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Gonnella R, Collura F, Corrado V, Di Crosta M, Santarelli R, Cirone M. EZH2 Inhibition by DS3201 Triggers the Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Lytic Cycle and Potentiates the Effects Induced by SAHA in Primary Effusion Lymphoma Cells. Viruses 2024; 16:1490. [PMID: 39339966 PMCID: PMC11437442 DOI: 10.3390/v16091490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary Effusion Lymphoma (PEL) cells carry Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) in a latent state, except for a small number of cells in which the virus replicates to ensure its persistence into the infected host. However, the lytic cycle can be reactivated in vitro by exposing these lymphoma cells to various treatments, leading to cell lysis. To restrict viral antigen expression, KSHV induces repressive epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation and histone modifications. Among the latter, histone deacetylation and tri-methylation of Histone H3 lisyne-27 (H3K27me3) have been reported to play a role. Here, we found that the inhibition of H3K27 tri-methylation by valemetostat DS3201 (DS), a small molecule that inhibits Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2) methyltransferase, induced the KSHV lytic cycle in PEL cells, and that this effect involved the activation of the wtp53-p21 axis and autophagic dysregulation. DS also potentiated the lytic cycle activation mediated by the Histone deacetylases (HDAC) inhibitor Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and reinforced its cytotoxic effect, suggesting that such a combination could be used to unbalance the latent/lytic cycle and further impair the survival of PEL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.G.); (F.C.); (V.C.); (M.D.C.); (R.S.)
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Holmberg LA, Maloney DG, Connelly-Smith L. Bortezomib and Vorinostat Therapy as Maintenance Therapy Post-Autologous Transplant for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Using R-BEAM or BEAM Transplant Conditioning Regimen. Acta Haematol 2023; 147:300-309. [PMID: 37708877 DOI: 10.1159/000533944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The success of autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) for treating non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is limited by its high relapse rates. To reduce the risk of relapse, additional maintenance therapy can be added post-transplant. In a non-transplant setting at the time of initiation of this study, both bortezomib and vorinostat had been studied alone or in combination for some NHL histology and showed some clinical activity. At our center, this combination therapy post-transplant for multiple myeloma showed acceptable toxicity. Therefore, it seemed reasonable to study this combination therapy post-ASCT for NHL. METHODS NHL patients underwent conditioning for ASCT with rituximab, carmustine, etoposide, cytarabine, melphalan/carmustine, etoposide, cytarabine, melphalan. After recovery from the acute transplant-related toxicity, combination therapy with IV bortezomib and oral vorinostat (BV) was started and was given for a total of 12 (28-day) cycles. RESULTS Nineteen patients received BV post-ASCT. The most common toxicities were hematologic, gastrointestinal, metabolic, fatigue, and peripheral neuropathy. With a median follow-up of 10.3 years, 11 patients (58%) are alive without disease progression and 12 patients (63%) are alive. CONCLUSIONS BV can be given post-ASCT for NHL and produces excellent disease-free and overall survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona A Holmberg
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David G Maloney
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Laura Connelly-Smith
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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MacLennan SA, Marra MA. Oncogenic Viruses and the Epigenome: How Viruses Hijack Epigenetic Mechanisms to Drive Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119543. [PMID: 37298494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, viral infections substantially contribute to cancer development. Oncogenic viruses are taxonomically heterogeneous and drive cancers using diverse strategies, including epigenomic dysregulation. Here, we discuss how oncogenic viruses disrupt epigenetic homeostasis to drive cancer and focus on how virally mediated dysregulation of host and viral epigenomes impacts the hallmarks of cancer. To illustrate the relationship between epigenetics and viral life cycles, we describe how epigenetic changes facilitate the human papillomavirus (HPV) life cycle and how changes to this process can spur malignancy. We also highlight the clinical impact of virally mediated epigenetic changes on cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe A MacLennan
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Marco A Marra
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada
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Chen J, Wang Z, Phuc T, Xu Z, Yang D, Chen Z, Lin Z, Kendrick S, Dai L, Li HY, Qin Z. Oncolytic strategy using new bifunctional HDACs/BRD4 inhibitors against virus-associated lymphomas. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011089. [PMID: 36638143 PMCID: PMC9879403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) caused by Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an aggressive malignancy with poor prognosis even under chemotherapy. Currently, there is no specific treatment for PEL therefore requiring new therapies. Both histone deacetylases (HDACs) and bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) have been found as therapeutic targets for PEL through inducing viral lytic reactivation. However, the strategy of dual targeting with one agent and potential synergistic effects have never been explored. In the current study, we first demonstrated the synergistic effect of concurrently targeting HDACs and BRD4 on KSHV reactivation by using SAHA or entinostat (HDACs inhibitors) and (+)-JQ1 (BRD4 inhibitor), which indicated dual blockage of HDACs/BRD4 is a viable therapeutic approach. We were then able to rationally design and synthesize a series of new small-molecule inhibitors targeting HDACs and BRD4 with a balanced activity profile by generating a hybrid of the key binding motifs between (+)-JQ1 and entinostat or SAHA. Upon two iterative screenings of optimized compounds, a pair of epimers, 009P1 and 009P2, were identified to better inhibit the growth of KSHV positive lymphomas compared to (+)-JQ1 or SAHA alone at low nanomolar concentrations, but not KSHV negative control cells or normal cells. Mechanistic studies of 009P1 and 009P2 demonstrated significantly enhanced viral reactivation, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in KSHV+ lymphomas through dually targeting HDACs and BRD4 signaling activities. Importantly, in vivo preclinical studies showed that 009P1 and 009P2 dramatically suppressed KSHV+ lymphoma progression with oral bioavailability and minimal visible toxicity. These data together provide a novel strategy for the development of agents for inducing lytic activation-based therapies against these viruses-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungang Chen
- Department of Pathology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Zhengyu Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Tran Phuc
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Zhigang Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Donglin Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengzhu Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen Lin
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Samantha Kendrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Lu Dai
- Department of Pathology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Hong-yu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HL); (ZQ)
| | - Zhiqiang Qin
- Department of Pathology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HL); (ZQ)
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SUMO Modification of Histone Demethylase KDM4A in Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus-Induced Primary Effusion Lymphoma. J Virol 2022; 96:e0075522. [PMID: 35914074 PMCID: PMC9400493 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00755-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a fatal B-cell lymphoma caused by Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection. Inducing KSHV lytic replication that causes the death of host cells is an attractive treatment approach for PE; however, combination therapy inhibiting viral production is frequently needed to improve its outcomes. We have previously shown that the KSHV lytic protein K-bZIP can SUMOylate histone lysine demethylase 4A (KDM4A) at lysine 471 (K471) and this SUMOylation is required for virus production upon KSHV reactivation. Here, we demonstrate that SUMOylation of KDM4A orchestrates PEL cell survival, a major challenge for the success of PEL treatment; and cell movement and angiogenesis, the cell functions contributing to PEL cell extravasation and dissemination. Furthermore, integrated ChIP-seq and RNA-seq analyses identified interleukin-10 (IL-10), an immunosuppressive cytokine, as a novel downstream target of KDM4A. We demonstrate that PEL-induced angiogenesis is dependent on IL-10. More importantly, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis demonstrated that, at the late stage of KSHV reactivation, KDM4A determines the fates of PEL cells, as evidenced by two distinct cell populations; one with less apoptotic signaling expresses high levels of viral genes and the other is exactly opposite, while KDM4A-K417R-expressing cells contain only the apoptotic population with less viral gene expression. Consistently, KDM4A knockout significantly reduced cell viability and virus production in KSHV-reactivated PEL cells. Since inhibiting PEL extravasation and eradicating KSHV-infected PEL cells without increasing viral load provide a strong rationale for treating PEL, this study indicates targeting KDM4A as a promising therapeutic option for treating PEL. IMPORTANCE PEL is an aggressive and untreatable B-cell lymphoma caused by KSHV infection. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches for PEL need to be investigated. Since simultaneous induction of KSHV reactivation and apoptosis can directly kill PEL cells, they have been applied in the treatment of this hematologic malignancy and have made progress. Epigenetic therapy with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors has been proved to treat PEL. However, the antitumor efficacies of HDAC inhibitors are modest and new approaches are needed. Following our previous report showing that the histone lysine demethylase KDM4A and its SUMOylation are required for lytic reactivation of KSHV in PEL cells, we further investigated its cellular function. Here, we found that SUMOylation of KDM4A is required for the survival, movement, and angiogenesis of lytic KSHV-infected PEL cells. Together with our previous finding showing the importance of KDM4A SUMOylation in viral production, KDM4A can be a potential therapeutic target for PEL.
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Pongas GN, Ramos JC. HIV-Associated Lymphomas: Progress and New Challenges. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11051447. [PMID: 35268547 PMCID: PMC8911067 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11051447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and aggressive lymphomas was first reported in 1982. Before the development of effective HIV antiviral therapy, the incidence and the mortality of these lymphomas was high, with patients frequently succumbing to the disease. More lately, the combination of cART with chemoimmunotherapy significantly improved the survival outcome of the HIV-lymphomas. In this review, we discuss on describing the incidence of HIV-associated lymphomas, their clinical features, and the latest advances in the management of the various lymphoma subtypes.
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Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-associated primary effusion lymphomas (PEL) are traditionally viewed as homogenous regarding viral transcription and lineage of origin, but so far this contention has not been explored at the single-cell level. Single-cell RNA sequencing of latently infected PEL supports the existence of multiple subpopulations even within a single cell line. At most 1% of the cells showed evidence of near-complete lytic transcription. The majority of cells only expressed the canonical viral latent transcripts: those originating from the latency locus, the viral interferon regulatory factor locus, and the viral lncRNA nut-1/Pan/T1.1; however, a significant fraction of cells showed various degrees of more permissive transcription, and some showed no evidence of KSHV transcripts whatsoever. Levels of viral interleukin-6 (IL-6)/K2 mRNA emerged as the most distinguishing feature to subset KSHV-infected PEL. One newly uncovered phenotype is the existence of BCBL-1 cells that readily adhered to fibronectin and that displayed mesenchymal lineage-like characteristics. IMPORTANCE Latency is the defining characteristic of the Herpesviridae and central to the tumorigenesis phenotype of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). KSHV-driven primary effusion lymphomas (PEL) rapidly develop resistance to therapy, suggesting tumor instability and plasticity. At any given time, a fraction of PEL cells spontaneously reactivate KSHV, suggesting transcriptional heterogeneity even within a clonal cell line under optimal growth conditions. This study employed single-cell mRNA sequencing to explore the within-population variability of KSHV transcription and how it relates to host cell transcription. Individual clonal PEL cells exhibited differing patterns of viral transcription. Most cells showed the canonical pattern of KSHV latency (LANA, vCyc, vFLIP, Kaposin, and vIRFs), but a significant fraction evidenced extended viral gene transcription, including of the viral IL-6 homolog, open reading frame K2. This study suggests new targets of intervention for PEL. It establishes a conceptual framework to design KSHV cure studies analogous to those for HIV.
