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Lodoso-Torrecilla I, Konka J, Kreuzer M, Jimenez-Pique E, Espanol M, Ginebra MP. Quality assessment of regenerated bone in intraosseous and intramuscular scaffolds by spectroscopy and nanoindentation. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 164:213982. [PMID: 39098081 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
The efficiency of synthetic bone grafts can be evaluated either in osseous sites, to analyze osteoconduction or ectopically, in intramuscular or subcutaneous sites, to assess osteoinduction. Bone regeneration is usually evaluated in terms of the presence and quantity of newly formed bone, but little information is normally provided on the quality of this bone. Here, we propose a novel approach to evaluate bone quality by the combined use of spectroscopy techniques and nanoindentation. Calcium phosphate scaffolds with different architectures, either foamed or 3D-printed, that were implanted in osseous or intramuscular defects in Beagle dogs for 6 or 12 weeks were analyzed. ATR-FTIR and Raman spectroscopy were performed, and mineral-to-matrix ratio, crystallinity, and mineral and collagen maturity were calculated and mapped for the newly regenerated bone and the mature cortical bone from the same specimen. For all the parameters studied, the newly-formed bone showed lower values than the mature host bone. Hardness and elastic modulus were determined by nanoindentation and, in line with what was observed by spectroscopy, lower values were observed in the regenerated bone than in the cortical bone. While, as expected, all techniques pointed to an increase in the maturity of the newly-formed bone between 6 and 12 weeks, the bone found in the intramuscular samples after 12 weeks presented lower mineralization than the intraosseous counterparts. Moreover, scaffold architecture also played a role in bone maturity, with the foamed scaffolds showing higher mineralization and crystallinity than the 3D-printed scaffolds after 12 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Lodoso-Torrecilla
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Group of Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Centre in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joanna Konka
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Group of Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Centre in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martin Kreuzer
- CELLS-ALBA, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, 08290, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilio Jimenez-Pique
- Barcelona Research Centre in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CIEFMA Group, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Espanol
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Group of Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Centre in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Bioingeniería, Biomedicina y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Maria-Pau Ginebra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Group of Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Centre in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Bioingeniería, Biomedicina y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Carrer Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Leskovar T, Jerman I, Zupanič Pajnič I. The mysteries of DNA preservation in bone: A comparative study of petrous bones and metacarpal epiphyses using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Forensic Sci Int 2024; 360:112076. [PMID: 38821024 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
A comparative analysis of 26 petrous bones and epiphyses of metacarpals from the Second World War era revealed no significant differences in DNA yield or success in STR typing. This unexpected parity in DNA preservation between the petrous bone, a renowned source of endogenous DNA in skeletal remains, and the epiphyses of metacarpals, which are porous and susceptible to taphonomic changes, is surprising. In this study, we introduced ATR-FTIR spectroscopy as an approach to unravel the correlation between bone molecular structure and DNA preservation. Metacarpals and petrous bones with same taphonomic history were sampled and prepared for DNA analyses. While one portion of the sample was used for DNA analysis, the other underwent ATR-FTIR spectroscopic examination. The normalized spectra and FTIR indices between the epiphyses of metacarpals and petrous bones were compared. Because the taphonomic history of the remains used is relatively short and stable, the ATR-FTIR spectroscopy unveiled subtle structural differences between the two bone types. Petrous bones exhibited higher mineralization, whereas epiphyses contained more organic matter. The unexpected preservation of DNA in the epiphyses of metacarpals can likely be attributed to the presence of soft tissue remnants within the trabeculae. Here observed differences in the molecular structure of bones indicate there are different mechanisms enabling DNA preservation in skeletal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Leskovar
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Archaeology, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Zavetiška 5, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Ivan Jerman
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Irena Zupanič Pajnič
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia.
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3
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Shin M, Kim DK, Jain M, Martens PJ, Turner RT, Iwaniec UT, Kruzic JJ, Gludovatz B. Impact of heavy alcohol consumption on cortical bone mechanical properties in male rhesus macaques. Bone 2024; 181:117041. [PMID: 38325648 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Chronic heavy alcohol consumption may influence the skeleton by suppressing intracortical bone remodeling which may impact the quality of bone and its mechanical properties. However, this aspect has not been thoroughly assessed in either humans or animal models whose cortical bone microstructure resembles the microstructure of human cortical bone. The current study is the first to investigate the effects of chronic heavy alcohol consumption on various mechanical properties of bone in a non-human primate model with intracortical remodeling. Male rhesus macaques (5.3 years old at the initiation of treatment) were induced to drink alcohol and then given the choice to voluntarily self-administer water or ethanol (4 % w/v) for approximately 14 months, followed by three abstinence phases (lasting 34, 41, and 39-46 days) with approximately 3 months of ethanol access in between. During the initial 14 months of open-access, monkeys in the alcohol group consumed an average of 2.9 ± 0.8 g/kg/d ethanol (mean ± SD) resulting in a blood ethanol concentration of 89 ± 47 mg/dl in longitudinal samples taken at 7 h after the daily sessions began. To understand the impact of alcohol consumption on material properties, various mechanical tests were conducted on the distal tibia diaphysis of 2-5 monkeys per test group, including dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) testing, nano-indentation, microhardness testing, compression testing, and fracture resistance curve (R-curve) testing. Additionally, compositional analyses were performed using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Significant differences in microhardness, compressive stress-strain response, and composition were not observed with alcohol consumption, and only minor differences were detected in hardness and elastic modulus of the matrix and osteons from nanoindentation. Furthermore, the R-curves of both groups overlapped, with similar crack initiation toughness, despite a significant decrease in crack growth toughness (p = 0.032) with alcohol consumption. However, storage modulus (p = 0.029) and loss factor (p = 0.015) from DMA testing were significantly increased in the alcohol group compared to the control group, while loss modulus remained unchanged. These results indicate that heavy alcohol consumption may have only a minor influence on the material properties and the composition of cortical bone in young adult male rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihee Shin
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Do Kyung Kim
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Department of Material Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Manish Jain
