular vesicles, particularly exosomes, in the development of brain tumors, including gliomas. Exosomes mediate intercellular communication in the tumor microenvironment by transporting biomolecules (proteins, lipids, deoxyribonucleic acid, and ribonucleic acid); thereby playing a prominent role in tumor proliferation, differentiation, metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapy or radiation. Given their nanoscale size, exosomes can traverse the blood-brain barrier and promote tumor progression by modifying the tumor microenvironment. Based on their structural and functional characteristics, exosomes are demonstrating their value not only as diagnostic and prognostic markers, but also as tools in therapies specifically targeting glioma cells. Therefore, exosomes are a promising therapeutic target for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of malignant gliomas. More research will be needed before exosomes can be used in clinical applications. Here, we describe the exosomes, their morphology, and their roles in the diagnosis and progression of gliomas. In addition, we discuss the potential of exosomes as a therapeutic target/drug delivery system for patients with gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Bing Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Peixin Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Yuanyuan Hao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Haozhe Piao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Xi Zhao
- Department of Anesthesia, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
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Pellerino A, Bruno F, Internò V, Rudà R, Soffietti R. Current clinical management of elderly patients with glioma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2020; 20:1037-1048. [PMID: 32981392 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2020.1828867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The incidence of gliomas is increasing in elderly patients. Clinical factors, such as age, performance status, and comorbidities contribute when choosing adequate treatment in older patients. AREAS COVERED This review covers the main pathological and molecular features of gliomas in elderly patients, as well as the neurological and geriatric assessment to select patients for surgery and antineoplastic treatments. The results from the most relevant clinical trials in both lower-grade (LGGs) and high-grade gliomas (HGGs) are reviewed. EXPERT OPINION Different clinical and biological factors need to be integrated into prognostic scales in order to better stratify the elderly population. Both Stupp and Perry regimens can be proposed to fit patients with GBM aged < 70 years. Conversely, for patients aged ≥ 70 years, the Perry regimen should be preferred. For unfit and frail patients, temozolomide alone when MGMT is methylated or hypofractionated RT alone when MGMT is unmethylated, are the optimal choice. Few data are available regarding the optimal management of elderly patients with LGGs. The benefit of an extensive resection and presence of methylation of the MGMT promoter need to be further investigated to confirm their role in improving the OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Pellerino
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University and City of Health and Science Hospital , Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Bruno
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University and City of Health and Science Hospital , Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Internò
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Rudà
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University and City of Health and Science Hospital , Turin, Italy
| | - Riccardo Soffietti
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University and City of Health and Science Hospital , Turin, Italy
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Pustchi SE, Avci NG, Akay YM, Akay M. Astrocytes Decreased the Sensitivity of Glioblastoma Cells to Temozolomide and Bay 11-7082. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7154. [PMID: 32998285 PMCID: PMC7583902 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant type of astrocytic tumors. GBM patients have a poor prognosis with a median survival of approximately 15 months despite the "Stupp" Regimen and high tumor recurrence due to the tumor resistance to chemotherapy. In this study, we co-cultured GBM cells with human astrocytes in three-dimensional (3D) poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl acrylate (PEGDA) microwells to mimic the tumor microenvironment. We treated 3D co- and mono-cultured cells with Temozolomide (TMZ) and the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) inhibitor Bay 11-7082 and investigated the combined effect of the drugs. We assessed the expressions of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin that play a role in the tumor malignancy and activation of the astrocytes as well as Notch-1 and survivin that play a role in GBM malignancy after the drug treatment to understand how astrocytes induced GBM drug response. Our results showed that in the co-culture, astrocytes increased GBM survival and resistance after combined drug treatment compared to mono-cultures. These data restated the importance of 3D cell culture to mimic the tumor microenvironment for drug screening.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating/pharmacology
- Astrocytes/cytology
- Astrocytes/drug effects
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Coculture Techniques/methods
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/genetics
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/metabolism
- Humans
- Models, Biological
- Neuroglia/drug effects
- Neuroglia/metabolism
- Neuroglia/pathology
- Nitriles/pharmacology
- Primary Cell Culture
- Receptor, Notch1/genetics
- Receptor, Notch1/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Spheroids, Cellular/drug effects
- Spheroids, Cellular/metabolism
- Spheroids, Cellular/pathology
- Sulfones/pharmacology
- Survivin/genetics
- Survivin/metabolism
- Temozolomide/pharmacology
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment/genetics
- Vimentin/genetics
- Vimentin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Metin Akay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (S.E.P.); (N.G.A.); (Y.M.A.)
