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Kiely C, Douglas KAA, Douglas VP, Miller JB, Lizano P. Overlap between ophthalmology and psychiatry - A narrative review focused on congenital and inherited conditions. Psychiatry Res 2024; 331:115629. [PMID: 38029629 PMCID: PMC10842794 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
A number of congenital and inherited diseases present with both ocular and psychiatric features. The genetic inheritance and phenotypic variants play a key role in disease severity. Early recognition of the signs and symptoms of those disorders is critical to earlier intervention and improved prognosis. Typically, the associations between these two medical subspecialties of ophthalmology and psychiatry are poorly understood by most practitioners so we hope to provide a narrative review to improve the identification and management of these disorders. We conducted a comprehensive review of the literature detailing the diseases with ophthalmic and psychiatric overlap that were more widely represented in the literature. Herein, we describe the clinical features, pathophysiology, molecular biology, diagnostic tests, and the most recent approaches for the treatment of these diseases. Recent studies have combined technologies for ocular and brain imaging such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) and functional imaging with genetic testing to identify the genetic basis for eye-brain connections. Additional work is needed to further explore these potential biomarkers. Overall, accurate, efficient, widely distributed and non-invasive tests that can help with early recognition of these diseases will improve the management of these patients using a multidisciplinary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Kiely
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 75 Fenwood Rd, 612, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Konstantinos A A Douglas
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 75 Fenwood Rd, 612, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Retinal Imaging Lab, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - John B Miller
- Harvard Retinal Imaging Lab, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, United States; Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Paulo Lizano
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 75 Fenwood Rd, 612, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Translational Neuroscience, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States.
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2
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Guimaraes TACD, Arram E, Shakarchi AF, Georgiou M, Michaelides M. Inherited causes of combined vision and hearing loss: clinical features and molecular genetics. Br J Ophthalmol 2023; 107:1403-1414. [PMID: 36162969 DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2022-321790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Combined vision and hearing loss, also known as dual sensory impairment, can occur in several genetic conditions, including ciliopathies such as Usher and Bardet-Biedl syndrome, mitochondrial DNA disorders and systemic diseases, such as CHARGE, Stickler, Waardenburg, Alport and Alstrom syndrome. The retinal phenotype may point to the diagnosis of such disorders. Herein, we aim to provide a comprehensive review of the molecular genetics and clinical features of the most common non-chromosomal inherited disorders to cause dual sensory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth Arram
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ahmed F Shakarchi
- Jones Eye Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Michalis Georgiou
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
- Jones Eye Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Michel Michaelides
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
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3
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Wawrzynski J, Patel A, Badran A, Dowell I, Henderson R, Sowden JC. Spectrum of Mutations in NDP Resulting in Ocular Disease; a Systematic Review. Front Genet 2022; 13:884722. [PMID: 35651932 PMCID: PMC9149367 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.884722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims and Rationale: The inner retina is supplied by three intraretinal capillary plexi whereas the outer retina is supplied by the choroidal circulation: NDP is essential for normal intraretinal vascularisation. Pathogenic variants in NDP (Xp11.3) may result in either a severe retinal phenotype associated with hearing loss (Norrie Disease) or a moderate retinal phenotype (Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy, FEVR). However, little is known about whether the nature or location of the NDP variant is predictive of severity. In this systematic review we summarise all reported NDP variants and draw conclusions about whether the nature of the NDP variant is predictive of the severity of the resulting ocular pathology and associated hearing loss and intellectual disability. Findings: 201 different variants in the NDP gene have been reported as disease-causing. The pathological phenotype that may result from a disease-causing NDP variant is quite diverse but generally comprises a consistent cluster of features (retinal hypovascularisation, exudation, persistent foetal vasculature, tractional/exudative retinal detachment, intellectual disability and hearing loss) that vary predictably with severity. Previous reviews have found no clear pattern in the nature of NDP mutations that cause either FEVR or Norrie disease, with the exception that mutations affecting cysteine residues have been associated with Norrie Disease and that visual loss amongst patients with Norrie disease tends to be more severe if the NDP mutation results in an early termination of translation as opposed to a missense related amino acid change. A key limitation of previous reviews has been variability in the case definition of Norrie disease and FEVR amongst authors. We thus reclassified patients into two groups based only on the severity of their retinal disease. Of the reported pathogenic variants that have been described in more than one patient, we found that any given variant caused an equivalent severity of retinopathy each time it was reported with very few exceptions. We therefore conclude that specific NDP mutations generally result in a consistent retinal phenotype each time they arise. Reports by different authors of the same variant causing either FEVR or Norrie disease conflict primarily due to variability in the authors' respective case definitions rather than true differences in disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Wawrzynski