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA
| | - Penny J Martens
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Russell T Turner
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 97331 Oregon, United States; Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 97331 Oregon, United States
| | - Urszula T Iwaniec
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 97331 Oregon, United States; Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 97331 Oregon, United States
| | - Jamie J Kruzic
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Bernd Gludovatz
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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4
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Shin M, Pelletier MH, Lovric V, Walsh WR, Martens PJ, Kruzic JJ, Gludovatz B. Effect of gamma irradiation and supercritical carbon dioxide sterilization with Novakill™ or ethanol on the fracture toughness of cortical bone. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2024; 112:e35356. [PMID: 38247241 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Sterilization of structural bone allografts is a critical process prior to their clinical use in large cortical bone defects. Gamma irradiation protocols are known to affect tissue integrity in a dose dependent manner. Alternative sterilization treatments, such as supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2 ), are gaining popularity due to advantages such as minimal exposure to denaturants, the lack of toxic residues, superior tissue penetration, and minor impacts on mechanical properties including strength and stiffness. The impact of SCCO2 on the fracture toughness of bone tissue, however, remains unknown. Here, we evaluate crack initiation and growth toughness after 2, 6, and 24 h SCCO2 -treatment using Novakill™ and ethanol as additives on ~11 samples per group obtained from a pair of femur diaphyses of a canine. All mechanical testing was performed at ambient air after 24 h soaking in Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS). Results show no statistically significant difference in the failure characteristics of the Novakill™-treated groups whereas crack growth toughness after 6 and 24 h of treatment with ethanol significantly increases by 37% (p = .010) and 34% (p = .038), respectively, compared to an untreated control group. In contrast, standard 25 kGy gamma irradiation causes significantly reduced crack growth resistance by 40% (p = .007) compared to untreated bone. FTIR vibrational spectroscopy, conducted after testing, reveals a consistent trend of statistically significant differences (p < .001) with fracture toughness. These trends align with variations in the ratios of enzymatic mature to immature crosslinks in the collagen structure, suggesting a potential association with fracture toughness. Additional Raman spectroscopy after testing shows a similar trend with statistically significant differences (p < .005), which further supports that collagen structural changes occur in the SCF-treated groups with ethanol after 6 and 24 h. Our work reveals the benefits of SCCO2 sterilization compared to gamma irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihee Shin
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew H Pelletier
- Surgical and Orthopedic Research Laboratories, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vedran Lovric
- Surgical and Orthopedic Research Laboratories, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - William R Walsh
- Surgical and Orthopedic Research Laboratories, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Penny J Martens
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jamie J Kruzic
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bernd Gludovatz
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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5
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Stipniece L, Ramata-Stunda A, Vecstaudza J, Kreicberga I, Livkisa D, Rubina A, Sceglovs A, Salma-Ancane K. A Comparative Study on Physicochemical Properties and In Vitro Biocompatibility of Sr-Substituted and Sr Ranelate-Loaded Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:5264-5281. [PMID: 38039078 PMCID: PMC10731655 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nHAp) possess compositional and structural similarities to those of bone minerals and play a key role in bone regenerative medicine. Functionalization of calcium phosphate biomaterials with Sr, i.e., bone extracellular matrix trace element, has been proven to be an effective biomaterial-based strategy for promoting osteogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Functionalizing nHAp with Sr2+ ions or strontium ranelate (SrRAN) can provide favorable bone tissue regeneration by locally delivering bioactive molecules to the bone defect microenvironment. Moreover, administering an antiosteoporotic drug, SrRAN, directly into site-specific bone defects could significantly reduce the necessary drug dosage and the risk of possible side effects. Our study evaluated the impact of the Sr source (Sr2+ ions and SrRAN) used to functionalize nHAp by wet precipitation on its in vitro cellular activities. The systematic comparison of physicochemical properties, in vitro Sr2+ and Ca2+ ion release, and their effect on in vitro cellular activities of the developed Sr-functionalized nHAp was performed. The ion release tests in TRIS-HCl demonstrated a 21-day slow and continuous release of the Sr2+ and Ca2+ ions from both Sr-substituted nHAp and SrRAN-loaded HAp. Also, SrRAN and Sr2+ ion release kinetics were evaluated in DMEM to understand their correlation with in vitro cellular effects in the same time frame. Relatively low concentration (up to 2 wt %) of Sr in the nHAp led to an increase in the alkaline phosphatase activity in preosteoblasts and expression of collagen I and osteocalcin in osteoblasts, demonstrating their ability to boost bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liga Stipniece
- Rudolfs
Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU,
Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science
and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Pulka St. 3/3, Riga LV-1007, Latvia
- Baltic
Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters
at Riga Technical University, Riga LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Anna Ramata-Stunda
- Department
of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas St. 1, Riga LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Jana Vecstaudza
- Rudolfs
Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU,
Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science
and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Pulka St. 3/3, Riga LV-1007, Latvia
- Baltic
Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters
at Riga Technical University, Riga LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Inta Kreicberga
- Rudolfs
Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU,
Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science
and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Pulka St. 3/3, Riga LV-1007, Latvia
- Baltic
Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters
at Riga Technical University, Riga LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Dora Livkisa
- Department
of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas St. 1, Riga LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Anna Rubina
- Rudolfs
Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU,
Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science
and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Pulka St. 3/3, Riga LV-1007, Latvia
- Baltic
Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters
at Riga Technical University, Riga LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Artemijs Sceglovs
- Rudolfs
Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU,
Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science
and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Pulka St. 3/3, Riga LV-1007, Latvia
- Baltic
Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters
at Riga Technical University, Riga LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Kristine Salma-Ancane
- Rudolfs
Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU,
Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science
and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Pulka St. 3/3, Riga LV-1007, Latvia
- Baltic
Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters
