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Palafox-Mariscal LA, Ortiz-Lazareno PC, Jave-Suárez LF, Aguilar-Lemarroy A, Villaseñor-García MM, Cruz-Lozano JR, González-Martínez KL, Méndez-Clemente AS, Bravo-Cuellar A, Hernández-Flores G. Pentoxifylline Inhibits TNF-α/TGF-β1-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition via Suppressing the NF-κB Pathway and SERPINE1 Expression in CaSki Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10592. [PMID: 37445768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the most common and deadly types of female cancer worldwide. Late diagnosis in CC increases the risk of tumor cells spreading to distant organs (metastasis). The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental process of cancer metastasis. Inflammation can lead to tumor progression, EMT induction, and metastasis. The inflammatory microenvironment is a potent inducer of EMT; inflammatory cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) and Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β1) activate transcriptional factors such as STAT3, Snail, Smad, and the Nuclear Factor kappa light-chain-enhancer of activated beta cells (NF-κΒ), which drive EMT. Anti-inflammatory compounds may be an option in the disruption of EMT. PenToXifylline (PTX) possesses potent anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB activity. In addition, PTX exerts an anti-fibrotic effect by decreasing Smad2/3/4. We hypothesize that PTX could exert anti-EMT effects. CaSki human cervical tumor cells were exposed to TNF-α 10 ng/mL and TGF-β1 alone or in combination for 5 days. Our results revealed that TNF-α and TGF-β1 induced N-cadherin and Vimentin, confirming the induction of EMT. Furthermore, the combination of cytokines synergized the expression of mesenchymal proteins, enhanced IκBα and p65 phosphorylation, and upregulated Serpin family E member 1 (SERPINE1) mRNA. PTX pretreatment prior to the addition of TNF-α and TGF-β1 significantly reduced N-cadherin and Vimentin levels. To our knowledge, this is the first time that this effect of PTX has been reported. Additionally, PTX reduced the phosphorylation of IκB-α and p65 and significantly decreased SERPINE1 expression, cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. In conclusion, PTX may counteract EMT in cervical cancer cells by decreasing the NF-κB and SERPINE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Arturo Palafox-Mariscal
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences Orientation Immunology, University Center for Health Science (CUCS), University of Guadalajara (UdeG), 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- Immunology Division, Biomedical Research Center West (CIBO), Mexican Social Security Institute, 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Pablo Cesar Ortiz-Lazareno
- Immunology Division, Biomedical Research Center West (CIBO), Mexican Social Security Institute, 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Luis Felipe Jave-Suárez
- Immunology Division, Biomedical Research Center West (CIBO), Mexican Social Security Institute, 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Adriana Aguilar-Lemarroy
- Immunology Division, Biomedical Research Center West (CIBO), Mexican Social Security Institute, 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - María Martha Villaseñor-García
- Immunology Division, Biomedical Research Center West (CIBO), Mexican Social Security Institute, 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- Department of Pharmacobiology, University Center for Exact Sciences and Engineering (CUCEI), University of Guadalajara (UdeG), 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - José Roberto Cruz-Lozano
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences Orientation Immunology, University Center for Health Science (CUCS), University of Guadalajara (UdeG), 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- Immunology Division, Biomedical Research Center West (CIBO), Mexican Social Security Institute, 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Karen Lilith González-Martínez
- Immunology Division, Biomedical Research Center West (CIBO), Mexican Social Security Institute, 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- Doctoral Program in Molecular Biology in Medicine, University Center for Health Science (CUCS), University of Guadalajara (UdeG), 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | - Alejandro Bravo-Cuellar
- Immunology Division, Biomedical Research Center West (CIBO), Mexican Social Security Institute, 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- Department of Health Sciences, Los Altos University Center (CUALtos), University of Guadalajara (UdeG), 47620 Tepatitlan de Morelos, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Georgina Hernández-Flores