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, National Institute for Health and Care Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aara Patel
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, National Institute for Health and Care Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abdul Badran
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, National Institute for Health and Care Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert Henderson
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, National Institute for Health and Care Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane C. Sowden
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, National Institute for Health and Care Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
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4
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Gong Y, Liu Z, Zhang X, Shen S, Xu Q, Zhao H, Shang J, Li W, Wang Y, Chen J, Liu X, Zheng QY. Endolymphatic Hydrop Phenotype in Familial Norrie Disease Caused by Large Fragment Deletion of NDP. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:771328. [PMID: 35517050 PMCID: PMC9062296 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.771328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Norrie disease (ND; OMIM 310600), a rare X-linked recessive genetic disorder, is characterized by congenital blindness and occasionally, sensorineural hearing loss, and developmental delay. The congenital blindness of ND patients is almost untreatable; thus, hearing is particularly important for them. However, the mechanism of hearing loss of ND patients is unclear, and no good treatment is available except wearing hearing-aid. Therefore, revealing the mechanism of hearing loss in ND patients and exploring effective treatment methods are greatly important. In addition, as a serious monogenic genetic disease, convenient gene identification method is important for ND patients and their family members, as well as prenatal diagnosis and preimplantation genetic diagnosis to block intergenerational transmission of pathogenic genes. In this study, a Norrie family with two male patients was reported. This pedigree was ND caused by large fragment deletion of NDP (norrin cystine knot growth factor NDP) gene. In addition to typical severe ophthalmologic and audiologic defects, the patients showed new pathological features of endolymphatic hydrops (EH), and they also showed acoustic nerves abnormal as described in a very recent report. PCR methods were developed to analyze and diagnose the variation of the family members. This study expands the understanding of the clinical manifestation and pathogenesis of ND and provides a new idea for the treatment of patients in this family and a convenient method for the genetic screen for this ND family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuerong Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Zhang Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Shuang Shen
- Institute of Hearing and Speech Rehabilitation, College of Special Education, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Qijun Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Hongchun Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Jing Shang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Weiguo Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Yanfei Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Chen,
| | - Xiuzhen Liu
- Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
- Xiuzhen Liu,
| | - Qing Yin Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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5
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Thulasiram MR, Ogier JM, Dabdoub A. Hearing Function, Degeneration, and Disease: Spotlight on the Stria Vascularis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:841708. [PMID: 35309932 PMCID: PMC8931286 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.841708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The stria vascularis (SV) is a highly vascularized tissue lining the lateral wall of the cochlea. The SV maintains cochlear fluid homeostasis, generating the endocochlear potential that is required for sound transduction. In addition, the SV acts as an important blood-labyrinth barrier, tightly regulating the passage of molecules from the blood into the cochlea. A healthy SV is therefore vital for hearing function. Degeneration of the SV is a leading cause of age-related hearing loss, and has been associated with several hearing disorders, including Norrie disease, Meniere's disease, Alport syndrome, Waardenburg syndrome, and Cytomegalovirus-induced hearing loss. Despite the SV's important role in hearing, there is still much that remains to be discovered, including cell-specific function within the SV, mechanisms of SV degeneration, and potential protective or regenerative therapies. In this review, we discuss recent discoveries elucidating the molecular regulatory networks of SV function, mechanisms underlying degeneration of the SV, and otoprotective strategies for preventing drug-induced SV damage. We also highlight recent clinical developments for treating SV-related hearing loss and discuss future research trajectories in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matsya R Thulasiram
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jacqueline M Ogier
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alain Dabdoub
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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6
