1
|
Cruz-Rodriguez N, Tang H, Bateman B, Tang W, Deininger M. BCR::ABL1 Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs): The new frontier in the treatment of Ph + leukemias? Leukemia 2024; 38:1885-1893. [PMID: 39098922 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-024-02365-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
BCR::ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have turned chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) from a lethal condition into a chronic ailment. With optimal management, the survival of CML patients diagnosed in the chronic phase is approaching that of age-matched controls. However, only one-third of patients can discontinue TKIs and enter a state of functional cure termed treatment-free remission (TFR), while the remainder require life-long TKI therapy to avoid the recurrence of active leukemia. Approximately 10% of patients exhibit primary or acquired TKI resistance and eventually progress to the blast phase. It is thought that recurrence after attempted TFR originates from CML stem cells (LSCs) surviving despite continued suppression of BCR::ABL1 kinase. Although kinase activity is indispensable for induction of overt CML, kinase-independent scaffold functions of BCR::ABL1 are known to contribute to leukemogenesis, raising the intriguing but as yet hypothetical possibility, that degradation of BCR::ABL1 protein may accomplish what TKIs fail to achieve - eliminate residual LSCs to turn functional into real cures. The advent of BCR::ABL1 proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs), heterobifunctional molecules linking a TKI-based warhead to an E3 ligase recruiter, has moved clinical protein degradation into the realm of the possible. Here we examine the molecular rationale as well as pros and cons of degrading BCR::ABL1 protein. We review reported BCR::ABL1 PROTACs, point out limitations of available data and compounds and suggest directions for future research. Ultimately, clinical testing of a potent and specific BCR::ABL1 degrader will be required to determine the efficacy and tolerability of this approach.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/antagonists & inhibitors
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Proteolysis
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl/metabolism
- Animals
- Proteolysis Targeting Chimera
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hua Tang
- Lachman Institute of Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Weiping Tang
- Lachman Institute of Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael Deininger
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
XIA ZHIGANG, TIAN MENGYAO, CHENG YUCAI, YI WENFANG, DU ZEFAN, LI TIANWEN, WEN YUCHEN, LI LINDI, LIU YONG, CHEN CHUN. Preclinical evaluation of cyclophosphamide and fludarabine combined with CD19 CAR-T in the treatment of B-cell hematologic malignancies in vivo. Oncol Res 2024; 32:1109-1118. [PMID: 38827326 PMCID: PMC11136684 DOI: 10.32604/or.2024.049792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy has achieved marked therapeutic success in ameliorating hematological malignancies. However, there is an extant void in the clinical guidelines concerning the most effective chemotherapy regimen prior to chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy, as well as the optimal timing for CAR-T cell infusion post-chemotherapy. Materials and Methods We employed cell-derived tumor xenograft (CDX) murine models to delineate the optimal pre-conditioning chemotherapy regimen and timing for CAR-T cell treatment. Furthermore, transcriptome sequencing was implemented to identify the therapeutic targets and elucidate the underlying mechanisms governing the treatment regimen. Results Our preclinical in vivo evaluation determined that a combination of cyclophosphamide and fludarabine, followed by the infusion of CD19 CAR-T cells five days subsequent to the chemotherapy, exerts the most efficacious therapeutic effect in B-cell hematological malignancies. Concurrently, RNA-seq data indicated that the therapeutic efficacy predominantly perturbs tumor cell metabolism, primarily through the inhibition of key mitochondrial targets, such as C-Jun Kinase enzyme (C-JUN). Conclusion In summary, the present study offers critical clinical guidance and serves as an authoritative reference for the deployment of CD19 CAR-T cell therapy in the treatment of B-cell hematological malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- ZHIGANG XIA
- Pediatric Hematology Laboratory, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - MENGYAO TIAN
- Pediatric Hematology Laboratory, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - YUCAI CHENG
- Pediatric Hematology Laboratory, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - WENFANG YI
- Pediatric Hematology Laboratory, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - ZEFAN DU
- Pediatric Hematology Laboratory, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - TIANWEN LI
- Pediatric Hematology Laboratory, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - YUCHEN WEN
- Pediatric Hematology Laboratory, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - LINDI LI
- Pediatric Hematology Laboratory, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - YONG LIU
- Pediatric Hematology Laboratory, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - CHUN CHEN
- Pediatric Hematology Laboratory, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Johnson H, Narayan S, Sharma AK. Altering phosphorylation in cancer through PP2A modifiers. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:11. [PMID: 38184584 PMCID: PMC10770906 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a serine/threonine phosphatase integral to the regulation of many cellular processes. Due to the deregulation of PP2A in cancer, many of these processes are turned toward promoting tumor progression. Considerable research has been undertaken to discover molecules capable of modulating PP2A activity in cancer. Because PP2A is capable of immense substrate specificity across many cellular processes, the therapeutic targeting of PP2A in cancer can be completed through either enzyme inhibitors or activators. PP2A modulators likewise tend to be effective in drug-resistant cancers and work synergistically with other known cancer therapeutics. In this review, we will discuss the patterns of PP2A deregulation in cancer, and its known downstream signaling pathways important for cancer regulation, along with many activators and inhibitors of PP2A known to inhibit cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Satya Narayan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Arun K Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Di Mambro A, Arroyo-Berdugo Y, Fioretti T, Randles M, Cozzuto L, Rajeeve V, Cevenini A, Austin MJ, Esposito G, Ponomarenko J, Lucas CM, Cutillas P, Gribben J, Williams O, Calle Y, Patel B, Esposito MT. SET-PP2A complex as a new therapeutic target in KMT2A (MLL) rearranged AML. Oncogene 2023; 42:3670-3683. [PMID: 37891368 PMCID: PMC10709139 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02840-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
KMT2A-rearranged (KMT2A-R) is an aggressive and chemo-refractory acute leukemia which mostly affects children. Transcriptomics-based characterization and chemical interrogation identified kinases as key drivers of survival and drug resistance in KMT2A-R leukemia. In contrast, the contribution and regulation of phosphatases is unknown. In this study we uncover the essential role and underlying mechanisms of SET, the endogenous inhibitor of Ser/Thr phosphatase PP2A, in KMT2A-R-leukemia. Investigation of SET expression in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) samples demonstrated that SET is overexpressed, and elevated expression of SET is correlated with poor prognosis and with the expression of MEIS and HOXA genes in AML patients. Silencing SET specifically abolished the clonogenic ability of KMT2A-R leukemic cells and the transcription of KMT2A targets genes HOXA9 and HOXA10. Subsequent mechanistic investigations showed that SET interacts with both KMT2A wild type and fusion proteins, and it is recruited to the HOXA10 promoter. Pharmacological inhibition of SET by FTY720 disrupted SET-PP2A interaction leading to cell cycle arrest and increased sensitivity to chemotherapy in KMT2A-R-leukemic models. Phospho-proteomic analyses revealed that FTY720 reduced the activity of kinases regulated by PP2A, including ERK1, GSK3β, AURB and PLK1 and led to suppression of MYC, supporting the hypothesis of a feedback loop among PP2A, AURB, PLK1, MYC, and SET. Our findings illustrate that SET is a novel player in KMT2A-R leukemia and they provide evidence that SET antagonism could serve as a novel strategy to treat this aggressive leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tiziana Fioretti
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore, Napoli, Italy
| | - Michael Randles
- Chester Centre for Leukaemia Research, Chester Medical School, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Luca Cozzuto
- Centre Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Armando Cevenini
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore, Napoli, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Michael J Austin
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Gabriella Esposito
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore, Napoli, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Julia Ponomarenko
- Centre Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- University Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claire M Lucas
- Chester Centre for Leukaemia Research, Chester Medical School, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Pedro Cutillas
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - John Gribben
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Owen Williams
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health London, UCL, London, UK
| | - Yolanda Calle
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Bela Patel
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Maria Teresa Esposito
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK.
