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Abstract
OBJECTIVES A large and diverse literature has implicated abnormalities of striatal structure and function in both unipolar and bipolar disorder. Recent functional imaging studies have greatly expanded this body of research. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive and critical appraisal of the relevant literature. METHODS A total of 331 relevant articles were reviewed to develop an integrated overview of striatal function in mood disorders. RESULTS There is compelling evidence from multiple studies that functional abnormalities of the striatum and greater corticostriatal circuitry exist in at least some forms of affective illness. The literature does not yet provide data to determine whether these aberrations represent primary pathology or they contribute directly to symptom expression. Finally, there is considerable evidence that bipolar disorder may be associated with striatal hyperactivity and some suggestion that unipolar illness may be associated with hypoactivation. CONCLUSIONS Additional research investigating striatal function in affective disorders will be critical to the development of comprehensive models of the neurobiology of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Marchand
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VISN 19 MIRECC, 5500 Foothill, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA.
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2
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Serretti A, Mandelli L. The genetics of bipolar disorder: genome 'hot regions,' genes, new potential candidates and future directions. Mol Psychiatry 2008; 13:742-71. [PMID: 18332878 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2008.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BP) is a complex disorder caused by a number of liability genes interacting with the environment. In recent years, a large number of linkage and association studies have been conducted producing an extremely large number of findings often not replicated or partially replicated. Further, results from linkage and association studies are not always easily comparable. Unfortunately, at present a comprehensive coverage of available evidence is still lacking. In the present paper, we summarized results obtained from both linkage and association studies in BP. Further, we indicated new potential interesting genes, located in genome 'hot regions' for BP and being expressed in the brain. We reviewed published studies on the subject till December 2007. We precisely localized regions where positive linkage has been found, by the NCBI Map viewer (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mapview/); further, we identified genes located in interesting areas and expressed in the brain, by the Entrez gene, Unigene databases (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/) and Human Protein Reference Database (http://www.hprd.org); these genes could be of interest in future investigations. The review of association studies gave interesting results, as a number of genes seem to be definitively involved in BP, such as SLC6A4, TPH2, DRD4, SLC6A3, DAOA, DTNBP1, NRG1, DISC1 and BDNF. A number of promising genes, which received independent confirmations, and genes that have to be further investigated in BP, have been also systematically listed. In conclusion, the combination of linkage and association approaches provided a number of liability genes. Nevertheless, other approaches are required to disentangle conflicting findings, such as gene interaction analyses, interaction with psychosocial and environmental factors and, finally, endophenotype investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Serretti
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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3
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Venken T, Alaerts M, Souery D, Goossens D, Sluijs S, Navon R, Van Broeckhoven C, Mendlewicz J, Del-Favero J, Claes S. Chromosome 10q harbors a susceptibility locus for bipolar disorder in Ashkenazi Jewish families. Mol Psychiatry 2008; 13:442-50. [PMID: 17579605 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4002039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the results of a 10 cM density genome-wide scan and further fine mapping of three chromosomal candidate regions in 10 Belgian multigenerational families with bipolar (BP) disorder. This two-stage approach revealed significant evidence for linkage on chromosome 10q21.3-10q22.3, showing a maximum multipoint parametric heterogeneity logarithm of odds (HLOD) score of 3.28 and a nonparametric linkage (NPL) score of 4.00. Most of the chromosome 10q evidence was derived from a single, large Ashkenazi Jewish pedigree. Haplotype analysis in this pedigree shows that the patients share a 14-marker haplotype, defining a chromosomal candidate region of 19.2 cM. This region was reported previously as a candidate region for BP disorder in several independent linkage analysis studies and in one large meta-analysis. It was also implicated in a linkage study on schizophrenia (SZ) in Ashkenazi Jewish families. Additionally, we found suggestive evidence for linkage on chromosome 19q13.2-13.4 (HLOD 2.01, NPL 1.09) and chromosome 7q21-q22 (HLOD 1.45, NPL 2.28). Together, these observations suggest that a gene located on chromosome 10q21.3-10q22.3 is underlying the susceptibility both for SZ and for BP disorder in at least the Ashkenazi Jewish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Venken
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology VIB, Antwerpen, Belgium
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4
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Gershon AA, Vishne T, Grunhaus L. Dopamine D2-like receptors and the antidepressant response. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 61:145-53. [PMID: 16934770 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Revised: 05/12/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Converging lines of evidence suggest a role for the mesolimbic dopamine system in the response to somatic antidepressant therapies. Here, we review evidence suggesting that antidepressant treatments of different types share the effect of increasing the sensitivity of dopamine D2-like receptors in the nucleus accumbens, clinical studies suggesting that activation of these receptors has antidepressant efficacy, as well as relevant imaging and genetic data on the role of this system in the antidepressant response. We then attempt to reconcile this data with evidence of a common target of antidepressant drugs in the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding protein-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (CREB-BDNF) pathway in a model that suggests potential directions for future inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari A Gershon