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Bryant D, Pauzuolyte V, Ingham NJ, Patel A, Pagarkar W, Anderson LA, Smith KE, Moulding DA, Leong YC, Jafree DJ, Long DA, Al-Yassin A, Steel KP, Jagger DJ, Forge A, Berger W, Sowden JC, Bitner-Glindzicz M. The timing of auditory sensory deficits in Norrie disease has implications for therapeutic intervention. JCI Insight 2022; 7:148586. [PMID: 35132964 PMCID: PMC8855802 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.148586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Norrie disease is caused by mutation of the NDP gene, presenting as congenital blindness followed by later onset of hearing loss. Protecting patients from hearing loss is critical for maintaining their quality of life. This study aimed to understand the onset of pathology in cochlear structure and function. By investigating patients and juvenile Ndp-mutant mice, we elucidated the sequence of onset of physiological changes (in auditory brainstem responses, distortion product otoacoustic emissions, endocochlear potential, blood-labyrinth barrier integrity) and determined the cellular, histological, and ultrastructural events leading to hearing loss. We found that cochlear vascular pathology occurs earlier than previously reported and precedes sensorineural hearing loss. The work defines a disease mechanism whereby early malformation of the cochlear microvasculature precedes loss of vessel integrity and decline of endocochlear potential, leading to hearing loss and hair cell death while sparing spiral ganglion cells. This provides essential information on events defining the optimal therapeutic window and indicates that early intervention is needed. In an era of advancing gene therapy and small-molecule technologies, this study establishes Ndp-mutant mice as a platform to test such interventions and has important implications for understanding the progression of hearing loss in Norrie disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale Bryant
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, and NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valda Pauzuolyte
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, and NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil J Ingham
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aara Patel
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, and NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Waheeda Pagarkar
- Great Ormond Street Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy A Anderson
- UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katie E Smith
- UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dale A Moulding
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, and NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yeh C Leong
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, and NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniyal J Jafree
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, and NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom.,UCL MB/PhD Programme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A Long
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, and NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amina Al-Yassin
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, and NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karen P Steel
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Jagger
- UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Forge
- UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfgang Berger
- Institute of Medical Molecular Genetics, University of Zürich, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jane C Sowden
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, and NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Bitner-Glindzicz
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, and NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Jain S, Narne VK. Auditory Profile of Children With Some Rare Neurodevelopmental Disorders. RESEARCH ANTHOLOGY ON PEDIATRIC AND ADOLESCENT MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-5360-5.ch014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorder is an umbrella term comprising many muscular, skeletal, metabolic, endocrinal, systemic, and immune-related diseases, which are caused due to the improper/inaccurate development of the central nervous system. Most of these disorders are highly prevalent, but some express rarely in human beings. Such disorders with least prevalence rates are known as rare neurodevelopmental disorders. The sensory system is affected in all individuals with these rare neurodevelopmental disorders, although to a varying extent. Sensory processing in terms of hearing loss is reported by many researchers in many rare neurodevelopmental disorders, but the pathophysiology of audiological findings are seldom investigated. In this chapter, the authors highlight the possible relationship between underlying cause and the resultant audiological symptoms in some of the rare neurodevelopmental disorders. Further, the research studies on the audiological profiling in such disorders are discussed.
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8
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Norrie disease protein is essential for cochlear hair cell maturation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2106369118. [PMID: 34544869 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2106369118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene for Norrie disease protein (Ndp) cause syndromic deafness and blindness. We show here that cochlear function in an Ndp knockout mouse deteriorated with age: At P3-P4, hair cells (HCs) showed progressive loss of Pou4f3 and Gfi1, key transcription factors for HC maturation, and Myo7a, a specialized myosin required for normal function of HC stereocilia. Loss of expression of these genes correlated to increasing HC loss and profound hearing loss by 2 mo. We show that overexpression of the Ndp gene in neonatal supporting cells or, remarkably, up-regulation of canonical Wnt signaling in HCs rescued HCs and cochlear function. We conclude that Ndp secreted from supporting cells orchestrates a transcriptional network for the maintenance and survival of HCs and that increasing the level of β-catenin, the intracellular effector of Wnt signaling, is sufficient to replace the functional requirement for Ndp in the cochlea.