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8
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Cesarman E, Chadburn A, Rubinstein PG. KSHV/HHV8-mediated hematologic diseases. Blood 2022; 139:1013-1025. [PMID: 34479367 PMCID: PMC8854683 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020005470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus 8, is the causal agent of KS but is also pathogenetically related to several lymphoproliferative disorders, including primary effusion lymphoma (PEL)/extracavitary (EC) PEL, KSHV-associated multicentric Castleman disease (MCD), KSHV+ diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and germinotropic lymphoproliferative disorder. These different KSHV-associated diseases may co-occur and may have overlapping features. KSHV, similar to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), is a lymphotropic gammaherpesvirus that is preferentially present in abnormal lymphoid proliferations occurring in immunecompromised individuals. Notably, both KSHV and EBV can infect and transform the same B cell, which is frequently seen in KSHV+ EBV+ PEL/EC-PEL. The mechanisms by which KSHV leads to lymphoproliferative disorders is thought to be related to the expression of a few transforming viral genes that can affect cellular proliferation and survival. There are critical differences between KSHV-MCD and PEL/EC-PEL, the 2 most common KSHV-associated lymphoid proliferations, including viral associations, patterns of viral gene expression, and cellular differentiation stage reflected by the phenotype and genotype of the infected abnormal B cells. Advances in treatment have improved outcomes, but mortality rates remain high. Our deepening understanding of KSHV biology, clinical features of KSHV-associated diseases, and newer clinical interventions should lead to improved and increasingly targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethel Cesarman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Amy Chadburn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Paul G Rubinstein
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, John H. Stroger Jr Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL; and
- Department of Medicine, Ruth M. Rothstein CORE Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
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9
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Primary Effusion Lymphoma: A Clinicopathologic Perspective. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030722. [PMID: 35158997 PMCID: PMC8833393 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell lymphoma that usually localizes to serous body cavities to subsequently form effusions in the absence of a discrete mass. Although some tumors can develop in extracavitary locations, the areas most often affected include the peritoneum, pleural space, and the pericardium. PEL is associated with the presence of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), also called the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), with some variability in transformation potential suggested by frequent coinfection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (~80%), although the nature of the oncogenesis is unclear. Most patients suffering with this disease are to some degree immunocompromised (e.g., Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or post-solid organ transplantation) and, even with aggressive treatment, prognosis remains poor. There is no definitive guideline for the treatment of PEL, although CHOP-like regimens (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) are frequently prescribed and, given the rarity of this disease, therapeutic focus is being redirected to personalized and targeted approaches in the experimental realm. Current clinical trials include the combination of lenalidomide and rituximab into the EPOCH regimen and the treatment of individuals with relapsed/refractory EBV-associated disease with tabelecleucel.
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Naipauer J, García Solá ME, Salyakina D, Rosario S, Williams S, Coso O, Abba MC, Mesri EA, Lacunza E. A Non-Coding RNA Network Involved in KSHV Tumorigenesis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:687629. [PMID: 34222014 PMCID: PMC8242244 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.687629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory pathways involving non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA), have gained great relevance due to their role in the control of gene expression modulation. Using RNA sequencing of KSHV Bac36 transfected mouse endothelial cells (mECK36) and tumors, we have analyzed the host and viral transcriptome to uncover the role lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA driven networks in KSHV tumorigenesis. The integration of the differentially expressed ncRNAs, with an exhaustive computational analysis of their experimentally supported targets, led us to dissect complex networks integrated by the cancer-related lncRNAs Malat1, Neat1, H19, Meg3, and their associated miRNA-target pairs. These networks would modulate pathways related to KSHV pathogenesis, such as viral carcinogenesis, p53 signaling, RNA surveillance, and cell cycle control. Finally, the ncRNA-mRNA analysis allowed us to develop signatures that can be used to an appropriate identification of druggable gene or networks defining relevant AIDS-KS therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián Naipauer
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- UM-CFAR/Sylvester CCC Argentina Consortium for Research and Training in Virally Induced AIDS-Malignancies, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Martín E. García Solá
- UM-CFAR/Sylvester CCC Argentina Consortium for Research and Training in Virally Induced AIDS-Malignancies, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daria Salyakina
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Santas Rosario
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Sion Williams
- UM-CFAR/Sylvester CCC Argentina Consortium for Research and Training in Virally Induced AIDS-Malignancies, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Neurology Basic Science Division, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Omar Coso
- UM-CFAR/Sylvester CCC Argentina Consortium for Research and Training in Virally Induced AIDS-Malignancies, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín C. Abba
- UM-CFAR/Sylvester CCC Argentina Consortium for Research and Training in Virally Induced AIDS-Malignancies, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Centro de Investigaciones Inmunológicas Básicas y Aplicadas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Enrique A. Mesri
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- UM-CFAR/Sylvester CCC Argentina Consortium for Research and Training in Virally Induced AIDS-Malignancies, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Ezequiel Lacunza
- UM-CFAR/Sylvester CCC Argentina Consortium for Research and Training in Virally Induced AIDS-Malignancies, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Centro de Investigaciones Inmunológicas Básicas y Aplicadas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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Asha K, Sharma-Walia N. Targeting Host Cellular Factors as a Strategy of Therapeutic Intervention for Herpesvirus Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:603309. [PMID: 33816328 PMCID: PMC8017445 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.603309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses utilize various host factors to establish latent infection, survival, and spread disease in the host. These factors include host cellular machinery, host proteins, gene expression, multiple transcription factors, cellular signal pathways, immune cell activation, transcription factors, cytokines, angiogenesis, invasion, and factors promoting metastasis. The knowledge and understanding of host genes, protein products, and biochemical pathways lead to discovering safe and effective antivirals to prevent viral reactivation and spread infection. Here, we focus on the contribution of pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and resolution lipid metabolites of the arachidonic acid (AA) pathway in the lifecycle of herpesvirus infections. We discuss how various herpesviruses utilize these lipid pathways to their advantage and how we target them to combat herpesvirus infection. We also summarize recent development in anti-herpesvirus therapeutics and new strategies proposed or under clinical trials. These anti-herpesvirus therapeutics include inhibitors blocking viral life cycle events, engineered anticancer agents, epigenome influencing factors, immunomodulators, and therapeutic compounds from natural extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neelam Sharma-Walia
- H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
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12
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Suberoyl bis-hydroxamic acid reactivates Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus through histone acetylation and induces apoptosis in lymphoma cells. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.01785-20. [PMID: 33328303 PMCID: PMC8092814 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01785-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an etiologic agent of Kaposi's sarcoma as well as primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), an aggressive B-cell neoplasm which mostly arises in immunocompromised individuals. Lytic replication of KSHV is also associated with a subset of multicentric Castleman diseases. At present, there is no specific treatment available for PEL and its prognosis is poor. In this study, we found that the histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoyl bis-hydroxamic acid (SBHA) induced KSHV reactivation in PEL cells in a dose-dependent manner. Next-generation sequencing analysis showed that more than 40% of all transcripts expressed in SBHA-treated PEL cells originated from the KSHV genome compared with less than 1% in untreated cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that SBHA induced histone acetylation targeting the promoter region of the KSHV replication and transcription activator gene. However, there was no significant change in methylation status of the promoter region of this gene. In addition to its effect of KSHV reactivation, this study revealed that SBHA induces apoptosis in PEL cells in a dose-dependent manner, inducing acetylation and phosphorylation of p53, cleavage of caspases, and expression of pro-apoptotic factors such as Bim and Bax. These findings suggest that SBHA reactivates KSHV from latency and induces apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway in PEL cells. Therefore, SBHA can be considered a new tool for induction of KSHV reactivation, and could provide a novel therapeutic strategy against PEL.IMPORTANCE Kaposi's sarcoma and primary effusion lymphoma cells are latently infected with Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), whereas KSHV replication is frequently observed in multicentric Castleman disease. Although KSHV replication can be induced by some chemical reagents (e.g. 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate), the mechanism of KSHV replication is not fully understood. We found that the histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoyl bis-hydroxamic acid (SBHA) induced KSHV reactivation with high efficiency, through histone acetylation in the promoter of the replication and transcription activator gene, compared with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. SBHA also induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway in KSHV-infected cells, with a lower EC50 than measured for viral reactivation. SBHA could be used in a highly efficient replication system for KSHV in vitro, and as a tool to reveal the mechanism of replication and pathogenesis of KSHV. The ability of SBHA to induce apoptosis at lower levels than needed to stimulate KSHV reactivation, indicates its therapeutic potential.
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Regulation of KSHV Latency and Lytic Reactivation. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091034. [PMID: 32957532 PMCID: PMC7551196 DOI: 10.3390/v12091034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is associated with three malignancies— Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman’s disease (MCD). Central to the pathogenesis of these diseases is the KSHV viral life cycle, which is composed of a quiescent latent phase and a replicative lytic phase. While the establishment of latency enables persistent KSHV infection and evasion of the host immune system, lytic replication is essential for the dissemination of the virus between hosts and within the host itself. The transition between these phases, known as lytic reactivation, is controlled by a complex set of environmental, host, and viral factors. The effects of these various factors converge on the regulation of two KSHV proteins whose functions facilitate each phase of the viral life cycle—latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) and the master switch of KSHV reactivation, replication and transcription activator (RTA). This review presents the current understanding of how the transition between the phases of the KSHV life cycle is regulated, how the various phases contribute to KSHV pathogenesis, and how the viral life cycle can be exploited as a therapeutic target.