- Division of Psychiatry, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
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5
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Mann JJ, Currier D. Effects of genes and stress on the neurobiology of depression. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2006; 73:153-89. [PMID: 16737904 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(06)73005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J John Mann
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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López León S, Croes EA, Sayed-Tabatabaei FA, Claes S, Van Broeckhoven C, van Duijn CM. The dopamine D4 receptor gene 48-base-pair-repeat polymorphism and mood disorders: a meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 57:999-1003. [PMID: 15860340 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2004] [Revised: 12/30/2004] [Accepted: 01/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We conducted a meta-analysis to re-evaluate the role of the dopamine D4 receptor gene 48-base-pair- repeat (DRD4) polymorphism in mood disorders. METHODS DRD4 allele frequencies were compared between 917 patients with unipolar (UP) or bipolar affective disorder (BP) and 1164 control subjects from 12 samples, using the Cochrane Review Manager. RESULTS An association was found between all mood disorder groups and DRD4.2. After correcting for multiple testing, the association between DRD4.2 and BP dropped to insignificance; however, the evidence of an association between the DRD4.2 allele and UP (p < .001) and the combined group (p < .001) remained. There was no evidence for heterogeneity or publication bias. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the DRD4.2 allele is a risk allele for depression symptomatology. Meta-analysis may be a valuable objective tool for a quantitative summary of evidence for association studies in psychiatric genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra López León
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Tillman R, Geller B, Craney JL, Bolhofner K, Williams M, Zimerman B, Frazier J, Beringer L. Temperament and character factors in a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype compared to attention deficit hyperactive and normal controls. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2004; 13:531-43. [PMID: 14977466 DOI: 10.1089/104454603322724922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare temperament and character (T/C) factors in a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype (PEA-BP), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and normal community controls (NC). METHODS Subjects in PEA-BP (n = 101), ADHD (n = 68), and NC (n = 94) groups were diagnostically assessed with the Washington University in St. Louis Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia given separately to mothers about their children and to children about themselves. Diagnosis of PEA-BP was defined as Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, bipolar disorder (manic or mixed phase) with at least one cardinal symptom of mania (i.e., elation and/or grandiosity) to avoid diagnosing mania by symptoms that overlapped with those for ADHD. The Junior Temperament and Character Inventory (JTCI) was used to measure T/C factors. Separate JTCI data were obtained from mothers about their children and from children about themselves. RESULTS Parent- and child-reported novelty seeking were significantly higher in PEA-BP than in NC subjects. Novelty seeking was significantly higher in the ADHD group than in the NC group only by parent report. Parent and/or child report showed PEA-BP and ADHD subjects to be significantly less reward-dependent, persistent, self-directed, and cooperative than NC subjects. Parent-reported cooperativeness was significantly lower in PEA-BP than in ADHD subjects. CONCLUSION These findings are consistent with studies of novelty seeking in adults who had either BP or ADHD and are discussed in relationship to genetic studies of dopamine receptors and novelty seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Tillman
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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8
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Abstract
Despite significant effort, understanding of the molecular causes and mechanisms of bipolar disorder (BD) remains a major challenge. Numerous molecular genetic linkage and association studies have been conducted over the last two decades; however, the data are quite inconsistent or even controversial. This article develops an argument that molecular studies of BD would benefit significantly from adding an epigenetic (epiG) perspective. EpiG factors refer to modifications of DNA and chromatin that "orchestrate" the activity of the genome, including regulation of gene expression. EpiG mechanisms are consistent with various non-Mendelian features of BD such as the relatively high degree of discordance in monozygotic (MZ) twins, the critical age group for susceptibility to the disease, clinical differences in males and females, and fluctuation of the disease course, including interchanges of manic and depressive phases, among others. Apart from the phenomenological consistency, molecular epiG peculiarities may shed new light on the understanding of controversial molecular genetic findings. The relevance of epigenetics for the molecular studies of BD is demonstrated using the examples of genetic studies of BD on chromosome 11p and the X chromosome. A spectrum of epiG mechanisms such as genomic imprinting, tissue-specific effects, paramutagenesis, and epiG polymorphism, as well as epiG regulation of X chromosome inactivation, is introduced. All this serves the goal of demonstrating that epiG factors cannot be ignored anymore in complex phenotypes such as BD, and systematic large-scale epiG studies of BD have to be initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturas Petronis
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toornto, Canada.
