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Kolovou G, Daskalova D, Mastorakou I, Anagnostopoulou K, Cokkinos DV. Regression of Achilles Tendon Xanthomas Evaluated by CT Scan After Hypolipidemic Treatment with Simvastatin. Angiology 2016; 55:335-9. [PMID: 15156269 DOI: 10.1177/000331970405500314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a relatively common autosomal monogenic disease with dominant inheritance and threefold to fourfold increase in relative risk of cardiovascular death in untreated patients. For a “definitive” clinical diagnosis of FH the Simon Broome Register proposes the presence of tendon xanthomas as a key feature. However, detection of tendon xanthomas by physical examination is subjective and difficult to use for follow-up purposes. Several instrumental methods have been reported to be more sensitive than physical examination for the evaluation of xanthomas. The present case illustrates the usefulness of computed tomography (CT) to detect xanthomas in the Achilles tendons (XAT) and their regression in response to hypolipidemic drug treatment in a heterozygous FH patient. As XAT are atherosclerotic plaque-like depositions of lipids it is likely that their progression or regression follows the behavior of vascular atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genovefa Kolovou
- 1st Cardiology Department of the Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece.
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2
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El-Lebedy D, Raslan HM, Mohammed AM. Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism and risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2016; 15:12. [PMID: 26800892 PMCID: PMC4724147 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-016-0329-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipoprotein-related mechanisms have been associated with damage to the cardiovascular system in diabetic patients. Apolipoprotein E gene which affects the clearance of lipoproteins and consequently the lipid profile in our body is one of the most studied candidate genes and recently has been reported to be associated with T2DM and CAD. In this work, we studied the association of apoE gene polymorphism with T2DM and CVD and its effect on plasma lipids profile. METHODS Our study was conducted on 284 subjects categorized into 100 patients with T2DM, 100 patients with T2DM complicated with CVD and 84 normal control subjects. ApoE gene polymorphism was genotyped by real-time PCR using TaqMan(®) SNP Genotyping Assay. RESULTS ApoE E3/E3 genotype was the most common in our subjects. The frequencies of E3/E4 genotype and ε4 allele were increased in both T2DM patients and CVD patients as compared with controls, but were significant only in CVD patients (p = 0.004 and 0.007, respectively). Diabetic patients who carried E3/E4 genotype were at 2.4-fold increased risk to develop CVD (95 % CI 1.14-5.19, P = 0.02) and the ε4 allele associated with 2.23-fold higher CVD risk (95 % CI 1.09-4.59, P = 0.02). After adjustment for other established risk factors, E3/E4 genotype was an independent risk factor for CVD (OR = 2.3, p = 0.009) but not for T2DM (OR = 1.7, p = 0.28), while ε4 allele was an independent risk factor for both T2DM (OR = 2.2, p = 0.04) and CVD (OR = 3.0, p = 0.018) with 5.9-fold increased risk to develop CVD in T2DM patients (p = 0.019). E3/E4 genotype associated with significantly higher levels of TC and non HDL-C in all groups and with significantly higher levels of LDL-C in both T2DM and CVD patients. CONCLUSIONS ApoE gene polymorphisms associate with CVD and affect the lipid profile. The ε4 allele is an independent risk factor for both T2DM and CVD. Further genetic studies to add information beyond the traditional cardiovascular risk factors in T2DM and to identify risk genotypes will help in early prediction and identification of at risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia El-Lebedy
- Medical Research Division, Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, National Research Centre, Al-Bohouth Street, Cairo, 12311, Egypt.
| | - Hala M Raslan
- Medical Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Asmaa M Mohammed
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.