at Riga Technical University, Riga LV-1007, Latvia
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6
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Reiner E, Weston F, Pleshko N, Querido W. Application of Optical Photothermal Infrared (O-PTIR) Spectroscopy for Assessment of Bone Composition at the Submicron Scale. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 77:1311-1324. [PMID: 37774686 DOI: 10.1177/00037028231201427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
The molecular basis of bone structure and strength is mineralized collagen fibrils at the submicron scale (∼500 nm). Recent advances in optical photothermal infrared (O-PTIR) spectroscopy allow the investigation of bone composition with unprecedented submicron spatial resolution, which may provide new insights into factors contributing to underlying bone function. Here, we investigated (i) whether O-PTIR-derived spectral parameters correlated to standard attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectral data and (ii) whether O-PTIR-derived spectral parameters, including heterogeneity of tissue, contribute to the prediction of proximal femoral bone stiffness. Analysis of serially demineralized bone powders showed a significant correlation (r = 0.96) between mineral content quantified using ATR and O-PTIR spectroscopy, indicating the validity of this technique in assessing bone mineralization. Using femoral neck sections, the principal component analysis showed that differences between O-PTIR and ATR spectra were primarily attributable to the phosphate ion (PO4) absorbance band, which was typically shifter toward higher wavenumbers in O-PTIR spectra. Additionally, significant correlations were found between hydrogen phosphate (HPO4) content (r = 0.75) and carbonate (CO3) content (r = 0.66) quantified using ATR and O-PTIR spectroscopy, strengthening the validity of this method to assess bone mineral composition. O-PTIR imaging of individual trabeculae at 500 nm pixel resolution illustrated differences in submicron composition in the femoral neck from bones with different stiffness. O-PTIR analysis showed a significant negative correlation (r = -0.71) between bone stiffness and mineral maturity, reflective of newly formed bone being an important contributor to bone function. Finally, partial least squares regression analysis showed that combining multiple O-PTIR parameters (HPO4 content and heterogeneity, collagen integrity, and CO3 content) could significantly predict proximal femoral stiffness (R2 = 0.74, error = 9.7%) more accurately than using ATR parameters. Additionally, we describe new findings in the effects of bone tissue orientation in the O-PTIR spectra. Overall, this study highlights a new application of O-PTIR spectroscopy that may provide new insights into molecular-level factors underlying bone mechanical competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Reiner
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Frank Weston
- Photothermal Spectroscopy Corporation, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Nancy Pleshko
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - William Querido
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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7
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Leskovar T, Inkret J, Zupanič Pajnič I, Jerman I. Comparison of DNA preservation and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy indices of cortical and trabecular bone of metacarpals and metatarsals. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15498. [PMID: 37726341 PMCID: PMC10509243 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41259-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Shape, size, composition, and function of the bones in the human body vary on the macro, micro and nanoscale. This can influence changes caused by taphonomy and post-mortem preservation, including DNA. Highly mineralised compact bone is less susceptible to taphonomic factors than porous trabecular bone. Some studies imply that DNA can be better preserved in trabecular bone, due to remnants of the soft tissue or bacteria better digesting organic matter while not digesting DNA. The aim of this study was to understand the differences between compact (diaphyses) and trabecular (epiphyses) bone on a molecular level and thus the reasons for the better preservation of the DNA in the trabecular bone. The powder obtained from epiphyses and diaphyses of metacarpals and metatarsals was analysed using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and compared. Samples with poorest DNA preservation originated from diaphyses, predominantly of metatarsals. They were characterised by higher concentrations of phosphates and crystallinity, while lower collagen quality in comparison to samples with the best DNA preservation. Epiphyses presented higher concentrations of better-preserved collagen while diaphyses had higher concentrations of carbonates and phosphates and higher crystallinity. Due to better-preserved collagen in the epiphyses, the soft tissue remnants hypothesis seems more likely than the bacteria hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Leskovar
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Archaeology, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Zavetiška 5, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jezerka Inkret
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Zupanič Pajnič
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Ivan Jerman
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Rubio L, Suárez J, Martin-de-las-Heras S, C. Zapico S. Partners in Postmortem Interval Estimation: X-ray Diffraction and Fourier Transform Spectroscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076793. [PMID: 37047764 PMCID: PMC10094861 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The postmortem interval (PMI) is difficult to estimate in later stages of decomposition. There is therefore a need to develop reliable methodologies to estimate late PMI. This study aims to assess whether there is a correlation between changes in the mineral composition of human teeth and the estimation of PMI. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy techniques were performed to address this challenge. Forty healthy human teeth obtained from odontological clinics were stored at different times (0, 10, 25, 50 years; N = 10/group). XRD and ATR-FTIR parameters related to the structure and composition of teeth were studied. Our results showed that the crystallinity index, crystal size index, mineral-to-organic matrix ratio (M/M) and carbonate/phosphate ratio (C/P) had the strongest association with PMI. For larger PMIs, there was a significant increase in crystallinity, crystal size and M/M ratio, while the C/P ratio showed a specific decrease with increasing PMI. According to our results, the parameters of crystallinity, crystal size, M/M ratio and C/P ratio can be considered highly accurate in determining a PMI of 10 years of data; crystallinity and mineral maturity can be considered useful in determining a PMI of 25 years; and crystallinity and mineral maturity can be considered highly accurate in determining a PMI of 50 years. A particular XRD index was identified as the most suitable parameter to estimate PMI: crystallinity. The joint use of XRD and ATR-FTIR analyses could be a promising alternative for dating human teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Rubio
- Fulbright Visiting Scholar Program, Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Tiernan Hall 365, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Departamento de Anatomía Humana, Medicina Legal e Historia de la Ciencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, 29590 Málaga, Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Tiernan Hall 365, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Juan Suárez
- Fulbright Visiting Scholar Program, Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Tiernan Hall 365, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Departamento de Anatomía Humana, Medicina Legal e Historia de la Ciencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, 29590 Málaga, Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Tiernan Hall 365, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Stella Martin-de-las-Heras
- Departamento de Anatomía Humana, Medicina Legal e Historia de la Ciencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, 29590 Málaga, Spain
| | - Sara C. Zapico