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Muglia P, Petronis A, Mundo E, Lander S, Cate T, Kennedy JL. Dopamine D4 receptor and tyrosine hydroxylase genes in bipolar disorder: evidence for a role of DRD4. Mol Psychiatry 2003; 7:860-6. [PMID: 12232779 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2001] [Revised: 01/14/2002] [Accepted: 01/31/2002] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system in behaviors that are compromised in patients with mood disorder has led to the investigation of dopamine system genes as candidates for bipolar disorder. In particular, the functional VNTRs in the exon III of the dopamine D4 (DRD4) and in intron I of the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) genes have been investigated in numerous association studies that have produced contrasting results. Likewise, linkage studies in multiplex bipolar families have shown both positive and negative results for markers in close proximity to DRD4 and TH on 11p15.5. We performed a linkage disequilibrium analysis of the DRD4 and TH VNTRs in a sample of 145 nuclear families comprised of DSM-IV bipolar probands and their biological parents. An excess of transmissions and non transmissions was observed for the DRD4 4- and 2-repeat alleles respectively. The biased transmission showed a parent of origin effect (POE) since it was derived almost exclusively from the maternal meiosis (4-repeat allele maternally transmitted 40 times vs 20 times non-transmitted; chi(2) = 6.667; df = 1; P = 0.009; while paternally transmitted 26 times vs 21 times non-transmitted; chi(2) = 0.531; df = 1; P = 0.46). The analysis of TH did not reveal biased transmission of intron I VNTR alleles. Although replication of our study is necessary, the fact that DRD4 exhibit POE and is located on 11p15.5, in close proximity to a cluster of imprinted genes, suggests that genomic imprinting may be operating in bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Muglia
- Neurogenetics Section, Clarke Site, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street R-30, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8
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10
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Massat I, Souery D, Del-Favero J, Van Gestel S, Serretti A, Macciardi F, Smeraldi E, Kaneva R, Adolfsson R, Nylander PO, Blackwood D, Muir W, Papadimitriou GN, Dikeos D, Oru? L, Segman RH, Ivezi? S, Aschauer H, Ackenheil M, Fuchshuber S, Dam H, Jakovljevi? M, Peltonen L, Hilger C, Hentges F, Staner L, Milanova V, Jazin E, Lerer B, Van Broeckhoven C, Mendlewicz J. Positive association of dopamine D2 receptor polymorphism with bipolar affective disorder in a European multicenter association study of affective disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Fitzpatrick PF. The aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2000; 74:235-94. [PMID: 10800597 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123201.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The enzymes phenylalanine hydroxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, and tryptophan hydroxylase constitute the family of pterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. Each enzyme catalyzes the hydroxylation of the aromatic side chain of its respective amino acid substrate using molecular oxygen and a tetrahydropterin as substrates. Recent advances have provided insights into the structures, mechanisms, and regulation of these enzymes. The eukaryotic enzymes are homotetramers comprised of homologous catalytic domains and discrete regulatory domains. The ligands to the active site iron atom as well as residues involved in substrate binding have been identified from a combination of structural studies and site-directed mutagenesis. Mechanistic studies with nonphysiological and isotopically substituted substrates have provided details of the mechanism of hydroxylation. While the complex regulatory properties of phenylalanine and tyrosine hydroxylase are still not fully understood, effects of regulation on key kinetic parameters have been identified. Phenylalanine hydroxylase is regulated by an interaction between phosphorylation and allosteric regulation by substrates. Tyrosine hydroxylase is regulated by phosphorylation and feedback inhibition by catecholamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Fitzpatrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-2128, USA
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12
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Serretti A, Lattuada E, Lorenzi C, Lilli R, Smeraldi E. Dopamine receptor D2 Ser/Cys 311 variant is associated with delusion and disorganization symptomatology in major psychoses. Mol Psychiatry 2000; 5:270-4. [PMID: 10889529 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The D2 receptor (DRD2) is a binding site of many psychoactive drugs and it has been proposed as a genetic risk factor for psychiatric disorders. The aim of this investigation was to study the DRD2 S311C variant in major psychoses. We studied 1182 inpatients with diagnoses of bipolar disorder (n = 480), major depressive disorder (n = 269), schizophrenia (n = 366), delusional disorder (n = 44), psychotic disorder not otherwise specified (n = 23) and 267 healthy controls. Eight hundred and eighty-seven subjects were also scored for their lifetime symptomatology using the the Operational Criteria checklist for psychotic illness (OPCRIT). DRD2 variants were not associated with affected subjects even when possible confounders like gender and onset were considered. When we considered the 887 subjects with the symptomatologic analysis, we observed a significant association of the DRD2 S311C variant with both delusion and disorganization features. The association was present independently from diagnoses. Our results do not show that coding variants of the DRD2 S311C play a major role in conferring susceptibility to major psychoses, but they may be connected with disorganized and delusional symptomatology independently from diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Serretti
- Istituto Scientifico Ospedale San Raffaele, Department of Neuropsychiatric Sciences, University of Milan School of Medicine, Italy.
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13
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Serretti A, Macciardi F, Cusin C, Lattuada E, Souery D, Lipp O, Mahieu B, Van Broeckhoven C, Blackwood D, Muir W, Aschauer HN, Heiden AM, Ackenheil M, Fuchshuber S, Raeymaekers P, Verheyen G, Kaneva R, Jablensky A, Papadimitriou GN, Dikeos DG, Stefanis CN, Smeraldi E, Mendlewicz J. Linkage of mood disorders with D2, D3 and TH genes: a multicenter study. J Affect Disord 2000; 58:51-61. [PMID: 10760558 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0327(99)00112-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that the dopaminergic system is involved in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. We conducted a multicenter study of families with mood disorders, to investigate a possible linkage with genes coding for dopamine receptor D2, dopamine receptor D3 and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). METHODS Twenty three mood disorder pedigrees collected within the framework of the European Collaborative Project on Affective Disorders were analyzed with parametric and non-parametric linkage methods. Various potential phenotypes were considered, from a narrow (only bipolar as affected) to a broad (bipolar+major depressive+schizoaffective disorders) definition of affection status. RESULTS Parametric analyses excluded linkage for all the candidate genes, even though small positive LOD (Limit of Detection) scores were observed for TH in three families. Non-parametric analyses yielded negative results for all markers. CONCLUSION The D2 and D3 dopamine receptors were, therefore, not a major liability factor for mood disorders in our sample, whereas TH may play a role in a subgroup of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Serretti
- Istituto Scientifico Ospedale San Raffaele, Department of Neuropsychiatric Sciences, University of Milan School of Medicine, Via Luigi Prinetti 29, 20127, Milan, Italy.