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9
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Younes ST, Shiflett JM, Weaver K, Smith A, Herrington B, Taylor C, Reddy K. Norrie disease with a spontaneously shrinking choroid plexus abnormality: a case report. Ophthalmic Genet 2021; 42:344-348. [PMID: 33641574 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2021.1894459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Norrie disease is a genetic disorder of the retina characterized by impaired retinal vascular development leading to retinal detachment and blindness. Non-retinal manifestations of the disorder include intellectual disability and seizure disorders. However, to date, no association with neurological mass lesions has been described.Materials and methods: Case reporResults: Here, we report a case of a patient with Norrie disease who presented with an enhancing mass of the choroid plexus that spontaneously diminished in size. Conclusion: This report suggests watchful waiting as a reasonable clinical approach to choroid plexus lesions in patients with Norrie disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhi Talal Younes
- School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - James Mason Shiflett
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Kristin Weaver
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Andrew Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Betty Herrington
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Charlotte Taylor
- Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Kartik Reddy
- Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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10
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Li M, Nishio SY, Naruse C, Riddell M, Sapski S, Katsuno T, Hikita T, Mizapourshafiyi F, Smith FM, Cooper LT, Lee MG, Asano M, Boettger T, Krueger M, Wietelmann A, Graumann J, Day BW, Boyd AW, Offermanns S, Kitajiri SI, Usami SI, Nakayama M. Digenic inheritance of mutations in EPHA2 and SLC26A4 in Pendred syndrome. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1343. [PMID: 32165640 PMCID: PMC7067772 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Enlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA) is one of the most commonly identified inner ear malformations in hearing loss patients including Pendred syndrome. While biallelic mutations of the SLC26A4 gene, encoding pendrin, causes non-syndromic hearing loss with EVA or Pendred syndrome, a considerable number of patients appear to carry mono-allelic mutation. This suggests faulty pendrin regulatory machinery results in hearing loss. Here we identify EPHA2 as another causative gene of Pendred syndrome with SLC26A4. EphA2 forms a protein complex with pendrin controlling pendrin localization, which is disrupted in some pathogenic forms of pendrin. Moreover, point mutations leading to amino acid substitution in the EPHA2 gene are identified from patients bearing mono-allelic mutation of SLC26A4. Ephrin-B2 binds to EphA2 triggering internalization with pendrin inducing EphA2 autophosphorylation weakly. The identified EphA2 mutants attenuate ephrin-B2- but not ephrin-A1-induced EphA2 internalization with pendrin. Our results uncover an unexpected role of the Eph/ephrin system in epithelial function. While biallelic mutations of the SLC26A4 gene cause non-syndromic hearing loss with enlarged vestibular aqueducts or Pendred syndrome, a considerable number of patients carry mono-allelic mutations. Here the authors identify EPHA2 as another causative gene of Pendred syndrome with SLC26A4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Li
- Laboratory for Cell Polarity and Organogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,DFG Research Training Group, Membrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and Remodeling, GRK 2213, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Shin-Ya Nishio
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Chie Naruse
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Meghan Riddell
- Laboratory for Cell Polarity and Organogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Sabrina Sapski
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Tatsuya Katsuno
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takao Hikita
- Laboratory for Cell Polarity and Organogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Fatemeh Mizapourshafiyi
- Laboratory for Cell Polarity and Organogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,DFG Research Training Group, Membrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and Remodeling, GRK 2213, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Fiona M Smith
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Leanne T Cooper
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Min Goo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Masahide Asano
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Thomas Boettger
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Marcus Krueger
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Astrid Wietelmann
- MRI and µCT Service Group, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Johannes Graumann
- Scientific Service Group Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site - Rhine-Main, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bryan W Day
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrew W Boyd
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Shin-Ichiro Kitajiri
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Usami
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Masanori Nakayama
- Laboratory for Cell Polarity and Organogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany. .,DFG Research Training Group, Membrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and Remodeling, GRK 2213, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany. .,Kumamoto University International Research Center for Medical Scinece, Kumamoto, Japan.