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14
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Ramos JC, Sparano JA, Chadburn A, Reid EG, Ambinder RF, Siegel ER, Moore PC, Rubinstein PG, Durand CM, Cesarman E, Aboulafia D, Baiocchi R, Ratner L, Kaplan L, Capoferri AA, Lee JY, Mitsuyasu R, Noy A. Impact of Myc in HIV-associated non-Hodgkin lymphomas treated with EPOCH and outcomes with vorinostat (AMC-075 trial). Blood 2020; 136:1284-1297. [PMID: 32430507 PMCID: PMC7483436 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019003959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
EPOCH (etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin) is a preferred regimen for HIV-non-Hodgkin lymphomas (HIV-NHLs), which are frequently Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) positive or human herpesvirus type-8 (HHV-8) positive. The histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor vorinostat disrupts EBV/HHV-8 latency, enhances chemotherapy-induced cell death, and may clear HIV reservoirs. We performed a randomized phase 2 study in 90 patients (45 per study arm) with aggressive HIV-NHLs, using dose-adjusted EPOCH (plus rituximab if CD20+), alone or with 300 mg vorinostat, administered on days 1 to 5 of each cycle. Up to 1 prior cycle of systemic chemotherapy was allowed. The primary end point was complete response (CR). In 86 evaluable patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL; n = 61), plasmablastic lymphoma (n = 15), primary effusion lymphoma (n = 7), unclassifiable B-cell NHL (n = 2), and Burkitt lymphoma (n = 1), CR rates were 74% vs 68% for EPOCH vs EPOCH-vorinostat (P = .72). Patients with a CD4+ count <200 cells/mm3 had a lower CR rate. EPOCH-vorinostat did not eliminate HIV reservoirs, resulted in more frequent grade 4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia, and did not affect survival. Overall, patients with Myc+ DLBCL had a significantly lower EFS. A low diagnosis-to-treatment interval (DTI) was also associated with inferior outcomes, whereas preprotocol therapy had no negative impact. In summary, EPOCH had broad efficacy against highly aggressive HIV-NHLs, whereas vorinostat had no benefit; patients with Myc-driven DLBCL, low CD4, and low DTI had less favorable outcomes. Permitting preprotocol therapy facilitated accruals without compromising outcomes. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT0119384.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- CD4 Lymphocyte Count
- Cyclophosphamide/administration & dosage
- Cyclophosphamide/adverse effects
- DNA, Viral/blood
- Doxorubicin/administration & dosage
- Doxorubicin/adverse effects
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Etoposide/administration & dosage
- Etoposide/adverse effects
- Female
- Genes, myc
- HIV Infections/drug therapy
- HIV-1/drug effects
- Herpesviridae Infections/complications
- Herpesviridae Infections/virology
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/isolation & purification
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/isolation & purification
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/adverse effects
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Lymphoma, AIDS-Related/complications
- Lymphoma, AIDS-Related/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, AIDS-Related/genetics
- Lymphoma, AIDS-Related/virology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/complications
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/genetics
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neutropenia/chemically induced
- Prednisone/administration & dosage
- Prednisone/adverse effects
- Progression-Free Survival
- Prospective Studies
- Rituximab/administration & dosage
- Rituximab/adverse effects
- Thrombocytopenia/chemically induced
- Treatment Outcome
- Vincristine/administration & dosage
- Vincristine/adverse effects
- Viral Load/drug effects
- Vorinostat/administration & dosage
- Vorinostat/adverse effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Ramos
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Joseph A Sparano
- Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bronx, NY
| | - Amy Chadburn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Erin G Reid
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | | | - Eric R Siegel
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Page C Moore
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Paul G Rubinstein
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, John H. Stroger Jr Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Ethel Cesarman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - David Aboulafia
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Robert Baiocchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Lee Ratner
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Lawrence Kaplan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Jeannette Y Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Ronald Mitsuyasu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ariela Noy
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and
- Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
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15
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Reid EG, Suazo A, Lensing SY, Dittmer DP, Ambinder RF, Maldarelli F, Gorelick RJ, Aboulafia D, Mitsuyasu R, Dickson MA, Wachsman W. Pilot Trial AMC-063: Safety and Efficacy of Bortezomib in AIDS-associated Kaposi Sarcoma. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:558-565. [PMID: 31624104 PMCID: PMC7034393 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-1044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma is often incompletely controlled, requiring serial therapies. Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) induces transformation of endothelial cells, where it resides in a predominately latent state. We hypothesized proteasome inhibition would have direct antitumor activity, induce lytic activation of KSHV, and inhibit HIV infectivity, improving control of both Kaposi sarcoma and HIV. The primary objective was determining the MTD of bortezomib in AIDS-Kaposi sarcoma. Secondary objectives included estimating the impact of bortezomib on Kaposi sarcoma response, KSHV plasma DNA copy number (PDCN), and HIV viral loads (VL). PATIENTS AND METHODS A 3+3 dose escalation design was employed evaluating four dose levels of bortezomib (0.75, 1, 1.2, or 1.6 mg/m2) administered intravenously on days 1, 8, and 15 of 28-day cycles in patients with relapsed/refractory (r/r) AIDS-Kaposi sarcoma taking antiretroviral therapy. RESULTS Seventeen patients enrolled. No dose-limiting toxicities occurred and the MTD was not reached. The most common adverse events included diarrhea, fatigue and nausea. Among 15 evaluable patients, partial response (PR) occurred in nine (60%), with a PR rate of 83% in the 1.6 mg/m2 cohort; the remainder had stable disease (SD). Median time to response was 2.1 months. Median change in KSHV PDCN was significantly different between those with PR versus SD. During cycle 1, seven of 11 evaluable patients had decreases in HIV VL. CONCLUSIONS Bortezomib is well-tolerated and active in AIDS-Kaposi sarcoma. The 60% PR rate is notable given the dose-finding nature of the study in a r/r population. Changes in KSHV PDCN and HIV VL trended as hypothesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin G Reid
- University of California, San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California.
| | - Adrienne Suazo
- University of California, San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California
| | - Shelly Y Lensing
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Dirk P Dittmer
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Frank Maldarelli
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Robert J Gorelick
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - David Aboulafia
- Floyd and Delores Jones Cancer Institute at Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ronald Mitsuyasu
- Center for AIDS Research and Education, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mark A Dickson
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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16
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Nehme Z, Pasquereau S, Herbein G. Targeting histone epigenetics to control viral infections. HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN THERAPY 2020. [PMCID: PMC7453269 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816422-8.00011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During the past decades, many studies have significantly broadened our understanding of complex virus-host interactions to control chromatin structure and dynamics.1, 2 However, the role and impact of such modifications during viral infections is not fully revealed. Indeed, this type of regulation is bidirectional between the virus and the host. While viral replication and gene expression are significantly impacted by histone modifications on the viral chromatin,3 studies have shown that some viral pathogens dynamically manipulate cellular epigenetic factors to enhance their own survival and pathogenesis, as well as escape the immune system defense lines.4 In this dynamic, histone posttranslational modifications (PTMs) appear to play fundamental roles in the regulation of chromatin structure and recruitment of other factors.5 Genuinely, those PTMs play a vital role in lytic infection, latency reinforcement, or, conversely, viral reactivation.6 In this chapter, we will examine and review the involvement of histone modifications as well as their potential manipulation to control infections during various viral life cycle stages, highlighting their prospective implications in the clinical management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV, respectively), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), and other viral diseases. Targeting histone modifications is critical in setting the treatment of chronic viral infections with both lytic and latent stages (HIV, HCMV, HSV, RSV), virus-induced cancers (HBV, HCV, EBV, KSHV, HPV), and epidemic/emerging viruses (e.g. influenza virus, arboviruses).
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17
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PDGFRA defines the mesenchymal stem cell Kaposi's sarcoma progenitors by enabling KSHV oncogenesis in an angiogenic environment. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008221. [PMID: 31881074 PMCID: PMC6980685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is an AIDS-defining cancer caused by the KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Unanswered questions regarding KS are its cellular ontology and the conditions conducive to viral oncogenesis. We identify PDGFRA(+)/SCA-1(+) bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (Pα(+)S MSCs) as KS spindle-cell progenitors and found that pro-angiogenic environmental conditions typical of KS are critical for KSHV sarcomagenesis. This is because growth in KS-like conditions generates a de-repressed KSHV epigenome allowing oncogenic KSHV gene expression in infected Pα(+)S MSCs. Furthermore, these growth conditions allow KSHV-infected Pα(+)S MSCs to overcome KSHV-driven oncogene-induced senescence and cell cycle arrest via a PDGFRA-signaling mechanism; thus identifying PDGFRA not only as a phenotypic determinant for KS-progenitors but also as a critical enabler for viral oncogenesis.
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18
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Wang J, Jiang J, Chen H, Wang L, Guo H, Yang L, Xiao D, Qing G, Liu H. FDA-approved drug screen identifies proteasome as a synthetic lethal target in MYC-driven neuroblastoma. Oncogene 2019; 38:6737-6751. [PMID: 31406244 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0912-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
MYCN amplification in neuroblastoma predicts poor prognosis and resistance to therapy. Yet pharmacological strategies of direct MYC inhibition remain unsuccessful due to its "undruggable" protein structure. We herein developed a synthetic lethal screen against MYCN-amplified neuroblastomas using clinically approved therapeutic reagents. We performed a high-throughput screen, from a library of 938 FDA-approved drugs, for candidates that elicit synthetic lethal effects in MYC-driven neuroblastoma cells. The proteasome inhibitors, which are FDA approved for the first-line treatment of multiple myeloma, emerge as top hits to elicit MYC-mediated synthetic lethality. Proteasome inhibition activates the PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 axis in MYC-transformed cells and induces BAX-mediated apoptosis through ATF4-dependent NOXA and TRIB3 induction. A combination screen reveals the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (BTZ) and the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor vorinostat (SAHA) concertedly induce dramatic cell death in part through synergistic activation of BAX. This combination causes marked tumor suppression in vivo, supporting dual proteasome/HDAC inhibition as a potential therapeutic approach for MYC-driven cancers. This FDA-approved drug screen with in vivo validation thus provides a rationale for clinical evaluation of bortezomib, alone or in combination with vorinostat, in MYC-driven neuroblastoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchao Wang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Jue Jiang
- Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Guo
- Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Likun Yang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Daibiao Xiao
- Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoliang Qing
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China. .,Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China.
| | - Hudan Liu
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China. .,Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China.