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Shukla A, Srivastava S, Darokar J, Kulshreshtha R. HIF1α and p53 Regulated MED30, a Mediator Complex Subunit, is Involved in Regulation of Glioblastoma Pathogenesis and Temozolomide Resistance. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 41:1521-1535. [PMID: 32705436 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00920-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common, malignant, and aggressive form of glial cell cancer with unfavorable clinical outcomes. It is believed that a better understanding of the mechanisms of gene deregulation may lead to novel therapeutic approaches for this yet incurable cancer. Mediator complex is a crucial component of enhancer-based gene expression and works as a transcriptional co-activator. Many of the mediator complex subunits are found to be deregulated/mutated in various malignancies; however, their status and role in GBM remains little studied. We report that MED30, a core subunit of the head module, is overexpressed in GBM tissues and cell lines. MED30 was found to be induced by conditions present in the tumor microenvironment such as hypoxia, serum, and glucose deprivation. MED30 harbors hypoxia response elements (HREs) and p53 binding site in its promoter and is induced in a HIF1α and p53 dependent manner. Further, MED30 levels also significantly positively correlated with p53 and HIF1α levels in GBM tissues. Using both MED30 overexpression and knockdown approach, we show that MED30 promotes cell proliferation while reduces the migration capabilities in GBM cell lines. Notably, MED30 was also found to confer sensitivity to chemodrug, temozolomide, in GBM cells and modulate the level of p53 in vitro. Overall, this is the first report showing MED30 overexpression in GBM and its involvement in GBM pathogenesis suggesting its diagnostic and therapeutic potential urging the need for further systematic exploration of MED30 interactome and target networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubha Shukla
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Srishti Srivastava
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Jayant Darokar
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Ritu Kulshreshtha
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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Herbener VJ, Burster T, Goreth A, Pruss M, von Bandemer H, Baisch T, Fitzel R, Siegelin MD, Karpel-Massler G, Debatin KM, Westhoff MA, Strobel H. Considering the Experimental use of Temozolomide in Glioblastoma Research. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E151. [PMID: 32512726 PMCID: PMC7344626 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8060151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) currently remains the only chemotherapeutic component in the approved treatment scheme for Glioblastoma (GB), the most common primary brain tumour with a dismal patient's survival prognosis of only ~15 months. While frequently described as an alkylating agent that causes DNA damage and thus-ultimately-cell death, a recent debate has been initiated to re-evaluate the therapeutic role of TMZ in GB. Here, we discuss the experimental use of TMZ and highlight how it differs from its clinical role. Four areas could be identified in which the experimental data is particularly limited in its translational potential: 1. transferring clinical dosing and scheduling to an experimental system and vice versa; 2. the different use of (non-inert) solvent in clinic and laboratory; 3. the limitations of established GB cell lines which only poorly mimic GB tumours; and 4. the limitations of animal models lacking an immune response. Discussing these limitations in a broader biomedical context, we offer suggestions as to how to improve transferability of data. Finally, we highlight an underexplored function of TMZ in modulating the immune system, as an example of where the aforementioned limitations impede the progression of our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena J. Herbener
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, D-89075 Ulm, Germany; (V.J.H.); (A.G.); (H.v.B.); (T.B.); (R.F.); (K.-M.D.); (H.S.)