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11
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Sowden JC, Kros CJ, Sirimanna T, Pagarkar W, Oluonye N, Henderson RH. Impact of sight and hearing loss in patients with Norrie disease: advantages of Dual Sensory clinics in patient care. BMJ Paediatr Open 2020; 4:e000781. [PMID: 33225082 PMCID: PMC7670942 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Norrie disease (ND) is a rare, X-linked condition of visual and auditory impairment, often presenting with additional neurological features and developmental delays of varying severity. While all affected patients are born blind, or lose their vision in infancy, progressive sensorineural hearing loss develops in the majority of cases and is typically detected in the second decade of life. A range of additional symptoms of ND, such as seizure disorders, typically appear from a young age, but it is difficult to predict the range of symptoms ND patients will experience. After growing up without vision, hearing loss represents the greatest worry for many patients with ND, as they may lose the ability to participate in previously enjoyed activities or to communicate with others. Dual sensory loss has a physical, psychosocial and financial impact on both patients with ND and their families. Routine monitoring of the condition is required in order to identify, treat and provide support for emerging health problems, leading to a large burden of medical appointments. Many patients need to travel long distances to meet with specialists, representing a further burden on time and finances. Additionally, the rare nature of dual sensory impairment in children means that few clinical environments are designed to meet their needs. Dual Sensory clinics are multidisciplinary environments designed for sensory-impaired children and have been suggested to alleviate the impact of diseases involving sensory loss such as ND. Here, we discuss the diagnosis, monitoring and management of ND and the impact it has on paediatric patients and their caregivers. We describe the potential for dual sensory clinics to reduce disease burden through providing an appropriate clinical environment, access to multiple clinical experts in one visit, and ease of monitoring for patients with ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane C Sowden
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, London, UK
| | - Corné J Kros
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, Brighton and Hove, UK
| | - Tony Sirimanna
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, London, UK
| | | | - Ngozi Oluonye
- Wolfson Neurodisability Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, London, UK
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Abeshi A, Marinelli C, Beccari T, Dundar M, Ziccardi L, Bertelli M. Genetic testing for Norrie disease. EUROBIOTECH JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.24190/issn2564-615x/2017/s1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We studied the scientific literature and disease guidelines in order to summarize the clinical utility of genetic testing for Norrie disease. The disease is caused by variations in the NDP gene. Its prevalence is currently unknown. Inheritance is X-linked recessive. Clinical diagnosis is based on clinical findings, color vision testing, optical coherence tomography, ophthalmological examination and electroretinography. The genetic test is useful for confirming diagnosis, and for differential diagnosis, couple risk assessment and access to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi Abeshi
- MAGI Balkans, Tirana , Albania
- MAGI’S Lab, Rovereto , Italy
| | | | - Tommaso Beccari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia , Italy
| | - Munis Dundar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Erciyes University Medical School, Kayseri , Turkey
| | - Lucia Ziccardi
- Neurophthalmology Unit, “G.B. Bietti” Foundation IRCCS, Rome , Italy
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13
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Andarva M, Jamshidi J, Ghaedi H, Daftarian N, Emamalizadeh B, Alehabib E, Taghavi S, Pouriran R, Darvish H. A novel c.240_241insGG mutation in NDP gene in a family with Norrie disease. Clin Exp Optom 2017; 101:255-259. [PMID: 28922694 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norrie disease (ND) is a rare, X-linked recessive disorder with the main characteristic of early childhood blindness. The aim of the present study was to identify the genetic cause of the disease and the phenotypic characteristics of the patients in an Iranian family with four affected males with ND. METHODS Norrie disease pseudoglioma (NDP) gene was sequenced and clinical examination was performed on patients. RESULTS A GG dinucleotide insertion in exon 3 (c.240_241insGG) of NDP was detected in all patients. The mutation caused a frameshift and an early stop codon (p.Phe81Glyfs*23). CONCLUSIONS A novel mutation was found in the NDP gene in the affected males of the family. As the mutation was absent in the normal male members of the family, it should be the genetic cause of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monavvar Andarva
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Jamshidi
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Hamid Ghaedi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narsis Daftarian
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Emamalizadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Alehabib
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaghyegh Taghavi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Pouriran