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Gorwood P, Bellivier F, Adès J, Leboyer M. The DRD2 gene and the risk for alcohol dependence in bipolar patients. Eur Psychiatry 2000; 15:103-8. [PMID: 10881206 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(00)00205-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The high co-morbidity between bipolar disorder and alcohol dependence may have different explanations, one of them being the existence of common genetic factors for the two disorders. Several candidate genes may be involved but the genes acting in the dopaminergic pathway may be more specifically involved. We have thus tested the role of the gene encoding the D2 dopamine receptor (TaqI A1 allele) in the potentially shared vulnerability to alcohol dependence and bipolar disorder. One hundred and twenty-two French (for at least two generations) patients were recruited on the basis of hospital or outpatient files and were interviewed with the DIGS. The A1 allele frequencies were compared between four groups, namely, with bipolar patients and co-morbid alcohol dependence (N = 21), with bipolar patients without alcohol morbidity (N = 31), with alcohol dependence without mood disorder (N = 35) and unaffected controls (N = 35). The Hardy Weinberg equilibrium for the DRD2 Taq1 A1 genotypes was respected for the sample as a whole, and for each subsample. We observed that 42.9% of control subjects have at least one A1 allele, a frequency which is not significantly different from the one observed in the affected sample as a whole (39.1%), neither from patients with alcohol dependence (37.1%), patients with bipolar disorder (48.4%) nor patients with alcohol dependence and bipolar disorder (28.6%). The regression analysis based on the three variables (bipolar disorder, alcohol dependence and interaction between these two disorders) does not explain the presence of the A1 allele of the DRD2 gene. We thus found no evidence for a significant role of the A1 allele of the D2 dopamine receptor gene in the specific association between bipolar disorder and alcohol dependence in our sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gorwood
- Hospital Louis Mourier (Service de Psychiatrie adulte du Professeur Adès). Colombes 92700, France
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15
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Souery D, Lipp O, Rivelli SK, Massat I, Serretti A, Cavallini C, Ackenheil M, Adolfsson R, Aschauer H, Blackwood D, Dam H, Dikeos D, Fuchshuber S, Heiden M, Jakovljevic M, Kaneva R, Kessing L, Lerer B, Lönnqvist J, Mellerup T, Milanova V, Muir W, Nylander PO, Oruc L, Mendlewicz J. Tyrosine hydroxylase polymorphism and phenotypic heterogeneity in bipolar affective disorder: a multicenter association study. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1999; 88:527-32. [PMID: 10490711 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19991015)88:5<527::aid-ajmg17>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the metabolism of catecholamines, is considered a candidate gene in bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) and has been the subject of numerous linkage and association studies. Taken together, most results do not support a major gene effect for the TH gene in BPAD. Genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity may partially explain the difficulty of confirming the exact role of this gene using both association and linkage methods. Four hundred one BPAD patients and 401 unrelated matched controls were recruited within a European collaborative project (BIOMED1 project in the area of brain research, European Community grant number CT 92-1217, project leader: J. Mendlewicz) involving 14 centers for a case-control association study with a tetranucleotide polymorphism in the TH gene. Patients and controls were carefully matched for geographical origin. Phenotypic heterogeneity was considered and subgroup analyses were performed with relevant variables: age at onset, family history, and diagnostic stability. No association was observed in the total sample or for subgroups according to age at onset (n = 172), family history alone (n = 159), or high degree of diagnostic stability and a positive family history (n = 131). The results of this association study do not confirm the possible implication of TH polymorphism in the susceptibility to BPAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Souery
- Department of Psychiatry, University Clinics of Brussels, Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.
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16
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Verheyen GR, Del-Favero J, Mendlewicz J, Lindblad K, Van Zand K, Aalbregtse M, Schalling M, Souery D, Van Broeckhoven C. Molecular interpretation of expanded RED products in bipolar disorder by CAG/CTG repeats located at chromosomes 17q and 18q. Neurobiol Dis 1999; 6:424-32. [PMID: 10527808 DOI: 10.1006/nbdi.1999.0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we provided evidence that the anticipation observed in bipolar (BP) disorder may be explained by expanded CAG/CTG triplet repeats. Data were generated with the repeat expansion detection (RED) method in a BP case-control sample showing a significant association of BP disorder with expanded CAG/CTG repeats (RED products of 120 bp). In this study we demonstrated that 86% of the RED expansions could be accounted for by the ERDA1 and CTG18.1 CAG/CTG repeats located respectively on chromosomes 17 and 18. Further, significantly different allele distributions were observed for ERDA1, with a larger proportion of BP patients (34.7%) carrying one or two expanded ERDA1 alleles (CAG/CTG repeats >40) than controls (19.2%) (P = 0.032). Also, a negative correlation was observed for ERDA1 between CAG/CTG length and age at onset in affected offspring of eight BP families. Although interesting, these data should be interpreted with caution since the ERDA1 association did not remain significant after correcting for multiple testing. Also, no linkage was observed between BP disorder and expanded ERDA1 alleles in the families.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Verheyen
- Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium
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Serretti A, Lilli R, Lorenzi C, Franchini L, Di Bella D, Catalano M, Smeraldi E. Dopamine receptor D2 and D4 genes, GABA(A) alpha-1 subunit genes and response to lithium prophylaxis in mood disorders. Psychiatry Res 1999; 87:7-19. [PMID: 10512150 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1781(99)00056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Lithium is an effective prophylactic agent in mood disorders, and genetic factors are likely to modulate individual susceptibility to lithium treatment. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2), D4 exon 3 (DRD4), and gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptor alpha-1 subunit (GABRA1) gene variants on the efficacy of lithium prophylaxis in mood disorders. Patients with mood disorders (N = 125: bipolar subtype, n = 100; major depressive disorder subtype, n = 25) were followed prospectively for an average of 53 months and were typed for DRD2 (Ser311/Cys311: n = 121, VNTR: n = 63), DRD4 (n = 125) and GABRA1 (n = 61) variants using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. DRD2, DRD4 and GABRA1 variants were not associated with response to lithium. A trend was observed toward a better outcome of DRD4* 2/4 subjects, but it was due to only two subjects. Consideration of possible stratification effects like gender, polarity, family history, age at onset and duration of lithium treatment did not reveal any association either. DRD2, DRD4 and GABRA1 variants therefore do not appear to be associated with the outcome of lithium prophylaxis in mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Serretti
- Istituto Scientifico Ospedale San Raffaele, Department of Neuropsychiatric Sciences, University of Milan School of Medicine, Italy.