- Immunology Division, Biomedical Research Center West (CIBO), Mexican Social Security Institute, 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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Yang H, Yue GGL, Leung PC, Wong CK, Lau CBS. A review on the molecular mechanisms, the therapeutic treatment including the potential of herbs and natural products, and target prediction of obesity-associated colorectal cancer. Pharmacol Res 2021; 175:106031. [PMID: 34896542 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.106031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Obesity has been proven to be closely related to colorectal carcinogenesis. This review summarized the potential underlying mechanisms linking obesity to CRC in different aspects, including energy metabolism, inflammation, activities of adipokines and hormones. Furthermore, the potential therapeutic targets of obesity-associated CRC were predicted using network-based target analysis, with total predicted pathways not only containing previously reported pathways, but also putative signaling pathways pending for investigation. In addition, the current conventional therapeutic treatment options, plus the potential use of herbs and natural products in the management of obesity-associated CRC were also discussed. Taken together, the aim of this review article is to provide strong theoretical basis for future drug development, particularly herbs and natural products, in obesity-associated CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihai Yang
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Grace Gar Lee Yue
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Ping Chung Leung
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Chun Kwok Wong
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong; Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Clara Bik San Lau
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
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Maldonado V, Hernandez-Ramírez C, Oliva-Pérez EA, Sánchez-Martínez CO, Pimentel-González JF, Molina-Sánchez JR, Jiménez-Villalba YZ, Chávez-Alderete J, Loza-Mejía MA. Pentoxifylline decreases serum LDH levels and increases lymphocyte count in COVID-19 patients: Results from an external pilot study. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 90:107209. [PMID: 33278747 PMCID: PMC7690298 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pentoxifylline could be beneficial for the treatment of COVID-19. Serum lactate dehydrogenase and lymphocyte count are accessible biomarkers that correlate with the severity of COVID-19. Pentoxifylline treatment was associated with an increase in the lymphocyte count and decreased LDH levels.
We have previously hypothesized that pentoxifylline could be beneficial for the treatment of COVID-19 given its potential to restore the immune response equilibrium, reduce the impact of the disease on the endothelium and alveolar epithelial cells, and improve the circulatory function. Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and lymphocyte count are accessible biomarkers that correlate with the severity of COVID-19, the need for hospitalization, and mortality, reflecting the host immune response’s contribution to the seriousness of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We carried out this external pilot study on 38 patients with moderate and severe COVID-19 to test the effect pentoxifylline on parameters such as LDH, lymphocyte count, days of hospitalization, mortality, and proportion of patients requiring intubation. Twenty-six patients were randomized to receive 400 mg of pentoxifylline t.i.d. plus standard therapy (pentoxifylline group), while the rest received the standard treatment (control group). Linear regression models were built for statistically significant parameters. Pentoxifylline treatment was associated with a 64.25% increase (CI95% 11.83, 116.68) in lymphocyte count and a 29.61% decrease (CI95% 15.11, 44.10) in serum LDH. Although a trend towards reduced days of hospitalization, mortality, and proportion of patients requiring intubation was observed, no statistically significant difference was found for these parameters. Our findings open the possibility of pentoxifylline being repositioned as a drug for COVID-19 treatment with the advantages of a proven safety profile, availability, and no risk of immunosuppression; however, this evidence needs to be confirmed in a pragmatic randomized controlled trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valente Maldonado
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Universidad La Salle-México, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 06140, Mexico; Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Zone 27 Mexican Institute of Social Security, Lerdo 311, Nonoalco Tlatelolco, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 6390, Mexico.