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19
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He M, Cheng F, da Silva SR, Tan B, Sorel O, Gruffaz M, Li T, Gao SJ. Molecular Biology of KSHV in Relation to HIV/AIDS-Associated Oncogenesis. Cancer Treat Res 2019; 177:23-62. [PMID: 30523620 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-03502-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Discovered in 1994, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) has been associated with four human malignancies including Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, a subset of multicentric Castleman's disease, and KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome. These malignancies mostly occur in immunocompromised patients including patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and often cause significant mortality because of the lack of effective therapies. Significant progresses have been made to understand the molecular basis of KSHV infection and KSHV-induced oncogenesis in the last two decades. This chapter provides an update on the recent advancements focusing on the molecular events of KSHV primary infection, the mechanisms regulating KSHV life cycle, innate and adaptive immunity, mechanism of KSHV-induced tumorigenesis and inflammation, and metabolic reprogramming in KSHV infection and KSHV-transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilan He
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Fan Cheng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Suzane Ramos da Silva
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Brandon Tan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Océane Sorel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Marion Gruffaz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
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20
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Sirtuin 6 Attenuates Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Reactivation by Suppressing Ori-Lyt Activity and Expression of RTA. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02200-18. [PMID: 30651359 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02200-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV; also called human herpesvirus 8 [HHV-8]), upon being reactivated, causes serious diseases in immunocompromised individuals. Its reactivation, especially how the cellular regulating mechanisms play roles in KSHV gene expression and viral DNA replication, is not fully understood. In searching for the cellular factors that regulate KSHV gene expression, we found that several histone deacetylases (HDACs) and sirtuins (SIRTs), including HDACs 2, 7, 8, and 11 and SIRTs 4 and 6, repress KSHV ori-Lyt promoter activity. Interestingly, the nuclear protein SIRT6 presents the greatest inhibitory effect on ori-Lyt promoter activity. A more detailed investigation revealed that SIRT6 exerts repressive effects on multiple promoters of KSHV. As a consequence of inhibiting the KSHV promoters, SIRT6 not only represses viral protein production but also inhibits viral DNA replication, as investigated in a KSHV-containing cell line, SLK-iBAC-gfpK52. Depletion of the SIRT6 protein using small interfering RNA could not directly reactivate KSHV from SLK-iBAC-gfpK52 cells but made the reactivation of KSHV by use of a small amount of the reactivator (doxycycline) more effective and enhanced viral DNA replication in the KSHV infection system. We performed DNA chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays for SIRT6 in the SLK-iBAC-gfpK52 cell line to determine whether SIRT6 interacts with the KSHV genome in order to exhibit regulatory effects. Our results suggest that SIRT6 interacts with KSHV ori-Lyt and ORF50 promoters. Furthermore, the SIRT6-KSHV DNA interaction is significantly negated by reactivation. Therefore, we identified a cellular regulator, SIRT6, that represses KSHV replication by interacting with KSHV DNA and inhibiting viral gene expression.IMPORTANCE Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a pathogen causing cancer in the immune-deficient population. The reactivation of KSHV from latency is important for it to be carcinogenic. Our finding that SIRT6 has inhibitory effects on KSHV reactivation by interacting with the viral genome and suppressing viral gene expression is important because it might lead to a strategy of interfering with KSHV reactivation. Overexpression of SIRT6 repressed the activities of several KSHV promoters, leading to reduced gene expression and DNA replication by KSHV in a KSHV bacterial artificial chromosome-containing cell line. Depletion of SIRT6 favored reactivation of KSHV from SLK-iBACV-gfpK52 cells. More importantly, we reveal that SIRT6 interacts with KSHV DNA. Whether the interaction of SIRT6 with KSHV DNA occurs at a global level will be further studied in the future.
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21
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Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) gained public attention as an AIDS-defining malignancy; its appearance on the skin was a highly stigmatizing sign of HIV infection during the height of the AIDS epidemic. The widespread introduction of effective antiretrovirals to control HIV by restoring immunocompetence reduced the prevalence of AIDS-related KS, although KS does occur in individuals with well-controlled HIV infection. KS also presents in individuals without HIV infection in older men (classic KS), in sub-Saharan Africa (endemic KS) and in transplant recipients (iatrogenic KS). The aetiologic agent of KS is KS herpesvirus (KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus-8), and viral proteins can induce KS-associated cellular changes that enable the virus to evade the host immune system and allow the infected cell to survive and proliferate despite viral infection. Currently, most cases of KS occur in sub-Saharan Africa, where KSHV infection is prevalent owing to transmission by saliva in childhood compounded by the ongoing AIDS epidemic. Treatment for early AIDS-related KS in previously untreated patients should start with the control of HIV with antiretrovirals, which frequently results in KS regression. In advanced-stage KS, chemotherapy with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin or paclitaxel is the most common treatment, although it is seldom curative. In sub-Saharan Africa, KS continues to have a poor prognosis. Newer treatments for KS based on the mechanisms of its pathogenesis are being explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethel Cesarman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Blossom Damania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark Bower
- National Centre for HIV Malignancy, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Denise Whitby
- Leidos Biomedical Research, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
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22
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Yazbeck V, Shafer D, Perkins EB, Coppola D, Sokol L, Richards KL, Shea T, Ruan J, Parekh S, Strair R, Flowers C, Morgan D, Kmieciak M, Bose P, Kimball A, Badros AZ, Baz R, Lin HY, Zhao X, Reich RR, Tombes MB, Shrader E, Sankala H, Roberts JD, Sullivan D, Grant S, Holkova B. A Phase II Trial of Bortezomib and Vorinostat in Mantle Cell Lymphoma and Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA, MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2018; 18:569-575.e1. [PMID: 30122201 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib has demonstrated marked preclinical activity when combined with the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat in leukemia, multiple myeloma, and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) cells. The present study evaluated the efficacy and safety of the combination in patients with relapsed or refractory MCL and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). PATIENTS AND METHODS The present multicenter, nonrandomized phase II trial used a Simon 2-stage design with 3 cohorts: cohort A, MCL with no previous bortezomib (including untreated MCL); cohort B, MCL with previous bortezomib; and cohort C, relapsed or refractory DLBCL with no previous bortezomib. Vorinostat (400 mg) was administered orally on days 1 to 5 and 8 to 12 before bortezomib (1.3 mg/m2), which was administered intravenously on days 1, 4, 8, and 11 of each 21-day cycle. RESULTS For the 65 treated patients (22 in cohort A, 4 in cohort B, and 39 in cohort C), the overall response rate was 31.8%, 0%, and 7.7%, respectively. The median progression-free survival was 7.6 months for cohort A and 1.8 months for cohort C. In cohort A, 7 patients had a partial response (PRs), 5 had stable disease (SD), 7 had progressive disease (PD), 1 was not assessed, and 2 were not evaluable. In cohort B, 2 had SD and 2 had PD. In cohort C, 3 had a PR, 8 had SD, 23 had PD, and 5 were not assessed. Baseline NF-κB activation, measured as nuclear RelA by immunohistochemistry, did not correlate with clinical response. CONCLUSION The combination of bortezomib and vorinostat is safe and has modest activity in MCL and limited activity in DLBCL.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Bortezomib/administration & dosage
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/drug therapy
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Prognosis
- Prospective Studies
- Salvage Therapy
- Survival Rate
- Vorinostat/administration & dosage
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Yazbeck
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Danielle Shafer
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Edward B Perkins
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA; Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Domenico Coppola
- Department of Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Lubomir Sokol
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Kristy L Richards
- Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Thomas Shea
- Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jia Ruan
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Samir Parekh
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | - Roger Strair
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
| | | | | | - Maciej Kmieciak
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Prithviraj Bose
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA; Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Amy Kimball
- Department of Medicine, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ashraf Z Badros
- Department of Medicine, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rachid Baz
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Hui-Yi Lin
- Department of Biostatistics and Biomedical Informatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Xiuhua Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics and Biomedical Informatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Richard R Reich
- Department of Biostatistics and Biomedical Informatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Mary Beth Tombes
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Ellen Shrader
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Heidi Sankala
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - John D Roberts
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA; Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Daniel Sullivan
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Steven Grant
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA; Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA; Institute for Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Beata Holkova
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA; Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.