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Xu H, Li H, Liu J, Zhu D, Wang Z, Chen A, Zhao Q. Meta-analysis of apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism and susceptibility of myocardial infarction. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104608. [PMID: 25111308 PMCID: PMC4128680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of case-control studies have been conducted to clarify the association between ApoE polymorphisms and myocardial infarction (MI); however, the results are inconsistent. This meta-analysis was performed to clarify this issue using all the available evidence. Searching in PubMed retrieved all eligible articles. A total of 33 studies were included in this meta-analysis, including 18752 MI cases and 18963 controls. The pooled analysis based on all included studies showed that the MI patients had a decreased frequency of the ε2 allele (OR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.70–0.87) and an increased frequency of the ε4 allele (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.10–1.20); The results also showed a decreased susceptibility of MI in the ε2ε3 vs. ε3ε3 analysis (OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.68–0.90) and in the ε2 vs. ε3 analysis (OR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.69–0.89), an increased susceptibility of MI in the ε3ε4 vs. ε3ε3 analysis (OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.12–1.41), in the ε4 vs. ε3 analysis (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.12–1.32) and in the ε4ε4 vs. ε3ε3 analysis (OR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.15–2.19). However, there were no significant associations among polymorphisms and MI for the following genetic models: frequency of the ε3 allele (OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.96–1.02); ε2ε2 vs. ε3ε3 analysis (OR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.40–1.32); or ε2ε4 vs. ε3ε3 analysis (OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 0.99–1.21). Our results suggested that the ε4 allele of ApoE is a risk factor for the development of MI and the ε2 allele of ApoE is a protective factor in the development of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiqing Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Anqing Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (AC); (QZ)
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (AC); (QZ)
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Chatzistefanidis D, Giannopoulos S, Spengos K, Vassilopoulou S, Vemmos K, Dova L, Vartholomatos G, Kyritsis AP, Georgiou I, Markoula S. Apolipoprotein E polymorphisms and ischaemic stroke: a two-center Greek study. Eur J Neurol 2014; 21:1083-1088. [PMID: 24471738 DOI: 10.1111/ene.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Apolipropotein E(apoE) is a plasma protein exhibiting three common isoforms (E2, E3, E4). Its involvement in lipoprotein metabolism may have an impact on stroke occurrence. As results in the literature are inconclusive further studies are needed to elucidate its role. Our objective was to study the role of apoE isoforms and the interplay with environmental risk factors in patients with first ischaemic stroke occurrence in the Greek population. METHODS Three hundred and twenty-nine patients with first-ever ischaemic stroke were included in our study. Strokes of cardioembolic origin and patients with autoimmune or prothrombotic syndromes were excluded. A control group of 361 subjects with no stroke history were also included in our study. Risk factors (hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and smoking) were assessed. ApoE alleles were determined in all subjects participating in the study. RESULTS Genotype ε3/ε3 was found to have a protective role against stroke occurrence compared with other genotypes (odds ratio 0.674, 95% confidence interval 0.480-0.946) especially in the female patient subgroup. In multivariate analysis after adjustment for age, body mass index (BMI), hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus and smoking, the role of genotype was limited and outweighed by risk factors in both genders. No association between apoE alleles and BMI, cholesterol, triglycerides or high-density lipoprotein plasma levels was noted. CONCLUSIONS Our study was indicative of a protective role of the ε3/ε3 genotype, especially in female patients. However, risk factors such as age, BMI, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus and smoking have a strong impact on stroke occurrence and outweigh the protective role of the ε3/ε3 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chatzistefanidis
- Department of Neurology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - S Giannopoulos
- Department of Neurology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - K Spengos
- First Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - S Vassilopoulou
- First Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - K Vemmos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - L Dova
- Hematology Laboratory, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - G Vartholomatos
- Hematology Laboratory, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - A P Kyritsis
- Department of Neurology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece.,Neurosurgical Research Institute, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - I Georgiou
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - S Markoula
- Department of Neurology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece.,Laboratory of Medical Genetics, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