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Darvish
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Matsumoto M, Walton NM, Yamada H, Kondo Y, Marek GJ, Tajinda K. The impact of genetics on future drug discovery in schizophrenia. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:673-686. [PMID: 28521526 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1324419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Failures of investigational new drugs (INDs) for schizophrenia have left huge unmet medical needs for patients. Given the recent lackluster results, it is imperative that new drug discovery approaches (and resultant drug candidates) target pathophysiological alterations that are shared in specific, stratified patient populations that are selected based on pre-identified biological signatures. One path to implementing this paradigm is achievable by leveraging recent advances in genetic information and technologies. Genome-wide exome sequencing and meta-analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based association studies have already revealed rare deleterious variants and SNPs in patient populations. Areas covered: Herein, the authors review the impact that genetics have on the future of schizophrenia drug discovery. The high polygenicity of schizophrenia strongly indicates that this disease is biologically heterogeneous so the identification of unique subgroups (by patient stratification) is becoming increasingly necessary for future investigational new drugs. Expert opinion: The authors propose a pathophysiology-based stratification of genetically-defined subgroups that share deficits in particular biological pathways. Existing tools, including lower-cost genomic sequencing and advanced gene-editing technology render this strategy ever more feasible. Genetically complex psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia may also benefit from synergistic research with simpler monogenic disorders that share perturbations in similar biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuyuki Matsumoto
- a Unit 2, Candidate Discovery Science Labs., Drug Discovery Research , Astellas Pharma Inc. , Tsukuba , Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Noah M Walton
- b La Jolla Laboratory , Astellas Research Institute of America LLC , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Hiroshi Yamada
- b La Jolla Laboratory , Astellas Research Institute of America LLC , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Yuji Kondo
- a Unit 2, Candidate Discovery Science Labs., Drug Discovery Research , Astellas Pharma Inc. , Tsukuba , Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Gerard J Marek
- c Development Medical Sciences, Astellas Pharma Global Development , Northbrook , IL , USA
| | - Katsunori Tajinda
- b La Jolla Laboratory , Astellas Research Institute of America LLC , San Diego , CA , USA
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Okumura A, Arai E, Kitamura Y, Abe S, Ikeno M, Fujimaki T, Yamamoto T, Shimizu T. Epilepsy phenotypes in siblings with Norrie disease. Brain Dev 2015; 37:978-82. [PMID: 25944760 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Norrie disease is an X-linked recessive disorder that is characterized by congenital blindness. Although epileptic seizures are observed in some patients with Norrie disease, little is known about this phenomenon. Here, we report the manifestation of epilepsy in siblings with Norrie disease to increase our knowledge of epilepsy in this condition. Three brothers with congenital blindness were diagnosed with Norrie disease after genetic analyses indicated the deletion of exon 2 of the NDP gene. The eldest brother had suffered from epileptic seizures since the age of 11years, and his seizures were resistant to antiepileptic drugs. Although the second brother had no epileptic seizures, the youngest sibling had experiences epileptic seizures since the age of 8years. His seizures were controlled using lamotrigine and levetiracetam. An electroencephalography (EEG) revealed epileptiform discharges in the occipital areas in all three brothers. A study of these patients will increase our knowledge of epilepsy in patients with Norrie disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Okumura
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, Japan.
| | - Eisuke Arai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yuri Kitamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shinpei Abe
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Ikeno
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takuro Fujimaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yamamoto
- Tokyo Women's Medical University, Institute for Integrated Medical Sciences, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, Japan
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Payabvash S, Anderson JS, Nascene DR. Bilateral persistent fetal vasculature due to a mutation in the Norrie disease protein gene. Neuroradiol J 2015; 28:623-7. [PMID: 26459204 DOI: 10.1177/1971400915609350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of a 7-week-old boy with bilateral leukocoria and asymmetric microphthalmia who was found to have Norrie disease. Symmetrically hyperdense globes with no evidence of calcification were seen on CT scan. The MRI showed bilateral retinal hemorrhages resulting in conical vitreous chambers-narrow at the optic disc and widened toward the lens-characteristic of persistent fetal vasculature. Genetic evaluation revealed a previously undescribed mutation in the Norrie disease protein gene.