| | - Claudia Hernandez-Ramírez
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Zone 27 Mexican Institute of Social Security, Lerdo 311, Nonoalco Tlatelolco, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 6390, Mexico
| | - Eniel Alonso Oliva-Pérez
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Zone 27 Mexican Institute of Social Security, Nonoalco Tlatelolco, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 6390, Mexico
| | - César Omar Sánchez-Martínez
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Zone 27 Mexican Institute of Social Security, Nonoalco Tlatelolco, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 6390, Mexico
| | - Jorge Fabián Pimentel-González
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Zone 27 Mexican Institute of Social Security, Nonoalco Tlatelolco, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 6390, Mexico
| | - José Raúl Molina-Sánchez
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Zone 27 Mexican Institute of Social Security, Nonoalco Tlatelolco, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 6390, Mexico
| | - Yeimmy Zuyenn Jiménez-Villalba
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Zone 27 Mexican Institute of Social Security, Nonoalco Tlatelolco, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 6390, Mexico
| | - Jaime Chávez-Alderete
- Department of Bronchial Hyperreactivity, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Marco A Loza-Mejía
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Universidad La Salle-México, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 06140, Mexico
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Maldonado V, Loza-Mejía MA, Chávez-Alderete J. Repositioning of pentoxifylline as an immunomodulator and regulator of the renin-angiotensin system in the treatment of COVID-19. Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:109988. [PMID: 32540603 PMCID: PMC7282759 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that increases cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels, which in turn activate protein kinase, leading to a reduction in the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines to ultimately influence the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in vitro by inhibiting angiotensin 1 receptor (AT1R) expression. The rheological, anti-inflammatory, and renin-angiotensin axis properties of PTX highlight this drug as a therapeutic treatment alternative for patients with COVID-19 by helping reduce the production of the inflammatory cytokines without deleterious effects on the immune system to delay viral clearance. Moreover, PTX can restore the balance of the immune response, reduce damage to the endothelium and alveolar epithelial cells, improve circulation, and prevent microvascular thrombosis. There is further evidence that PTX can improve ventilatory parameters. Therefore, we propose repositioning PTX in the treatment of COVID-19. The main advantage of repositioning PTX is that it is an affordable drug that is already available worldwide with an established safety profile, further offering the possibility of immediately analysing the result of its use and associated success rates. Another advantage is that PTX selectively reduces the concentration of TNF-α mRNA in cells, which, in the case of an acute infectious state such as COVID-19, would seem to offer a more strategic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valente Maldonado
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Universidad La Salle-México, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 06140, Mexico; Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Zone 27 Mexican Institute of Social Security, Col. Nonoalco Tlatelolco Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 6390, Mexico.
| | - Marco A Loza-Mejía
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Universidad La Salle-México, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 06140, Mexico
| | - Jaime Chávez-Alderete
- Laboratory of Bronchial Hyperreactivity, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
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Pentoxifylline Regulates Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Expression and Protein Kinase A Phosphorylation in Radiation-Induced Lung Fibrosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:1279280. [PMID: 28337441 PMCID: PMC5350299 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1279280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. Radiation-induced lung fibrosis (RILF) is a serious late complication of radiotherapy. In vitro studies have demonstrated that pentoxifylline (PTX) has suppressing effects in extracellular matrix production in fibroblasts, while the antifibrotic action of PTX alone using clinical dose is yet unexplored. Materials and Methods. We used micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and histopathological analysis to evaluate the antifibrotic effects of PTX in a rat model of RILF. Results. Micro-CT findings showed that lung density, volume loss, and mediastinal shift are significantly increased at 16 weeks after irradiation. Simultaneously, histological analysis demonstrated thickening of alveolar walls, destruction of alveolar structures, and excessive collagen deposition in the irradiated lung. PTX treatment effectively attenuated the fibrotic changes based on both micro-CT and histopathological analyses. Western analysis also revealed increased levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor- (PAI-) 1 and fibronectin (FN) and PTX treatment reduced expression of PAI-1 and FN by restoring protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation but not TGF-β/Smad in both irradiated lung tissues and epithelial cells. Conclusions. Our results demonstrate the antifibrotic effect of PTX on radiation-induced lung fibrosis and its effect on modulation of PKA and PAI-1 expression as possible antifibrotic mechanisms.