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23
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Hopcraft SE, Pattenden SG, James LI, Frye S, Dittmer DP, Damania B. Chromatin remodeling controls Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus reactivation from latency. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007267. [PMID: 30212584 PMCID: PMC6136816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiologic agent of three human malignancies, the endothelial cell cancer Kaposi's sarcoma, and two B cell cancers, Primary Effusion Lymphoma and multicentric Castleman's disease. KSHV has latent and lytic phases of the viral life cycle, and while both contribute to viral pathogenesis, lytic proteins contribute to KSHV-mediated oncogenesis. Reactivation from latency is driven by the KSHV lytic gene transactivator RTA, and RTA transcription is controlled by epigenetic modifications. To identify host chromatin-modifying proteins that are involved in the latent to lytic transition, we screened a panel of inhibitors that target epigenetic regulatory proteins for their ability to stimulate KSHV reactivation. We found several novel regulators of viral reactivation: an inhibitor of Bmi1, PTC-209, two additional histone deacetylase inhibitors, Romidepsin and Panobinostat, and the bromodomain inhibitor (+)-JQ1. All of these compounds stimulate lytic gene expression, viral genome replication, and release of infectious virions. Treatment with Romidepsin, Panobinostat, and PTC-209 induces histone modifications at the RTA promoter, and results in nucleosome depletion at this locus. Finally, silencing Bmi1 induces KSHV reactivation, indicating that Bmi1, a member of the Polycomb repressive complex 1, is critical for maintaining KSHV latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E. Hopcraft
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Samantha G. Pattenden
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Lindsey I. James
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Stephen Frye
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Dirk P. Dittmer
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
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24
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Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a rare and aggressive disease, affecting a unique population of patients who are often elderly or immunocompromised. PEL is associated with human herpesvirus type-8 infection and most commonly presents as malignant effusions of the body cavities. Patients diagnosed with PEL often have a compromised immune system from secondary conditions such as HIV. Chemotherapy has traditionally been the cornerstone of treatment for patients with a good performance status and no significant comorbidities. However, an optimal regimen does not exist. Most patients with PEL experience a relapse after frontline therapy within 6-8 months and subsequently require further treatment. In recent years, our understanding of the molecular drivers and environmental factors affecting the pathogenesis of PEL has expanded. This review will discuss the pathogenesis of PEL and various management approaches available in the frontline and relapsed setting as well as targeted agents that have shown promise in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur Narkhede
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA,
| | - Shagun Arora
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chaitra Ujjani
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA,
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25
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Plasticity of lung cancer stem-like cells is regulated by the transcription factor HOXA5 that is induced by oxidative stress. Oncotarget 2018; 7:50043-50056. [PMID: 27418136 PMCID: PMC5226567 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs)/cancer-initiating cells (CICs) are reasonable targets for cancer therapy. However, recent studies have revealed that some non-CSCs/CICs have plastic ability and can dedifferentiate into CSCs/CICs. Therefore, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control the plasticity is essential to achieve CSC/CIC-targeting therapy. In this study, we analyzed the plasticity of lung cancer cells and found that lung non-CSCs/CICs can dedifferentiate into CSCs/CICs in accordance with the expression of stem cell transcription factor SOX2. SOX2 expression was induced by the transcription factor HOXA5. Oxidative stress repressed the expression of HDAC8 and then induced histone 3 acetylation and increased the expression of HOXA5 and SOX2. These findings indicate that lung cancer cells have plasticity under a condition of oxidative stress and that HOAX5 has a critical role in dedifferentiation.
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26
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Safety and Preliminary Efficacy of Vorinostat With R-EPOCH in High-risk HIV-associated Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (AMC-075). CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2018; 18:180-190.e2. [PMID: 29426719 PMCID: PMC6697160 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vorinostat (VOR), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, enhances the anti-tumor effects of rituximab (R) and cytotoxic chemotherapy, induces viral lytic expression and cell killing in Epstein-Barr virus-positive (EBV+) or human herpesvirus-8-positive (HHV-8+) tumors, and reactivates latent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) for possible eradication by combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed a phase I trial of VOR given with R-based infusional EPOCH (etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin hydrochloride) (n = 12) and cART in aggressive HIV-associated B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in order to identify safe dosing and schedule. VOR (300 or 400 mg) was given orally on days 1 to 5 with each cycle of R-EPOCH for 10 high-risk patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (1 EBV+), 1 EBV+/HHV-8+ primary effusion lymphoma, and 1 unclassifiable NHL. VOR was escalated from 300 to 400 mg using a standard 3 + 3 design based on dose-limiting toxicity observed in cycle 1 of R-EPOCH. RESULTS The recommended phase II dose of VOR was 300 mg, with dose-limiting toxicity in 2 of 6 patients at 400 mg (grade 4 thrombocytopenia, grade 4 neutropenia), and 1 of 6 treated at 300 mg (grade 4 sepsis from tooth abscess). Neither VOR, nor cART regimen, significantly altered chemotherapy steady-state concentrations. VOR chemotherapy did not negatively impact CD4+ cell counts or HIV viral loads, which decreased or remained undetectable in most patients during treatment. The response rate in high-risk patients with NHL treated with VOR(R)-EPOCH was 100% (complete 83% and partial 17%) with a 1-year event-free survival of 83% (95% confidence interval, 51.6%-97.9%). CONCLUSION VOR combined with R-EPOCH was tolerable and seemingly efficacious in patients with aggressive HIV-NHL.
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27
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Dai L, Bai A, Smith CD, Rodriguez PC, Yu F, Qin Z. ABC294640, A Novel Sphingosine Kinase 2 Inhibitor, Induces Oncogenic Virus-Infected Cell Autophagic Death and Represses Tumor Growth. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:2724-2734. [PMID: 28939554 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV) is the etiologic agent of several malignancies, including Kaposi sarcoma and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), which preferentially arise in HIV+ patients and lack effective treatment. Sphingosine kinase 2 (SphK2) is a key factor within sphingolipid metabolism, responsible for the conversion of proapoptotic ceramides to antiapoptotic sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). We have previously demonstrated that targeting SphK2 using a novel selective inhibitor, ABC294640, leads to the accumulation of intracellular ceramides and induces apoptosis in KSHV-infected primary endothelial cells and PEL tumor cells but not in uninfected cells. In this study, we found that ABC294640 induces autophagic death instead of apoptosis in a KSHV long-term-infected immortalized endothelial cell-line, TIVE-LTC, but not in uninfected TIVE cells, through the upregulation of LC3B protein. Transcriptomic analysis indicates that many genes related to cellular stress responses, cell cycle/proliferation, and cellular metabolic process are altered in TIVE-LTC exposed to ABC294640. One of the candidates, Egr-1, was found to directly regulate LC3B expression and was required for the ABC294640-induced autophagic death. By using a Kaposi sarcoma-like nude mice model with TIVE-LTC, we found that ABC294640 treatment significantly suppressed KSHV-induced tumor growth in vivo, which indicates that targeting sphingolipid metabolism, especially SphK2, may represent a promising therapeutic strategy against KSHV-related malignancies. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(12); 2724-34. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Dai
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Center for Translational Medicine and Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Aiping Bai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Charles D Smith
- Apogee Biotechnology Corporation, Hershey Center for Applied Research, Hummelstown, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Fangyou Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Qin
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Center for Translational Medicine and Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
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28
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Mine S, Hishima T, Suganuma A, Fukumoto H, Sato Y, Kataoka M, Sekizuka T, Kuroda M, Suzuki T, Hasegawa H, Fukayama M, Katano H. Interleukin-6-dependent growth in a newly established plasmablastic lymphoma cell line and its therapeutic targets. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10188. [PMID: 28860565 PMCID: PMC5579229 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10684-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a rare, highly aggressive subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma with plasma-cell differentiation occurring typically in immune-suppressed patients such as those with AIDS. This study reports the establishment and characterization of a new cell line, PBL-1, derived from a patient with AIDS-associated PBL. Morphological assessment of PBL-1 indicated plasma-cell differentiation with a CD20(-) CD38(+) CD138(+) immunophenotype and IgH/c-myc translocation. The cell line harbours Epstein-Barr virus, but a 52.7-kbp length defect was identified in its genome, resulting in no expression of viral microRNAs encoded in the BamHI-A Rightward Transcript region. Importantly, supplementation of culture medium with >5 ng/mL of interleukin-6 (IL-6) was required for PBL-1 growth. Starvation of IL-6 or addition of tocilizumab, an inhibitory antibody for the IL-6 receptor, induced apoptosis of PBL-1. Transduction of IL-6 into PBL-1 by lentivirus vector induced autologous growth without IL-6 supplementation of culture medium. These data indicate the IL-6 dependency of PBL-1 for proliferation and survival. mTOR inhibitors induced cell death effectively, suggesting mTOR in the IL-6 signalling pathway is a potential therapeutic target for PBL. This established PBL cell line will be a useful tool to further understand the pathophysiology of PBL and aid the future development of PBL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohtaro Mine
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsunekazu Hishima
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Suganuma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitomi Fukumoto
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiyo Kataoka
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekizuka
- Pathogen Genomic Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Pathogen Genomic Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Fukayama
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Harutaka Katano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
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29
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Zhou F, Shimoda M, Olney L, Lyu Y, Tran K, Jiang G, Nakano K, Davis RR, Tepper CG, Maverakis E, Campbell M, Li Y, Dandekar S, Izumiya Y. Oncolytic Reactivation of KSHV as a Therapeutic Approach for Primary Effusion Lymphoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:2627-2638. [PMID: 28847988 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is an aggressive subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma caused by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection. Currently, treatment options for patients with PEL are limited. Oncolytic viruses have been engineered as anticancer agents and have recently shown increased therapeutic promise. Similarly, lytic activation of endogenous viruses from latently infected tumor cells can also be applied as a cancer therapy. In theory, such a therapeutic strategy would induce oncolysis by viral replication, while simultaneously stimulating an immune response to viral lytic cycle antigens. We examined the combination of the FDA-approved drug ingenol-3-angelate (PEP005) with epigenetic drugs as a rational therapeutic approach for KSHV-mediated malignancies. JQ1, a bromodomain and extra terminal (BET) protein inhibitor, in combination with PEP005, not only robustly induced KSHV lytic replication, but also inhibited IL6 production from PEL cells. Using the dosages of these agents that were found to be effective in reactivating HIV (as a means to clear latent virus with highly active antiretroviral therapy), we were able to inhibit PEL growth in vitro and delay tumor growth in a PEL xenograft tumor model. KSHV reactivation was mediated by activation of the NF-κB pathway by PEP005, which led to increased occupancy of RNA polymerase II onto the KSHV genome. RNA-sequencing analysis further revealed cellular targets of PEP005, JQ1, and the synergistic effects of both. Thus, combination of PEP005 with a BET inhibitor may be considered as a rational therapeutic approach for the treatment of PEL. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(11); 2627-38. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis (UC Davis) School of Medicine, Sacramento, California.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Michiko Shimoda
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis (UC Davis) School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Laura Olney
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis (UC Davis) School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Yuanzhi Lyu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis (UC Davis) School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Khiem Tran
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis (UC Davis) School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Guochun Jiang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Kazushi Nakano
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis (UC Davis) School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Ryan R Davis
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Clifford G Tepper
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Emanual Maverakis
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis (UC Davis) School of Medicine, Sacramento, California.,UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Mel Campbell
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis (UC Davis) School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Yuanpei Li
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Satya Dandekar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California.,UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Yoshihiro Izumiya
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis (UC Davis) School of Medicine, Sacramento, California. .,UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
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30