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Craddock N, Lendon C, Cichon S, Culverhouse R, Detera-Wadleigh S, Devon R, Faraone S, Foroud T, Gejman P, Leonard S, McInnis M, Owen MJ, Riley B, Armstrong C, Barden N, van Broeckhoven C, Ewald H, Folstein S, Gerhard D, Goldman D, Gurling H, Kelsoe J, Levinson D, Muir W, Philippe A, Pulver A, Wildenauer D. Chromosome workshop: Chromosomes 11, 14, and 15. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19990618)88:3<244::aid-ajmg7>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Serretti A, Macciardi F, Cusin C, Lattuada E, Lilli R, Smeraldi E. Dopamine receptor D4 gene is associated with delusional symptomatology in mood disorders. Psychiatry Res 1998; 80:129-36. [PMID: 9754691 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1781(98)00056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances of the dopaminergic neurotransmitter system have been implicated in the pathogenesis of depressive symptoms. Many studies have, however, failed to detect any association between genetic markers for the dopamine system and mood disorders. A possible reason for this may lie in the definition of phenotype, which is traditionally based on psychiatric diagnosis. In this study, we investigated the possibility that functional variants of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene might be associated with depressive symptomatology in a sample of mood disorder subjects. Seventy-nine inpatients affected by bipolar (n=37) and major depressive (n=42) disorder (DSM-IV) were assessed at admission by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and were typed for DRD4 variants at the third exon using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. DRD4 was associated with delusional symptoms (F=5.56; d.f.=2,145; P=0.005), with DRD4*7 exhibiting higher scores when compared to DRD4*4 (P=0.006) variants. Polarity of mood disorder did not influence results significantly. The findings are in accordance with our previous report of an association of the DRD4 gene with delusional symptomatology of major psychoses. DRD4*7 should, therefore, be considered a liability factor for delusional symptoms in mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Serretti
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Scientifico H. San Raffaele, University of Milan--School of Medicine, Milano, Italy.
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21
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Schork NJ, Schork CM. Issues and strategies in the genetic analysis of alcoholism and related addictive behaviors. Alcohol 1998; 16:71-83. [PMID: 9650638 DOI: 10.1016/s0741-8329(97)00179-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Research into the genetics of alcoholism susceptibility and related behaviors has become highly contentious for a number of reasons: at issue is the identification of factors that may ultimately determine human behaviors, the limitations of the technologies being used to conduct relevant studies have not been assessed exhaustively, and independent studies have produced widely different results. Addressing these and other questions of relevance in the dissection of the genetic basis of alcoholism susceptibility will be nothing if not difficult. In this article, we consider issues related to one not-so-minor research angle being used more and more in investigations of alcoholism and related disorders: the identification of susceptibility loci through the use of anonymous (or seemingly anonymous) DNA markers. We also consider issues that might promote (or resist) the reconcilability of independent study results, and describe some basic strategies that might help make study results more compelling in light of the complexity of alcoholism and related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Schork
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44109-1998, USA.
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22
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Serretti A, Macciardi F, Verga M, Cusin C, Pedrini S, Smeraldi E. Tyrosine hydroxylase gene associated with depressive symptomatology in mood disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19980328)81:2<127::aid-ajmg1>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Missale C, Nash SR, Robinson SW, Jaber M, Caron MG. Dopamine receptors: from structure to function. Physiol Rev 1998; 78:189-225. [PMID: 9457173 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.1998.78.1.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2410] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The diverse physiological actions of dopamine are mediated by at least five distinct G protein-coupled receptor subtypes. Two D1-like receptor subtypes (D1 and D5) couple to the G protein Gs and activate adenylyl cyclase. The other receptor subtypes belong to the D2-like subfamily (D2, D3, and D4) and are prototypic of G protein-coupled receptors that inhibit adenylyl cyclase and activate K+ channels. The genes for the D1 and D5 receptors are intronless, but pseudogenes of the D5 exist. The D2 and D3 receptors vary in certain tissues and species as a result of alternative splicing, and the human D4 receptor gene exhibits extensive polymorphic variation. In the central nervous system, dopamine receptors are widely expressed because they are involved in the control of locomotion, cognition, emotion, and affect as well as neuroendocrine secretion. In the periphery, dopamine receptors are present more prominently in kidney, vasculature, and pituitary, where they affect mainly sodium homeostasis, vascular tone, and hormone secretion. Numerous genetic linkage analysis studies have failed so far to reveal unequivocal evidence for the involvement of one of these receptors in the etiology of various central nervous system disorders. However, targeted deletion of several of these dopamine receptor genes in mice should provide valuable information about their physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Missale
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Laboratories, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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24
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Engström C, Aström M, Nordqvist-Karlsson B, Adolfsson R, Nylander PO. Relationship between prophylactic effect of lithium therapy and family history of affective disorders. Biol Psychiatry 1997; 42:425-33. [PMID: 9285078 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(96)00374-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lithium therapy response and age of onset (AOO) were studied in 98 patients with bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) who were divided into subgroups depending on type of family history of affective disorders. The highest (33.0 years) and lowest (25.5 years) age of onset were found in nonfamilial patients and in familial patients with a first-degree relative of BPAD, respectively. Nonfamilial patients showed the best response to lithium. There were 0.9 episodes/year off lithium compared to 0.3 episodes/year on lithium (an 88% decrease). A poorer response (a 71% decrease; a reduction from 1.39 episodes per year off lithium to 0.65 on lithium) was found in familial patients with a first-degree relative of BPAD. Differences in serum lithium values between the groups could not explain the observed differences. Thus, familial patients showed a more severe manifestation of the disease with an earlier AOO and a lower prophylactic effect of lithium.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Engström