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Wyseure T, Declerck PJ. Novel or expanding current targets in fibrinolysis. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1476-82. [PMID: 24886765 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Globally the leading cause of long-term disability and mortality stems from cardiovascular diseases, which creates an enormous economic burden. Currently available treatments for intravascular thrombosis consist of a large repertoire of antithrombotic agents targeting coagulation and platelet function. However, the only agents available to enhance fibrinolysis are recombinant or modified forms of plasminogen activators. Their clinical use is limited by low efficacy, life-threatening side-effects (primarily caused by the high systemic dose required) and the inapplicability for prophylactic use. This review provides an update on the latest advances in targeting the antifibrinolytic proteins, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor, and will highlight novel therapeutic avenues to enhance fibrinolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Wyseure
- Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul J Declerck
- Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Adly AAM, Elbarbary NS, Ismail EAR, Hassan SR. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: relation to diabetic micro-vascular complications and carotid intima media thickness. J Diabetes Complications 2014; 28:340-7. [PMID: 24581943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a fast-acting inhibitor of fibrinolysis that has been linked to increase risk of thrombosis. We determined PAI-1 levels in 80 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) compared with 40 healthy controls as a potential marker for micro-vascular complications and assessed the relation to carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) as a synergistic risk factor for development of atherosclerosis. METHODS Patients were divided into 2 groups according to micro-vascular complications. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), urinary albumin excretion, fasting serum lipid profile and PAI-1 levels were measured. CIMT of the common carotid artery was assessed using high resolution ultrasonography. RESULTS PAI-1 levels were significantly elevated in the group with diabetes compared with control group (p<0.001). PAI-1 levels were also increased in patients with micro-vascular complications compared with those without (p<0.001). CIMT was significantly higher in patients, particularly those with micro-vascular complications than patients without complications or controls (p<0.001). Positive correlations were found between PAI-1 levels and random blood glucose, HbA1c, triglycerides, total cholesterol and CIMT (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Increased plasma PAI-1 may be involved in the state of hypofibrinolysis in patients with T1DM leading to the occurrence of micro-vascular complications and increased risk of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Abdel Moneam Adly
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of medicine, Ain shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Nancy Samir Elbarbary
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of medicine, Ain shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Samar Reda Hassan
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of medicine, Ain shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Abstract
Nearly 36 % of adults and 20 % of children in the USA are obese, defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m(2). Obesity, which is accompanied by metabolic dysregulation often manifesting in the metabolic syndrome, is an established risk factor for many cancers. Within the growth-promoting, proinflammatory environment of the obese state, cross talk between macrophages, adipocytes, and epithelial cells occurs via obesity-associated hormones, cytokines, and other mediators that may enhance cancer risk and/or progression. This chapter synthesizes the evidence on key biological mechanisms underlying the obesity-cancer link, with particular emphasis on obesity-associated enhancements in growth factor signaling, inflammation, and vascular integrity processes, as well as obesity-dependent microenvironmental perturbations, including the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. These interrelated pathways represent possible mechanistic targets for disrupting the obesity-cancer link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Hursting
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX, 78723, United States,
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Ford NA, Devlin KL, Lashinger LM, Hursting SD. Deconvoluting the obesity and breast cancer link: secretome, soil and seed interactions. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2013; 18:267-75. [PMID: 24091864 PMCID: PMC3874287 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-013-9301-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with increased risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women and is linked with poor prognosis in pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer patients. The mechanisms underlying the obesity-breast cancer connection are becoming increasingly clear and provide multiple opportunities for primary to tertiary prevention. Several obesity-related host factors can influence breast tumor initiation, progression and/or response to therapy, and these have been implicated as key contributors to the complex effects of obesity on cancer incidence and outcomes. These host factors include components of the secretome, including insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, leptin, adiponectin, steroid hormones, cytokines, vascular regulators, and inflammation-related molecules, as well as the cellular and structural components of the tumor microenvironment. These secreted and structural host factors are extrinsic to, and interact with, the intrinsic molecular characteristics of breast cancer cells (including breast cancer stem cells), and each will be considered in the context of energy balance and as potential targets for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki A. Ford
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78722, USA
| | - Kaylyn L. Devlin
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78722, USA
| | - Laura M. Lashinger
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78722, USA
| | - Stephen D. Hursting
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78722, USA
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
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Hursting SD, Hursting MJ. Growth signals, inflammation, and vascular perturbations: mechanistic links between obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:1766-70. [PMID: 22815342 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.241927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 35% of adults and 20% of children in the United States are obese, defined as a body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m(2). Obesity, which is accompanied by metabolic dysregulation often manifesting in the metabolic syndrome, is an established risk factor for many cancers. Within the growth-promoting, proinflammatory environment of the obese state, cross talk between macrophages, adipocytes, and epithelial cells occurs via obesity-associated hormones, cytokines, and other mediators that may enhance cancer risk and progression. This review synthesizes the evidence on key biological mechanisms underlying the obesity-cancer link, with particular emphasis on obesity-associated enhancements in growth factor signaling, inflammation, and vascular integrity processes. These interrelated pathways represent possible mechanistic targets for disrupting the obesity-cancer link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Hursting
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX 78723, USA.
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