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Kong LR, Tan TZ, Ong WR, Bi C, Huynh H, Lee SC, Chng WJ, Eichhorn PJA, Goh BC. Belinostat exerts antitumor cytotoxicity through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in lung squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Oncol 2017; 11:965-980. [PMID: 28397399 PMCID: PMC5537703 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been advances in personalized therapy directed by molecular profiles in lung adenocarcinoma, but not in lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The lack of actionable driver oncogenes in SCC has restricted the use of small‐molecule inhibitors. Here, we show that SCC cell lines displayed differential sensitivities to belinostat, a pan‐histone deacetylase inhibitor. Phosphoproteomic analysis of belinostat‐treated SCC cells revealed significant downregulation of the MAPK pathway, along with the induction of apoptosis. In cisplatin‐resistant cells that demonstrated aberrant MAPK activation, combined treatment with belinostat significantly inhibited cisplatin‐induced ERK phosphorylation and exhibited strong synergistic cytotoxicity. Furthermore, belinostat transcriptionally upregulated the F‐box proteins FBXO3 and FBXW10, which directly targeted son of sevenless (SOS), an upstream regulator of the MAPK pathway, for proteasome‐mediated degradation. Supporting this, suppression of SOS/ERK pathway by belinostat could be abrogated by inhibiting proteasomal activity either with bortezomib or with siRNA knockdown of FBXO3/FBXW10. Taken together, these preclinical data offer a novel understanding of the epigenetic mechanism by which belinostat exerts its cytotoxicity and supports the combination with cisplatin in clinical settings for chemorefractory SCC tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li R Kong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tuan Z Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Chonglei Bi
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Soo C Lee
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,National University Cancer Institute, Singapore.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Wee J Chng
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,National University Cancer Institute, Singapore.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Pieter J A Eichhorn
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,National University Cancer Institute, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon C Goh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,National University Cancer Institute, Singapore.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Hospital, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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31
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He M, Tan B, Vasan K, Yuan H, Cheng F, Ramos da Silva S, Lu C, Gao SJ. SIRT1 and AMPK pathways are essential for the proliferation and survival of primary effusion lymphoma cells. J Pathol 2017; 242:309-321. [PMID: 28393364 DOI: 10.1002/path.4905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a rare and aggressive B-cell lymphoma with a dismal prognosis caused by infection of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Despite the findings that numerous viral genes and cellular pathways are essential for the proliferation and survival of PEL cells, there is currently no effective therapeutic treatment for PEL. Here, we report that the metabolic sensor SIRT1 is functionally required for sustaining the proliferation and survival of PEL cells. Knockdown of SIRT1 with specific shRNAs or inhibition of SIRT1 with an inhibitor (tenovin-6) induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in PEL cells. We detected high levels of AMPK activation in PEL cells, reflected in AMPKα1 phosphorylation at T174. Knockdown or inhibition of SIRT1 reduced AMPK activation, indicating that SIRT1 was required for AMPK activation. Interestingly, knockdown of AMPK with specific shRNAs or inhibition of AMPK with the inhibitor compound C recapitulated the phenotype of SIRT1, and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, whereas overexpression of a constitutively active AMPK construct rescued the cytotoxic effect of SIRT1 knockdown. Remarkably, treatment with tenovin-6 effectively inhibited the initiation and progression of PEL, and significantly extended the survival of mice in a murine PEL model. Taken together, these results illustrate that the SIRT1-AMPK axis is essential for maintaining the proliferation and survival of PEL and identify SIRT1 and AMPK as potential therapeutic targets, and tenovin-6 as a candidate therapeutic agent for PEL patients. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilan He
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brandon Tan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Karthik Vasan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hongfeng Yuan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fan Cheng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Suzane Ramos da Silva
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chun Lu
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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32
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Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Hijacks RNA Polymerase II To Create a Viral Transcriptional Factory. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02491-16. [PMID: 28331082 PMCID: PMC5432858 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02491-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Locally concentrated nuclear factors ensure efficient binding to DNA templates, facilitating RNA polymerase II recruitment and frequent reutilization of stable preinitiation complexes. We have uncovered a mechanism for effective viral transcription by focal assembly of RNA polymerase II around Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) genomes in the host cell nucleus. Using immunofluorescence labeling of latent nuclear antigen (LANA) protein, together with fluorescence in situ RNA hybridization (RNA-FISH) of the intron region of immediate early transcripts, we visualized active transcription of viral genomes in naturally infected cells. At the single-cell level, we found that not all episomes were uniformly transcribed following reactivation stimuli. However, those episomes that were being transcribed would spontaneously aggregate to form transcriptional “factories,” which recruited a significant fraction of cellular RNA polymerase II. Focal assembly of “viral transcriptional factories” decreased the pool of cellular RNA polymerase II available for cellular gene transcription, which consequently impaired cellular gene expression globally, with the exception of selected ones. The viral transcriptional factories localized with replicating viral genomic DNAs. The observed colocalization of viral transcriptional factories with replicating viral genomic DNA suggests that KSHV assembles an “all-in-one” factory for both gene transcription and DNA replication. We propose that the assembly of RNA polymerase II around viral episomes in the nucleus may be a previously unexplored aspect of KSHV gene regulation by confiscation of a limited supply of RNA polymerase II in infected cells. IMPORTANCE B cells infected with Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) harbor multiple copies of the KSHV genome in the form of episomes. Three-dimensional imaging of viral gene expression in the nucleus allows us to study interactions and changes in the physical distribution of these episomes following stimulation. The results showed heterogeneity in the responses of individual KSHV episomes to stimuli within a single reactivating cell; those episomes that did respond to stimulation, aggregated within large domains that appear to function as viral transcription factories. A significant portion of cellular RNA polymerase II was trapped in these factories and served to transcribe viral genomes, which coincided with an overall decrease in cellular gene expression. Our findings uncover a strategy of KSHV gene regulation through focal assembly of KSHV episomes and a molecular mechanism of late gene expression.
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33
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Pérez-Cañamás A, Benvegnù S, Rueda CB, Rábano A, Satrústegui J, Ledesma MD. Sphingomyelin-induced inhibition of the plasma membrane calcium ATPase causes neurodegeneration in type A Niemann-Pick disease. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:711-723. [PMID: 27620840 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease type A (NPA) is a rare lysosomal storage disorder characterized by severe neurological alterations that leads to death in childhood. Loss-of-function mutations in the acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) gene cause NPA, and result in the accumulation of sphingomyelin (SM) in lysosomes and plasma membrane of neurons. Using ASM knockout (ASMko) mice as a NPA disease model, we investigated how high SM levels contribute to neural pathology in NPA. We found high levels of oxidative stress both in neurons from these mice and a NPA patient. Impaired activity of the plasma membrane calcium ATPase (PMCA) increases intracellular calcium. SM induces PMCA decreased activity, which causes oxidative stress. Incubating ASMko-cultured neurons in the histone deacetylase inhibitor, SAHA, restores PMCA activity and calcium homeostasis and, consequently, reduces the increased levels of oxidative stress. No recovery occurs when PMCA activity is pharmacologically impaired or genetically inhibited in vitro. Oral administration of SAHA prevents oxidative stress and neurodegeneration, and improves behavioral performance in ASMko mice. These results demonstrate a critical role for plasma membrane SM in neuronal calcium regulation. Thus, we identify changes in PMCA-triggered calcium homeostasis as an upstream mediator for NPA pathology. These findings can stimulate new approaches for pharmacological remediation in a disease with no current clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pérez-Cañamás
- Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Benvegnù
- Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - C B Rueda
- Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Rábano
- Fundación Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Neurológicas (CIEN), Madrid, Spain
| | - J Satrústegui
- Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - M D Ledesma
- Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
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Jin X, Fang Y, Hu Y, Chen J, Liu W, Chen G, Gong M, Wu P, Zhu T, Wang S, Zhou J, Wang H, Ma D, Li K. Synergistic activity of the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A and the proteasome inhibitor PS-341 against taxane-resistant ovarian cancer cell lines. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:4619-4626. [PMID: 28588720 PMCID: PMC5452869 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a combination of platinum- and taxane-based chemotherapy is recommended for at least 70% patients with ovarian cancer as treatment subsequent to surgery, the initial response to the chemotherapy is not durable and tumors become resistant. Histone deacetylase and proteasome inhibitors are novel therapeutic agents. However, the moderate antitumoral effect of the inhibitors has restricted their clinical use when used as single agents. The aim of the present study was to investigate the synergistic activity of trichostatin A (TSA) and PS-341 in ovarian cancer cells, along with the investigation of the molecular mechanisms of taxane resistance. The taxane-sensitive ovarian cancer A2780 cell line and its resistant variant, A2780T, were treated with taxane, TSA and PS-341 at various concentrations. An Annexin V assay was performed to determine the levels of cell viability and apoptosis, while flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining for the mitotic phase-specific protein phosphorylated-histone H3 (Ser10) were used for cell cycle detection. The effects of combined TSA and PS-341 on cell cycle-associated proteins were tested by western blot analysis. Furthermore, the present study examined the apoptosis and cell cycle arrest induced by the 3 agents subsequent to overexpression or downregulation of cyclin B1 in A2780 and A2780T cells, respectively. It was found that TSA interacted synergistically with PS-341, resulting in a marked increase in apoptosis and the rate of G2/M arrest in A2780T cells. A lower basal level of cyclin B1 expression and the incompetence of the upregulation of the cyclin may explain the taxane resistance found in A2780T cells. Collectively, the combination of TSA and PS-341 increased cyclin B1 expression level regardless of the basal expression level, resulting in the proliferation inhibition and apoptosis in A2780 and A2780T cells, which raised the possibility that a combination of the two drugs may represent a novel strategy for the treatment of ovarian cancer, particularly in taxane-resistant ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Yong Fang
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Yi Hu
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Mei Gong
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Peng Wu
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Shixuan Wang
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Ding Ma
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Kezhen Li
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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Lazo PA. Reverting p53 activation after recovery of cellular stress to resume with cell cycle progression. Cell Signal 2017; 33:49-58. [PMID: 28189587 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The activation of p53 in response to different types of cellular stress induces several protective reactions including cell cycle arrest, senescence or cell death. These protective effects are a consequence of the activation of p53 by specific phosphorylation performed by several kinases. The reversion of the cell cycle arrest, induced by p53, is a consequence of the phosphorylated and activated p53, which triggers its own downregulation and that of its positive regulators. The different down-regulatory processes have a sequential and temporal order of events. The mechanisms implicated in p53 down-regulation include phosphatases, deacetylases, and protein degradation by the proteasome or autophagy, which also affect different p53 protein targets and functions. The necessary first step is the dephosphorylation of p53 to make it available for interaction with mdm2 ubiquitin-ligase, which requires the activation of phosphatases targeting both p53 and p53-activating kinases. In addition, deacetylation of p53 is required to make lysine residues accessible to ubiquitin ligases. The combined action of these downregulatory mechanisms brings p53 protein back to its basal levels, and cell cycle progression can resume if cells have overcome the stress or damage situation. The specific targeting of these down-regulatory mechanisms can be exploited for therapeutic purposes in cancers harbouring wild-type p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Lazo
- Experimental Therapeutics and Translational Oncology Program, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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36
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Dittmer DP, Damania B. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus: immunobiology, oncogenesis, and therapy. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3165-75. [PMID: 27584730 DOI: 10.1172/jci84418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus 8, is the etiologic agent underlying Kaposi sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman's disease. This human gammaherpesvirus was discovered in 1994 by Drs. Yuan Chang and Patrick Moore. Today, there are over five thousand publications on KSHV and its associated malignancies. In this article, we review recent and ongoing developments in the KSHV field, including molecular mechanisms of KSHV pathogenesis, clinical aspects of KSHV-associated diseases, and current treatments for cancers associated with this virus.