| | - Timo Burster
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan;
| | - Alicia Goreth
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, D-89075 Ulm, Germany; (V.J.H.); (A.G.); (H.v.B.); (T.B.); (R.F.); (K.-M.D.); (H.S.)
| | - Maximilian Pruss
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany;
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Hélène von Bandemer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, D-89075 Ulm, Germany; (V.J.H.); (A.G.); (H.v.B.); (T.B.); (R.F.); (K.-M.D.); (H.S.)
| | - Tim Baisch
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, D-89075 Ulm, Germany; (V.J.H.); (A.G.); (H.v.B.); (T.B.); (R.F.); (K.-M.D.); (H.S.)
| | - Rahel Fitzel
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, D-89075 Ulm, Germany; (V.J.H.); (A.G.); (H.v.B.); (T.B.); (R.F.); (K.-M.D.); (H.S.)
| | - Markus D. Siegelin
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Georg Karpel-Massler
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Klaus-Michael Debatin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, D-89075 Ulm, Germany; (V.J.H.); (A.G.); (H.v.B.); (T.B.); (R.F.); (K.-M.D.); (H.S.)
| | - Mike-Andrew Westhoff
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, D-89075 Ulm, Germany; (V.J.H.); (A.G.); (H.v.B.); (T.B.); (R.F.); (K.-M.D.); (H.S.)
| | - Hannah Strobel
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, D-89075 Ulm, Germany; (V.J.H.); (A.G.); (H.v.B.); (T.B.); (R.F.); (K.-M.D.); (H.S.)
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Burman P, Lamb L, McCormack A. Temozolomide therapy for aggressive pituitary tumours - current understanding and future perspectives. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2020; 21:263-276. [PMID: 32147777 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-020-09551-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of temozolomide (TMZ) for the management of aggressive pituitary tumours (APT) has revolutionised clinical practice in this field with significantly improved clinical outcomes and long-term survival. Its use is now well established however a large number of patients do not respond to treatment and recurrence after cessation of TMZ is common. A number of challenges remain for clinicians such as appropriate patient selection, treatment duration and the role of combination therapy. This review will examine the use of TMZ to treat APT including mechanism of action, treatment regimen and duration; biomarkers predicting response to treatment and patient selection; and current evidence for administration of TMZ in combination with other agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Burman
- Department of Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, University of Lund, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lydia Lamb
- Department of Endocrinology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ann McCormack
- Department of Endocrinology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Alkyladenine DNA glycosylase deficiency uncouples alkylation-induced strand break generation from PARP-1 activation and glycolysis inhibition. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2209. [PMID: 32042007 PMCID: PMC7010680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA alkylation damage is repaired by base excision repair (BER) initiated by alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG). Despite its role in DNA repair, AAG-initiated BER promotes cytotoxicity in a process dependent on poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1); a NAD+-consuming enzyme activated by strand break intermediates of the AAG-initiated repair process. Importantly, PARP-1 activation has been previously linked to impaired glycolysis and mitochondrial dysfunction. However, whether alkylation affects cellular metabolism in the absence of AAG-mediated BER initiation is unclear. To address this question, we temporally profiled repair and metabolism in wild-type and Aag−/− cells treated with the alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). We show that, although Aag−/− cells display similar levels of alkylation-induced DNA breaks as wild type, PARP-1 activation is undetectable in AAG-deficient cells. Accordingly, Aag−/− cells are protected from MMS-induced NAD+ depletion and glycolysis inhibition. MMS-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, however, is AAG-independent. Furthermore, treatment with FK866, a selective inhibitor of the NAD+ salvage pathway enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), synergizes with MMS to induce cytotoxicity and Aag−/− cells are resistant to this combination FK866 and MMS treatment. Thus, AAG plays an important role in the metabolic response to alkylation that could be exploited in the treatment of conditions associated with NAD+ dysregulation.