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Tiernan Hall 365, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Department of Anthropology, NMNH-MRC 112, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
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9
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Palander A, Fauch L, Turunen MJ, Dekker H, Schulten EAJM, Koistinen A, Bravenboer N, Kullaa A. Molecular Quantity Variations in Human-Mandibular-Bone Osteoid. Calcif Tissue Int 2022; 111:547-558. [PMID: 35978052 PMCID: PMC9613710 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-01017-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Osteoid is a layer of new-formed bone that is deposited on the bone border during the process of new bone formation. This deposition process is crucial for bone tissue, and flaws in it can lead to bone diseases. Certain bone diseases, i.e. medication related osteonecrosis, are overexpressed in mandibular bone. Because mandibular bone presents different properties than other bone types, the data concerning osteoid formation in other bones are inapplicable for human-mandibular bone. Previously, the molecular distribution of other bone types has been presented using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. However, the spatial distribution of molecular components of healthy-human-mandibular-bone osteoid in relation to histologic landmarks has not been previously presented and needs to be studied in order to understand diseases that occur human-mandibular bone. This study presents for the first time the variation in molecular distribution inside healthy-human-mandibular-bone osteoid by juxtaposing FTIR data with its corresponding histologic image obtained by autofluorescence imaging of its same bone section. During new bone formation, bone-forming cells produce an osteoid constituted primarily of type I collagen. It was observed that in mandibular bone, the collagen type I increases from the osteoblast line with the distance from the osteoblasts, indicating progressive accumulation of collagen during osteoid formation. Only later inside the collagen matrix, the osteoid starts to mineralize. When the mineralization starts, the collagen accumulation diminishes whereas the collagen maturation still continues. This chemical-apposition process in healthy mandibular bone will be used in future as a reference to understand different pathologic conditions that occur in human-mandibular bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Palander
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio, 70210, Finland.
| | - Laure Fauch
- SIB Labs, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Mikael J Turunen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Hannah Dekker
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, 1117, The Netherlands
| | - Engelbert A J M Schulten
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, 1117, The Netherlands
| | - Arto Koistinen
- SIB Labs, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Nathalie Bravenboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, 1117, The Netherlands
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Bone Quality, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9500, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arja Kullaa
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
- SIB Labs, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
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10
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Shanas N, Querido W, Oswald J, Jepsen K, Carter E, Raggio C, Pleshko N. Infrared Spectroscopy-Determined Bone Compositional Changes Associated with Anti-Resorptive Treatment of the oim/oim Mouse Model of Osteogenesis Imperfecta. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 76:416-427. [PMID: 34643134 DOI: 10.1177/00037028211055477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Applications of vibrational spectroscopy to assess bone disease and therapeutic interventions are continually advancing, with tissue mineral and protein composition frequently investigated. Here, we used two spectroscopic approaches for determining bone composition in a mouse model (oim) of the brittle bone disease osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) with and without antiresorptive agent treatment (alendronate, or ALN, and RANK-Fc). Near-infrared (NIR) spectral analysis using a fiber optic probe and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR FTIR) mode were applied to investigate bone composition, including water, mineral, and protein content. Spectral parameters revealed differences among the control wildtype (WT) and OIM groups. NIR spectral analysis of protein and water showed that OIM mouse humerii had ∼50% lower protein and ∼50% higher overall water content compared to WT bone. Moreover, some OIM-treated groups showed a reduction in bone water compared to OIM controls, approximating values observed in WT bone. Differences in bone quality based on increased mineral content and reduced carbonate content were also found between some groups of treated OIM and WT bone, but crystallinity did not differ among all groups. The spectroscopically determined parameters were evaluated for correlations with gold-standard mechanical testing values to gain insight into how composition influenced bone strength. As expected, bone mechanical strength parameters were consistently up to threefold greater in WT mice compared to OIM groups, except for stiffness in the ALN-treated OIM groups. Furthermore, bone stiffness, maximum load, and post-yield displacement showed the strongest correlations with NIR-determined protein content (positive correlations) and bound-water content (negative correlations). These results demonstrate that in this study, NIR spectral parameters were more sensitive to bone composition differences than ATR parameters, highlighting the potential of this nondestructive approach for screening of bone diseases and therapeutic efficacy in pre-clinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- No'ad Shanas
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - William Querido
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jack Oswald
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Karl Jepsen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Erin Carter
- Kathryn O. and Alan C. Greenberg Center for Skeletal Dysplasias, 25062Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Cathleen Raggio
- Kathryn O. and Alan C. Greenberg Center for Skeletal Dysplasias, 25062Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Nancy Pleshko
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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11
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Abstract
Raman spectroscopy (RS) is used to analyze the physiochemical properties of bone because it is non-destructive and requires minimal sample preparation. With over two decades of research involving measurements of mineral-to-matrix ratio, type-B carbonate substitution, crystallinity, and other compositional characteristics of the bone matrix by RS, there are multiple methods to acquire Raman signals from bone, to process those signals, and to determine peak ratios including sub-peak ratios as well as the full-width at half maximum of the most prominent Raman peak, which is nu1 phosphate (ν1PO4). Selecting which methods to use is not always clear. Herein, we describe the components of RS instruments and how they influence the quality of Raman spectra acquired from bone because signal-to-noise of the acquisition and the accompanying background fluorescence dictate the pre-processing of the Raman spectra. We also describe common methods and challenges in preparing acquired spectra for the determination of matrix properties of bone. This article also serves to provide guidance for the analysis of bone by RS with examples of how methods for pre-processing the Raman signals and for determining properties of bone composition affect RS sensitivity to potential differences between experimental groups. Attention is also given to deconvolution methods that are used to ascertain sub-peak ratios of the amide I band as a way to assess characteristics of collagen type I. We provide suggestions and recommendations on the application of RS to bone with the goal of improving reproducibility across studies and solidify RS as a valuable technique in the field of bone research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Unal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, 70200, Turkey.