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Dupéré-Richer D, Kinal M, Pettersson F, Emond A, Calvo-Vidal MN, Nichol JN, Guilbert C, Plourde D, Klein Oros K, Nielsen TH, Ezponda T, Licht JD, Johnson NA, Assouline S, Cerchietti L, Miller WH, Mann KK. Increased protein processing gene signature in HDACi-resistant cells predicts response to proteasome inhibitors. Leuk Lymphoma 2016; 58:218-221. [PMID: 27185211 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2016.1180684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daphné Dupéré-Richer
- a Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research , McGill University , Montréal , QC , Canada
| | - Mena Kinal
- a Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research , McGill University , Montréal , QC , Canada
| | - Filippa Pettersson
- a Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research , McGill University , Montréal , QC , Canada
| | - Audrey Emond
- a Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research , McGill University , Montréal , QC , Canada
| | - M Nieves Calvo-Vidal
- b Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine , Cornell University , New York , NY, USA
| | - Jessica N Nichol
- a Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research , McGill University , Montréal , QC , Canada
| | - Cynthia Guilbert
- a Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research , McGill University , Montréal , QC , Canada
| | - Dany Plourde
- a Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research , McGill University , Montréal , QC , Canada
| | - Kathleen Klein Oros
- a Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research , McGill University , Montréal , QC , Canada
| | - Torsten H Nielsen
- a Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research , McGill University , Montréal , QC , Canada
| | - Teresa Ezponda
- c Division of Hematology/Oncology , Robert. H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL, USA
| | - Jonathan D Licht
- c Division of Hematology/Oncology , Robert. H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL, USA
| | - Nathalie A Johnson
- a Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research , McGill University , Montréal , QC , Canada
| | - Sarit Assouline
- a Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research , McGill University , Montréal , QC , Canada
| | - Leandro Cerchietti
- b Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine , Cornell University , New York , NY, USA
| | - Wilson H Miller
- a Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research , McGill University , Montréal , QC , Canada
| | - Koren K Mann
- a Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research , McGill University , Montréal , QC , Canada
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Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic human herpesvirus. KSHV is associated with three cancers in the human population: KS, primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman’s disease (MCD). KS is the leading cause of cancer in HIV-infected individuals. In this review, we discuss the most recent discoveries behind the mechanisms of KSHV latency maintenance and lytic replication. We also review current therapies for KSHV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Dissinger
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Abstract
HIV is associated with an excess risk for lymphoid malignancies. Although the risk of lymphoma has decreased in HIV-infected individuals in the era of effective combination antiretroviral therapy, it remains high. Treatment outcomes have improved due to improvements in HIV and cancer therapeutics for the common HIV-associated lymphomas. R-CHOP/R-EPOCH are the standard of care for HIV-associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. HIV-infected patients with Burkitt lymphoma and good performance status should receive dose-intensive regimens. HIV-infected patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma can respond favorably to high-dose methotrexate-based therapy. In many cases, treatment and expected outcomes for HIV-infected patients with either Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are very similar to HIV-negative patients. There is currently no standard treatment for HIV-associated multicentric Castleman disease or primary effusion lymphoma. For those hematologic cancers in which transplantation is part of standard care, this modality should be considered an option in those with well-controlled HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ching J Wang
- a Division of Hematology/Oncology , San Francisco General Hospital , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Lawrence D Kaplan
- b Division of Hematology/Oncology, Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of California , San Francisco , CA , USA
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40
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The Therapeutic Potential of AN-7, a Novel Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor, for Treatment of Mycosis Fungoides/Sezary Syndrome Alone or with Doxorubicin. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146115. [PMID: 26752418 PMCID: PMC4709199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2 histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) approved for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) including mycosis fungoides/sezary syndrome (MF/SS), suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and romidepsin, are associated with low rates of overall response and high rates of adverse effects. Data regarding combination treatments with HDACIs is sparse. Butyroyloxymethyl diethylphosphate (AN-7) is a novel HDACI, which was found to have selective anticancer activity in several cell lines and animal models. The aim of this study was to compare the anticancer effects of AN-7 and SAHA, either alone or combined with doxorubicin, on MF/SS cell lines and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from patients with Sezary syndrome (SPBL). MyLa cells, Hut78 cells, SPBL, and PBL from healthy normal individuals (NPBL) were exposed to the test drugs, and the findings were analyzed by a viability assay, an apoptosis assay, and Western blot. AN-7 was more selectively toxic to MyLa cells, Hut78 cells, and SPBL (relative to NPBL) than SAHA and also acted more rapidly. Both drugs induced apoptosis in MF/SS cell lines, SAHA had a greater effect on MyLa cell line, while AN-7 induced greater apoptosis in SPBL; both caused an accumulation of acetylated histone H3, but AN-7 was associated with earlier kinetics; and both caused a downregulation of the HDAC1 protein in MF/SS cell lines. AN-7 acted synergistically with doxorubicin in both MF/SS cell lines and SPBL, and antagonistically with doxorubicin in NPBL. By contrast, SAHA acted antagonistically with doxorubicin on MF/SS cell lines, SPBL, and NPBL, leaving <50% viable cells. In conclusion, AN-7 holds promise as a therapeutic agent in MF/SS and has several advantages over SAHA. Our data provide a rationale for combining AN-7, but not SAHA, with doxorubicin to induce the cell death in MF/SS.
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41
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Boons E, Vanstreels E, Jacquemyn M, Nogueira TC, Neggers JE, Vercruysse T, van den Oord J, Tamir S, Shacham S, Landesman Y, Snoeck R, Pannecouque C, Andrei G, Daelemans D. Human Exportin-1 is a Target for Combined Therapy of HIV and AIDS Related Lymphoma. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:1102-13. [PMID: 26501108 PMCID: PMC4588406 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with HIV ultimately leads to advanced immunodeficiency resulting in an increased incidence of cancer. For example primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is an aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma with very poor prognosis that typically affects HIV infected individuals in advanced stages of immunodeficiency. Here we report on the dual anti-HIV and anti-PEL effect of targeting a single process common in both diseases. Inhibition of the exportin-1 (XPO1) mediated nuclear transport by clinical stage orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitors (SINE) prevented the nuclear export of the late intron-containing HIV RNA species and consequently potently suppressed viral replication. In contrast, in CRISPR-Cas9 genome edited cells expressing mutant C528S XPO1, viral replication was unaffected upon treatment, clearly demonstrating the anti-XPO1 mechanism of action. At the same time, SINE caused the nuclear accumulation of p53 tumor suppressor protein as well as inhibition of NF-κB activity in PEL cells resulting in cell cycle arrest and effective apoptosis induction. In vivo, oral administration arrested PEL tumor growth in engrafted mice. Our findings provide strong rationale for inhibiting XPO1 as an innovative strategy for the combined anti-retroviral and anti-neoplastic treatment of HIV and PEL and offer perspectives for the treatment of other AIDS-associated cancers and potentially other virus-related malignancies.