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Corella D, Portolés O, Arriola L, Chirlaque MD, Barrricarte A, Francés F, Huerta JM, Larrañaga N, Martínez C, Martinez-Camblor P, Molina E, Navarro C, Quirós JR, Rodríguez L, Sánchez MJ, Ros E, Sala N, González CA, Moreno-Iribas C. Saturated fat intake and alcohol consumption modulate the association between the APOE polymorphism and risk of future coronary heart disease: a nested case-control study in the Spanish EPIC cohort. J Nutr Biochem 2010; 22:487-94. [PMID: 20688498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The association is still not clear between the common APOE polymorphism and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, nor its modulation by diet. Thus, our aim was to study the association between the APOE genotypes and incident CHD and how dietary fat and alcohol consumption modify these effects. We performed a nested case-control study in the Spanish European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort. Healthy men and women (41,440, 30-69 years) were followed up over a 10-year period, with the incident CHD cases being identified. We analyzed 534 incident CHD cases and 1123 controls. APOE, dietary intake and plasma lipids were determined at baseline. The APOE polymorphism was significantly associated with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and gene-alcohol interactions in determining LDL-C were detected. In the whole population, the E2 allele was significantly associated with a lower CHD risk than E3/E3 subjects [odds ratio (OR), 0.58; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.38-0.89]. The E4 allele did not reach statistical significance vs. E3/E3 (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.88-1.58). However, saturated fat intake modified the effect of the APOE polymorphism in determining CHD risk. When saturated fat intake was low (<10% of energy), no statistically significant association between the APOE polymorphism and CHD risk was observed (P=.682). However, with higher intake (≥10%), the polymorphism was significant (P=.005), and the differences between E2 and E4 carriers were magnified (OR for E4 vs. E2, 3.33; 95% CI, 1.61-6.90). Alcohol consumption also modified the effect of the APOE on CHD risk. In conclusion, in this Mediterranean population, the E2 allele is associated with lower CHD risk, and this association is modulated by saturated fat and alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Corella
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, ISCIII, Spain.
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Stankovic S, Majkic-Singh N. Genetic aspects of ischemic stroke: coagulation, homocysteine, and lipoprotein metabolism as potential risk factors. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2010; 47:72-123. [DOI: 10.3109/10408361003791520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Daneshpour MS, Hedayati M, Eshraghi P, Azizi F. Association of Apo E gene polymorphism with HDL level in Tehranian population. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200900207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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8
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Georgoulias P, Wozniak G, Samara M, Chiotoglou I, Kontos A, Tzavara C, Valotassiou V, Georgitsi M, Aleporou-Marinou V, Patrinos GP, Kollia P. Impact of ACE and ApoE polymorphisms on myocardial perfusion: correlation with myocardial single photon emission computed tomographic imaging. J Hum Genet 2009; 54:595-602. [PMID: 19713976 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2009.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease is associated with multiple genetic and environmental risk factors. In this study, we evaluated the correlation of angiotensin l-converting enzyme (ACE) (I/D) and ApoE gene polymorphisms (E2, E3, E4 and g.-219G/T) with myocardial perfusion. We examined 410 patients using exercise-rest myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), in which the summed stress score (SSS), summed rest score (SRS) and summed difference score (SDS) indexes were calculated. Homozygotes for the ACE D allele had greater mean values of SSS (P<0.001) and SDS (P<0.001). In addition, E3 homozygotes, E4 heterozygotes and E4 homozygotes had significantly higher values of SSS and SDS compared with E3 heterozygotes (P<0.001); E4 homozygotes had significantly higher values of SSS and SDS compared with E3 homozygotes. Furthermore, for the g.-219G>T polymorphic site at the promoter region of ApoE gene, the mean values of SSS and SDS were significantly higher for T heterozygotes/homozygotes than for GG homozygotes. Adjusting for all demographic and clinical data using multiple linear regression analysis it was found that ACE D and both ApoE genotypes were independent predictors with a cumulative contribution for the prediction of SSS and SDS. Furthermore, logistic regression analysis revealed that all three genotypes had an independent predictive ability for abnormal SSS (SSS>2). These data provide the first evidence of an association and significant cumulative contribution of the aforementioned genotypes in myocardial perfusion with E4 allele having the strongest association followed by ACE D and ApoE g.-219T alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Georgoulias
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
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9