- School of Biosciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Peris I, Romero-Murillo S, Vicente C, Narla G, Odero MD. Regulation and role of the PP2A-B56 holoenzyme family in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188953. [PMID: 37437699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inactivation is common in cancer, leading to sustained activation of pro-survival and growth-promoting pathways. PP2A consists of a scaffolding A-subunit, a catalytic C-subunit, and a regulatory B-subunit. The functional complexity of PP2A holoenzymes arises mainly through the vast repertoire of regulatory B-subunits, which determine both their substrate specificity and their subcellular localization. Therefore, a major challenge for developing more effective therapeutic strategies for cancer is to identify the specific PP2A complexes to be targeted. Of note, the development of small molecules specifically directed at PP2A-B56α has opened new therapeutic avenues in both solid and hematological tumors. Here, we focus on the B56/PR61 family of PP2A regulatory subunits, which have a central role in directing PP2A tumor suppressor activity. We provide an overview of the mechanisms controlling the formation and regulation of these complexes, the pathways they control, and the mechanisms underlying their deregulation in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Peris
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Silvia Romero-Murillo
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Vicente
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Goutham Narla
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maria D Odero
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Courdy C, Platteeuw L, Ducau C, De Araujo I, Boet E, Sahal A, Saland E, Edmond V, Tavitian S, Bertoli S, Cougoul P, Granat F, Poillet L, Marty C, Plo I, Sarry JE, Manenti S, Mansat-De Mas V, Joffre C. Targeting PP2A-dependent autophagy enhances sensitivity to ruxolitinib in JAK2 V617F myeloproliferative neoplasms. Blood Cancer J 2023; 13:106. [PMID: 37423955 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-023-00875-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)-driven myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are chronic malignancies associated with high-risk complications and suboptimal responses to JAK inhibitors such as ruxolitinib. A better understanding of cellular changes induced by ruxolitinib is required to develop new combinatory therapies to improve treatment efficacy. Here, we demonstrate that ruxolitinib induced autophagy in JAK2V617F cell lines and primary MPN patient cells through the activation of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Inhibition of autophagy or PP2A activity along with ruxolitinib treatment reduced proliferation and increased the death of JAK2V617F cells. Accordingly, proliferation and clonogenic potential of JAK2V617F-driven primary MPN patient cells, but not of normal hematopoietic cells, were markedly impaired by ruxolitinib treatment with autophagy or PP2A inhibitor. Finally, preventing ruxolitinib-induced autophagy with a novel potent autophagy inhibitor Lys05 improved leukemia burden reduction and significantly prolonged the mice's overall survival compared with ruxolitinib alone. This study demonstrates that PP2A-dependent autophagy mediated by JAK2 activity inhibition contributes to resistance to ruxolitinib. Altogether, our data support that targeting autophagy or its identified regulator PP2A could enhance sensitivity to ruxolitinib of JAK2V617F MPN cells and improve MPN patient care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charly Courdy
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM UMR1037, CNRS UMR 5071, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Equipe labellisée La Ligue contre le Cancer 2018, Toulouse, France
| | - Loïc Platteeuw
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM UMR1037, CNRS UMR 5071, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Equipe labellisée La Ligue contre le Cancer 2018, Toulouse, France
| | - Charlotte Ducau
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM UMR1037, CNRS UMR 5071, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Equipe labellisée La Ligue contre le Cancer 2018, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle De Araujo
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM UMR1037, CNRS UMR 5071, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Equipe labellisée La Ligue contre le Cancer 2018, Toulouse, France
| | - Emeline Boet
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM UMR1037, CNRS UMR 5071, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Equipe labellisée La Ligue contre le Cancer 2018, Toulouse, France
| | - Ambrine Sahal
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM UMR1037, CNRS UMR 5071, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Equipe labellisée La Ligue contre le Cancer 2018, Toulouse, France
| | - Estelle Saland
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM UMR1037, CNRS UMR 5071, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Equipe labellisée La Ligue contre le Cancer 2018, Toulouse, France
| | - Valérie Edmond
- INSERM UMR1287, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Suzanne Tavitian
- Service d'hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Sarah Bertoli
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM UMR1037, CNRS UMR 5071, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Equipe labellisée La Ligue contre le Cancer 2018, Toulouse, France
- Service d'hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Cougoul
- Service de médecine interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Fanny Granat
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM UMR1037, CNRS UMR 5071, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Equipe labellisée La Ligue contre le Cancer 2018, Toulouse, France
| | - Laura Poillet
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM UMR1037, CNRS UMR 5071, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Equipe labellisée La Ligue contre le Cancer 2018, Toulouse, France
| | - Caroline Marty
- INSERM UMR1287, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Isabelle Plo
- INSERM UMR1287, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Emmanuel Sarry
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM UMR1037, CNRS UMR 5071, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Equipe labellisée La Ligue contre le Cancer 2018, Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphane Manenti
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM UMR1037, CNRS UMR 5071, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Véronique Mansat-De Mas
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM UMR1037, CNRS UMR 5071, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
- Equipe labellisée La Ligue contre le Cancer 2018, Toulouse, France.
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
| | - Carine Joffre
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM UMR1037, CNRS UMR 5071, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
- Equipe labellisée La Ligue contre le Cancer 2018, Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao HG, Deininger M. Always stressed but never exhausted: how stem cells in myeloid neoplasms avoid extinction in inflammatory conditions. Blood 2023; 141:2797-2812. [PMID: 36947811 PMCID: PMC10315634 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022017152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic or recurrent episodes of acute inflammation cause attrition of normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that can lead to hematopoietic failure but they drive progression in myeloid malignancies and their precursor clonal hematopoiesis. Mechanistic parallels exist between hematopoiesis in chronic inflammation and the continuously increased proliferation of myeloid malignancies, particularly myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). The ability to enter dormancy, a state of deep quiescence characterized by low oxidative phosphorylation, low glycolysis, reduced protein synthesis, and increased autophagy is central to the preservation of long-term HSCs and likely MPN SCs. The metabolic features of dormancy resemble those of diapause, a state of arrested embryonic development triggered by adverse environmental conditions. To outcompete their normal counterparts in the inflammatory MPN environment, MPN SCs co-opt mechanisms used by HSCs to avoid exhaustion, including signal attenuation by negative regulators, insulation from activating cytokine signals, anti-inflammatory signaling, and epigenetic reprogramming. We propose that new therapeutic strategies may be derived from conceptualizing myeloid malignancies as an ecosystem out of balance, in which residual normal and malignant hematopoietic cells interact in multiple ways, only few of which have been characterized in detail. Disrupting MPN SC insulation to overcome dormancy, interfering with aberrant cytokine circuits that favor MPN cells, and directly boosting residual normal HSCs are potential strategies to tip the balance in favor of normal hematopoiesis. Although eradicating the malignant cell clones remains the goal of therapy, rebalancing the ecosystem may be a more attainable objective in the short term.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helong Gary Zhao
- Versiti Blood Research Institute and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Michael Deininger
- Versiti Blood Research Institute and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
van Pelt J, Meeusen B, Derua R, Guffens L, Van Cutsem E, Janssens V, Verslype C. Human pancreatic cancer patients with Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and an aggressive phenotype show a disturbed balance in Protein Phosphatase Type 2A expression and functionality. J Transl Med 2023; 21:317. [PMID: 37170215 PMCID: PMC10176933 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04145-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a low survival, its incidence is rising and little therapeutic improvements are expected in the near future. It has been observed that Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal transition (EMT) contributes (including in PDAC) to a more aggressive cancer phenotype. Additionally, largely unexplored, studies indicate a mechanistic interplay between Protein Phosphatase Type 2A (PP2A) enzymes and EMT that could offer treatment opportunities. The aim was to investigate the relation of a PP2A expression signature (encompassing all PP2A subunits, endogenous inhibitors and activators) with EMT and aggressive pancreatic cancer, and to discuss possible implications. METHODS We retrieved different PDAC expression datasets from NCBI to capture the variation in patients, and analyzed these using datamining, survival analysis, differential gene and protein expression. We determined genes highly associated with aggressive PDAC. For in vitro evaluation, Panc-1 cells were treated with the pharmacologic PP2A inhibitor Okadaic Acid (OA). Additionally, two OA-resistant Panc-1 clones were developed and characterized. RESULTS In patients, there is a strong correlation between EMT and aggressive PDAC, and between aggressive PDAC and PP2A, with a significant upregulation of PP2A inhibitor genes. Several PP2A genes significantly correlated with decreased survival. In vitro, short-term exposure to OA induced EMT in Panc-1 cells. This shift towards EMT was further pronounced in the OA-resistant Panc-1 clones, morphologically and by pathway analysis. Proteomic analysis and gene sequencing showed that the advanced OA-resistant model most resembles the clinical PDAC presentation (with EMT signature, and with several specific PP2A genes upregulated, and others downregulated). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated a strong association between EMT, altered PP2A expression and aggressive PDAC in patients. Also, in vitro, PP2A inhibition induces EMT. Overall, statistics suggests the mechanistic importance of PP2A dysregulation for PDAC progression. Translationally, our observations indicate that pharmacologic restoration of PP2A activity could be an attractive therapeutic strategy to block or reverse progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jos van Pelt
- Laboratory of Digestive Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven & University Hospitals Leuven, Geb. Onderwijs & Navorsing 4, Room 07.465, Herestraat 49, Bus 603, B3000, Leuven, Belgium.
- KU Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Herestraat 49, B3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Bob Meeusen
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Dept. of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, O&N1, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Herestraat 49, Bus 901, B3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rita Derua
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Dept. of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, O&N1, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Herestraat 49, Bus 901, B3000, Leuven, Belgium
- SyBioMa (KU Leuven), Herestraat 49, B3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Guffens
- KU Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Herestraat 49, B3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Dept. of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, O&N1, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Herestraat 49, Bus 901, B3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eric Van Cutsem
- Laboratory of Digestive Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven & University Hospitals Leuven, Geb. Onderwijs & Navorsing 4, Room 07.465, Herestraat 49, Bus 603, B3000, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Herestraat 49, B3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Janssens
- KU Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Herestraat 49, B3000, Leuven, Belgium.
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Dept. of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, O&N1, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Herestraat 49, Bus 901, B3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Chris Verslype
- Laboratory of Digestive Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven & University Hospitals Leuven, Geb. Onderwijs & Navorsing 4, Room 07.465, Herestraat 49, Bus 603, B3000, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Herestraat 49, B3000, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Marin GH, Murail S, Andrini L, Garcia M, Loisel S, Tuffery P, Rebollo A. In Silico and In Vivo Studies of a Tumor-Penetrating and Interfering Peptide with Antitumoral Effect on Xenograft Models of Breast Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041180. [PMID: 37111665 PMCID: PMC10142558 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of a tumor-penetrating peptide (TPP) with a peptide able to interfere with a given protein-protein interaction (IP) is a promising strategy with potential clinical application. Little is known about the impact of fusing a TPP with an IP, both in terms of internalization and functional effect. Here, we analyze these aspects in the context of breast cancer, targeting PP2A/SET interaction, using both in silico and in vivo approaches. Our results support the fact that state-of-the-art deep learning approaches developed for protein-peptide interaction modeling can reliably identify good candidate poses for the IP-TPP in interaction with the Neuropilin-1 receptor. The association of the IP with the TPP does not seem to affect the ability of the TPP to bind to Neuropilin-1. Molecular simulation results suggest that peptide IP-GG-LinTT1 in a cleaved form interacts with Neuropilin-1 in a more stable manner and has a more helical secondary structure than the cleaved IP-GG-iRGD. Surprisingly, in silico investigations also suggest that the non-cleaved TPPs can bind the Neuropilin-1 in a stable manner. The in vivo results using xenografts models show that both bifunctional peptides resulting from the combination of the IP and either LinTT1 or iRGD are effective against tumoral growth. The peptide iRGD-IP shows the highest stability to serum proteases degradation while having the same antitumoral effect as Lin TT1-IP, which is more sensitive to proteases degradation. Our results support the development of the TPP-IP strategy as therapeutic peptides against cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo H Marin
- Department of Pharmacology/Histology and Embryology, FMC, National University of La Plata, CONICET, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Samuel Murail
- BFA, Université Paris Cite, CNRS UMR 8251, Inserm U1133, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Laura Andrini
- Department of Pharmacology/Histology and Embryology, FMC, National University of La Plata, CONICET, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Marcela Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology/Histology and Embryology, FMC, National University of La Plata, CONICET, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | | | - Pierre Tuffery
- BFA, Université Paris Cite, CNRS UMR 8251, Inserm U1133, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Angelita Rebollo
- Faculté de Pharmacie, UTCBS, Université Paris Cite, Inserm U1267, 75006 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Welsh SA, Gardini A. Genomic regulation of transcription and RNA processing by the multitasking Integrator complex. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:204-220. [PMID: 36180603 PMCID: PMC9974566 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00534-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In higher eukaryotes, fine-tuned activation of protein-coding genes and many non-coding RNAs pivots around the regulated activity of RNA polymerase II (Pol II). The Integrator complex is the only Pol II-associated large multiprotein complex that is metazoan specific, and has therefore been understudied for years. Integrator comprises at least 14 subunits, which are grouped into distinct functional modules. The phosphodiesterase activity of the core catalytic module is co-transcriptionally directed against several RNA species, including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), U small nuclear RNAs (U snRNAs), PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), enhancer RNAs and nascent pre-mRNAs. Processing of non-coding RNAs by Integrator is essential for their biogenesis, and at protein-coding genes, Integrator is a key modulator of Pol II promoter-proximal pausing and transcript elongation. Recent studies have identified an Integrator-specific serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) module, which targets Pol II and other components of the basal transcription machinery. In this Review, we discuss how the activity of Integrator regulates transcription, RNA processing, chromatin landscape and DNA repair. We also discuss the diverse roles of Integrator in development and tumorigenesis.