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Umeå, Sweden
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25
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26
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Claes S, Raeymaekers P, Van den Broeck M, Diependaele S, De bruyn A, Verheyen G, Wils V, Boogaerts A, Tanghe A, Godderis J, Van Broeckhoven C, Cassiman JJ. A chromosome 18 genetic linkage study in three large Belgian pedigrees with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 1997; 43:195-205. [PMID: 9186790 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0327(97)01429-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of genetic factors to the susceptibility for affective disorders has been firmly established. Recent reports found evidence for a susceptibility locus for affective disorders in 2 regions on chromosome 18. We describe 3 large Belgian pedigrees with multiple patients with affective disorders. Both chromosome 18 regions were investigated in the 3 families, using parametric and nonparametric segregation methods. In the pericentromeric region, all evidence was against a disease gene in our families. Also the data obtained for the distal part of 18q, argue against a genetic susceptibility factor in our sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Claes
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Belgium
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27
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Lachman HM, Kelsoe JR, Remick RA, Sadovnick AD, Rapaport MH, Lin M, Pazur BA, Roe AM, Saito T, Papolos DF. Linkage studies suggest a possible locus for bipolar disorder near the velo-cardio-facial syndrome region on chromosome 22. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1997; 74:121-8. [PMID: 9129709 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19970418)74:2<121::aid-ajmg2>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS) is a congenital anomaly characterized by multiple dysmorphisms, cleft palate, cardiac anomalies, and learning disabilities, that results from a microdeletion of chromosome 22q11. An increased prevalence of psychiatric illness has been observed, with both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder commonly being diagnosed. For these reasons, the VCFS region is an interesting candidate region for bipolar disorder. We examined this region in 17 bipolar families from three populations: 13 families from the general North American population (University of California, San Diego/University of British Columbia, UCSD/UBC), three larger families from New York, and a portion of Old Order Amish pedigree 110. Three microsatellite markers spanning 13 cM around the VCFS region were genotyped in all the families. A maximum lod score of 2.51 was obtained in the UCSD/UBC families under a dominant model at D22S303. In the combined family set, maximum lod scores of 1.68 and 1.28 were obtained at this marker under dominant and recessive models, respectively. Four additional markers were subsequently typed in selected positive families, and yielded positive lods at 6 of 7 markers spanning 18 cM in this region. Nonparametric, multipoint analyses using the affected pedigree member (APM) method also yielded suggestive evidence for linkage in both the UCSD/UBC family set (P = 0.0024) and in the combined families (P = 0.017). Affected sibpair analyses were similarly positive in the UCSD/UBC families (P = 0.017), and in the combined families (P = 0.004). These results are suggestive of a possible locus for bipolar disorder near the VCFS region on chromosome 22.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Lachman
- Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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28
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Oruc L, Verheyen GR, Furac I, Jakovljević M, Ivezić S, Raeymaekers P, Van Broeckhoven C. Analysis of the tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine D4 receptor genes in a Croatian sample of bipolar I and unipolar patients. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1997; 74:176-8. [PMID: 9129719 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19970418)74:2<176::aid-ajmg12>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We selected 83 patients with bipolar disorder type I or unipolar recurrent major depression and 71 healthy controls for genetic analysis of the tyrosine hydroxylase and the dopamine D4 receptor gene. No significant association was found between bipolar disorder type I and unipolar recurrent major depression and the polymorphisms located near these genes. Therefore, the hypothesis that the tyrosine hydroxylase and the dopamine D4 receptor genes may be involved in the etiology of bipolar disorder and unipolar recurrent major depression is not supported in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Oruc
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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29
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Puglisi-Allegra S, Cabib S. Psychopharmacology of dopamine: the contribution of comparative studies in inbred strains of mice. Prog Neurobiol 1997; 51:637-61. [PMID: 9175160 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0082(97)00008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Comparative studies of behavioral responses to centrally acting drugs in inbred strains of mice which show differences in brain neurotransmitter activity represent a major strategy in the investigation of the neurochemical bases underlying behavioural expression. Moreover, these studies represent a preliminary stage in behavioral genetic research since they allow quantitative scales to be established and suggest correlations to be tested in recombinant inbred strains. The present review evaluates results obtained in mice of the C57BL/6 (C57) and DBA/2 (DBA) inbred strains which have been used for studies of the behavioral pharmacology of dopamine (DA) and investigated for the functional and anatomical characteristics of their brain DA systems. Differences between C57 and DBA strain involve susceptibility and sensitivity as well as qualitative differences in the type or direction of the behavioral effects of DA agonists. Moreover, data on strain-dependent differences for DA metabolism, release and receptor densities and distribution provide important indications about the relationship between behavioral and central effects of DA agonists and, more generally, about the involvement of brain DA in behavior. Comparative studies in C57 and DBA mice have also revealed differences in susceptibility to context-dependent, context-independent and stress-induced behavioral sensitization to psychostimulants. Consequently, they support the view that the term "behavioral sensitization" may define different phenomena in which different, independent genotype-related factors play a major role. Finally, studies on the behavioral and central effects of stressful experiences in C57 and DBA mice together with psychopharmacogenetic analyses, indicate that different symptomatological profiles may derive from genotype-dependent adaptation of brain DA receptors to environmental pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Puglisi-Allegra