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Cetinkalp S, Karadeniz M, Erdogan M, Zengi A, Cetintas V, Tetik A, Eroglu Z, Kosova B, Ozgen AG, Saygili F, Yilmaz C. Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism and polycystic ovary syndrome patients in Western Anatolia, Turkey. J Assist Reprod Genet 2008; 26:1-6. [PMID: 19057990 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-008-9280-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease and hypertension are more frequently seen in patients with PCOS than in normal patients. We aimed at evaluating the distribution of Apo E alleles that can influence cardiovascular risk of the PCOS patients and control subjects. METHODS In this study, 129 young women with PCOS and 91 healthy women were included. In all subjects we performed hormonal, biochemical and Apo E genetic analysis. RESULTS The Apo E3 allele was found at a significantly higher frequency in the PCOS patient group compared with the control group. The Apo E2 allele was found at a significantly higher frequency in the control group compared with the patient group with PCOS. CONCLUSIONS Although there were genotype and allele differences between control and patient groups in this study, no statistically significant change was determined in lipid and other cardiovascular risk factors in connection with allele and genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevki Cetinkalp
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Disease, Division of Internal Medicine, Ege University Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
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Park SY, Kim MH, Kang SY, Suh JT, Lee WI. Inflammatory marker expression and its implication in Korean ischemic stroke patients. Korean J Lab Med 2008; 27:197-204. [PMID: 18094576 DOI: 10.3343/kjlm.2007.27.3.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke is a complex condition influenced by many factors. Previous studies have demonstrated that inflammatory markers might play a role in such vascular diseases. Therefore the purpose of this study was to compare the expression of inflammatory markers in Korean ischemic stroke patients and to investigate their relationship to APOE polymorphism. METHODS The patient group consisted of 275 patients with large artery atherosclerosis (LAA, n=169) and small artery occlusion (SAO, n=106). One hundred and nineteen age matched healthy subjects were recruited as the control group. Serum levels of three inflammatory markers (matrix metalloproteinase, MMP-9; tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, TIMP-1; and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, hs-CRP) were measured in each patient by using commercially available kits. Comparison of clinical risk factors, inflammatory marker levels, and APOE genotypes between the stroke patient group and control group and between the two patient subgroups was assessed. RESULTS Comparison of the stroke group to control group showed significantly elevated levels of circulating MMP-9 (P<0.01) and hs-CRP (P=0.01). Comparison between the individual subgroups revealed a significantly higher level of only TIMP-1 in the LAA subgroup compared to the SAO subgroup (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in inflammatory marker levels among each allele carrier. CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed the obvious tendency of increased circulating inflammatory markers in the patients with acute ischemic attack, especially MMP-9 and hs-CRP. Our observations suggest that measurement of serum MMP-9, TIMP-1, and hs-CRP levels may be useful in the diagnosis of ischemic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yon Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kyunghee Medical Center, Kyunghee University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Sousa MO, Corbella E, Alía P, Cámara J, Castro MJ, Pintó X, Navarro MA. [Lack of association between the APOE genotype and the response to statin treatment in patients with acute ischemic episodes]. Med Clin (Barc) 2008; 130:401-4. [PMID: 18394363 DOI: 10.1157/13117852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE APOE genotype has been shown to have an influence on lipid concentrations. However, its relation with response to lipid-lowering treatment is not well established. The aim of our work was to analyze whether this genotype is associated with changes in the lipid profile in response to statins treatment. PATIENTS AND METHOD A total of 222 consecutive patients with acute ischemic episodes and subjected to treatment with statins were included in a retrospective study. The patients' lipid profile was determined at the first visit to the Lipids Unit and after one year on a statin regime. APOE genotypes were determined by PCR-RFLP, and separated in three groups: E2 (E2 carriers), E4 (E4 carriers) and E3 (E3/E3). E2/E4 patients were not included in the study. RESULTS Relative frequencies of alleles epsilon2, epsilon3 and epsilon4 were 10.5%, 70.9% and 18.6% respectively. Significant differences among groups (p = 0.039) were observed for c-LDL concentrations. E2 group had lower c-LDL than E3 group (p = 0.017) and E4 group (p = 0.01). No significant differences in c-LDL, c-HDL and c-HDL/CT were observed among the three groups with regard to variation after statin treatment. CONCLUSION APOE genotype does not significantly affect the lipid response in patients with acute ischemic episodes after statin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinez Oliveira Sousa
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Hormonal y Génica, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain.