Collapse
|
11
|
Targeting protein phosphatases in cancer immunotherapy and autoimmune disorders. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:273-294. [PMID: 36693907 PMCID: PMC9872771 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00618-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphatases act as key regulators of multiple important cellular processes and are attractive therapeutic targets for various diseases. Although extensive effort has been dedicated to phosphatase-targeted drug discovery, early expeditions for competitive phosphatase inhibitors were plagued by druggability issues, leading to the stigmatization of phosphatases as difficult targets. Despite challenges, persistent efforts have led to the identification of several drug-like, non-competitive modulators of some of these enzymes - including SH2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, vascular endothelial protein tyrosine phosphatase and protein phosphatase 1 - reigniting interest in therapeutic targeting of phosphatases. Here, we discuss recent progress in phosphatase drug discovery, with emphasis on the development of selective modulators that exhibit biological activity. The roles and regulation of protein phosphatases in immune cells and their potential as powerful targets for immuno-oncology and autoimmunity indications are assessed.
Collapse
|
12
|
de los Ríos C, Viejo L, Carretero VJ, Juárez NH, Cruz-Martins N, Hernández-Guijo JM. Promising Molecular Targets in Pharmacological Therapy for Neuronal Damage in Brain Injury. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:118. [PMID: 36670980 PMCID: PMC9854812 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex etiopathogenesis of brain injury associated with neurodegeneration has sparked a lot of studies in the last century. These clinical situations are incurable, and the currently available therapies merely act on symptoms or slow down the course of the diseases. Effective methods are being sought with an intent to modify the disease, directly acting on the properly studied targets, as well as to contribute to the development of effective therapeutic strategies, opening the possibility of refocusing on drug development for disease management. In this sense, this review discusses the available evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction induced by Ca2+ miscommunication in neurons, as well as how targeting phosphorylation events may be used to modulate protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity in the treatment of neuronal damage. Ca2+ tends to be the catalyst for mitochondrial dysfunction, contributing to the synaptic deficiency seen in brain injury. Additionally, emerging data have shown that PP2A-activating drugs (PADs) suppress inflammatory responses by inhibiting different signaling pathways, indicating that PADs may be beneficial for the management of neuronal damage. In addition, a few bioactive compounds have also triggered the activation of PP2A-targeted drugs for this treatment, and clinical studies will help in the authentication of these compounds. If the safety profiles of PADs are proven to be satisfactory, there is a case to be made for starting clinical studies in the setting of neurological diseases as quickly as possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristóbal de los Ríos
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic and Teófilo Hernando Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University Autónoma de Madrid, C/. Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, University Rey Juan Carlos, Avda. Atenas s/n, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Lucía Viejo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic and Teófilo Hernando Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University Autónoma de Madrid, C/. Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Jiménez Carretero
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic and Teófilo Hernando Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University Autónoma de Madrid, C/. Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Hernández Juárez
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic and Teófilo Hernando Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University Autónoma de Madrid, C/. Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Jesús M. Hernández-Guijo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic and Teófilo Hernando Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University Autónoma de Madrid, C/. Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research, IRYCIS, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. de Colmenar Viejo, Km. 9,100, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Di Mambro A, Esposito M. Thirty years of SET/TAF1β/I2PP2A: from the identification of the biological functions to its implications in cancer and Alzheimer's disease. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:BSR20221280. [PMID: 36345878 PMCID: PMC9679398 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20221280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding for the protein SE translocation (SET) was identified for the first time 30 years ago as part of a chromosomal translocation in a patient affected by leukemia. Since then, accumulating evidence have linked overexpression of SET, aberrant SET splicing, and cellular localization to cancer progression and development of neurodegenerative tauopathies such as Alzheimer's disease. Molecular biology tools, such as targeted genetic deletion, and pharmacological approaches based on SET antagonist peptides, have contributed to unveil the molecular functions of SET and its implications in human pathogenesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the functions of SET as inhibitor of histone and non-histone protein acetylation and as a potent endogenous inhibitor of serine-threonine phosphatase PP2A. We discuss the role of SET in multiple cellular processes, including chromatin remodelling and gene transcription, DNA repair, oxidative stress, cell cycle, apoptosis cell migration and differentiation. We review the molecular mechanisms linking SET dysregulation to tumorigenesis and discuss how SET commits neurons to progressive cell death in Alzheimer's disease, highlighting the rationale of exploiting SET as a therapeutic target for cancer and neurodegenerative tauopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Di Mambro
- The Centre for Integrated Research in Life and Health Sciences, School of Health and Life Science, University of Roehampton, London, U.K
| | - Maria Teresa Esposito
- The Centre for Integrated Research in Life and Health Sciences, School of Health and Life Science, University of Roehampton, London, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kashani E, Vassella E. Pleiotropy of PP2A Phosphatases in Cancer with a Focus on Glioblastoma IDH Wildtype. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5227. [PMID: 36358647 PMCID: PMC9654311 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine/Threonine protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a heterotrimeric (or occasionally, heterodimeric) phosphatase with pleiotropic functions and ubiquitous expression. Despite the fact that they all contribute to protein dephosphorylation, multiple PP2A complexes exist which differ considerably by their subcellular localization and their substrate specificity, suggesting diverse PP2A functions. PP2A complex formation is tightly regulated by means of gene expression regulation by transcription factors, microRNAs, and post-translational modifications. Furthermore, a constant competition between PP2A regulatory subunits is taking place dynamically and depending on the spatiotemporal circumstance; many of the integral subunits can outcompete the rest, subjecting them to proteolysis. PP2A modulation is especially important in the context of brain tumors due to its ability to modulate distinct glioma-promoting signal transduction pathways, such as PI3K/Akt, Wnt, Ras, NF-κb, etc. Furthermore, PP2A is also implicated in DNA repair and survival pathways that are activated upon treatment of glioma cells with chemo-radiation. Depending on the cancer cell type, preclinical studies have shown some promise in utilising PP2A activator or PP2A inhibitors to overcome therapy resistance. This review has a special focus on "glioblastoma, IDH wild-type" (GBM) tumors, for which the therapy options have limited efficacy, and tumor relapse is inevitable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Kashani
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Erik Vassella
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Poudel G, Tolland MG, Hughes TP, Pagani IS. Mechanisms of Resistance and Implications for Treatment Strategies in Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143300. [PMID: 35884363 PMCID: PMC9317051 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is a type of blood cancer that is currently well-managed with drugs that target cancer-causing proteins. However, a significant proportion of CML patients do not respond to those drug treatments or relapse when they stop those drugs because the cancer cells in those patients stop relying on that protein and instead develop a new way to survive. Therefore, new treatment strategies may be necessary for those patients. In this review, we discuss those additional survival pathways and outline combination treatment strategies to increase responses and clinical outcomes, improving the lives of CML patients. Abstract Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have revolutionised the management of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), with the disease now having a five-year survival rate over 80%. The primary focus in the treatment of CML has been on improving the specificity and potency of TKIs to inhibit the activation of the BCR::ABL1 kinase and/or overcoming resistance driven by mutations in the BCR::ABL1 oncogene. However, this approach may be limited in a significant proportion of patients who develop TKI resistance despite the effective inhibition of BCR::ABL1. These patients may require novel therapeutic strategies that target both BCR::ABL1-dependent and BCR::ABL1-independent mechanisms of resistance. The combination treatment strategies that target alternative survival signalling, which may contribute towards BCR::ABL1-independent resistance, could be a successful strategy for eradicating residual leukaemic cells and consequently increasing the response rate in CML patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Govinda Poudel
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (G.P.); (M.G.T.); (T.P.H.)
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Australasian Leukaemia and Lymphoma Group, Richmond, VIC 3121, Australia
| | - Molly G. Tolland
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (G.P.); (M.G.T.); (T.P.H.)
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Timothy P. Hughes
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (G.P.); (M.G.T.); (T.P.H.)
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Australasian Leukaemia and Lymphoma Group, Richmond, VIC 3121, Australia
- Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Royal Adelaide Hospital and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Ilaria S. Pagani
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (G.P.); (M.G.T.); (T.P.H.)