- Department of Bioengineering, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey 70200
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey 70200
| | - Rafay Ahmed
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Anita Mahadevan-Jansen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jeffry S Nyman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
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12
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Leskovar T, Zupanič Pajnič I, Jerman I. Dealing with minor differences in bone matrix: can spectra follow the DNA preservation? AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2021.1948102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Leskovar
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Archaeology, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Zupanič Pajnič
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ivan Jerman
- Department for Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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13
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Zupanič Pajnič I, Leskovar T, Jerman I. Bone fragment or bone powder? ATR-FTIR spectroscopy-based comparison of chemical composition and DNA preservation of bones after 10 years in a freezer. Int J Legal Med 2021; 135:1695-1707. [PMID: 34031722 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02620-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Freezing bone samples to preserve their biomolecular properties for various analyses at a later time is a common practice. Storage temperature and freeze-thaw cycles are well-known factors affecting degradation of molecules in the bone, whereas less is known about the form in which the tissue is most stable. In general, as little intervention as possible is advised before storage. In the case of DNA analyses, homogenization of the bone shortly before DNA extraction is recommended. Because recent research on the DNA yield from frozen bone fragments and frozen bone powder indicates better DNA preservation in the latter, the aim of the study presented here was to investigate and compare the chemical composition of both types of samples (fragments versus powder) using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Pairs of bone fragments and bone powder originating from the same femur of 57 individuals from a Second World War mass grave, stored in a freezer at - 20 °C for 10 years, were analyzed. Prior to analysis, the stored fragments were ground into powder, whereas the stored powder was analyzed without any further preparation. Spectroscopic analysis was performed using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. The spectra obtained were processed and analyzed to determine and compare the chemical composition of both types of samples. The results show that frozen powdered samples have significantly better-preserved organic matter and lower concentrations of B-type carbonates, but higher concentrations of A-type carbonates and stoichiometric apatite. In addition, there are more differences in the samples with a low DNA degradation index and less in the samples with a high DNA degradation index. Because the results are inconsistent with the current understanding of bone preservation, additional research into optimal preparation and long-term storage of bone samples is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Zupanič Pajnič
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tamara Leskovar
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Archaeology, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Zavetiška 5, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Ivan Jerman
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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14
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Recombinant IGF-1 Induces Sex-Specific Changes in Bone Composition and Remodeling in Adult Mice with Pappa2 Deficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084048. [PMID: 33919940 PMCID: PMC8070906 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A2 (PAPP-A2), an IGF-1 availability regulator, causes postnatal growth failure and dysregulation of bone size and density. The present study aimed to determine the effects of recombinant murine IGF-1 (rmIGF-1) on bone composition and remodeling in constitutive Pappa2 knock-out (ko/ko) mice. To address this challenge, X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflection-fourier transform infra-red (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and gene expression analysis of members of the IGF-1 system and bone resorption/formation were performed. Pappa2ko/ko mice (both sexes) had reduced body and bone length. Male Pappa2ko/ko mice had specific alterations in bone composition (mineral-to-matrix ratio, carbonate substitution and mineral crystallinity), but not in bone remodeling. In contrast, decreases in collagen maturity and increases in Igfbp3, osteopontin (resorption) and osteocalcin (formation) characterized the bone of Pappa2ko/ko females. A single rmIGF-1 administration (0.3 mg/kg) induced short-term changes in bone composition in Pappa2ko/ko mice (both sexes). rmIGF-1 treatment in Pappa2ko/ko females also increased collagen maturity, and Igfbp3, Igfbp5, Col1a1 and osteopontin expression. In summary, acute IGF-1 treatment modifies bone composition and local IGF-1 response to bone remodeling in mice with Pappa2 deficiency. These effects depend on sex and provide important insights into potential IGF-1 therapy for growth failure and bone loss and repair.
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15
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Pan Q, Xie J, Lin L, Hong MS, Wang XC, Sun SQ, Xu CH. Direct identification and quantitation of fluorescent whitening agent in wheat flour based on multi-molecular infrared (MM-IR) spectroscopy and stereomicroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 250:119353. [PMID: 33422880 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent brighteners, illegally used to whitening wheat flour, are detrimental to people health. The aim was to establish a rapid and direct method to identify and quantify fluorescent whitening agent OB-1 (FWA OB-1) in wheat flour by using multi-molecular infrared (MM-IR) spectroscopy combined with stereomicroscopy. Characteristic peak profile of FWA OB-1 used as a judgment basis was spatially revealed by stereomicroscopy with group-peak matching of MM-IR at 1614 cm-1, 1501 cm-1 and 893 cm-1 and were further unveiled by the second derivative infrared spectroscopy (SD-IR) and its two-dimensional correlation infrared (SD-2DCOS IR) spectroscopy for higher resolution, and were validated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Moreover, a quantitative prediction model based on IR spectra was established by partial least squares 1 (PLS1) (R2, 98.361; SEE, 5.032; SEP, 5.581). The developed method was applicable for rapid and direct analysis of FWA OB-1 (low to 10 ppm) in flour with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 5%. The capabilities of MM-IR with spectral qualitative and quantitative analysis would be applicable to direct identification and quantitation of fluorescent whitening agents or other IR-active compounds in powder objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Pan
- College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China; Shanghai Qinpu Biotechnology Pte Ltd, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Jun Xie
- College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China; Shanghai Qinpu Biotechnology Pte Ltd, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Ling Lin
- Comprehensive Technology Service Center of Quanzhou Customs, Quanzhou 362018, PR China
| | - Miao-Si Hong
- Shanghai Sixty People's Hospital East, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Xi-Chang Wang
- College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing & Preservation, Shanghai 201306, PR China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Su-Qin Sun
- Analysis Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, PR China.
| | - Chang-Hua Xu
- College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing & Preservation, Shanghai 201306, PR China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 201306, PR China.