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Kostulas K, Brophy VH, Moraitis K, Manolescu A, Kostulas V, Gretarsdottir S, Cheng S, Hillert J. Genetic profile of ischemic cerebrovascular disease and carotid stenosis. Acta Neurol Scand 2008; 118:146-52. [PMID: 18325076 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.00995.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Carotid artery stenosis (CS) is a major risk factor for ischemic cerebrovascular disease (ICVD) and is therefore of interest in genetic investigating. Here we report the distribution of 100 polymorphisms in 47 suspected susceptibility genes for ICVD and its risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Previously published markers in suspected susceptibility genes were genotyped in ICVD patients and controls (928/602). Genotyping was performed using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and linear immobilized probe array assays. ICVD cases were subtyped according to Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) or subdivided into CS and non-CS patients by ultrasonography in a separate analysis. RESULTS Three polymorphisms located in the lipoprotein lipase (LPL), angiotensinogen (AGT) and guanine nucleotide-binding protein beta-3 (GNB3) genes were significantly associated with ICVD after correction for age and gender. The strongest association was found for the protective LPL Ser447Term polymorphism. All the significant markers showed varying frequencies in different subphenotypes of ICVD. Factor VII, apolipoprotein E and two renin polymorphisms were differentially frequent in patients with evidence of CS compared with non-CS patients. CONCLUSIONS We have found that some previously described susceptibility polymorphisms are weakly associated with ICVD and that subdivision of patients into CS and non-CS groups may help to identify new candidate polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kostulas
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-Angiological Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden.
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Xenophontos S, Hadjivassiliou M, Karagrigoriou A, Demetriou N, Miltiadous G, Marcou I, Elisaf M, Mikhailidis DP, Cariolou MA. Low HDL cholesterol, smoking and IL-13 R130Q polymorphism are associated with myocardial infarction in Greek Cypriot males. A pilot study. Open Cardiovasc Med J 2008; 2:52-9. [PMID: 18949100 PMCID: PMC2570578 DOI: 10.2174/1874192400802010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out in Greek Cypriot males to identify risk factors that predispose to myocardial infarction (MI). Genetic and lipid risk factors were investigated for the first time in a Greek Cypriot male case-control study.Contrary to other studies, mean low density lipoprotein cholesterol did not differ between cases and controls. High density lipoprotein cholesterol on the other hand, although within normal range in cases and controls, was significantly higher in the control population. In agreement with many other studies, smoking was significantly more prevalent in cases compared with controls. In pooled cases and controls, smokers had a significantly lower HDL-C level compared with non-smokers. The frequency of the IL-13 R130Q homozygotes for the mutation (QQ), as well as the mutant allele were significantly higher in cases compared with controls. The IL-13 R130Q variant, or another locus, linked to it, may increase the risk of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroulla Xenophontos
- Department of Cardiovascular Genetics & The Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Bersano A, Ballabio E, Bresolin N, Candelise L. Genetic polymorphisms for the study of multifactorial stroke. Hum Mutat 2008; 29:776-95. [PMID: 18421701 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Single-gene disorders explain only a minority of stroke cases. Stroke represents a complex trait, which is usually assumed to be polygenic. On this topic, the role of a wide number of candidate genes has been investigated in stroke through association studies, with controversial results. Therefore, it is difficult for the clinician to establish the validity and the level of clinical applicability of the previously reported associations between genetic factors and stroke. This review is an update and an extensive analysis of the more recent association studies conducted in stroke. We evaluated a number of studies on several candidate genes (including F5, F2, FGA/FGB/FGG, F7, F13A1, vWF, F12, SERPINE1, ITGB3/PLA1/PLA2/ITGA2B, ITGA2, GP1BA, ACE, AGT, NOS3, APOE, LPL, PON1, PDE4D, ALOX5AP, MTHFR, MTR, and CBS), providing a final panel of genes and molecular variants. We categorized this panel in relation to the degree of association with stroke, supported by the results of meta-analyses and case-control studies. Our findings could represent a useful tool to address further molecular investigations and to realize more detailed meta-analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bersano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Tziomalos K, Athyros VG, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP. Established and emerging vascular risk factors and the development of aortic stenosis: an opportunity for prevention? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008; 12:809-20. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.12.7.809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Demirag MD, Onen HI, Karaoguz MY, Dogan I, Karakan T, Ekmekci A, Guz G. Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52:3399-403. [PMID: 17431774 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-007-9740-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2006] [Accepted: 01/01/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The study group consisted of 237 nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients who were detected by ultrasonography and 201 controls with ultrasonographically normal livers. DNA amplifications were performed by polymerase chain reaction technique and apolipoprotein E genotypes were evaluated after digestion with CfoI restriction enzyme. Serum levels of glucose, lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins were measured in all subjects. Additionally, viral hepatitis markers, liver enzymes, and body mass index were assessed. Patients were found to have significantly higher triglyceride, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase levels and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein (a) levels than controls (P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in genotypes and allele frequencies between all patients and controls. Comparing nonobese patients with controls, the frequencies of allele epsilon2 and genotype epsilon2epsilon3 were statistically significantly different in the controls (P=0.04 and P=0.01, respectively). In conclusion, occurrence of the epsilon2 allele and epsilon2epsilon3 genotype may be protective against development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Derya Demirag
- Gazi University, School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
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17
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Stakias N, Liakos P, Tsiapali E, Goutou M, Koukoulis GN. Lower prevalence of epsilon 4 allele of apolipoprotein E gene in healthy, longer-lived individuals of Hellenic origin. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2007; 61:1228-31. [PMID: 17234815 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/61.12.1228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), and especially its epsilon4 isoform, is considered a risk factor predisposing to coronary heart disease. We hypothesized that the absence of epsilon4 allele offers a better chance for longer life. So we compared the prevalence of ApoE genotypes in 80 healthy aged individuals (HAI) (>80 years) and 391 Greek adults (median age 43 years) with ApoE genotype distribution consistent with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (chi(2) = 5.93, p >.05). ApoE genotypes were comparable in both groups with the exception of E3/3 and E3/4, which were significantly higher (87.50% vs 75.99%, p =.025) and lower (5.00% vs 13.19%, p =.036), respectively, in HAI. The epsilon2 and epsilon3 allele frequencies were not different between the groups. The epsilon4 allele was significantly less frequent in HAI compared to controls (3.1% vs 8.58%, p =.020). Our results indicate an unfavorable effect of epsilon4 allele on longevity that may be attenuated by environmental and/or other genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Stakias
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Larissa, Greece
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18
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Christidis DS, Liberopoulos EN, Kakafika AI, Miltiadous GA, Cariolou M, Ganotakis ES, Mikhailidis DP, Elisaf MS. The effect of apolipoprotein E polymorphism on the response to lipid-lowering treatment with atorvastatin or fenofibrate. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2007; 11:211-21. [PMID: 17056835 DOI: 10.1177/1074248406293732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Although the effect of apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism on the response to treatment with statins has been studied, the results are conflicting. Moreover, little is known about the possible effect of apolipoprotein E alleles on the response to treatment with fibrates. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of apolipoprotein E polymorphism on lipid-lowering response to treatment with atorvastatin and fenofibrate in patients with different types of dyslipidemia. The study population included 136 patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (type IIA dyslipidemia) treated with atorvastatin (20 mg/day) and 136 patients with either primary hypertriglyceridemia (type IV dyslipidemia) or mixed hyperlipidemia (type IIB dyslipidemia) treated with micronized fenofibrate (200 mg/day). Overall, no significant associations were detected between apolipoprotein E genotype and response to treatment with atorvastatin. In patients treated with fenofibrate, significant associations were noted between apolipoprotein E genotype and changes in apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein E and triglyceride levels. Specifically, in apolipoprotein E2, apolipoprotein E3, and