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Australasian Leukaemia and Lymphoma Group, Richmond, VIC 3121, Australia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Targeting SAMHD1: to overcome multiple anti-cancer drugs resistance in hematological malignancies. Genes Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
17
|
Janneh AH, Ogretmen B. Targeting Sphingolipid Metabolism as a Therapeutic Strategy in Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2183. [PMID: 35565311 PMCID: PMC9104917 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are bioactive molecules that have key roles in regulating tumor cell death and survival through, in part, the functional roles of ceramide accumulation and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) production, respectively. Mechanistic studies using cell lines, mouse models, or human tumors have revealed crucial roles of sphingolipid metabolic signaling in regulating tumor progression in response to anticancer therapy. Specifically, studies to understand ceramide and S1P production pathways with their downstream targets have provided novel therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. In this review, we present recent evidence of the critical roles of sphingolipids and their metabolic enzymes in regulating tumor progression via mechanisms involving cell death or survival. The roles of S1P in enabling tumor growth/metastasis and conferring cancer resistance to existing therapeutics are also highlighted. Additionally, using the publicly available transcriptomic database, we assess the prognostic values of key sphingolipid enzymes on the overall survival of patients with different malignancies and present studies that highlight their clinical implications for anticancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Besim Ogretmen
- Hollings Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Simón-Gracia L, Loisel S, Sidorenko V, Scodeller P, Parizot C, Savier E, Haute T, Teesalu T, Rebollo A. Preclinical Validation of Tumor-Penetrating and Interfering Peptides against Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:895-903. [PMID: 35113575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common form of leukemia in adults. The disease is characterized by the accumulation of tumoral B cells resulting from a defect of apoptosis. We have in vitro and in vivo preclinically validated a tumor-penetrating peptide (named TT1) coupled to an interfering peptide (IP) that dissociates the interaction between the serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) from its physiological inhibitor, the oncoprotein SET. This TT1-IP peptide has an antitumoral effect on CLL, as shown by the increased survival of mice bearing xenograft models of CLL, compared to control mice. The peptide did not show toxicity, as indicated by the mouse body weight and the biochemical parameters, such as renal and hepatic enzymes. In addition, the peptide-induced apoptosis in vitro of primary tumoral B cells isolated from CLL patients but not of those isolated from healthy patients. Finally, the peptide had approximately 5 h half-life in human serum and showed pharmacokinetic parameters compatible with clinical development as a therapeutic peptide against CLL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Simón-Gracia
- Laboratory of Precision and Nanomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Severine Loisel
- Université de Brest, Service Général des plateformes, Animalerie Commune, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Valeria Sidorenko
- Laboratory of Precision and Nanomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pablo Scodeller
- Laboratory of Precision and Nanomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Christophe Parizot
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département d'Immunologie, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Eric Savier
- Department of Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Sorbonne University, 75013 Paris, France.,St Antoine Research Center (CRSA), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne University, INSERM, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Tanguy Haute
- Université de Brest, Plateforme SyNanoVect, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Tambet Teesalu
- Laboratory of Precision and Nanomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.,Center for Nanomedicine, University of California Santa Barbara, 92037 Santa Barbara, California, United States
| | - Angelita Rebollo
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1267, CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, 75006 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhao H, Pomicter AD, Eiring AM, Franzini A, Ahmann J, Hwang JY, Senina A, Helton B, Iyer S, Yan D, Khorashad JS, Zabriskie MS, Agarwal A, Redwine HM, Bowler AD, Clair PM, McWeeney SK, Druker BJ, Tyner JW, Stirewalt DL, Oehler VG, Varambally S, Berrett KC, Vahrenkamp JM, Gertz J, Varley KE, Radich JP, Deininger MW. MS4A3 promotes differentiation in chronic myeloid leukemia by enhancing common β-chain cytokine receptor endocytosis. Blood 2022; 139:761-778. [PMID: 34780648 PMCID: PMC8814676 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021011802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The chronic phase of chronic myeloid leukemia (CP-CML) is characterized by the excessive production of maturating myeloid cells. As CML stem/progenitor cells (LSPCs) are poised to cycle and differentiate, LSPCs must balance conservation and differentiation to avoid exhaustion, similar to normal hematopoiesis under stress. Since BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) eliminate differentiating cells but spare BCR-ABL1-independent LSPCs, understanding the mechanisms that regulate LSPC differentiation may inform strategies to eliminate LSPCs. Upon performing a meta-analysis of published CML transcriptomes, we discovered that low expression of the MS4A3 transmembrane protein is a universal characteristic of LSPC quiescence, BCR-ABL1 independence, and transformation to blast phase (BP). Several mechanisms are involved in suppressing MS4A3, including aberrant methylation and a MECOM-C/EBPε axis. Contrary to previous reports, we find that MS4A3 does not function as a G1/S phase inhibitor but promotes endocytosis of common β-chain (βc) cytokine receptors upon GM-CSF/IL-3 stimulation, enhancing downstream signaling and cellular differentiation. This suggests that LSPCs downregulate MS4A3 to evade βc cytokine-induced differentiation and maintain a more primitive, TKI-insensitive state. Accordingly, knockdown (KD) or deletion of MS4A3/Ms4a3 promotes TKI resistance and survival of CML cells ex vivo and enhances leukemogenesis in vivo, while targeted delivery of exogenous MS4A3 protein promotes differentiation. These data support a model in which MS4A3 governs response to differentiating myeloid cytokines, providing a unifying mechanism for the differentiation block characteristic of CML quiescence and BP-CML. Promoting MS4A3 reexpression or delivery of ectopic MS4A3 may help eliminate LSPCs in vivo.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Down-Regulation
- Endocytosis
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism
- Transcriptome
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helong Zhao
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies and
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | | | - Anca Franzini
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jonathan Ahmann
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jae-Yeon Hwang
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Anna Senina
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Bret Helton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Siddharth Iyer
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Dongqing Yan
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jamshid S Khorashad
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anupriya Agarwal
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR
| | - Hannah M Redwine
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Amber D Bowler
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Phillip M Clair
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Shannon K McWeeney
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR
| | - Brian J Druker
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR
| | - Jeffrey W Tyner
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jason Gertz
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Katherine E Varley
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Michael W Deininger
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies and
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
BCR-ABL1 Tyrosine Kinase Complex Signaling Transduction: Challenges to Overcome Resistance in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14010215. [PMID: 35057108 PMCID: PMC8780254 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The constitutively active BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase, found in t(9;22)(q34;q11) chromosomal translocation-derived leukemia, initiates an extremely complex signaling transduction cascade that induces a strong state of resistance to chemotherapy. Targeted therapies based on tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as imatinib, dasatinib, nilotinib, bosutinib, and ponatinib, have revolutionized the treatment of BCR-ABL1-driven leukemia, particularly chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). However, TKIs do not cure CML patients, as some develop TKI resistance and the majority relapse upon withdrawal from treatment. Importantly, although BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase is necessary to initiate and establish the malignant phenotype of Ph-related leukemia, in the later advanced phase of the disease, BCR-ABL1-independent mechanisms are also in place. Here, we present an overview of the signaling pathways initiated by BCR-ABL1 and discuss the major challenges regarding immunologic/pharmacologic combined therapies.
Collapse
|
21
|
Khan MM, Kalim UU, Khan MH, Lahesmaa R. PP2A and Its Inhibitors in Helper T-Cell Differentiation and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2022; 12:786857. [PMID: 35069561 PMCID: PMC8766794 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.786857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a highly complex heterotrimeric Ser/Thr phosphatase that regulates many cellular processes. The role of PP2A as a tumor suppressor has been extensively studied and reviewed. However, emerging evidence suggests PP2A constrains inflammatory responses and is important in autoimmune and neuroinflammatory diseases. Here, we reviewed the existing literature on the role of PP2A in T-cell differentiation and autoimmunity. We have also discussed the modulation of PP2A activity by endogenous inhibitors and its small-molecule activators as potential therapeutic approaches against autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Moin Khan
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine (TuDMM), University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ubaid Ullah Kalim
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Meraj H. Khan
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Lahesmaa
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mojtahedi H, Yazdanpanah N, Rezaei N. Chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells: targeting therapeutic implications. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:603. [PMID: 34922630 PMCID: PMC8684082 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02659-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative neoplasm driven by BCR-ABL1 oncoprotein, which plays a pivotal role in CML pathology, diagnosis, and treatment as confirmed by the success of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy. Despite advances in the development of more potent tyrosine kinase inhibitors, some mechanisms particularly in terms of CML leukemic stem cell (CML LSC) lead to intrinsic or acquired therapy resistance, relapse, and disease progression. In fact, the maintenance CML LSCs in patients who are resistance to TKI therapy indicates the role of CML LSCs in resistance to therapy through survival mechanisms that are not completely dependent on BCR-ABL activity. Targeting therapeutic approaches aim to eradicate CML LSCs through characterization and targeting genetic alteration and molecular pathways involving in CML LSC survival in a favorable leukemic microenvironment and resistance to apoptosis, with the hope of providing a functional cure. In other words, it is possible to develop the combination therapy of TKs with drugs targeting genes or molecules more specifically, which is required for survival mechanisms of CML LSCs, while sparing normal HSCs for clinical benefits along with TKIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Mojtahedi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloufar Yazdanpanah
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, 14194, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, 14194, Tehran, Iran.
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Houshmand M, Kazemi A, Anjam Najmedini A, Ali MS, Gaidano V, Cignetti A, Fava C, Cilloni D, Saglio G, Circosta P. Shedding Light on Targeting Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Stem Cells. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10245805. [PMID: 34945101 PMCID: PMC8708315 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10245805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells (CML LSCs) are a rare and quiescent population that are resistant to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). When TKI therapy is discontinued in CML patients in deep, sustained and apparently stable molecular remission, these cells in approximately half of the cases restart to grow, resuming the leukemic process. The elimination of these TKI resistant leukemic stem cells is therefore an essential step in increasing the percentage of those patients who can reach a successful long-term treatment free remission (TFR). The understanding of the biology of the LSCs and the identification of the differences, phenotypic and/or metabolic, that could eventually allow them to be distinguished from the normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are therefore important steps in designing strategies to target LSCs in a rather selective way, sparing the normal counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Houshmand
- Department of Clinical Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi University Hospital, 10043 Turin, Italy; (M.H.); (M.S.A.); (C.F.); (D.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Alireza Kazemi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1971653313, Iran; (A.K.); (A.A.N.)
| | - Ali Anjam Najmedini
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1971653313, Iran; (A.K.); (A.A.N.)