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MESH Headings
- Acrylates/chemistry
- Acrylates/pharmacology
- Acrylates/therapeutic use
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Base Sequence
- CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics
- Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects
- Cell Line
- Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Female
- HIV/drug effects
- HIV/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Karyopherins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Karyopherins/metabolism
- Lymphoma, AIDS-Related/drug therapy
- Mice, Nude
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Reproducibility of Results
- Triazoles/chemistry
- Triazoles/pharmacology
- Triazoles/therapeutic use
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- Virus Replication/drug effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- rev Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- rev Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/metabolism
- Exportin 1 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Boons
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Els Vanstreels
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten Jacquemyn
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tatiane C. Nogueira
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jasper E. Neggers
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Vercruysse
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joost van den Oord
- KU Leuven, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Translational Cell & Tissue Research, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Robert Snoeck
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Daelemans
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Since the discovery of Epstein-Barr virus in Burkitt's lymphoma 50 years ago, only one other virus, namely Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus-8, has been confirmed to be a direct cause of B-cell lymphoma. Here we will review the evidence for Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus as causal lymphoma agents. RECENT FINDINGS A deeper understanding of specific mechanisms by which Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus cause B-cell lymphomas has been acquired over the past years, in particular with respect to viral protein interactions with host cell pathways, and microRNA functions. Specific therapies based on knowledge of viral functions are beginning to be evaluated, mostly in preclinical models. SUMMARY Understanding the causal associations of specific infectious agents with certain B-cell lymphomas has allowed more accurate diagnosis and classification. A deeper knowledge of the specific mechanisms of transformation is essential to begin assessing whether virus-targeted treatment modalities may be used in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethel Cesarman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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43
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Avey D, Brewers B, Zhu F. Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis. Virol Sin 2015; 30:130-45. [PMID: 25924994 PMCID: PMC8200917 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-015-3595-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Avey
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, 32306 USA
| | - Brittany Brewers
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, 32306 USA
| | - Fanxiu Zhu
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, 32306 USA
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44
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Hughes DJ, Wood JJ, Jackson BR, Baquero-Pérez B, Whitehouse A. NEDDylation is essential for Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latency and lytic reactivation and represents a novel anti-KSHV target. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004771. [PMID: 25794275 PMCID: PMC4368050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the causative agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), which are aggressive malignancies associated with immunocompromised patients. For many non-viral malignancies, therapeutically targeting the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) has been successful. Likewise, laboratory studies have demonstrated that inhibition of the UPS might provide a promising avenue for the treatment of KSHV-associated diseases. The largest class of E3 ubiquitin ligases are the cullin-RING ligases (CRLs) that are activated by an additional ubiquitin-like protein, NEDD8. We show that pharmacological inhibition of NEDDylation (using the small molecule inhibitor MLN4924) is cytotoxic to PEL cells by inhibiting NF-κB. We also show that CRL4B is a novel regulator of latency as its inhibition reactivated lytic gene expression. Furthermore, we uncovered a requirement for NEDDylation during the reactivation of the KSHV lytic cycle. Intriguingly, inhibition prevented viral DNA replication but not lytic cycle-associated gene expression, highlighting a novel mechanism that uncouples these two features of KSHV biology. Mechanistically, we show that MLN4924 treatment precluded the recruitment of the viral pre-replication complex to the origin of lytic DNA replication (OriLyt). These new findings have revealed novel mechanisms that regulate KSHV latency and reactivation. Moreover, they demonstrate that inhibition of NEDDylation represents a novel approach for the treatment of KSHV-associated malignancies. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) causes Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), often fatal malignancies afflicting HIV-infected patients. Previous research has shown that blockade of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS, a normal quality control pathway that degrades cellular proteins) is able to kill KSHV-infected lymphoma cells. A large component of the UPS is made up by the protein family known as the cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases (CRLs), which are activated by NEDD8 (a process known as NEDDylation). Recently, an inhibitor of NEDDylation (MLN4924) was developed and is currently in clinical trials as an anti-cancer drug. As NEDDylation has not been investigated for many viruses, we used this to compound examine its importance in KSHV biology. Firstly we show that NEDDylation is essential for the viability of KSHV-infected lymphoma cells, and MLN4924 treatment killed these cells by blocking NF-κB activity (required for KSHV latency gene expression and KSHV-associated cancer). Furthermore, we show that NEDDylation is required for KSHV to replicate its genome, a critical step in the production of new virus particles. Therefore, this research has identified a novel molecular mechanism that governs KSHV replication. Furthermore, it demonstrates that NEDDylation is a viable target for the treatment of KSHV-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Hughes
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (DJH); (AW)
| | - Jennifer J. Wood
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Brian R. Jackson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Belinda Baquero-Pérez
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Whitehouse
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (DJH); (AW)
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Castillo JJ, Chavez JC, Hernandez-Ilizaliturri FJ, Montes-Moreno S. CD20-negative diffuse large B-cell lymphomas: biology and emerging therapeutic options. Expert Rev Hematol 2015; 8:343-54. [DOI: 10.1586/17474086.2015.1007862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Coen N, Duraffour S, Snoeck R, Andrei G. KSHV targeted therapy: an update on inhibitors of viral lytic replication. Viruses 2014; 6:4731-59. [PMID: 25421895 PMCID: PMC4246246 DOI: 10.3390/v6114731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the causative agent of Kaposi’s sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman’s disease. Since the discovery of KSHV 20 years ago, there is still no standard treatment and the management of virus-associated malignancies remains toxic and incompletely efficacious. As the majority of tumor cells are latently infected with KSHV, currently marketed antivirals that target the virus lytic cycle have shown inconsistent results in clinic. Nevertheless, lytic replication plays a major role in disease progression and virus dissemination. Case reports and retrospective studies have pointed out the benefit of antiviral therapy in the treatment and prevention of KSHV-associated diseases. As a consequence, potent and selective antivirals are needed. This review focuses on the anti-KSHV activity, mode of action and current status of antiviral drugs targeting KSHV lytic cycle. Among these drugs, different subclasses of viral DNA polymerase inhibitors and compounds that do not target the viral DNA polymerase are being discussed. We also cover molecules that target cellular kinases, as well as the potential of new drug targets and animal models for antiviral testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Coen
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Sophie Duraffour
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Yang X, Shi Z, Zhang N, Ou Z, Fu S, Hu X, Shen Z. Suberoyl bis-hydroxamic acid enhances cytotoxicity induced by proteasome inhibitors in breast cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int 2014; 14:107. [PMID: 25729327 PMCID: PMC4342900 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-014-0107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suberoyl bis-hydroxamic acid (SBHA) is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor and exerts anti-growth effects in several malignancies including breast cancer. Proteasome inhibitors such as Bortezomib and MG-132 constitute novel anticancer agents. In this study, we investigated the synergistic antitumour activity of SBHA in combination with proteasome inhibitors. METHODS MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were treated with SBHA, Bortezomib, and MG-132 alone or in combination for 72 h. Cell proliferation, colony formation, apoptosis and gene expression changes were examined. RESULTS SBHA, Bortezomib, and MG-132 alone significantly inhibited the proliferation and colony formation and induced apoptosis in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Combined treatment showed a good synergistic antitumour effect against breast cancer cells. The p53 protein level was significantly elevated by combined treatment with SBHA and proteasome inhibitors. Moreover, combined treatment increased the expression of Bax, Bcl-xS, and Bak and decreased the expression of Bcl-2. Combination of SBHA with proteasome inhibitors causes synergistic anticancer effects on breast cancer cells. The potential molecular mechanism may involve induction of p53 and modulation of the Bcl-2 family proteins. CONCLUSION These findings warrant further investigation of the therapeutic benefits of combination of SBHA with proteasome inhibitors in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yi Shan Road, Xuhui District Shanghai, 200233 China
| | - Zeliang Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yi Shan Road, Xuhui District Shanghai, 200233 China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Minhang Branch of Fudan, University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhouluo Ou
- Department of Breast Surgery, Breast Cancer Institute, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shen Fu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yi Shan Road, Xuhui District Shanghai, 200233 China
| | - Xichun Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenzhou Shen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Breast Cancer Institute, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Carbone A, Vaccher E, Gloghini A, Pantanowitz L, Abayomi A, de Paoli P, Franceschi S. Diagnosis and management of lymphomas and other cancers in HIV-infected patients. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014; 11:223-38. [PMID: 24614140 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2014.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy or combination antiretroviral therapy (HAART and cART, respectively) patients infected with HIV might develop certain types of cancer more frequently than uninfected people. Lymphomas represent the most frequent malignancy among patients with HIV. Other cancer types that have increased in these patients include Kaposi sarcoma, cancer of the cervix, anus, lung and liver. In the post-HAART era, however, patients with HIV have experienced a significant improvement in their morbidity, mortality and life expectancy. This Review focuses on the different types of lymphomas that generally occur in patients with HIV. The combination of cART and antineoplastic treatment has resulted in remarkable prolongation of disease-free survival and overall survival among patients with HIV who develop lymphoma. However, the survival in these patients still lags behind that of patients with lymphoma who are not infected with HIV. We also provide an update of epidemiological data, diagnostic issues, and strategies regarding the most-appropriate management of patients with both HIV and lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Carbone
- Department of Pathology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico Aviano (CRO), Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Italy
| | - Emanuela Vaccher
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico Aviano (CRO), Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Italy
| | - Annunziata Gloghini
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milano, Italy
| | - Liron Pantanowitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, USA
| | - Akin Abayomi
- Department of Pathology, Division of Haematology, Tygerberg Hospital, South Africa
| | - Paolo de Paoli
- Molecular Virology and Scientific Directorate, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico Aviano (CRO), Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Italy
| | - Silvia Franceschi
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, France
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Primary effusion lymphoma in an elderly patient effectively treated by lenalidomide: case report and review of literature. Blood Cancer J 2014; 4:e190. [PMID: 24608734 PMCID: PMC3972705 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2014.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a rare aggressive subset of non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma. It is caused by Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus type 8 (KSHV/HHV8). It occurs mainly, but not exclusively, in HIV-positive patients. PEL predominantly develops in serous cavities and occasionally in extracavitary regions. PEL carries a very poor prognosis with a median survival time of <6 months. Indeed, currently used treatment modalities such as CHOP chemotherapy are far from achieving complete and sustainable remission. Therefore, there is no clear standard of care established in the treatment of PEL patients, stressing the need for novel-targeted approaches. Here, we have attempted a comprehensive assessment of the treatment of PEL, discussed avant-garde therapies and updated the state of preclinical research with promising clinical applications in the field. These include inhibitors of viral replication, modulators of cell signaling and inflammation, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and histone deacetylase inhibitors, and recently the combination of arsenic trioxide and interferon-alpha. Some of these targeted therapies have not yet reached clinical studies, although others were used in a few individual case reports with low numbers of patients. We also describe the first case of a 77-year-old, HIV-negative, HHV8-positive patient diagnosed with PEL limited to the pleural and peritoneal cavities. He received lenalidomide 25 mg/day for 21 days every 28 days. Treatment was well tolerated with no side effects. He rapidly improved after 1 month of treatment and progressively achieved complete remission persistent after 18 months of therapy. We believe that this review will bridge an important gap between classical chemotherapy and modern approaches of targeted therapy. Finally, our findings warrant further evaluation of lenalidomide in future prospective clinical studies.
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50
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Castillo JJ, Reagan JL, Bishop KD, Apor E. Viral lymphomagenesis: from pathophysiology to the rationale for novel therapies. Br J Haematol 2014; 165:300-15. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge J. Castillo
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston MA USA
| | - John L. Reagan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology; Rhode Island Hospital; Providence RI USA
| | - Kenneth D. Bishop
- Division of Hematology and Oncology; Rhode Island Hospital; Providence RI USA
| | - Emmanuel Apor
- Department of Medicine; Rhode Island Hospital; Providence RI USA
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