apolipoprotein E4 individuals, apolipoprotein B reductions were 22%, 17%, and 8%, respectively (P = .003); apolipoprotein E reductions were 45%, 20%, and 15%, respectively (P = .006); whereas triglyceride reductions reached 53%, 36%, and 33%, respectively (P = .033). In conclusion, apolipoprotein E genotype had no significant effect on the response to treatment with atorvastatin in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, but in patients with primary hypertriglyceridemia or mixed hyperlipidemia, there was a clear association between apolipoprotein E genotype and response to treatment with fenofibrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios S Christidis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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19
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Kang SY, Lee WI. Apolipoprotein E Polymorphism in Ischemic Stroke Patients with Different Pathogenetic Origins. Ann Lab Med 2006; 26:210-6. [DOI: 10.3343/kjlm.2006.26.3.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- So-Young Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo-In Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Mikhailidis DP, Panagiotakos DB, Pilatis ND, Cariolou MA, Yiannakouris N, Degiannis D, Stavridis G, Cokkinos DV. Association of apolipoprotein E genotype with early onset of coronary heart disease in Greek men. Angiology 2006; 56:663-70. [PMID: 16327942 DOI: 10.1177/000331970505600603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (apo) E polymorphism has been associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) although its relation to the age of CHD onset is still not defined. The age of onset of established CHD was obtained from 502 Greek men and compared to 103 healthy men. The age grouping was based on the age of CHD onset (earlier < or =44 years, n = 73, intermediate 45-64 years, n = 321, and later > or =65 years, n = 108). Apo E genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and the lipid profile was assessed. No differences in genotype and allele frequencies were found within the CHD groups. The apo epsilon3/4 genotype and the apo epsilon4 allele were less frequent in the earlier-onset group than in healthy men (11.0 % vs 22.3%, Pearson Chi-Square p = 0.028 and 6.8% vs 13.6%, Pearson Chi-Square p = 0.023, respectively). The lipid profile was similar in all genotypes of all groups except for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, which were higher in epsilon2 carriers compared to non-epsilon2 carriers (in mg/dL [+/-SD]; 44 [9] vs 39 [10], in mmol/L [+/-SD]; 1.1 [0.2] vs 1.0 [0.3] p = 0.005). There is an association between apo E genotype and early onset of CHD in Greek men. In the earlier CHD onset group, the apo epsilon3/4 genotype was less frequent compared to healthy men. This supports that the apo epsilon3/4 genotype is associated with decreased risk of premature CHD. Because the results of similar studies are not consistent, it may be that the relationship between apo E genotype and CHD is related to ethnicity rather than a universal phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genovefa D Kolovou
- Department of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece.
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21
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Paschos GK, Yiannakouris N, Rallidis LS, Davies I, Griffin BA, Panagiotakos DB, Skopouli FN, Votteas V, Zampelas A. Apolipoprotein E genotype in dyslipidemic patients and response of blood lipids and inflammatory markers to alpha-linolenic Acid. Angiology 2005; 56:49-60. [PMID: 15678256 DOI: 10.1177/000331970505600107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) supplementation on blood lipids and inflammatory markers, in relation to apolipoprotein (apo) E genotype. The diets of 50 dyslipidemic male patients were supplemented with 15 mL of flaxseed oil per day for 12 weeks. Retrospectively, 3 apo E genotype variants were found (epsilon2/epsilon3, n=7; epsilon3/epsilon3, n=33; epsilon3/epsilon4, n=10). No significant differences were found among apo E genotypes in any variables at baseline. ALA supplementation produced a small but significant decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (from 1.12 to 1.08 mmol/L, 43 to 42 mg/dL; p=0.008) and apo A-I levels (from 1.28 to 1.24 g/L, p=0.036) in the epsilon3/epsilon3 homozygotes. In addition, ALA supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in the serum concentration of serum amyloid A (SAA) (p=0.014), C-reactive protein (CRP) (p=0.013), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCSF) (p<0.001), and interleukin (IL)-6 (p=0.028). Serum SAA and MCSF were also significantly decreased in the epsilon3/epsilon4 group (p=0.005 and p=0.017, respectively). In contrast, ALA produced no effects on any of the inflammatory markers in the epsilon2/epsilon3 group. ALA may have beneficial effects on inflammation in dyslipidemic carriers of the apo epsilon3/epsilon3 and epsilon3/epsilon4 genotypes, but not in carriers of the epsilon2 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- George K Paschos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
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