| | - Muhammad Shahzad Ali
- Department of Clinical Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi University Hospital, 10043 Turin, Italy; (M.H.); (M.S.A.); (C.F.); (D.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Valentina Gaidano
- Division of Hematology, A.O. SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Cignetti
- Division of Hematology and Cell Therapy, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano, 10128 Turin, Italy;
| | - Carmen Fava
- Department of Clinical Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi University Hospital, 10043 Turin, Italy; (M.H.); (M.S.A.); (C.F.); (D.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Daniela Cilloni
- Department of Clinical Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi University Hospital, 10043 Turin, Italy; (M.H.); (M.S.A.); (C.F.); (D.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Saglio
- Department of Clinical Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi University Hospital, 10043 Turin, Italy; (M.H.); (M.S.A.); (C.F.); (D.C.); (P.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Paola Circosta
- Department of Clinical Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi University Hospital, 10043 Turin, Italy; (M.H.); (M.S.A.); (C.F.); (D.C.); (P.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abdulmawjood B, Costa B, Roma-Rodrigues C, Baptista PV, Fernandes AR. Genetic Biomarkers in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: What Have We Learned So Far? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12516. [PMID: 34830398 PMCID: PMC8626020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is a rare malignant proliferative disease of the hematopoietic system, whose molecular hallmark is the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph). The Ph chromosome originates an aberrant fusion gene with abnormal kinase activity, leading to the buildup of reactive oxygen species and genetic instability of relevance in disease progression. Several genetic abnormalities have been correlated with CML in the blast phase, including chromosomal aberrations and common altered genes. Some of these genes are involved in the regulation of cell apoptosis and proliferation, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), tumor protein p53 (TP53), or Schmidt-Ruppin A-2 proto-oncogene (SRC); cell adhesion, e.g., catenin beta 1 (CTNNB1); or genes associated to TGF-β, such as SKI like proto-oncogene (SKIL), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1) or transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGFB2); and TNF-α pathways, such as Tumor necrosis factor (TNFA) or Nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 (NFKB1). The involvement of miRNAs in CML is also gaining momentum, where dysregulation of some critical miRNAs, such as miRNA-451 and miRNA-21, which have been associated to the molecular modulation of pathogenesis, progression of disease states, and response to therapeutics. In this review, the most relevant genomic alterations found in CML will be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Abdulmawjood
- i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; (B.A.); (B.C.); (C.R.-R.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Costa
- i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; (B.A.); (B.C.); (C.R.-R.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Catarina Roma-Rodrigues
- i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; (B.A.); (B.C.); (C.R.-R.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Pedro V. Baptista
- i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; (B.A.); (B.C.); (C.R.-R.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Alexandra R. Fernandes
- i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; (B.A.); (B.C.); (C.R.-R.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chen Y, Zou J, Cheng F, Li W. Treatment-Free Remission in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia and New Approaches by Targeting Leukemia Stem Cells. Front Oncol 2021; 11:769730. [PMID: 34778088 PMCID: PMC8581243 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.769730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic landscape for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has improved significantly with the approval of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for therapeutic use. Most patients with optimal responses to TKIs can have a normal life expectancy. Treatment-free remission (TFR) after discontinuing TKI has increasingly become a new goal for CML treatment. However, TKI only "control" CML, and relapse after discontinuation has become a key factor hindering patient access to attempt TFR. In this study, we reviewed studies on TKI discontinuation, including both first and second-generation TKI. We also reviewed predictors of relapse, new monitoring methods, and strategies targeting leukemic stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Weiming Li
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Savier E, Simon-Gracia L, Charlotte F, Tuffery P, Teesalu T, Scatton O, Rebollo A. Bi-Functional Peptides as a New Therapeutic Tool for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101631. [PMID: 34683924 PMCID: PMC8541685 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The interfering peptides that block protein–protein interactions have been receiving increasing attention as potential therapeutic tools. Methods: We measured the internalization and biological effect of four bi-functional tumor-penetrating and interfering peptides into primary hepatocytes isolated from three non-malignant and 11 hepatocellular carcinomas. Results: These peptides are internalized in malignant hepatocytes but not in non-malignant cells. Furthermore, the degree of peptide internalization correlated with receptor expression level and tumor aggressiveness levels. Importantly, penetration of the peptides iRGD-IP, LinTT1-IP, TT1-IP, and RPARPAR-IP induced apoptosis of the malignant hepatocytes without effect on non-malignant cells. Conclusion: Receptor expression levels correlated with the level of peptide internalization and aggressiveness of the tumor. This study highlights the potential to exploit the expression of tumor-penetrating peptide receptors as a predictive marker of liver tumor aggressiveness. These bi-functional peptides could be developed for personalized tumor treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Savier
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Liver Transplantation Surgery, AP-HP, Pitié–Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France; (E.S.); (O.S.)
- Sant Antoine Research Center (CRSA), Institut Nationale de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Lorena Simon-Gracia
- Laboratory of Precision and Nanomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia; (L.S.-G.); (T.T.)
| | - Frederic Charlotte
- Department of Pathology, AP-HP, Pitié–Salpêtrière Hospital, 75006 Paris, France;
| | - Pierre Tuffery
- Biologie Fontionelle Adaptative (BFA), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 8251, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ERL U1133, Inserm, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France;
| | - Tambet Teesalu
- Laboratory of Precision and Nanomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia; (L.S.-G.); (T.T.)
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Olivier Scatton
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Liver Transplantation Surgery, AP-HP, Pitié–Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France; (E.S.); (O.S.)
- Sant Antoine Research Center (CRSA), Institut Nationale de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Angelita Rebollo
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Unité des Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), Inserm U1267, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR8258, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
The metabolic flexibility of quiescent CSC: implications for chemotherapy resistance. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:835. [PMID: 34482364 PMCID: PMC8418609 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Quiescence has been observed in stem cells (SCs), including adult SCs and cancer SCs (CSCs). Conventional chemotherapies mostly target proliferating cancer cells, while the quiescent state favors CSCs escape to chemotherapeutic drugs, leaving risks for tumor recurrence or metastasis. The tumor microenvironment (TME) provides various signals that maintain resident quiescent CSCs, protect them from immune surveillance, and facilitates their recurrence potential. Since the TME has the potential to support and initiate stem cell-like programs in cancer cells, targeting the TME components may prove to be a powerful modality for the treatment of chemotherapy resistance. In addition, an increasing number of studies have discovered that CSCs exhibit the potential of metabolic flexibility when metabolic substrates are limited, and display increased robustness in response to stress. Accompanied by chemotherapy that targets proliferative cancer cells, treatments that modulate CSC quiescence through the regulation of metabolic pathways also show promise. In this review, we focus on the roles of metabolic flexibility and the TME on CSCs quiescence and further discuss potential treatments of targeting CSCs and the TME to limit chemotherapy resistance.
Collapse
|
28
|
Cancer stem cell phosphatases. Biochem J 2021; 478:2899-2920. [PMID: 34319405 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are involved in the initiation and progression of human malignancies by enabling cancer tissue self-renewal capacity and constituting the therapy-resistant population of tumor cells. However, despite the exhausting characterization of CSC genetics, epigenetics, and kinase signaling, eradication of CSCs remains an unattainable goal in most human malignancies. While phosphatases contribute equally with kinases to cellular phosphoregulation, our understanding of phosphatases in CSCs lags severely behind our knowledge about other CSC signaling mechanisms. Many cancer-relevant phosphatases have recently become druggable, indicating that further understanding of the CSC phosphatases might provide novel therapeutic opportunities. This review summarizes the current knowledge about fundamental, but yet poorly understood involvement of phosphatases in the regulation of major CSC signaling pathways. We also review the functional roles of phosphatases in CSC self-renewal, cancer progression, and therapy resistance; focusing particularly on hematological cancers and glioblastoma. We further discuss the small molecule targeting of CSC phosphatases and their therapeutic potential in cancer combination therapies.