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16
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Barua R, Daly-Seiler CS, Chenreghanianzabi Y, Markel D, Li Y, Zhou M, Ren W. Comparing the physicochemical properties of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) and polymeric DCPD (P-DCPD) cement particles. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2021; 109:1644-1655. [PMID: 33655715 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We developed a new and injectable poly-dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (P-DCPD) forming cement. The key structural difference between P-DCPD and classical DCPD is that P-DCPD is composed of interconnected P-DCPD crystals by interlocking to the polyphosphate chains. In contrast, DCPD is composed of a package of DCPD crystals with weak mutual ionic bonding. The purpose of this continuing study was to compare the physicochemical properties between P-DCPD and DCPD cement particles. Data collected from SEM, X-ray diffraction, and Raman Spectroscopy approaches demonstrated that P-DCPD has a more stable chemical structure than DCPD as evidenced by much less transformation to hydroxyapatite (HA) during setting. Nanoindentation showed a similar hardness while the elastic modulus of P-DCPD is much lower than DCPD that might be due to the much less HA transformation of P-DCPD. P-DCPD has much lower zeta potential and less hydrophilicity than DCPD because of its entangled and interconnected polyphosphate chains. It is expected that superhydrophilic DCPD undergoes faster dissolution than P-DCPD in an aqueous environment. Another interesting finding is that the pH of eluent from P-DCPD is more neutral (6.6-7.1) than DCPD (5.5-6.5). More extensive experiments are currently underway to further evaluate the potential impacts of the different physiochemical performance observed of P-DCPD and DCPD cement particles on the biocompatibility, degradation behavior and bone defect healing efficacy both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Barua
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Conor S Daly-Seiler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | | | - David Markel
- Department of Orthopaedics, Providence Hospital, Southfield, Michigan, USA
| | - Yawen Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lawrence Technological University, Southfield, Michigan, USA
| | - Meng Zhou
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lawrence Technological University, Southfield, Michigan, USA
| | - Weiping Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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17
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Querido W, Kandel S, Pleshko N. Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopy for Analysis of Connective Tissues. Molecules 2021; 26:922. [PMID: 33572384 PMCID: PMC7916244 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in vibrational spectroscopy have propelled new insights into the molecular composition and structure of biological tissues. In this review, we discuss common modalities and techniques of vibrational spectroscopy, and present key examples to illustrate how they have been applied to enrich the assessment of connective tissues. In particular, we focus on applications of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), near infrared (NIR) and Raman spectroscopy to assess cartilage and bone properties. We present strengths and limitations of each approach and discuss how the combination of spectrometers with microscopes (hyperspectral imaging) and fiber optic probes have greatly advanced their biomedical applications. We show how these modalities may be used to evaluate virtually any type of sample (ex vivo, in situ or in vivo) and how "spectral fingerprints" can be interpreted to quantify outcomes related to tissue composition and quality. We highlight the unparalleled advantage of vibrational spectroscopy as a label-free and often nondestructive approach to assess properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) associated with normal, developing, aging, pathological and treated tissues. We believe this review will assist readers not only in better understanding applications of FTIR, NIR and Raman spectroscopy, but also in implementing these approaches for their own research projects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nancy Pleshko
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA; (W.Q.); (S.K.)
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18
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Investigating mineralization species in cultured bone from human mesenchymal stem cells using synchrotron-based XANES. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.109074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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XRD and ATR-FTIR techniques for integrity assessment of gamma radiation sterilized cortical bone pretreated by antioxidants. Cell Tissue Bank 2020; 22:305-321. [PMID: 33165827 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-020-09879-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Terminal sterilization of bone allograft by gamma radiation is required to reduce the risk of infection. Free radical scavengers could be utilized to minimize the deteriorating effects of gamma radiation on bone allograft mechanical properties. The objective of this research is to assess the changes in structural and chemical composition induced by hydroxytyrosol (HT) and alpha lipoic acid (ALA) free radical scavengers in gamma sterilized cortical bone. Bovine femurs specimens were soaked in different concentrations of HT and ALA for 7 and 3 days respectively before irradiation with 35 KGy gamma radiation. The attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and the X-ray diffraction techniques were utilized to analyze the changes in chemical composition induced by irradiation in the presence of free radical scavengers. A significant increase in the proportion of amide I and amide II to phosphate was noticed in the irradiated group, while in the pretreated groups with ALA and HT this effect was minimized. In addition, gamma radiation reduced the mature to immature cross links while ALA and HT alleviated this reduction. No significant changes were noticed in the mineral crystallinity or crystal size. Bone chemical structure has been changed due to gamma irradiation and these changes are mainly relevant to amide I, amide II proportions and collagen crosslinks. The deteriorating effects of gamma sterilization dose (35 kGy) on chemical structure of bone allograft can be alleviated by using (HT) and (ALA) free radical scavengers before irradiation.