- Dept. of Psychology (Neuroscience section), University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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30
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Souery D, Lipp O, Mahieu B, Mendelbaum K, De Martelaer V, Van Broeckhoven C, Mendlewicz J. Association study of bipolar disorder with candidate genes involved in catecholamine neurotransmission: DRD2, DRD3, DAT1, and TH genes. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1996; 67:551-5. [PMID: 8950413 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19961122)67:6<551::aid-ajmg7>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite strong evidence for genetic involvement in the etiology of affective disorders (from twin adoption and family studies), linkage and association methodologies are still exploring the nature of genetic factors in these diseases. Interesting testable hypotheses have been described, including candidate genes involved in catecholamine neurotransmission. We studied 69 bipolar patients and 69 matched controls (for age, sex, and geographical origin) for association and linkage disequilibrium with DNA markers at the following genes: the tyrosine hydroxylase gene, dopamine transporter gene, and dopamine D2 and D3 receptor genes. Association and linkage disequilibrium were excluded between bipolar affective disorder and these four candidate genes in our sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Souery
- Department of Psychiatry, University Clinics of Brussels, Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Belgium
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31
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Peschel RE, Peschel E. Consumerism for neurobiological disorders. An assessment. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 1996; 12:644-56. [PMID: 9136473 DOI: 10.1017/s0266462300010941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Consumerism is a growing phenomenon in U.S. health care, yet its exercise is still inhibited by powerful forces within the medical community. Despite the neuroscientific framework that stresses the commonalities between mental and physical illness, consumerism is even more problematic and difficult in mental health care than in other areas of health care. People with severe mental illness and their advocates must contend with limited public understanding of neurobiological disorders, poor definitions of effective treatment, and a paucity of outcome data, especially from prospective randomized and long-term studies. The only clear way for consumerism to grow in mental health care is for its advocates to align themselves with the neuroscientific revolution and to demand that effective and equitable treatment programs be created based on the documented evidence of the physical nature of neurobiological disorders.
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32
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Cavazzoni P, Alda M, Turecki G, Rouleau G, Grof E, Martin R, Duffy A, Grof P. Lithium-responsive affective disorders: no association with the tyrosine hydroxylase gene. Psychiatry Res 1996; 64:91-6. [PMID: 8912950 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1781(96)02888-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Family, adoption, and twin studies have demonstrated the involvement of genetic factors in the etiology of major affective disorders. In an attempt to identify the involved genes, several linkage and association studies have focused on the gene coding for tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis. The discrepant results to date could be explained by etiological heterogeneity, which may be substantially reduced by selecting patients according to lithium response. Therefore, we investigated 54 patients who had shown definite long-term response to lithium monotherapy in spite of a high risk of recurrence as indicated by the previous clinical course. All the subjects suffered from major affective disorder by Research Diagnostic Criteria (48 bipolar, 6 recurrent unipolar). They were compared to 94 population controls of similar ethnic background to test for association with a penta-allelic microsatellite marker found within the tyrosine hydroxylase gene. No significant differences in allele and genotype frequencies were observed between the two groups, providing further evidence against a major role for the tyrosine hydroxylase gene in the etiology of major affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cavazzoni
- Affective Disorders Service, University of Ottawa, Royal Ottawa Hospital, Canada
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33
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Manki H, Kanba S, Muramatsu T, Higuchi S, Suzuki E, Matsushita S, Ono Y, Chiba H, Shintani F, Nakamura M, Yagi G, Asai M. Dopamine D2, D3 and D4 receptor and transporter gene polymorphisms and mood disorders. J Affect Disord 1996; 40:7-13. [PMID: 8882909 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0327(96)00035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Disturbances in dopaminergic systems have been implicated in the etiology of mood disorders. Although genetic factors also play an important role, no major gene has been identified. We conducted an association study using the dopamine D2, D3 and D4 receptor, and transporter gene polymorphisms, comparing 101 mood-disorder patients (52 bipolar and 49 unipolar) and 100 controls. Our results suggest that there is a significant association between the dopamine D4 receptor gene and mood disorders, especially major depression, but no association between the other polymorphisms and mood disorders. Further investigations are needed to clarify the clinical significance of this association in the pathophysiology of mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Manki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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34
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Souery D, Lipp O, Mahieu B, Mendelbaum K, De Bruyn A, De Maertelaer V, Van Broeckhoven C, Mendlewicz J. Excess tyrosine hydroxylase restriction fragment length polymorphism homozygosity in unipolar but not bipolar patients: a preliminary report. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 40:305-8. [PMID: 8871780 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3223(96)00038-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Souery
- Department of Psychiatry, University Clinics of Brussels, Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Belgium
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35
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Abstract