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Sorribes IC, Handelman SK, Jain HV. Mitigating temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma via DNA damage-repair inhibition. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20190722. [PMID: 31964274 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas are among the most lethal cancers, with a 5 year survival rate below 25%. Temozolomide is typically used in glioblastoma treatment; however, the enzymes alkylpurine-DNA-N-glycosylase (APNG) and methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) efficiently mediate the repair of DNA damage caused by temozolomide, reducing treatment efficacy. Consequently, APNG and MGMT inhibition has been proposed as a way of overcoming chemotherapy resistance. Here, we develop a mechanistic mathematical model that explicitly incorporates the effects of chemotherapy on tumour cells, including the processes of DNA damage induction, cell arrest and DNA repair. Our model is carefully parametrized and validated, and then used to virtually recreate the response of heteroclonal glioblastomas to dual treatment with temozolomide and inhibitors of APNG/MGMT. Using our mechanistic model, we identify four combination treatment strategies optimized by tumour cell phenotype, and isolate the strategy most likely to succeed in a pre-clinical and clinical setting. If confirmed in clinical trials, these strategies have the potential to offset chemotherapy resistance in patients with glioblastoma and improve overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel K Handelman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Harsh V Jain
- Department of Mathematics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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Pietrantonio F, Randon G, Romagnoli D, Di Donato S, Benelli M, de Braud F. Biomarker-guided implementation of the old drug temozolomide as a novel treatment option for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2020; 82:101935. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2019.101935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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45
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Sousa JFD, Serafim RB, Freitas LMD, Fontana CR, Valente V. DNA repair genes in astrocytoma tumorigenesis, progression and therapy resistance. Genet Mol Biol 2019; 43:e20190066. [PMID: 31930277 PMCID: PMC7198033 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2019-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and malignant type of primary brain tumor,
showing rapid development and resistance to therapies. On average, patients
survive 14.6 months after diagnosis and less than 5% survive five years or more.
Several pieces of evidence have suggested that the DNA damage signaling and
repair activities are directly correlated with GBM phenotype and exhibit
opposite functions in cancer establishment and progression. The functions of
these pathways appear to present a dual role in tumorigenesis and cancer
progression. Activation and/or overexpression of ATRX, ATM and RAD51 genes were
extensively characterized as barriers for GBM initiation, but paradoxically the
exacerbated activity of these genes was further associated with cancer
progression to more aggressive stages. Excessive amounts of other DNA repair
proteins, namely HJURP, EXO1, NEIL3, BRCA2, and BRIP, have also been connected
to proliferative competence, resistance and poor prognosis. This scenario
suggests that these networks help tumor cells to manage replicative stress and
treatment-induced damage, diminishing genome instability and conferring therapy
resistance. Finally, in this review we address promising new drugs and
therapeutic approaches with potential to improve patient survival. However,
despite all technological advances, the prognosis is still dismal and further
research is needed to dissect such complex mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Ferreira de Sousa
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | - Rodolfo Bortolozo Serafim
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Laura Marise de Freitas
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla Raquel Fontana
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Valeria Valente
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.,Centro de Terapia Celular (CEPID-FAPESP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Decreased APE-1 by Nitroxoline Enhances Therapeutic Effect in a Temozolomide-resistant Glioblastoma: Correlation with Diffusion Weighted Imaging. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16613. [PMID: 31719653 PMCID: PMC6851184 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53147-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive human tumors with poor survival rates. The current standard treatment includes chemotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ), but acquisition of resistance is a persistent clinical problem limiting the successful treatment of GBM. The purpose of our study was to investigate therapeutic effects of nitroxoline (NTX) against TMZ-resistant GBM in vitro and in vivo in TMZ-resistant GBM-bearing mouse model, which was correlated with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). For in vitro study, we used TMZ-resistant GBM cell lines and evaluated therapeutic effects of NTX by clonogenic and migration assays. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to investigate the expression level of TMZ-resistant genes after NTX treatment. For in vivo study, we performed 9.4 T MR imaging to obtain T2WI for tumor volume measurement and DWI for assessment of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) changes by NTX in TMZ-resistant GBM mice (n = 8). Moreover, we performed regression analysis for the relationship between ADC and histological findings, which reflects the changes in cellularity and apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1 (APE-1) expression. We observed the recovery of TMZ-induced morphological changes, a reduced number of colonies and a decreased rate of migration capacity in TMZ-resistant cells after NTX treatment. The expression of APE-1 was significantly decreased in TMZ-resistant cells after NTX treatment compared with those without treatment. In an in vivo study, NTX reduced tumor growth in TMZ-resistant GBM mice (P = 0.0122). Moreover, ADC was increased in the NTX-treated TMZ-resistant GBM mice compared to the control group (P = 0.0079), which was prior to a tumor volume decrease. The cellularity and APE-1 expression by histology were negatively correlated with the ADC value, which in turn resulted in longer survival in NTX group. The decreased expression of APE-1 by NTX leads to therapeutic effects and is inversely correlated with ADC in TMZ-resistant GBM. Therefore, NTX is suggested as potential therapeutic candidate against TMZ-resistant GBM.