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17
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Wassink TH, Hazlett HC, Davis LK, Reiss AL, Piven J. Testing for association of the monoamine oxidase A promoter polymorphism with brain structure volumes in both autism and the fragile X syndrome. J Neurodev Disord 2014; 6:6. [PMID: 24669826 PMCID: PMC3987046 DOI: 10.1186/1866-1955-6-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism and the fragile X syndrome (FXS) are related to each other genetically and symptomatically. A cardinal biological feature of both disorders is abnormalities of cerebral cortical brain volumes. We have previously shown that the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) promoter polymorphism is associated with cerebral cortical volumes in children with autism, and we now sought to determine whether the association was also present in children with FXS. METHODS Participants included 47 2-year-old Caucasian boys with FXS, some of whom also had autism, as well as 34 2-year-old boys with idiopathic autism analyzed in a previous study. The MAOA promoter polymorphism was genotyped and tested for relationships with gray and white matter volumes of the cerebral cortical lobes and cerebro-spinal fluid volume of the lateral ventricles. RESULTS MAOA genotype effects in FXS children were the same as those previously observed in idiopathic autism: the low activity MAOA promoter polymorphism allele was associated with increased gray and white matter volumes in all cerebral lobes. The effect was most pronounced in frontal lobe gray matter and all three white matter regions: frontal gray, F = 4.39, P = 0.04; frontal white, F = 5.71, P = 0.02; temporal white, F = 4.73, P = 0.04; parieto-occipital white, F = 5.00, P = 0.03. Analysis of combined FXS and idiopathic autism samples produced P values for these regions <0.01 and effect sizes of approximately 0.10. CONCLUSIONS The MAOA promoter polymorphism is similarly associated with brain structure volumes in both idiopathic autism and FXS. These data illuminate a number of important aspects of autism and FXS heritability: a genetic effect on a core biological trait of illness, the specificity/generalizability of the genetic effect, and the utility of examining individual genetic effects on the background of a single gene disorder such as FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Wassink
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 1-191 MEB, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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18
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MAOA and mechanisms of panic disorder revisited: from bench to molecular psychotherapy. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:122-8. [PMID: 23319006 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Panic disorder with agoraphobia (PD/AG) is a prevalent mental disorder featuring a substantial complex genetic component. At present, only a few established risk genes exist. Among these, the gene encoding monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) is noteworthy given that genetic variation has been demonstrated to influence gene expression and monoamine levels. Long alleles of the MAOA-uVNTR promoter polymorphism are associated with PD/AG and correspond with increased enzyme activity. Here, we have thus investigated the impact of MAOA-uVNTR on therapy response, behavioral avoidance and brain activity in fear conditioning in a large controlled and randomized multicenter study on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in PD/AG. The study consisted of 369 PD/AG patients, and genetic information was available for 283 patients. Carriers of the risk allele had significantly worse outcome as measured by the Hamilton Anxiety scale (46% responders vs 67%, P=0.017). This was accompanied by elevated heart rate and increased fear during an anxiety-provoking situation, that is, the behavioral avoidance task. All but one panic attack that happened during this task occurred in risk allele carriers and, furthermore, risk allele carriers did not habituate to the situation during repetitive exposure. Finally, functional neuroimaging during a classical fear conditioning paradigm evidenced that the protective allele is associated with increased activation of the anterior cingulate cortex upon presentation of the CS+ during acquisition of fear. Further differentiation between high- and low-risk subjects after treatment was observed in the inferior parietal lobes, suggesting differential brain activation patterns upon CBT. Taken together, we established that a genetic risk factor for PD/AG is associated with worse response to CBT and identify potential underlying neural mechanisms. These findings might govern how psychotherapy can include genetic information to tailor individualized treatment approaches.
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McNeill B, Mazerolle C, Bassett EA, Mears AJ, Ringuette R, Lagali P, Picketts DJ, Paes K, Rice D, Wallace VA. Hedgehog regulates Norrie disease protein to drive neural progenitor self-renewal. Hum Mol Genet 2012. [PMID: 23201751 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Norrie disease (ND) is a congenital disorder characterized by retinal hypovascularization and cognitive delay. ND has been linked to mutations in 'Norrie Disease Protein' (Ndp), which encodes the secreted protein Norrin. Norrin functions as a secreted angiogenic factor, although its role in neural development has not been assessed. Here, we show that Ndp expression is initiated in retinal progenitors in response to Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, which induces Gli2 binding to the Ndp promoter. Using a combination of genetic epistasis and acute RNAi-knockdown approaches, we show that Ndp is required downstream of Hh activation to induce retinal progenitor proliferation in the retina. Strikingly, Ndp regulates the rate of cell-cycle re-entry and not cell-cycle kinetics, thereby uncoupling the self-renewal and cell-cycle progression functions of Hh. Taken together, we have uncovered a cell autonomous function for Ndp in retinal progenitor proliferation that is independent of its function in the retinal vasculature, which could explain the neural defects associated with ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian McNeill