Genetic factors have long been implicated in the aetiology of bipolar disorder (BD). During the past two decades several linkage studies have been carried out with the aim of identifying major genes. However, remarkable discrepancies in results both between and within studies have constituted a major problem. In order to elucidate some of these conflicts, we assessed the published literature on linkage studies of bipolar disorder, focusing on methodological issues. Studies published between January 1980 and December 1994 were identified by computerized literature searches and subsequent scanning of review articles, and the reference lists of the articles primarily identified. A set of defined inclusion and exclusion criteria was used to select studies for assessment. A total of 31 variables were determined, and pre-defined codes were assigned in a structured manner. More than 200 citations were reviewed, and 60 articles were included in this study. Descriptive statistical analyses of the variables, as well as associations between variables, are presented. The findings are discussed with regard to the possibility that, beyond the genetic complexity of the disorder itself, there are several other similarly complicated study design issues which should be more carefully observed. Moreover, the need for standardization of basic criteria to use and report clinical and analytical parameters employed in linkage studies is strongly suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Turecki
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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36
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De bruyn A, Souery D, Mendelbaum K, Mendlewicz J, Van Broeckhoven C. Linkage analysis of families with bipolar illness and chromosome 18 markers. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 39:679-88. [PMID: 8731454 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3223(95)00293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Linkage of bipolar (BP) illness with chromosome 18 markers located at 18p11 was recently reported. A possible role for chromosome 18 in the etiology of BP illness was implicated previously by the finding in three unrelated patients of a ring chromosome with breakpoints and deleted segments at 18pter-p11 and 18q23-qter. To test the potential importance of a gene defect on chromosome 18 in our material, we examined linkage with chromosome 18 markers in two families with multiple patients with BP illness or BP spectrum disorders. fourteen simple tandem repeat polymorphisms were used located in the chromosomal region 18p11 to 18q23 and separated by distances of approximately 10 cM on the genetic map. In one family linkage to chromosome 18 could not be excluded. Linkage and segregation analysis in the family suggests that the 12-cM region between D18S51 and D18S61 located at 18q21.33-q23 may contain a candidate gene for BP illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A De bruyn
- Born Bunge Foundation, Department of Biochemistry, University of Antwerp (UIA), Belgium
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37
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38
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Abstract
The biological basis of bipolar disorder is not known. Models for the illness have been proposed that were based on the neurobiological effects of pharmacological agents that affect mood. Although of great interest, these models have not adequately explained the striking clinical pattern of illness in which patients may experience either unipolar episodes or bipolar cycles of mania and depression. We now present a new model suggesting that the unique clinical heterogeneity found in patients with bipolar disorder could be explained by a defect in a 'downstream' portion of a signal transduction pathway that can regulate two or more neurotransmitter systems that have opposite effects on neuronal activity. This model may target specific candidate genes for involvement in bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Lachman
- Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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39
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Comings DE, Gade R, Muhleman D, Sverd J. No association of a tyrosine hydroxylase gene tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism in autism, Tourette syndrome, or ADHD. Biol Psychiatry 1995; 37:484-6. [PMID: 7786965 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3223(94)00311-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D E Comings
- Department of Medical Genetics, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010-0269, USA
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40
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Pérez de Castro I, Santos J, Torres P, Visedo G, Saiz-Ruiz J, Llinares C, Fernández-Piqueras J. A weak association between TH and DRD2 genes and bipolar affective disorder in a Spanish sample. J Med Genet 1995; 32:131-4. [PMID: 7760324 PMCID: PMC1050236 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.32.2.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Genetic factors play an important role in the aetiology of bipolar affective disorder (BP). So far, results of linkage studies have been largely disappointing. We have searched for a possible association between polymorphic DNA markers of two candidate genes (tyrosine hydroxylase, TH; dopamine D2 receptor gene, DRD2) and BP in a population from central Spain. Our results are consistent with the existence of a weak association between these two genes and BP, in such a way that TH and DRD2 could be considered as minor genes contributing to susceptibility.
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41
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De bruyn A, Raeymaekers P, Mendelbaum K, Sandkuijl LA, Raes G, Delvenne V, Hirsch D, Staner L, Mendlewicz J, Van Broeckhoven C. Linkage analysis of bipolar illness with X-chromosome DNA markers: a susceptibility gene in Xq27-q28 cannot be excluded. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1994; 54:411-9. [PMID: 7726217 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320540423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Transmission studies have supported the presence of a susceptibility gene for bipolar (BP) illness on the X-chromosome. Initial linkage studies with color blindness (CB), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, and the blood coagulation factor IX (F9) have suggested that a gene for BP illness is located in the Xq27-q28 region. We tested linkage with several DNA markers located in Xq27-q28 in 2 families, MAD3 and MAD4, that previously were linked to F9 and 7 newly ascertained families of BP probands. Linkage was also examined with the gene encoding the alpha 3 subunit of the gamma-amino butyric acid receptor (GABRA3), a candidate gene for BP illness located in this region. The genetic data were analyzed with the LOD score method using age-dependent penetrance of an autosomal dominant disease gene and narrow and broad clinical models. In MAD3 and MAD4 the multipoint LOD score data suggested a localization of a BPI gene again near F9. In the 7 new families the overall linkage data excluded the Xq27-q28 region. However, if the families were grouped according to their proband's phenotype BPI or BPII, a susceptibility gene for BPI disorder at the DXS52-F8 cluster could not be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- A De bruyn
- Department of Biochemistry, Born Bunge Foundation, University of Antwerp (UIA), Belgium
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