Collapse
|
29
|
Desterke C, Bennaceur-Griscelli A, Turhan AG. EGR1 dysregulation defines an inflammatory and leukemic program in cell trajectory of human-aged hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:419. [PMID: 34294125 PMCID: PMC8296523 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02498-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During aging, hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) lose progressively both their self-renewal and differentiation potential. The precise molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon are not well established. To uncover the molecular events underlying this event, we have performed a bioinformatics analysis of 650 single-cell transcriptomes. Methods Single-cell transcriptome analyses of expression heterogeneity, cell cycle, and cell trajectory in human cell compartment enriched in hematopoietic stem cell compartment were investigated in the bone marrow according to the age of the donors. Identification of aging-related nodules was identified by weighted correlation network analysis in this primitive compartment. Results The analysis of single-cell transcriptomes allowed to uncover a major upregulation of EGR1 in human-aged lineage−CD34+CD38− cells which present cell cycle dysregulation with reduction of G2/M phase according to less expression of CCND2 during S phase. EGR1 upregulation in aging hematopoietic stem cells was found to be independent of cell cycle phases and gender. EGR1 expression trajectory in aged HSC highlighted a signature enriched in hematopoietic and immune disorders with the best induction of AP-1 complex and quiescence regulators such as EGR1, BTG2, JUNB, and NR41A. Sonic Hedgehog-related TMEM107 transmembrane molecule followed also EGR1 cell trajectory. EGR1-dependent gene weighted network analysis in human HSC-associated IER2 target protein-specific regulators of PP2A activity, IL1B, TNFSF10 ligands, and CD69, SELP membrane molecules in old HSC module with immune and leukemogenic signature. In contrast, for young HSC which were found with different cell cycle phase progression, its specific module highlighted upregulation of HIF1A hypoxic factor, PDE4B immune marker, DRAK2 (STK17B) T cell apoptosis regulator, and MYADM myeloid-associated marker. Conclusion EGR1 was found to be connected to the aging of human HSC and highlighted a specific cell trajectory contributing to the dysregulation of an inflammatory and leukemia-related transcriptional program in aged human HSCs. EGR1 and its program were found to be connected to the aging of human HSC with dissociation of quiescence property and cell cycle phase progression in this primitive hematopoietic compartment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02498-0.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Annelise Bennaceur-Griscelli
- INSERM UA9, University Paris-Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France.,ESTeam Paris Sud, INGESTEM National IPSC Infrastructure, University Paris-Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France.,Division of Hematology, APHP-Paris Saclay University Hospitals, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94275, 94800, Villejuif, France.,Faculty of Medicine, University Paris Saclay, 94275, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Ali G Turhan
- INSERM UA9, University Paris-Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France. .,ESTeam Paris Sud, INGESTEM National IPSC Infrastructure, University Paris-Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France. .,Division of Hematology, APHP-Paris Saclay University Hospitals, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94275, 94800, Villejuif, France. .,Faculty of Medicine, University Paris Saclay, 94275, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Vainonen JP, Momeny M, Westermarck J. Druggable cancer phosphatases. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/588/eabe2967. [PMID: 33827975 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abe2967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The phosphorylation status of oncoproteins is regulated by both kinases and phosphatases. Kinase inhibitors are rarely sufficient for successful cancer treatment, and phosphatases have been considered undruggable targets for cancer drug development. However, innovative pharmacological approaches for targeting phosphatases have recently emerged. Here, we review progress in the therapeutic targeting of oncogenic Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-2 (SHP2) and tumor suppressor protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and select other druggable oncogenic and tumor suppressor phosphatases. We describe the modes of action for currently available small molecules that target phosphatases, their use in drug combinations, and advances in clinical development toward future cancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia P Vainonen
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Majid Momeny
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jukka Westermarck
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland. .,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Meeusen B, Cortesi EE, Domènech Omella J, Sablina A, Ventura JJ, Janssens V. PPP2R4 dysfunction promotes KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinoma development and mediates opposite responses to MEK and mTOR inhibition. Cancer Lett 2021; 520:57-67. [PMID: 34216687 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinomas represent the largest molecular subgroup of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) and are notorious for their dismal survival perspectives. To gain more insights in etiology and therapeutic response, we focused on the tumor suppressor Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) as a player in KRAS oncogenic signaling. We report that the PP2A activator PTPA (encoded by PPP2R4) is commonly affected in NSCLC by heterozygous loss and low-frequent loss-of-function mutation, and this is specifically associated with poorer overall survival of KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinoma patients. Reduced or mutant PPP2R4 expression in A549 cells increased anchorage-independent growth in vitro and xenograft growth in vivo, correlating with increased Ki67 and c-MYC expression. Moreover, KrasG12D-induced lung tumorigenesis was significantly accelerated in Ppp2r4 gene trapped mice as compared to Ppp2r4 wild-type. A confined kinase inhibitor screen revealed that PPP2R4-depletion induced resistance against selumetinib (MEK inhibitor), but unexpectedly sensitized cells for temsirolimus (mTOR inhibitor), in vitro and in vivo. Our findings underscore a clinically relevant role for PTPA loss-of-function in KRAS-mutant NSCLC etiology and kinase inhibitor response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bob Meeusen
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Dept. Cellular & Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emanuela Elsa Cortesi
- Translational Cell & Tissue Research, Dept. Imaging & Pathology, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Judit Domènech Omella
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Dept. Cellular & Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anna Sablina
- KU Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Mechanisms of Cell Transformation, VIB Center for Cancer Biology & Dept. Oncology, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Juan-Jose Ventura
- Translational Cell & Tissue Research, Dept. Imaging & Pathology, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Janssens
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Dept. Cellular & Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Soverini S, De Santis S, Monaldi C, Bruno S, Mancini M. Targeting Leukemic Stem Cells in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Is It Worth the Effort? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137093. [PMID: 34209376 PMCID: PMC8269304 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a classical example of stem cell cancer since it arises in a multipotent hematopoietic stem cell upon the acquisition of the t(9;22) chromosomal translocation, that converts it into a leukemic stem cell (LSC). The resulting BCR-ABL1 fusion gene encodes a deregulated tyrosine kinase that is recognized as the disease driver. Therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) eliminates progenitor and more differentiated cells but fails to eradicate quiescent LSCs. Thus, although many patients obtain excellent responses and a proportion of them can even attempt treatment discontinuation (treatment free remission [TFR]) after some years of therapy, LSCs persist, and represent a potentially dangerous reservoir feeding relapse and hampering TFR. Over the past two decades, intensive efforts have been devoted to the characterization of CML LSCs and to the dissection of the cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic mechanisms sustaining their persistence, in an attempt to find druggable targets enabling LSC eradication. Here we provide an overview and an update on these mechanisms, focusing in particular on the most recent acquisitions. Moreover, we provide a critical appraisal of the clinical relevance and feasibility of LSC targeting in CML.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Drug Delivery Systems
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/antagonists & inhibitors
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/enzymology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Soverini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale Università di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (S.D.S.); (C.M.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-214-3832
| | - Sara De Santis
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale Università di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (S.D.S.); (C.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Cecilia Monaldi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale Università di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (S.D.S.); (C.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Samantha Bruno
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale Università di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (S.D.S.); (C.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Manuela Mancini
- Istituto di Ematologia “Seràgnoli”, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dacol EC, Wang S, Chen Y, Lepique AP. The interaction of SET and protein phosphatase 2A as target for cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188578. [PMID: 34116173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In cancer cells, tumor suppressor proteins loss-of-function are usually the result of genetic mutations. Protein Phosphatase 2A is a tumor suppressor that inactivates several signaling pathways through removal of phosphate residues important for other proteins stability and/or activation. Different from other tumor suppressors, PP2A is, in many cancer types, inactivated by endogenous inhibitors. In physiological conditions, these inhibitors are important to balance PP2A activity. However, in cancer cells, overexpression of these inhibitors can keep PP2A inactive, resulting in sustained activation of mitogenic signaling pathways and transcription factors, metabolic reprogramming, with the resulting cancer progression and the resistance to anti-cancer therapies. One of these endogenous inhibitors is the protein SET (SE Translocation). SET is a multifunctional protein, which high expression has been associated with several types of cancer, as well as other diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Disruption of the interaction between SET and PP2A to rescue the activity of PP2A may represent a new therapeutic strategy and opportunity for cancer treatment. This review brings up-to-date advances on the interactions between SET and PP2A and their biological consequences. Moreover, we review reported inhibitors of SET-PP2A interaction under investigation as therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E C Dacol
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av.Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, room 136, Biomedicas IV Building, São Paulo CEP 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - S Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Y Chen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - A P Lepique
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av.Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, room 136, Biomedicas IV Building, São Paulo CEP 05508-000, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
The Role of Ceramide Metabolism and Signaling in the Regulation of Mitophagy and Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102475. [PMID: 34069611 PMCID: PMC8161379 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Sphingolipids are membrane-associated lipids that are involved in signal transduction pathways regulating cell death, growth, and migration. In cancer cells, sphingolipids regulate pathways relevant to cancer therapy, such as invasion, metastasis, apoptosis, and lethal mitophagy. Notable sphingolipids include ceramide, a sphingolipid that induces death and lethal mitophagy, and sphingosine-1 phosphate, a sphingolipid that induces survival and chemotherapeutic resistance. These sphingolipids participate in regulating the process of mitophagy, where cells encapsulate damaged mitochondria in double-membrane vesicles (called autophagosomes) for degradation. Lethal mitophagy is an anti-tumorigenic mechanism mediated by ceramide, where cells degrade many mitochondria until the cancer cell dies in an apoptosis-independent manner. Abstract Sphingolipids are bioactive lipids responsible for regulating diverse cellular functions such as proliferation, migration, senescence, and death. These lipids are characterized by a long-chain sphingosine backbone amide-linked to a fatty acyl chain with variable length. The length of the fatty acyl chain is determined by specific ceramide synthases, and this fatty acyl length also determines the sphingolipid’s specialized functions within the cell. One function in particular, the regulation of the selective autophagy of mitochondria, or mitophagy, is closely regulated by ceramide, a key regulatory sphingolipid. Mitophagy alterations have important implications for cancer cell proliferation, response to chemotherapeutics, and mitophagy-mediated cell death. This review will focus on the alterations of ceramide synthases in cancer and sphingolipid regulation of lethal mitophagy, concerning cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
35
|
Mu H, Zhu X, Jia H, Zhou L, Liu H. Combination Therapies in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia for Potential Treatment-Free Remission: Focus on Leukemia Stem Cells and Immune Modulation. Front Oncol 2021; 11:643382. [PMID: 34055612 PMCID: PMC8155539 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.643382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKI) has revolutionized the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), patients are not cured with the current therapy modalities. Also, the more recent goal of CML treatment is to induce successful treatment-free remission (TFR) among patients achieving durable deep molecular response (DMR). Together, it is necessary to develop novel, curative treatment strategies. With advancements in understanding the biology of CML, such as dormant Leukemic Stem Cells (LSCs) and impaired immune modulation, a number of agents are now under investigation. This review updates such agents that target LSCs, and together with TKIs, have the potential to eradicate CML. Moreover, we describe the developing immunotherapy for controlling CML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Mu
- Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Jia
- Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Current Views on the Interplay between Tyrosine Kinases and Phosphatases in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102311. [PMID: 34065882 PMCID: PMC8151247 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The chromosomal alteration t(9;22) generating the BCR-ABL1 fusion protein represents the principal feature that distinguishes some types of leukemia. An increasing number of articles have focused the attention on the relevance of protein phosphatases and their potential role in the control of BCR-ABL1-dependent or -independent signaling in different areas related to the biology of chronic myeloid leukemia. Herein, we discuss how tyrosine and serine/threonine protein phosphatases may interact with protein kinases, in order to regulate proliferative signal cascades, quiescence and self-renewals on leukemic stem cells, and drug-resistance, indicating how BCR-ABL1 can (directly or indirectly) affect these critical cells behaviors. We provide an updated review of the literature on the function of protein phosphatases and their regulation mechanism in chronic myeloid leukemia. Abstract Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disorder characterized by BCR-ABL1 oncogene expression. This dysregulated protein-tyrosine kinase (PTK) is known as the principal driver of the disease and is targeted by tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Extensive documentation has elucidated how the transformation of malignant cells is characterized by multiple genetic/epigenetic changes leading to the loss of tumor-suppressor genes function or proto-oncogenes expression. The impairment of adequate levels of substrates phosphorylation, thus affecting the balance PTKs and protein phosphatases (PPs), represents a well-established cellular mechanism to escape from self-limiting signals. In this review, we focus our attention on the characterization of and interactions between PTKs and PPs, emphasizing their biological roles in disease expansion, the regulation of LSCs and TKI resistance. We decided to separate those PPs that have been validated in primary cell models or leukemia mouse models from those whose studies have been performed only in cell lines (and, thus, require validation), as there may be differences in the manner that the associated pathways are modified under these two conditions. This review summarizes the roles of diverse PPs, with hope that better knowledge of the interplay among phosphatases and kinases will eventually result in a better understanding of this disease and contribute to its eradication.