- Vision Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont. K1H 8L6, Canada
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20
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Reif A, Weber H, Domschke K, Klauke B, Baumann C, Jacob CP, Ströhle A, Gerlach AL, Alpers GW, Pauli P, Hamm A, Kircher T, Arolt V, Wittchen HU, Binder EB, Erhardt A, Deckert J. Meta-analysis argues for a female-specific role of MAOA-uVNTR in panic disorder in four European populations. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2012; 159B:786-93. [PMID: 22911667 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Panic disorder (PD) is a common mental disorder, ranking highest among the anxiety disorders in terms of disease burden. The pathogenesis of PD is multifactorial with significant heritability, however only a few convincing risk genes have been reported thus far. One of the most promising candidates is the gene encoding monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), due to its key role in monoaminergic neurotransmission, established validity of animal models, and the efficacy of MAO inhibitors in the treatment of PD. A promoter repeat polymorphism in MAOA (MAOA-uVNTR) impacts on gene expression; high-expression alleles have been reported to increase the risk for PD. To further scrutinize the role of this polymorphism, we performed a formal meta-analysis on MAOA-uVNTR and PD using original data from four published European (Estonian, German, Italian, and Polish) samples and genotypes from three hitherto unpublished German PD samples, resulting in the largest (n = 1,115 patients and n = 1,260 controls) genetic study on PD reported to date. In the unpublished samples, evidence for association of MAOA-uVNTR with PD was obtained in one of the three samples. Results of the meta-analysis revealed a significant and female-specific association when calculating an allelic model (OR = 1.23, P = 0.006). This sex-specific effect might be explained by a gene-dose effect causing higher MAOA expression in females. Taken together, our meta-analysis therefore argues that high-expression MAOA-uVNTR alleles significantly increase the risk towards PD in women. However, epigenetic mechanisms might obfuscate the genetic association, calling for ascertainment in larger samples as well as assessment of the MAOA promoter methylation status therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Smith SE, Mullen TE, Graham D, Sims KB, Rehm HL. Norrie disease: Extraocular clinical manifestations in 56 patients. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:1909-17. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, progressive early-onset spinocerebellar ataxia, and late-onset sensorineural hearing loss: case report and literature review. Balkan J Med Genet 2011; 14:77-88. [PMID: 24052715 PMCID: PMC3776697 DOI: 10.2478/v10034-011-0050-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of ataxia, hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and hearing loss is extremely rare. Considerable heterogeneity exists in the literature of the neurological manifestations, age of onset, clinical severity and associated abnormalities. We describe a 24-year-old woman with secondary hypergonadotropic amenorrhea, early-onset progressive spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA), late-onset sensorineural hearing loss and normal intelligence and compare it with reported cases.
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Luhmann UFO, Neidhardt J, Kloeckener-Gruissem B, Schäfer NF, Glaus E, Feil S, Berger W. Vascular changes in the cerebellum of Norrin /Ndph knockout mice correlate with high expression of Norrin and Frizzled-4. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 27:2619-28. [PMID: 18547247 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
X-linked Norrie disease, familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR), Coat's disease and retinopathy of prematurity are severe human eye diseases and can all be caused by mutations in the Norrie disease pseudoglioma gene. They all show vascular defects and characteristic features of retinal hypoxia. Only Norrie disease displays additional neurological symptoms, which are sensorineural hearing loss and mental retardation. In the present study, we analysed transcript levels of the ligand Norrin (Ndph) and its two receptors Frizzled-4 (Fzd4) and LDL-related protein receptor 5 (Lrp5) in six different brain regions (cerebellum, cortex, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, pituitary and brain stem) of 6- to 8-month-old wild-type and Ndph knockout mice by quantitative real-time PCR. No effect of the Ndph knockout allele on Fzd4 or Lrp5 receptor expression was found. Furthermore, no alterations of the transcript levels of three hypoxia-regulated angiogenic factors (Vegfa, Itgrb3 and Tie1) were observed in the absence of Norrin. Interestingly, we identified significant differences in Ndph, Fzd4 and Lrp5 transcript levels in brain regions of wild-type mice and observed highest expression of Norrin and frizzled-4 in cerebellum. Transcript analyses were correlated with morphological data obtained from cerebellum and immunohistochemical studies of blood vessels in different brain regions. Vessel density was reduced in the cerebellum of Ndph knockout mice but the number of Purkinje and granular cells was not altered. This provides the first description of a brain phenotype in Ndph knockout mice, which will help to elucidate the role of Norrin in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich F O Luhmann
- Division of Medical Molecular Genetics & Gene Diagnostics, Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Schorenstrasse 16, CH-8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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