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Fu W, You C, Ma L, Li H, Ju Y, Guo X, Shi S, Zhang T, Zhou R, Lin Y. Enhanced Efficacy of Temozolomide Loaded by a Tetrahedral Framework DNA Nanoparticle in the Therapy for Glioblastoma. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:39525-39533. [PMID: 31601097 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b13829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the deadliest primary brain malignant tumors with a bleak prognosis. Craniotomy surgical resection followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy was still the standard therapeutic strategy for GBM. As a target alkylating agent, temozolomide (TMZ) was utilized in the therapy of GBM for decades. However, effective treatment for GBM is stymied by rapid acquired resistance and bone marrow suppression. Here, we synthesize a tetrahedral framework nucleic acid (tFNA) nanoparticle that can carry TMZ to enhance the lethality on four GBM cell lines via activating the cell apoptosis and autophagy pathway. Our nanoparticle, namely, tFNA-TMZ, shows a more obvious efficacy in killing TMZ-sensitive cells (A172 and U87) than single-agent TMZ. Besides, tFNA-TMZ was able to attenuate drug resistance in TMZ-resistant cells (T98G and LN-18) via downregulating the expression of O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase. Furthermore, we modified the tFNA with GS24, a DNA aptamer that can specially bind to transferrin receptor in the cerebral vascular endothelial cell of mouse and enable the tFNA nanoparticle to cross the blood-brain barrier. In summary, our results demonstrated that tFNA-TMZ has a promising role as a nanoscale vehicle to deliver TMZ to enhance the efficacy of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery , West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu 610000 , P. R. China
| | - Chao You
- Department of Neurosurgery , West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu 610000 , P. R. China
| | - Lu Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery , West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu 610000 , P. R. China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery , West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu 610000 , P. R. China
| | - Yan Ju
- Department of Neurosurgery , West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu 610000 , P. R. China
| | - Xi Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery , West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu 610000 , P. R. China
| | - Sirong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610041 , P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610041 , P. R. China
| | - Ronghui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610041 , P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610041 , P. R. China
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Circular RNA PRKCI promotes glioma cell progression by inhibiting microRNA-545. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:616. [PMID: 31409777 PMCID: PMC6692337 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1863-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We here tested expression and potential functions of circular RNA PRKCI (circPRKCI) in human glioma. Our results show that circPRKCI is upregulated in human glioma tissues and glioma cells, correlating with downregulation of its potential target, microRNA-545 (miR-545). In A172 and primary human glioma cells, shRNA-mediated silencing of circPRKCI inhibited cancer cell growth, survival, proliferation, and migration. Conversely, ectopic circPRKCI overexpression promoted A172 cell progression. miR-545 is the primary target of circPRKCI in glioma cells. Forced overexpression of miR-545 mimicked circPRKCI shRNA-induced actions, inhibiting glioma cell survival and proliferation. In contrast, miR-545 inhibition, by a lentiviral antagomiR-545 construct, reversed circPRKCI shRNA-induced anti-A172 cell activity. Importantly, neither circPRKCI shRNA nor circPRKCI overexpression was effective in miR-545-knockout (Cas9 method) A172 cells. Importantly, the subcutaneous and orthotopic A172 xenograft growth was significantly inhibited by circPRKCI silencing. Collectively, circPRKCI promotes human glioma cell progression possibly by inhibiting miR-545. Targeting circPRKCI-miR-545 cascade could efficiently inhibit human glioma cells.