Collapse
|
37
|
Yung Y, Lee E, Chu HT, Yip PK, Gill H. Targeting Abnormal Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia and Philadelphia Chromosome-Negative Classical Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020659. [PMID: 33440869 PMCID: PMC7827471 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are unique hematopoietic stem cell disorders sharing mutations that constitutively activate the signal-transduction pathways involved in haematopoiesis. They are characterized by stem cell-derived clonal myeloproliferation. The key MPNs comprise chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). CML is defined by the presence of the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome and BCR-ABL1 fusion gene. Despite effective cytoreductive agents and targeted therapy, complete CML/MPN stem cell eradication is rarely achieved. In this review article, we discuss the novel agents and combination therapy that can potentially abnormal hematopoietic stem cells in CML and MPNs and the CML/MPN stem cell-sustaining bone marrow microenvironment.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Autophagy
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Disease Susceptibility
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/etiology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/etiology
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/pathology
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/therapy
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Philadelphia Chromosome
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Stem Cell Niche
- Tumor Microenvironment
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Harinder Gill
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-2255-4542; Fax: +852-2816-2863
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ruiz MS, Sánchez MB, Bonecker S, Furtado C, Koile D, Yankilevich P, Cranco S, Custidiano MDR, Freitas J, Moiraghi B, Pérez MA, Pavlovsky C, Varela AI, Ventriglia V, Sánchez Ávalos JC, Larripa I, Zalcberg I, Mordoh J, Valent P, Bianchini M. miRNome profiling of LSC-enriched CD34 +CD38 -CD26 + fraction in Ph + CML-CP samples from Argentinean patients: a potential new pharmacogenomic tool. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:612573. [PMID: 33569005 PMCID: PMC7869017 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.612573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloid stem cell neoplasm characterized by an expansion of myeloid progenitor cells and the presence of BCR-ABL1 oncoprotein. Since the introduction of specific BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), overall survival has improved significantly. However, under long-term therapy patients may have residual disease that originates from TKI-resistant leukemic stem cells (LSC). In this work, we analyzed the miRNome of LSC-enriched CD34+CD38−CD26+ and normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) fractions obtained from the same chronic phase (CP) CML patients, and stem and progenitor cells obtained from healthy donors (HD) by next-generation sequencing. We detected a global decrease of microRNA levels in LSC-enriched CD34+CD38−CD26+ and HSC fractions from CML-CP patients, and decreased levels of microRNAs and snoRNAs from a genomic cluster in chromosome 14, suggesting a mechanism of silencing of multiple non-coding RNAs. Surprisingly, HSC from CML-CP patients, despite the absence of BCR-ABL1 expression, showed an altered miRNome. We confirmed by RT-qPCR that the levels of miR-196a-5p were increased more than nine-fold in CD26+ (BCR-ABL1+) vs. CD26− (BCR-ABL1−) CD34+CD38− fractions from CML-CP patients at diagnosis, and in silico analysis revealed a significant association to lipid metabolism and hematopoiesis functions. In the light of recent descriptions of increased oxidative metabolism in CML LSC-enriched fractions, these results serve as a guide for future functional studies that evaluate the role of microRNAs in this process. Metabolic vulnerabilities in LSCs open the road for new therapeutic strategies. This is the first report of the miRNome of CML-CP CD34+CD38− fractions that distinguishes between CD26+ (BCR-ABL1+) and their CD26− (BCR-ABL1-) counterparts, providing valuable data for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Sol Ruiz
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas-Fundación Cáncer, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Belén Sánchez
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas-Fundación Cáncer, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Simone Bonecker
- Centro de Transplante de Medula Óssea, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carolina Furtado
- Programa de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel Koile
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricio Yankilevich
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago Cranco
- Instituto Alexander Fleming, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Beatriz Moiraghi
- Hospital J. M. Ramos Mejía, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Ana Inés Varela
- Hospital J. M. Ramos Mejía, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Irene Larripa
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental, CONICET/Academia Nacional de Medicina, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ilana Zalcberg
- Centro de Transplante de Medula Óssea, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Mordoh
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Fundación Cáncer, Buenos, Aires, Argentina.,IIBBA-CONICET, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Buenos, Aires, Argentina.,Instituto Alexander Fleming, Buenos, Aires, Argentina
| | - Peter Valent
- Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michele Bianchini
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas-Fundación Cáncer, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Minciacchi VR, Kumar R, Krause DS. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: A Model Disease of the Past, Present and Future. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010117. [PMID: 33435150 PMCID: PMC7827482 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has been a "model disease" with a long history. Beginning with the first discovery of leukemia and the description of the Philadelphia Chromosome and ending with the current goal of achieving treatment-free remission after targeted therapies, we describe here the journey of CML, focusing on molecular pathways relating to signaling, metabolism and the bone marrow microenvironment. We highlight current strategies for combination therapies aimed at eradicating the CML stem cell; hopefully the final destination of this long voyage.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- History, 20th Century
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/history
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Models, Biological
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Tumor Microenvironment/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina R. Minciacchi
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (V.R.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (V.R.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Daniela S. Krause
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (V.R.M.); (R.K.)
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Clinic II, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-69-63395-500; Fax: +49-69-63395-519
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
CML Chapter. Cancer Treat Res 2021; 181:97-114. [PMID: 34626357 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-78311-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) imatinib in the early 2000's revolutionized the treatment and prognosis of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) [Hochhaus et al. in N Engl J Med 376:917-927, 2017]. The treatment of patients with CML has changed dramatically since the approval of imatinib and other TKIs. Before the TKI era, newly diagnosed patients would undergo HLA typing to try to identify a well-matched donor, and then proceed quickly to allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). With the introduction of imatinib followed a few years later by dasatinib, nilotinib, then bosutinib, treatment approaches changed in a dramatic way. Transplantation is no longer an upfront treatment option for newly diagnosed CML patients, and in fact, it is very rarely used in the management of a patient with CML currently. The management of CML patients has been a model of personalized medicine or targeted therapy that is being emulated in the treatment of many other hematologic malignancies and solid tumors such as lung cancer [Soverini et al. in Mol Cancer 17:49, 2018]. The Philadelphia Chromosome (Ph) which leads to the formation of the BCR-ABL fusion gene and its product the BCR-ABL protein is the cause of CML. With effective targeting of this protein with the available TKIs, the disease is completely controllable if not curable for most patients. Life expectancy for patients with CML is essentially normal. Quality of life becomes an important goal including the potential for pregnancy, and ultimately the chance to discontinue all TKI therapy permanently. The three cases outlined below serve to highlight some of the important issues in the management of patients with CML in the post-TKI era.
Collapse
|
41
|
Karkache IY, Damodaran JR, Molstad DHH, Bradley EW. Serine/threonine phosphatases in osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. Gene 2020; 771:145362. [PMID: 33338510 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of optimal bone mass is controlled through the concerted functions of several cell types, including bone resorbing osteoclasts. Osteoclasts function to remove calcified tissue during developmental bone modeling, and degrade bone at sites of damage during bone remodeling. Changes to bone homeostasis can arise with alterations in osteoclastogenesis and/or catabolic activity that are not offset by anabolic activity; thus, factors that regulate osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption are of interest to further our understanding of basic bone biology, and as potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Several key cytokines, including RANKL and M-CSF, as well as co-stimulatory factors elicit kinase signaling cascades that promote osteoclastogenesis. These kinase cascades are offset by the action of protein phosphatases, including members of the serine/threonine phosphatase family. Here we review the functions of serine/threonine phosphatases and their control of osteoclast differentiation and function, while highlighting deficiencies in our understanding of this understudied class of proteins within the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Y Karkache
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Jeyaram R Damodaran
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - David H H Molstad
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Elizabeth W Bradley
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States; Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Simon‐Gracia L, Savier E, Parizot C, Brossas JY, Loisel S, Teesalu T, Conti F, Charlotte F, Scatton O, Aoudjehane L, Rebollo A. Bifunctional Therapeutic Peptides for Targeting Malignant B Cells and Hepatocytes: Proof of Concept in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Simon‐Gracia
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine University of Tartu Tartu 50411 Estonia
| | - Eric Savier
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Liver Transplantation Surgery, AP‐HP Pitié‐Salpêtrière Hospital Paris 75013 France
- Sorbonne Université INSERM, ICAN Paris 75006 France
| | - Christophe Parizot
- Department of Immunology, AP‐HP Pitié‐Salpêtrière Hospital Paris 75013 France
| | - Jean Yves Brossas
- Department of Parasitology, AP‐HP Pitié‐Salpêtrière Hospital Paris 75013 France
| | - Severine Loisel
- Service Général des plateformes, Animalerie Commune Université de Brest Brest 29238 France
| | - Tambet Teesalu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine University of Tartu Tartu 50411 Estonia
- Cancer Research Center Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute La Jolla CA 92037 USA
- Center for Nanomedicine University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Filomena Conti
- Sorbonne Université INSERM, ICAN Paris 75006 France
- Department of Medical Liver Transplantation AP‐HP Pitié‐Salpêtrière Paris 75013 France
| | - Frederic Charlotte
- Department of Anatomophatoloty, AP‐HP Pitié‐Salpêtrière Hospital Paris 75013 France
| | - Olivier Scatton
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Liver Transplantation Surgery, AP‐HP Pitié‐Salpêtrière Hospital Paris 75013 France
| | | | - Angelita Rebollo
- Inserm U1267, CNRS‐UMR 8258, Faculté de Pharmacie Paris 75006 France
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Park CS, Lacorazza HD. DYRK2 controls a key regulatory network in chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1663-1672. [PMID: 33067577 PMCID: PMC8080801 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-00515-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia is a hematological cancer driven by the oncoprotein BCR-ABL1, and lifelong treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors extends patient survival to nearly the life expectancy of the general population. Despite advances in the development of more potent tyrosine kinase inhibitors to induce a durable deep molecular response, more than half of patients relapse upon treatment discontinuation. This clinical finding supports the paradigm that leukemia stem cells feed the neoplasm, resist tyrosine kinase inhibition, and reactivate upon drug withdrawal depending on the fitness of the patient's immune surveillance. This concept lends support to the idea that treatment-free remission is not achieved solely with tyrosine kinase inhibitors and that new molecular targets independent of BCR-ABL1 signaling are needed in order to develop adjuvant therapy to more efficiently eradicate the leukemia stem cell population responsible for chemoresistance and relapse. Future efforts must focus on the identification of new targets to support the discovery of potent and safe small molecules able to specifically eradicate the leukemic stem cell population. In this review, we briefly discuss molecular maintenance in leukemia stem cells in chronic myeloid leukemia and provide a more in-depth discussion of the dual-specificity kinase DYRK2, which has been identified as a novel actionable checkpoint in a critical leukemic network. DYRK2 controls the activation of p53 and proteasomal degradation of c-MYC, leading to impaired survival and self-renewal of leukemia stem cells; thus, pharmacological activation of DYRK2 as an adjuvant to standard therapy has the potential to induce treatment-free remission.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Self Renewal/genetics
- Disease Susceptibility
- Energy Metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/etiology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Protein Binding
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Dyrk Kinases
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Shik Park
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - H Daniel Lacorazza
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
The Greatwall kinase safeguards the genome integrity by affecting the kinome activity in mitosis. Oncogene 2020; 39:6816-6840. [PMID: 32978522 PMCID: PMC7605441 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01470-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Progression through mitosis is balanced by the timely regulation of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events ensuring the correct segregation of chromosomes before cytokinesis. This balance is regulated by the opposing actions of CDK1 and PP2A, as well as the Greatwall kinase/MASTL. MASTL is commonly overexpressed in cancer, which makes it a potential therapeutic anticancer target. Loss of Mastl induces multiple chromosomal errors that lead to the accumulation of micronuclei and multilobulated cells in mitosis. Our analyses revealed that loss of Mastl leads to chromosome breaks and abnormalities impairing correct segregation. Phospho-proteomic data for Mastl knockout cells revealed alterations in proteins implicated in multiple processes during mitosis including double-strand DNA damage repair. In silico prediction of the kinases with affected activity unveiled NEK2 to be regulated in the absence of Mastl. We uncovered that, RAD51AP1, involved in regulation of homologous recombination, is phosphorylated by NEK2 and CDK1 but also efficiently dephosphorylated by PP2A/B55. Our results suggest that MastlKO disturbs the equilibrium of the mitotic phosphoproteome that leads to the disruption of DNA damage repair and triggers an accumulation of chromosome breaks even in noncancerous cells.