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20
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Taylor EA, Donnelly E. Raman and Fourier transform infrared imaging for characterization of bone material properties. Bone 2020; 139:115490. [PMID: 32569874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As the application of Raman spectroscopy to study bone has grown over the past decade, making it a peer technology to FTIR spectroscopy, it has become critical to understand their complimentary roles. Recent technological advancements have allowed these techniques to collect grids of spectra in a spatially resolved fashion to generate compositional images. The advantage of imaging with these techniques is that it allows the heterogenous bone tissue composition to be resolved and quantified. In this review we compare, for non-experts in the field of vibrational spectroscopy, the instrumentation and underlying physical principles of FTIR imaging (FTIRI) and Raman imaging. Additionally, we discuss the strengths and limitations of FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, address sample preparation, and discuss outcomes to provide researchers insight into which techniques are best suited for a given research question. We then briefly discuss previous applications of FTIRI and Raman imaging to characterize bone tissue composition and relationships of compositional outcomes with mechanical performance. Finally, we discuss emerging technical developments in FTIRI and Raman imaging which provide new opportunities to identify changes in bone tissue composition with disease, age, and drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A Taylor
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Eve Donnelly
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America; Research division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, United States of America.
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21
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Gourgas O, Khan K, Schwertani A, Cerruti M. Differences in mineral composition and morphology between men and women in aortic valve calcification. Acta Biomater 2020; 106:342-350. [PMID: 32092430 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Aortic valve calcification leads to the deposition of calcium phosphate minerals in the extracellular matrix of the aortic valve leaflets. The mineral deposits can severely narrow the opening of the aortic valve, leading to aortic stenosis. There are no therapies to halt or slow down disease progression and the mechanisms governing aortic valve calcification are still poorly understood. Recently, several studies have shown that for the same aortic stenosis severity, women present significantly lower calcification loads than men. The cause of this sex-related difference is unknown. To understand this difference, we analyzed mineral deposits from surgically excised calcified human aortic valves with different material characterization techniques. We find profound differences in mineral composition and morphology between sexes, which strongly suggest that minerals form slower in women than in men and follow a different mineralization pathway. This finding paves the way for new approaches specifically geared towards men or women in the diagnosis and treatment of aortic valve calcification. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Aortic valve calcification is a health disorder with increasing prevalence and high morbidity and mortality. Currently there is no approved effective treatment; the only available therapeutic option is invasive valve replacement, to which not all patients are suited. The main reason for such lack of treatment options is our lack of understanding of the calcification mechanism. In this study, we show profound differences in mineral composition and morphology between sexes, suggesting that aortic valve calcification follows different mineralization pathways in men and women. These findings pave the way for new approaches specifically geared towards men or women in the diagnosis and treatment of aortic valve calcification.
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22
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Shah FA, Sayardoust S, Omar O, Thomsen P, Palmquist A. Does Smoking Impair Bone Regeneration in the Dental Alveolar Socket? Calcif Tissue Int 2019; 105:619-629. [PMID: 31535164 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-019-00610-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Smoking is a major risk factor for dental implant failure. In addition to higher marginal bone loss around implants, the cellular and molecular responses to injury and implant physicochemical properties are also differentially affected in smokers. The purpose of this work is to determine if smoking impairs bone microstructure and extracellular matrix composition within the dental alveolar socket after tooth extraction. Alveolar bone biopsies obtained from Smokers (> 10 cigarettes per day for at least 10 years) and Ctrl (never-smokers), 7-146 months after tooth extraction, were investigated using X-ray micro-computed tomography, backscattered electron scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Both Smokers and Ctrl exhibited high inter- and intra-individual heterogeneity in bone microstructure, which varied between dense cortical and porous trabecular architecture. Regions of disorganised/woven bone were more prevalent during early healing. Remodelled lamellar bone was predominant at longer healing periods. Bone mineral density, bone surface-to-volume ratio, mineral crystallinity, the carbonate-to-phosphate ratio, the mineral-to-matrix ratio, the collagen crosslink ratio, and the amounts of amino acids phenylalanine and proline/hydroxyproline were also comparable between Smokers and Ctrl. Bone microstructure and composition within the healing dental alveolar socket are not significantly affected by moderate-to-heavy smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furqan A Shah
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Shariel Sayardoust
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Periodontology, Institute for Postgraduate Dental Education, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Omar Omar
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Thomsen
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Palmquist
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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23
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King HE, Tommasini SM, Rodriguez-Navarro AB, Mercado BQ, Skinner HCW. Correlative vibrational spectroscopy and 2D X-ray diffraction to probe the mineralization of bone in phosphate-deficient mice. J Appl Crystallogr 2019; 52:960-971. [PMID: 31636517 PMCID: PMC6782074 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576719009361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone crystallite chemistry and structure change during bone maturation. However, these properties of bone can also be affected by limited uptake of the chemical constituents of the mineral by the animal. This makes probing the effect of bone-mineralization-related diseases a complicated task. Here it is shown that the combination of vibrational spectroscopy with two-dimensional X-ray diffraction can provide unparalleled information on the changes in bone chemistry and structure associated with different bone pathologies (phosphate deficiency) and/or health conditions (pregnancy, lactation). Using a synergistic analytical approach, it was possible to trace the effect that changes in the remodelling regime have on the bone mineral chemistry and structure in normal and mineral-deficient (hypophosphatemic) mice. The results indicate that hypophosphatemic mice have increased bone remodelling, increased carbonate content and decreased crystallinity of the bone mineral, as well as increased misalignment of crystallites within the bone tissue. Pregnant and lactating mice that are normal and hypophosphatemic showed changes in the chemistry and misalignment of the apatite crystals that can be related to changes in remodelling rates associated with different calcium demand during pregnancy and lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E King
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, Utrecht 3584 CB, The Netherlands
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut CT-06511, USA
| | - Steven M Tommasini
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut CT-06510, USA
| | | | - Brandon Q Mercado
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut CT-06511, USA