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Chen JC, Lee IN, Huang C, Wu YP, Chung CY, Lee MH, Lin MHC, Yang JT. Valproic acid-induced amphiregulin secretion confers resistance to temozolomide treatment in human glioma cells. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:756. [PMID: 31370819 PMCID: PMC6670223 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5843-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most severe type of primary brain tumor with a high mortality rate. Although extensive treatments for GBM, including resection, irradiation, chemotherapy and immunotherapy, have been tried, the prognosis is still poor. Temozolomide (TMZ), an alkylating agent, is a front-line chemotherapeutic drug for the clinical treatment of GBM; however, its effects are very limited because of the chemoresistance. Valproic acid (VPA), an antiepileptic agent with histone deacetylase inhibitor activity, has been shown to have synergistic effects with TMZ against GBM. The mechanism of action of VPA on TMZ combination therapy is still unclear. Accumulating evidence has shown that secreted proteins are responsible for the cross talking among cells in the tumor microenvironment, which may play a critical role in the regulation of drug responses. METHODS To understand the effect of VPA on secreted proteins in GBM cells, we first used the antibody array to analyze the cell culture supernatant from VPA-treated and untreated GBM cells. The results were further confirmed by lentivirus-mediated knockdown and exogenous recombinant administration. RESULTS Our results showed that amphiregulin (AR) was highly secreted in VPA-treated cells. Knockdown of AR can sensitize GBM cells to TMZ. Furthermore, pretreatment of exogenous recombinant AR significantly increased EGFR activation and conferred resistance to TMZ. To further verify the effect of AR on TMZ resistance, cells pre-treated with AR neutralizing antibody markedly increased sensitivity to TMZ. In addition, we also observed that the expression of AR was positively correlated with the resistance of TMZ in different GBM cell lines. CONCLUSIONS The present study aimed to identify the secreted proteins that contribute to the modulation of drug response. Understanding the full set of secreted proteins present in glial cells might help reveal potential therapeutic opportunities. The results indicated that AR may potentially serve as biomarker and therapeutic approach for chemotherapy regimens in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Chieh Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, 60004 Taiwan
| | - I-Neng Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, 61363 Taiwan
| | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Earth and Life Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ping Wu
- Department of Medical Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, 61363 Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Yen Chung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, 61363 Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsueh Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, 61363 Taiwan
| | - Martin Hsiu-Chu Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, 61363 Taiwan
| | - Jen-Tsung Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, 61363 Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, 33302 Taiwan
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Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most invasive form of brain tumor. Although temozolomide chemotherapy has been shown to significantly improve survival in patients with GBM, this increase is only trivial. The underlying cause is that many GBMs do not respond to temozolomide, and the rest produces resistance. In the past two decades, many attempts have been made to understand resistance mechanisms and to combine other treatments with temozolomide to maximize patient benefit. Unfortunately, it seems to be a red queen game, and the speed of disease development is as fast as the progress in the field. In order to win this game, a comprehensive approach is needed to decipher the details of the resistance mechanism and to transfer the basic research to the clinic. This article reviews the following: temozolomide discovery, chemistry, and mechanism of action, and mechanisms of resistance, as well as combination therapy with other strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Arora
- a Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore , India
| | - Kumaravel Somasundaram
- a Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore , India
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