Collapse
|
45
|
|
46
|
Lei X, Ma N, Du L, Liang Y, Zhang P, Han Y, Qu B. PP2A and tumor radiotherapy. Hereditas 2020; 157:36. [PMID: 32847617 PMCID: PMC7450598 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-020-00149-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a serine/threonine phosphatase that serves as a key regulator of cellular physiology in the context of apoptosis, mitosis, and DNA damage responses. Canonically, PP2A functions as a tumor suppressor gene. However, recent evidence suggests that inhibiting PP2A activity in tumor cells may represent a viable approach to enhancing tumor sensitivity to chemoradiotherapy as such inhibition can cause cells to enter a disordered mitotic state that renders them more susceptible to cell death. Indeed, there is evidence that inhibiting PP2A can slow tumor growth following radiotherapy in a range of cancer types including ovarian cancer, liver cancer, malignant glioma, pancreatic cancer, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In the present review, we discuss current understanding of the role of PP2A in tumor radiotherapy and the potential mechanisms whereby it may influence this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lei
- The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Na Ma
- The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lehui Du
- The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yanjie Liang
- The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Pei Zhang
- The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Han
- The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Baolin Qu
- The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology, Beijing, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Arribas RL, Bordas A, Domènech Omella J, Cedillo JL, Janssens V, Montiel C, de Los Ríos C. An okadaic acid fragment analogue prevents nicotine-induced resistance to cisplatin by recovering PP2A activity in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Bioorg Chem 2020; 100:103874. [PMID: 32361056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We herein report the design, synthesis, and functional impact of an okadaic acid (OA) small analogue, ITH12680, which restores the activity of phosphoprotein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), whose deficient activity has been implicated in nicotine-mediated tumor progression and chemoresistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). For its design, we paid attention to the structure of the PP2A-OA complex, where the C16-C38 OA fragment confers PP2A affinity and selectivity, but it is not involved in the inhibitory effect. Confirming this hypothesis, PP2A activity was not inhibited by ITH12680. By contrast, the compound partially restored OA-exerted PP2A inhibition in vitro. Moreover, flow cytometry and immunoblotting experiments revealed that ITH12680 reversed nicotine-induced cisplatin resistance in NSCLC cells, as it prevented nicotine-induced reduction of Bax expression and inhibited nicotine-mediated activation of cell survival and proliferation kinases, Akt and ERK1/2. Our findings suggest that the rescue of nicotine-inhibited PP2A activity could diminish the resistance to cisplatin treatment observed in NSCLC patients who continue smoking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel L Arribas
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Bordas
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Judit Domènech Omella
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, & LKI (Leuven Cancer Institute), Belgium
| | - Jose Luis Cedillo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Veerle Janssens
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, & LKI (Leuven Cancer Institute), Belgium
| | - Carmen Montiel
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Cristóbal de Los Ríos
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, C/ Diego de León, 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lai D, Chen M, Su J, Liu X, Rothe K, Hu K, Forrest DL, Eaves CJ, Morin GB, Jiang X. Response to Comment on "PP2A inhibition sensitizes cancer stem cells to ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors in BCR-ABL + human leukemia". Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/501/eaav0819. [PMID: 31316004 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aav0819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
LB100 sensitizes resistant chronic phase CML stem and progenitor cells to TKIs and spares healthy bone marrow cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damian Lai
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Min Chen
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Jiechuang Su
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Xiaohu Liu
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Katharina Rothe
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Kaiji Hu
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Donna L Forrest
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada.,Leukemia/Bone Marrow Transplant Program of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Connie J Eaves
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Gregg B Morin
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada.,Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Xiaoyan Jiang
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Perrotti D, Agarwal A, Lucas CM, Narla G, Neviani P, Odero MD, Ruvolo PP, Verrills NM. Comment on "PP2A inhibition sensitizes cancer stem cells to ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors in BCR-ABL human leukemia". Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/501/eaau0416. [PMID: 31316003 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aau0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
LB100 does not sensitize CML stem cells to tyrosine kinase inhibitor-induced apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Perrotti
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. .,Department of Haematology, Imperial College London, London W12 0HS, UK
| | - Anupriya Agarwal
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Claire M Lucas
- University of Chester Medical School, Chester CH2 1BR, UK
| | - Goutham Narla
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Paolo Neviani
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | | | - Peter P Ruvolo
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 77054 TX, USA
| | - Nicole M Verrills
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Silvestri G, Trotta R, Stramucci L, Ellis JJ, Harb JG, Neviani P, Wang S, Eisfeld AK, Walker CJ, Zhang B, Srutova K, Gambacorti-Passerini C, Pineda G, Jamieson CHM, Stagno F, Vigneri P, Nteliopoulos G, May PC, Reid AG, Garzon R, Roy DC, Moutuou MM, Guimond M, Hokland P, Deininger MW, Fitzgerald G, Harman C, Dazzi F, Milojkovic D, Apperley JF, Marcucci G, Qi J, Polakova KM, Zou Y, Fan X, Baer MR, Calabretta B, Perrotti D. Persistence of Drug-Resistant Leukemic Stem Cells and Impaired NK Cell Immunity in CML Patients Depend on MIR300 Antiproliferative and PP2A-Activating Functions. Blood Cancer Discov 2020; 1:48-67. [PMID: 32974613 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.bcd-19-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistence of drug-resistant quiescent leukemic stem cells (LSC) and impaired natural killer (NK) cell immune response account for relapse of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Inactivation of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is essential for CML-quiescent LSC survival and NK cell antitumor activity. Here we show that MIR300 has antiproliferative and PP2A-activating functions that are dose dependently differentially induced by CCND2/CDK6 and SET inhibition, respectively. MIR300 is upregulated in CML LSCs and NK cells by bone marrow microenvironment (BMM) signals to induce quiescence and impair immune response, respectively. Conversely, BCR-ABL1 downregulates MIR300 in CML progenitors to prevent growth arrest and PP2A-mediated apoptosis. Quiescent LSCs escape apoptosis by upregulating TUG1 long noncoding RNA that uncouples and limits MIR300 function to cytostasis. Genetic and pharmacologic MIR300 modulation and/or PP2A-activating drug treatment restore NK cell activity, inhibit BMM-induced growth arrest, and selectively trigger LSC apoptosis in vitro and in patient-derived xenografts; hence, the importance of MIR300 and PP2A activity for CML development and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovannino Silvestri
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rossana Trotta
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lorenzo Stramucci
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Justin J Ellis
- Department of Molecular Virology Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jason G Harb
- Department of Molecular Virology Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Paolo Neviani
- Department of Molecular Virology Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Shuzhen Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ann-Kathrin Eisfeld
- Department of Molecular Virology Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Christopher J Walker
- Department of Molecular Virology Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Bin Zhang
- Division of Hematopoietic Stem Cell and Leukemia Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Klara Srutova
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, University of Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Gabriel Pineda
- Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Catriona H M Jamieson
- Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Fabio Stagno
- Division of Hematology and Unit of Medical Oncology, A.O.U. "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Paolo Vigneri
- Division of Hematology and Unit of Medical Oncology, A.O.U. "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Georgios Nteliopoulos
- Department of Haematology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa C May
- Department of Haematology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair G Reid
- Department of Haematology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ramiro Garzon
- Department of Molecular Virology Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Denis-Claude Roy
- Department of Hematology and Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Moutuaata M Moutuou
- Department of Hematology and Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martin Guimond
- Department of Hematology and Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Peter Hokland
- Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael W Deininger
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Garrett Fitzgerald
- Center for Advanced Fetal Care University, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christopher Harman
- Center for Advanced Fetal Care University, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Francesco Dazzi
- Division of Cancer Studies, Rayne Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dragana Milojkovic
- Department of Haematology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane F Apperley
- Department of Haematology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guido Marcucci
- Division of Hematopoietic Stem Cell and Leukemia Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Jianfei Qi
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Ying Zou
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xiaoxuan Fan
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Maria R Baer
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bruno Calabretta
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Danilo Perrotti
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Haematology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|