| | - H Catherine W Skinner
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut CT-06511, USA
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Gordon CM, Cleveland RH, Baltrusaitis K, Massaro J, D'Agostino RB, Liang MG, Snyder B, Walters M, Li X, Braddock DT, Kleinman ME, Kieran MW, Gordon LB. Extraskeletal Calcifications in Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome. Bone 2019; 125:103-111. [PMID: 31077852 PMCID: PMC6628204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Children with Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS), a rare premature aging disease, exhibit extraskeletal calcifications detected by radiographic analysis and on physical examination. The aim of this study was to describe the natural history and pathophysiology of these abnormal calcifications in HGPS, and to determine whether medications and/or supplements tested in clinical trials alter their development. METHODS Children from two successive clinical trials administering 1) lonafarnib (n = 26) and 2) lonafarnib + pravastatin + zoledronic acid (n = 37) were studied at baseline (pre-therapy), one year on therapy, and at end-of-therapy (3.3-4.3 years after the baseline visit). Calcium supplementation (oral calcium carbonate) was administered during the first year of the second trial and was subsequently discontinued. Information on calcifications was obtained from physical examinations, radiographs, and serum and urinary biochemical measures. The mineral content of two skin-derived calcifications was determined by x-ray diffraction. RESULTS Extraskeletal calcifications were detected radiographically in 12/39 (31%) patients at baseline. The odds of exhibiting calcifications increased with age (p = 0.045). The odds were unaffected by receipt of lonafarnib, pravastatin, and zoledronate therapies. However, administration of calcium carbonate supplementation, in conjunction with all three therapeutic agents, significantly increased the odds of developing calcifications (p = 0.009), with the odds plateauing after the supplement's discontinuation. Composition analysis of calcinosis cutis showed hydroxyapatite similar to bone. Although serum calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were within normal limits at baseline and on-therapy, PTH increased significantly after lonafarnib initiation (p < 0.001). Both the urinary calcium/creatinine ratio and tubular reabsorption of phosphate (TRP) were elevated at baseline in 22/39 (56%) and 31/37 (84%) evaluable patients, respectively, with no significant changes while on-therapy. The mean calcium × phosphorus product (Ca × Pi) was within normal limits, but plasma magnesium decreased over both clinical trials. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) was lower compared to age-matched controls (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Extraskeletal calcifications increased with age in children with HGPS and were composed of hydroxyapatite. The urinary calcium/creatinine ratio and TRP were elevated for age while FGF23 was decreased. Magnesium decreased and PTH increased after lonafarnib therapy which may alter the ability to mobilize calcium. These findings demonstrate that children with HGPS with normal renal function and an unremarkable Ca × Pi develop extraskeletal calcifications by an unidentified mechanism that may involve decreased plasma magnesium and FGF23. Calcium carbonate accelerated their development and is, therefore, not recommended for routine supplementation in these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Gordon
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - R H Cleveland
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K Baltrusaitis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Massaro
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R B D'Agostino
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M G Liang
- Department of Dermatology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B Snyder
- Department of Orthopaedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Walters
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - X Li
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - D T Braddock
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - M E Kleinman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Preoperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M W Kieran
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L B Gordon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Preoperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Hasbro Children's Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Londoño-Restrepo SM, Jeronimo-Cruz R, Millán-Malo BM, Rivera-Muñoz EM, Rodriguez-García ME. Effect of the Nano Crystal Size on the X-ray Diffraction Patterns of Biogenic Hydroxyapatite from Human, Bovine, and Porcine Bones. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5915. [PMID: 30976023 PMCID: PMC6459976 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42269-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper focuses on the study of the effect of the change of the crystal size on the shape and width of the X-ray diffraction patterns for defatted and deproteinized bones as well as incinerated biogenic hydroxyapatite obtained from bovine, porcine, and human bones. Inductively Couple Plasma showed the presence of some ions such as Mg, K, Al, Fe, Zn, and Na for all samples. The nanometric size of the crystals was determined through High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy in which ordered crystals were found. The calcination of raw clean bones at 720 °C produced a transition of crystal size from nano to micro due to a coalescence phenomenon, this was accompanied by a decrease of the peak width of the X-ray diffraction patterns due to the decrease of the inelastic scattering contribution from the microcrystals. A simulation of the effect of the crystallite size on the shape and width of the X-ray patterns was done using PDF-4 software which confirmed that raw ordered bone crystals produce broad peaks which so far have been erroneously assigned to polycrystalline hydroxyapatite with low crystalline quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Londoño-Restrepo
- Posgrado en Ciencia e Ingeniería de Materiales, Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Qro., Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Jeronimo-Cruz
- Licenciatura en Tecnología, Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Qro., Mexico
| | - Beatriz M Millán-Malo
- Departamento de Nanotecnología, Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Qro., Mexico
| | - Eric M Rivera-Muñoz
- Departamento de Nanotecnología, Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Qro., Mexico
| | - Mario E Rodriguez-García
- Departamento de Nanotecnología, Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Qro., Mexico.
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Srinivasaiah S, Musumeci G, Mohan T, Castrogiovanni P, Absenger-Novak M, Zefferer U, Mostofi S, Bonyadi Rad E, Grün NG, Weinberg AM, Schäfer U. A 300 μm Organotypic Bone Slice Culture Model for Temporal Investigation of Endochondral Osteogenesis. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2019; 25:197-212. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2018.0368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sriveena Srinivasaiah
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Research Unit for Experimental Neurotraumatology, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Human Anatomy and Histology Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Tamilselvan Mohan
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Laboratory for Characterization and Processing, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Paola Castrogiovanni
- Human Anatomy and Histology Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Ulrike Zefferer
- Research Unit for Experimental Neurotraumatology, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sepideh Mostofi
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ehsan Bonyadi Rad
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nicole Gabriele Grün
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Ute Schäfer
- Research Unit for Experimental Neurotraumatology, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of Bone Tissue: Bone Quality Assessment in Preclinical and Clinical Applications of Osteoporosis and Fragility Fracture. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12018-018-9255-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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